港史文本 - HK In Texts: A RESEARCH GUIDE TO CHINA-COAST NEWSPAPERS | ་晚清西文報紙導要

་晚清西文報紙導要

A RESEARCH GUIDE TO

CHINA-COAST NEWSPAPERS,

1822-1911

Frank H. H. King (editor)

and

Prescott Clarke

Harvard East Asian Monographs

A RESEARCH GUIDE TO CHINA-COAST EWSPAPERS, 1822-1911

澳門大學伍宜孫圖書館在線閱讀／PDF下載

Frank H. H. King (editor)

and

Prescott Clarke

Published by the

East Asian Research Center

Harvard University

Distributed by

Harvard University Press

Cambridge, Mass.

1965

the President and Fellows of

Harvard College

The East Asian Research Center at Harvard University administers research projects designed to further scholarly understanding of China, Japan, Korea, and adjacent areas. These studies have been assisted by grants from the Ford Foundation.

HARVARD EAST ASIAN MONOGRAPHS, 18

Liang Fang-chung, The Single-Whip Method of Taxation in China

Harold C. Hinton, The Grain Tribute System of China (1845-1911)

Ellsworth C. Carlson, The Kaiping Mines (1877-1912)

Chao Kuo-chun, Agrarian Policies of Mainland China:

A Documentary

Study (1949-1956)

Edgar Snow, Random Notes on Red China (1936-1945)

Edwin George Beal, Jr., The Origin of Likin (1853-1864)

Chao Kuo-chun, Economic Planning and Organization in Mainland China:

A Documentary Study (1949-1957)

John K. Fairbank, Ch'ing Documents: An Introductory Syllabus

Helen Yin and Yi-chang Yin, Economic Statistics of Mainland China

(1949-1957)

10. Wolfgang Franke, The Reform and Abolition of the Traditional Chinese

Examination System

11.

12.

13.

Albert Feuerwerker and S. Cheng, Chinese Communist Studies of Modern

Chinese History

C. John Stanley, Late Ch'ing Finance: Hu Kuang-yung as an Innovator

S.M. Meng, The Tsungli Yamen: Its Organization and Functions

14. Ssu-yu Teng, Historiography of the Taiping Rebellion

15.

16.

17.

18.

Chun-Jo Liu, Controversies in Modern Chinese Intellectual History: An Analytic Bibliography of Periodical Articles, Mainly of the May Fourth and Post-May Fourth Era

Edward J.M. Rhoads, The Chinese Red Army, 1927-1963: An Annotated

Bibliography

Andrew James Nathan, A History of the China International Famine

Relief Commission

Frank H.H. King (editor) and Prescott Clarke, A Research Guide to

China-Coast Newspapers, 1822-1911

CONTENTS

II.

Foreword

Acknowledgments

The Character and Use of China-Coast Newspapers

Problems in the Interpretation of China-Coast Newspapers

Language

b. Opinions on the Chinese

Personalities

d. The Newspaper Staff

Coverage

National and Outport Newspapers

The Development of China-Coast Newspapers

A Survey by Cities

Canton

b. Hong Kong to 1860

(1) Early Policies of the Hong Kong Newspapers

(2)

The Government Gazette and Editorial Policy Hong Kong after 1860

d. Shanghai

III. An Annotated List of China-Coast Newspapers

Macao: Portuguese

2. Canton and Macao: English

3. Hong Kong: English

Hong Kong:

Shanghai:

Portuguese English

Shanghai: Portuguese, French, and German

China: Other Cities

Tientsin

Tsingtao

Peking

Manchuria (Harbin, unless stated)

Amoy

Che foo

Foochow

Hankow

Weihaiwei

London

IV.

Biographies of China-Coast Editors and Publishers

vii

5677∞

2 w ☹ NM!

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

110

Extant Copies of China-Coast Newspapers

162

List of Libraries and their Abbreviations

163

Hong Kong: English

Macao:

Portuguese

Canton and Macao: English

165

168

169

Hong Kong:

Portuguese

175

Shanghai:

English

175

6. Shanghai:

French and German

180

7. China: Other Cities

181

8. London

183

Chinese-English Glossary of China-Coast Newspaper Titles

185

Appendix

189

A. Other China-Coast Periodicals Published through 1911

189

B. Japanese-Language Newspapers Published in China through 1911

193

Bibliography

197

Reprints and Collections from China-Coast Newspapers

197

Representative Works of China-Coast Journalists

198

Other Sources

202

Index

207

China-Coast Newspaper Titles: Chronological

207

China-Coast Newspaper Titles: Alphabetical

215

General Index

224

FOREWORD

This guide opens an unexpected door. The "China Coast" and the

"treaty ports" that flourished on it formed in their day the cultural frontier

between the Chinese empire and the outside world. Much of their record is in the literature described in this volume, produced by that transplanted Western institution, the newspaper. Most of these newspapers were in English, but Macao, first and last, had twenty in Portuguese.

This is a complex subject. During the course of the century whole newspaper families grew up, genealogically affiliated--the China Mail group of Hong Kong included eleven different titles, and there were eight in the North-China Herald group of Shanghai. Rival publications, the outport press, American, French, German, Russian and Japanese journals added diversity. The vicissitudes of journalistic enterprise were compounded by treaty-port feuds and politics.

The resulting bibliographic complexity has required historical study, both of publications and of personnel. For much of this we are indebted to the detailed studies of Mr. Clark, whose M.A. dissertation at the University of London in 1961 dealt with the development of China-coast newspapers to 1881. Meanwhile Mr. King (now an associate professor of economics at the University of Kansas) has pursued a parallel interest for many years, and to him we are indebted for the final putting together of this joint volume, which also includes bibliographical data from the many additional sources and contributors credited in the Acknowledgments. As a result of this happy combination, the main section below, in its historical accounts of the various newspapers and the relations and policies of their publishers and editors, indicates something of the origin of those treaty-port feelings that burned so brightly in their day. The fifty pages of biographies, list of holdings, glossary, and various other lists and indices further enhance the utility of this research tool.

East Asian Research Center

1737 Cambridge Street

Cambridge, Massachusetts

May 1965

vii

John K. Fairbank

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The present study developed from two simultaneous beginnings, encouraged from the first by William Beasley and Jack Gray of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, and John K. Fairbank

and Kwang-Ching Liu of Harvard University's East Asian Research Center.

Prescott Clarke initiated research into the development of English-language

journalism on the China coast; at the same time I began taking systematic bibliographical notes on the China-coast newspapers used in my economic

research. Prescott Clarke's most important contribution is his interpretation

and research of English-language newspapers; the preparation of the manuscript, the coordinating of other research, as well as certain editorial contributions,

are my responsibility.

We wish now to acknowledge the essential contributions of the many

other students of modern Chinese history who co-operated in this venture.

J.M. Braga has provided material on his own valuable collection of Portuguese- language newspapers as well as supplementary information on Hong Kong journal-

ism.

T.R. Liu provided valuable research on Hong Kong.

tributed the notes on the French-language newspapers. bibliographical research on Russian-language material.

Lucien Bianco con-

S.T. Leong undertook

Chuzo Ichiko in

Japan and Wolfgang Seuberlich in Germany undertook the tedious but important

task of collecting precise information on library holdings. G. Raymond Nunn

circularized libraries in the United States.

N.P.

Many assisted the project with contributions and advice:

Avtonomoff, Masataka Banno, Tieh-chun Chen, Jean Chesneaux, J.L. Cranmer-

Byng, Robert L. Kirkpatrick, Karl Lo, Motoi Hiramatsu, T.G.N. Pearce, and Paul Rogers. Access to the Jardine Matheson archives was granted by Alan

Reid and Matheson and Co. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign

Missions also made available their archives. We gratefully acknowledge the

patient assistance given to us by the librarians with whom we consulted. Several also found themselves engaged in coordinating work or gave valuable bibliographical advice, including Paul J. McNiff, Geoffrey Bonsall, Edwin Beal, Jr., and the late Júlio Gonçalves.

This project has been financed principally by the East Asian

Research Center, Harvard University. I also wish to acknowledge the financial assistance extended to me through a George Webb Medley Scholarship, University of Oxford.

Catherine E. King edited and typed several versions of the manuscript. Bertha Ezell typed the final copy for photo-offset, while Lien-sheng Yang and Yeh-chien Wang supplied the calligraphy on the cover and in the text respectively. Elizabeth M. Matheson made key editorial recommendations, and Anne T. Harby undertook the final editing of the guide.

Frank H.H. King Editor

Lawrence, Kansas

May 1965

THE CHARACTER AND USE OF CHINA-COAST NEWSPAPERS

This research guide is designed primarily to facilitate the use

of Western-language newspapers published in China, including Hong Kong and Macao, during the late Ch'ing period. It contains information on several related topics, including those newspapers published in London concerned with news of China, and certain Chinese-language sheets published

as an integral part of or in close connection with the Western-language news- papers. There is also an appendix listing Japanese-language newspapers published in China during the period through 1911. The guide consequently excludes consideration of purely missionary, official, and, with the ex- ceptions noted above, Chinese-language publications. It also excludes price currents and shipping lists except to the extent that they either contained some news items or played a role in the development of China-coast newspapers. Certain borderline publications have been included.

The complex nature of Sino-Western relationships is well known. Current research is concerned with the diversity of opinion within the foreign communities relative to China policy, missionaries, local treaty-port government, internal Chinese political developments, and economic prospects. Not surprisingly contemporaries gave expression to this diversity in the many and various newspapers and periodicals published on the China coast and elsewhere. Indeed, the index to this study lists some 200 newspaper titles. Yet a random sampling of recent studies of the late Ch'ing period reveals that, with the exception perhaps of the North-China Herald (5.1) and the China Mail (3.4.1), these newspapers have been little used.

The reasons for this failure to utilize an obvious primary source are quite straight forward. First, newspapers are costly to store and difficult to catalogue; locating the several newspapers is in itself a major problem. Secondly, their very diversity minimizes their immediate usefulness. Before a newspaper can be used as a source, the student must know something about its contributors, editors, and publishers; he must be

able to assess its political and other bias and generalize as to its policy. The very variety of China-coast newspapers has made this task appear impractical, and the student has in consequence fallen back upon the two most readily available newspapers, the North-China Herald and the China Mail, whose life span covers almost our entire period.

By attempting to provide at least tentative answers to those questions which are a necessary preliminary to scholarly investigation, we hope to encourage both the use of the newspapers as a research tool and research into the history of China-coast journalism itself. Basic to this guide, therefore, is the comprehensive, alphabetically-arranged list of newspaper titles. This is immediately preceded by a chronological index permitting the student to determine the newspapers published in any year between 1822 and 1911. The guide also includes an introductory essay on the development of China-coast journalism; annotations which consider each title for which information is at all available and group those having editorial or ownership connection or which subsequently amalgamate; a biographical section dealing with editors and publishers; a list of extant copies by newspaper and library; and a bibliography which suggests sources for further research. Those reading Chinese-language texts may come across the Chinese title of a Western-language newspaper, and as these are not always direct translations, a glossary is provided. Few would recognize Te-ch'en pao

as the China Mail, for example, even if they were aware of Dixson's early editorship.

The basic sources consulted in the preparation of this guide are, of course, the newspapers themselves, supplemented primarily by other writings of China-coast journalists. The Jardine Matheson archives proved invaluable. Secondary sources, however well-regarded for other purposes, have proved highly inaccurate in detail. The lists of library holdings are based, wherever possible, upon personal examination not only of card catalogues but also of the actual volumes. Records of newspaper holdings are particularly susceptible to error, and a visit to the stacks was usually rewarding, often surprising. The Chinese titles were obtained from histories of Chinese journalism, from company directories, and from the newspapers themselves.

We have stated the problems of effective use of China-coast newspapers as involving their identification, the location of extant

copies, and assessment of their policies and reliability. A research

guide cannot give definitive answers to these questions, but it can

contribute by stating the problems and by taking first steps toward their

solution. Indeed, the location problem may be soon resolved through a

microfilming project sponsored by the University of Kansas.

Of the many titles listed in the index, which are most suitable

as research tools? Obviously the answer depends upon the nature of the

research project, but certain generalizations should prove useful.

First,

the value of a newspaper in a particular study is not to be measured by

its ability to survive in the competitive China-coast scene. The Hongkong

health, was unable to find a suitable successor; the China Mail survived

periods of severe editorial criticism because of the sound financial base

of the parent company.

Secondly, certain newspapers were known to be preeminent in their

field. The Friend of China (3.1.2), for example, had a wider coverage of

the developing Taiping rebellion than its contemporaries; the North China

Herald was the official publisher of certain consular notices. For projects

dealing with particular areas or particular national interests, the problem

is simpler. The task of reading all newspaper sources outside the centers

of Shanghai and Hong Kong or in languages other than English is not an over-

whelming one, especially since extant copies of "outport" newspapers are

limited in number.

Thirdly, some of the titles listed in the index are merely those of separate editions rather than independent newspapers. Grouping of titles in this guide has facilitated identification of such editions, but there is

still a choice to be made.

The China-coast newspapers had their origins in foreign communities whose potential local subscribers numbered, at most, a few hundred. From the beginning, therefore, publishers attempted to meet the requirements of at least two audiences--the local residents and the home country. At first one edition served both markets, but quickly the custom of special

пр

supplements evolved.

For local residents an extra advertising sheet might appear, or a shipping list on a separate sheet inserted in or distributed with the weekly paper; for Europe a local news supplement might be added. Certain newspapers evolved the practice of giving their supplements different titles and then the task becomes considerably easier. For example, Andrew Dixson of Hong Kong's China Mail began circulation of Dixson's Hongkong Recorder (3.4.4) gratis in 1850, its income being derived solely from adver- tising. Holdings of this supplement have been located and are listed separately. The Hong Kong Times (3.7.3) had a local news supplement sufficiently separate to warrant individual mention in bibliographies and library catalogues, although it was included gratis with the overland edition.

These supplements proved only a temporary answer to the problem of different markets. As the size of the total market grew, newspapers could afford more than one edition, and the "overland edition" was born. The weekly newspapers had from the first been mailed to Europe, but the overland edition was published specifically to be sent via the Red Sea and Marseilles, then overland to England. The frequency and timing of publication coincided with the sailing of the mail ships. About 1860, the advertising supplements with their column of news developed into daily editions of the newspaper. For a time, therefore, one company might be publishing a daily, a weekly, and an overland edition. Subsequently the weekly might be eliminated with the principal title going in some cases to the daily and in others to the overland edition. The coming of the telegraph and other new developments in journalistic practices changed the requirements of all markets, and the overland edition became in some cases nothing more than a weekly mail edition containing reprints of the daily edition without the advertising pages.

Unfortunately, beyond this general pattern there was little uniformity. Selection of the right edition must be based on knowledge of the particular

For some the problem can be circumvented by consulting, for newspaper.

example, the London and China Telegraph (8.1.1-2), which was based on a cross-section of all China-coast newspapers and contained reprints of articles from outport publications no longer available.

Actual assessment of reliability and policy remains the most important and the most difficult of the student's tasks, however. China-coast newspapers,

especially during the first fifty years, were essentially personal. After identifying editor and publisher at the particular time in question and resolving the question as to who was the dominant force, the student can

concentrate his attention on that dominant personality. An examination

of the editorials, of comments by other newspapers, and of other writings by editor or publisher will very quickly reveal the attitudes and prejudices

involved.

There still remains the question of reliability, which is an issue

at two levels. First, most newspapers made general claims--they were the

voice of a community, of some section of a community, or, sometimes, of the

whole British or American nation. These claims cannot be accepted uncritically.

Charges and counter-charges of influence and interest were commonplace. Most

editors asserted complete editorial independence; yet there is often evidence to the contrary. Many editors claimed to speak for all those of their own nation; there is much to contradict this. We have made some preliminary

judgments on these matters below. On the second level, the student is con-

cerned with the accuracy of particular news articles. On this subject no

generalization can be made. The information must be checked against other

contemporary sources where at all possible. Opinions, of course, can be

discounted given the known bias of a particular writer, but facts were as

elusive then as they are today.

More specific comments on these and closely related topics are made

in the following two sections.

Problems in the Interpretation of China-Coast Newspapers

John K. Fairbank has warned the translators of Ch'ing documents

that they must have both an understanding of the background and way of thinking of the authors and the ability to adapt the literal translation into something meaningful in today's idiom. This task is not limited to translators; indeed, interpreters of nineteenth-century English-language material may have the more difficult task since they must overcome their apparent familiarity with the language!

We can change "trembling and prostrate your slave hears the Imperial pleasure" to "your instructions received," but are we similarly justified

or even permitted to translate the China-coast Englishman's "the semi-

civilized Chinese" to "the Chinese, a people not yet conversant with the

application of steam to transport"? Yet this is precisely what most

writers meant by the term. Certainly a brief description of the character-

istic problems and attitudes of the early journalists appears essential.

a. Language

"The Chinese--a people characterized by a marvelous degree of

imbecility, avarice, conceit, and obstinacy..." is a description in good

nineteenth-century style which would appear clear enough. There is ample

historical evidence that many British supported James Matheson's view.

"The Chinaman is the best of society. He is always courteous and

suave in his manners; shrewd and 'piquant' in his remarks, cheerful in

his disposition," wrote the Shanghai Recorder (5.3.1) in 1867. This opinion, too, found support in the foreign community. We cannot conclude, therefore, that the attitude of British journalists to the Chinese was one of unrestrained contempt based on ignorance. Indeed, their attitude requires interpretation if the language of the newspaper is not to obscure the information it

contains.

The unrestrained comments both pro and con are typical not only of the newspapers' judgments of the Chinese but also of all others they had occasion to notice. A Hong Kong governor, Sir George Bonham, was described in the relatively mild China Mail as a "humbug," "...not of the vain, good-natured, obliging class...but a cold, selfish, uncharitable, evasive, blustering, addle-pated humbug, who never did or expected a dis- interested action, or enforced a policy even when persuaded it was right, if he also felt persuaded it would require to be defended." Nothing more severe was said of the Chinese officials, so often the target of criticism. In 1865, writing on another favorite target, Hong Kong's Daily Press (3.5.2) described Americans as "servile, impotent, selfish, and sneaking."

To dwell upon such quotations from China-coast newspapers would be to distort the relative severity of the criticisms. The editors wrote

in the idiom of their time; they made harsh judgments, but these require

some translation if we are not to be side-tracked by the apparently grotesque phrases, by the unfamiliarity of the tone.

b. Opinions on the Chinese

Criticism of the Chinese was a continuous and detailed newspaper activity, and cannot be dismissed solely by revising the language. The problem is to place the criticism in perspective. First, such criticism

must not be understood as necessarily the result of ignorance. Many editors.

were also Sinologues, all newspapers had on their staff or in their pay men capable of translating from the Chinese, and some--e.g. William Tarrant

of the Friend of China--made good use of Chinese informants. Secondly, Western attitudes to the Chinese were based upon two traditions: the

Protestant belief that those living without the Word of God were bound to

a life of evil--and missionary contributions were designed to illustrate and

support this conclusion; and the merchant support of free trade principles and the still surviving philosophical belief in the infallibility of man's

reason, a reason which had reformed the governments of enlightened Europe,

created the United States, and, if permitted free scope, would reform China. This latter tradition was supplemented by the new identity of progress with material innovations, especially steam, and the Chinese failure to adopt these was frequently cited as evidence of the backwardness of the people as a whole or the tyranny, corruption, or other vice of their government. Some few may find the conviction of the nineteenth-century foreigner refreshing; others, more familiar with the conversations at tea parties for foreign students, will be embarrassed. Neither reaction should be permitted to obscure the relevance of the information being presented.

Personalities

One key problem in the full use of the newspapers is, then, the severity of the language used in criticism. A second problem is closely related.

The small size of the foreign communities, even in such a great city as Shanghai, tended to cause constructive comment on issues to de- generate into criticisms of personalities. The Canton Register (2.1.2)

disapproved of Captain Elliot's 1837 actions on substantial grounds but

could not refrain from a personal attack: ...the reader will learn how

early Captain Elliot betrayed his lust for the exercise of unconstitutional

power over his countrymen."

Personalities played an essential role in Hong Kong, especially

until the middle 1860's; the more relevant details have been included in

our biographies of William Tarrant and Y.J. Murrow. So bitter indeed did

these controversies become that they clouded judgments; thus, knowledge of

the rivalries and personal relationships of editors and publishers is im-

portant to interpretation of their news items and editorials.

The Newspaper Staff

The China-coast newspaper, especially in the period before 1880, was usually directed by an editor of limited experience supported by an in- adequate staff, dependent upon a narrow range of news sources. Indeed, until the 1860's newspapers were principally one-man affairs. By the end of the century the larger newspapers might have an editor, sub-editor, and

possibly one to three local reporters, with correspondents in Europe and

the outports, supplemented by Reuters' telegrams, translations from the Chinese, and some exchange with newspapers in other Western languages. The Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10), North-China Daily News (5.1.8), China Mail, South

China Morning Post (3.9), Der Ostasiatische Lloyd (6.8.1) and L'Echo de Chine

(6.7.1) were, for example, such newspapers, in scope and content comparable to their contemporaries elsewhere. The early newspapers require, however,

some general description. Details are added subsequently in the guide.

Between 1866 and 1868 the Hongkong Daily Press was edited by Alfred

Percy Sinnett, former editor of India's Pioneer. In 1873 William Curtis left

his inherited Brighton Gazette to edit and publish the Hong Kong Times, Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette (3.7.3). These men may well have been the first editors in China with any significant journalistic experience. The

Canton editors were former merchants or missionaries; the background of the

Hong Kong editors, with the exception of Andrew Short rede and his successors,

was principally mercantile, although William Tarrant of the Friend of China

was a discharged government servant. In Shanghai, Henry Shearman, the

founder of the North-China Herald (1850), had been an auctioneer. These

pioneers had varying reasons for beginning a newspaper, which must be

considered individually below.

The contrast between the China Mail and the other early newspapers

suggests that inexperience and "personalism" are generally coincident. The China Mail was first edited by Short rede, who may have had experience

on a newspaper in Sydney, Australia, but who came to China as proprietor of

a printing establishment. The editing of a newspaper was thus only one of

his functions. From the beginning the China Mail was milder in its criticism,

did not automatically support merchant opinion with which it had no personal

ties, and was more comparable to the manner of later newspapers. In contrast,

Robert Fraser-Smith's Hongkong Telegraph (3.8), founded in 1881, was a re-

version to an earlier, personal journalism.

Printing was the earliest Western industry established in China,

and the first generation of Chinese journalists served their apprenticeships

with missionary presses and Western newspapers. Leadership in the printing

industry went quickly to the Portuguese, however, and early editors came

to depend upon a Portuguese staff member not only for printing but also for

occasional reporting. There are examples of the printer taking over the editorial direction of the newspaper during an editor's temporary absence-- in jail, perhaps, or in North China. In addition to such assistance the editor could also call for general support from the foreign community. This came in the form of translations, signed or unsigned articles, and letters to the editor.

Since an editor was not always in a position to check the accuracy of these contributions, much of the content of the early newspaper was beyond his control and must be judged accordingly. Anonymity was considered a virtue in journalism of the period, although Y.J. Murrow, editor of the Hongkong Daily Press, admitted that as far as the editors were concerned, anonymity was impossible and "every article might as well be signed." Nevertheless, they were not, and their authorship is not as obvious today as it must have been at the time. Therefore, interpretation is rendered more difficult by the frequent use of amateur and unidentified sources.

News

By the 1870's editors had gained experience on the job; in addition

they had one or more full-time assistants, usually assigned to report on

the courts, shipping, or other such routine but essential assignments. of the outports was at first dependent upon correspondence from merchants or missionaries stationed there. Routine trade reports might be sent in by

a merchant house in return for a free subscription. During the Taiping

rebellion, newspapers depended upon missionaries with the Taipings for their stories of the Heavenly Kingdom itself. When other ports supported

their own newspapers, the custom of reprinting extracts was generally

practiced, although the presence of special correspondents might be con-

tinued. Correspondents were not restricted to China, moreover, and the larger China-coast newspapers had news direct from other Far Eastern countries.

News from England was at first slight, owing to the speed with which the

merchant houses were able themselves to disseminate the news from corres-

pondence and from European newspapers arriving by the same mail ship.

Efforts to beat the distribution of the British newspapers were made, and

eventually there was sufficient demand for specialized reporting from England.

Former Hong Kong or China residents, sometimes former editors or staff members

of China-coast newspapers, would supply reports of special interest to local

readers, which were not available in the home papers. There were also agencies

which sent China-coast newspapers news columns with slight differences, so

that editors could label such dispatches "from our own correspondent."

The coming of the telegraph and Reuters service eventually broadened the

scope for European coverage in the local press, although Reuters at first

prevented publication of their telegrams for forty-eight hours after receipt

to protect private subscribers.

Coverage

The coverage of the China-coast newspapers broadened geographically

with the increased number of open ports, the growth of the foreign communities

within China, and with the interest of the home countries for China-side news.

But they remained essentially small town newspapers, and the broadened

geographical coverage did not necessarily broaden "coverage" in other senses.

The most serious defect from the point of view of today's student

of China is the lack of coverage of events in China which were unrelated to

the immediate interests of the foreign trading community. At first glance

this appears but a reflection of the bias of nineteenth-century foreigners,

but this judgment is incomplete. Certain editors made considerable efforts

to report happenings in China, as is indicated by the coverage of the re-

bellions and the translations of the various Peking gazettes. editors and reporters ignorant of China and the Chinese. lay elsewhere.

Nor were the

The difficulty

Interest in China was limited by the practical requirements of the

foreigner in China--either trader or missionary--and these requirements were

likely to direct attention almost exclusively to a limited aspect of the

China scene. Those who did have broader interests tended to concern them-

selves with traditional Chinese scholarship. At first, indeed, little more

could be expected when access to information was so restricted; the right

to study Chinese was a privilege to be won by armed conflict. Although

contact with Chinese officials subsequently became more frequent, the subjects

of discussion were not usually different from those which preoccupied Macartney

and Staunton. Throughout the period China-coast newspaper coverage of China

was in general restricted and, by modern journalistic standards, unsatisfactory

except in certain specific fields.

Newspapers could, of course, have used individual Chinese informants

more systematically, and some newspapers were more adventurous here than

others. But it is fair to add that editors, even Sinologist-editors, lacked

the background in contemporary China to use such informants effectually. The Friend of China used Chinese to great effect, but the accuracy of the reports has not as yet been subjected to rigorous analysis.

If the regular coverage of China was restricted or uncritical, there were notable exceptions. The larger newspapers had the co-operation of foreigners throughout China and many contributed articles which provide a unique insight into the changes being wrought in the late Ch'ing period. But these contributions were irregular, separate, feature-type articles, and their appearance cannot be predicted or their worth judged in advance. A student seeking information on some specific subject cannot afford to

ignore these often definitive accounts, but they have to be sought through

the files of the newspapers.

The South China Morning Post (3.9) was founded with the avowed purpose of supporting the reform movement in China, and a detailed analysis.

of its contents may reveal a further exception to our previous generalization. Wang Tao 王韜 the Chinese scholar and pioneer journalist, wrote of his hope that a Chinese-owned newspaper might be founded to present in a Western

language the Chinese view to the foreign reader. The South China Morning

Post did not meet quite so rigorous a standard. The Hongkong Telegraph,

however, was for a short period in the 1900's owned by a Chinese syndicate,

and its policy should be examined. The Cycle (5.16), a Shanghai periodical

published 1870-1871, might appear at first to meet Wang T'ao's requirements,

despite its foreign ownership; but although the Cycle was sympathetic to

the Chinese point of view, it was so on subjects within the traditional

coverage--i.e. treaty relationships and trade privileges. It provided a

counter to the China-coast newspapers, not an extension of their range.

Peking's Chinese Public Opinion (7.17.1), and the successor Peking Daily News

(7.17.2) were both Chinese-owned and edited and expressive of Chinese patriotic

opinion, but this does not make them better interpreters of China news.

They were, perhaps, operating on too small a scale to have so great an

impact.

National and Outport Newspapers

The increased professionalism of later journalists and, in con-

sequence, the more adequate coverage by already existing newspapers coincided in time with two other developments--all leading to improved newspaper coverage of the China scene. The period from the 1880's witnessed the

founding of "national" newspapers and the growth of the outports, i.e.

foreign settlements other than Hong Kong and Shanghai, leading to the

establishment of local newspapers of particular regional interest.

In the 1860's the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank had its American

board members and its French chief manager; similarly, the North-China Herald,

although primarily British, yet had served many of the requirements of other

foreign communities. This did not satisfy the spirit of the Age of Imperialism.

French, German, and Russian banks were established. And in 1887 came Der

Ostasiatische Lloyd, in 1898 L'Echo de Chine (6.7.1), in 1901 the Shanghai

Times (5.11)--all papers avowedly intending to serve the interests of

Germany, France, and the United States respectively. A comprehensive use

of China-coast newspapers requires consultation of these representatives

of the late-comers.

Thus far we have been concentrating on publications in Hong Kong and

Shanghai. But as the foreign communities of other treaty ports grew, news- papers were founded there. With certain noteworthy exceptions, few copies of these newspapers have been located, although their articles have been reprinted in London and in other China-coast publications. For the most part these outport newspapers appear to have been similar to the early Hong Kong editions for local circulation--advertising and shipping lists

with a single column of news, some correspondence, and perhaps an occasional

contributed feature article. Their survival rate was low.

An exception is found in the journalistic history of Tientsin,

where in 1886 the Chinese Times (7.1) was established, to be succeeded

in 1894 by the Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2). Both had exceptional

coverage of local North China news. To tie two themes together, the latter

paper thought proper to bow to the temper of the times and state directly

its primarily British policy. As in Shanghai, newspapers representing

other national interests were eventually established: in 1898 the Bolletino Italiano dell'Estremo Oriente (7.3), the only Italian-language journal of which mention has been found in this period; in 1904 the English-language China Review (7.6.1), said to have represented Russian views; also in 1904 Tageblatt für Nordchina (7.5); and in 1906 Le Courrier de Tientsin (7.7.1).

In Tsingtao, as in Ilong Kong, the ruling power dominated, and both general interest and specialized German-language newspapers were established.

Developments in the Chinese capital were slower. The China Times (7.14) was established in 1901 and was heralded as the first foreign news- paper in the capital, but before six months had passed the newspaper had moved to Tientsin. The other Peking Western-language newspapers established

before the Revolution appear to have been slight, suitable to be classed

with the smaller, less influential foreign-language newspapers of the outports of China.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA-COAST NEWSPAPERS

When in the 1820's the first Western-language newspapers were published on the China coast, foreigners had already been resident in China for more than 200 years. The timing of the first newspapers suggests that the history of early journalism in China was, like most other aspects of life in the Macao-Canton area, affected by developments in the "old Canton system." Traditionally, the British residing in Macao and Canton had been servants of the East India Company; in such a closed community there had been

no need for a newspaper.

The Roman Catholic Church had been successful

in prohibiting the residence of Protestant missionaries, and all foreigners were under the joint tolerance of the Chinese and Portuguese governments. As the main purpose of residence was trade, much inconvenience could be tolerated, and the dubious advantages of a newspaper were luxuries which

were easily forgone.

The forces which challenged the old Canton system also brought journalism to China. The independent or country merchants attacked the monopoly of the East India Company; in 1824 their advocacy of free trade found voice in the Oriental Herald and Colonial Review (8.7), published,

however, in London. The Reverend Robert Morrison became the first Pro- testant missionary in China, but began his activities by studying Chinese within the permissive scope of the Company. The Protestants found that their activities could develop more fruitfully outside the jurisdiction

of the China trade "establishment" and accordingly established a base in

Malacca where in 1827 or 1828 the Malacca Observer and Chinese Chronicle

was founded. The paper dealt mainly with local news but included as the "China Chronicle" a column of news from China. The country merchants however needed but the spark and they, too, would establish a journal; this spark was found in the unlikely combination of William W. Wood, an American adventurer--significantly beyond the jurisdiction of the East India Company--and Alexander Matheson. The unbridled pen of the former

and the handpress of the latter were together responsible in 1827 for

the first issues of the Canton Register (2.1.1), which marked the beginning of English-language journalism on the China coast. This was not the first China-coast newspaper, however. Two Portuguese newspapers, both under Catholic auspices and supporting the ruling groups in the Macao government, had already lived their short lives--A Abelha da China (1.1) was the first in 1822. It ceased with a change in government and was replaced in 1824 by the Gazeta de Macau (1,2), which closed in 1826 for lack of support.

After the first issues of the Register, it was apparent that the country merchants had gone too far--in China. Although pressing for trade reform in England, they had not the same freedom in Canton, and the Canton Register dropped Wood to become, in the words of the publisher, James Matheson, "a record of facts, not a vehicle for controversy." Controversy

was provided in 1831 with the publication of Wood's Chinese Courier and Canton Gazette (2.2), which, in the unrestrained language which was to become typical of China-coast journalism for the next half-century, urged the ending of the Company's monopoly.

News that the Company's monopoly had been ended reached Canton in 1833; the Register was then free to speak--and to urge the winding up of the Company's Canton agency. Foreign opinion was not even then monolithic, however, and the dominant group of British merchants, led by Jardine Matheson and Company, whose position was supported by the Register, soon found them- selves attacked in the Canton Press (2.3), sponsored by Dent and Company. A pattern had been established which was to typify the years of "personal journalism," that is, the years up to the 1880's when more professional and experienced men undertook the publishing and editing of China-coast newspapers.

A Survey by Cities

Canton

The history of China-coast newspapers in Canton may be divided into three relatively clear-cut periods. The first, up to 1844, has been de- scribed in a previous section as witnessing the beginnings of Western journalism on the China coast; this was the period of the old Canton system and its breakdown. The First Sino-British War resulted in the ceding of Hong Kong to Britain; in 1843 the Canton Register moved to Hong Kong, and in 1844 the Canton Press ceased publication, ending the first period of

In the second period, from 1844 to 1911, Canton's journalistic history.

Hong Kong dominated South China journalism, and the several efforts to establish a newspaper in Canton failed. The third period, beyond the

scope of this guide, witnessed the revival of Canton's political importance, the growth of her foreign community, and the successful establishment of Western-language daily newspapers.

The year 1833, when the East India Company lost the trade monopoly,

Up to marks a further division of the period of the old Canton system. this date the Canton Register had been a self-avowed recorder of facts

The country merchants' case was rather than a vehicle for controversy. presented not in Canton but in England, although W.W. Wood, the American editor of the Courier, was able to attack the Company even in its Canton stronghold. Unable to engage in controversy over matters of fact, the Register and Courier became quickly engaged in controversies involving personalities, and the Register's editor, A.S. Keating, challenged Wood to a duel. The duel never took place, but China-coast journalism had made a typical beginning.

With the end of the East India Company's monopoly and political jurisdiction, the Register was able to speak for itself; the Courier was

For a Portuguese-language newspapers are excluded from this survey. brief introductory comment on their development, see Section III (1) below. Other available information is to be found under the newspaper in Section III or under the name of the editor/publisher in Section IV.

left without support. The British community now apparently had a uniform objective. Free trade had been granted by the British government; it had yet to be granted by the Chinese. The merchants sought, therefore, liberali- zation of their trading relations with the Chinese, and they welcomed the support given their objectives by the appointment of a British representative who was expected to reside in Canton.

The scope for controversy remained, however, surprisingly great. First, there was the question of the East India Company's Canton agency, which the country merchants sought to eliminate. The new Canton Press and Price Current, established in 1835, was actually edited by ex-East India Company servants who defended both the Company's old policies and the maintenance of the agency. But the more important and more persistent controversies had deeper roots.

During the period of the Company's monopoly, trade and political jurisdiction had been united; the country merchants existed under sufferance. The form of relationship with the Chinese was subjected to the requirements of trade, a subordination made possible first because the existing system did permit trade to flourish within set limits and secondly because no Crown servant was involved and thus no question of interstate relationships arose, except when embassies to Peking were attempted.

With the ending of the Company's monopoly, this combination of trade interest and political power ceased. It had existed, of course, to the detriment of those traders without the London monopoly, and now they were free to act. But they still required political leadership, if only to maintain the trade privileges the Chinese had granted the Company. At first it seemed as if this would create no problem, since both the British government and the country merchants were advocates of free trade and would urge this

the Chinese. The new political authority, however, added a condition the consequences of which the merchants could hardly have foreseen--i.e., that the relationship with China should be consistent with the dignity of the Crown.

The controversies arose, then, over actions which the Crown's repre- sentatives, Lord Napier and Captain Elliot, were forced to take to maintain their concept of national dignity. Their actions in the long run might tend

to a liberalization of trade; in the short run they led to trade stoppages which the merchants would not support. Nor was merchant opinion united; a sharp division within the community arose between supporters of James Matheson and his associates on the one hand and Thomas Dent and his supporters on the other. Significantly, the Register and the Press were supported by these

rival groups.

Against this background the two Canton newspapers considered the tactics most likely to achieve sound and stable trade relations with China.

Commissioner Lin's Their specific policies are considered in Section III. seizure of privately owned opium, the capitulation of Captain Elliot, and the subsequent disruption of trade provided the opportunity for a conflict to modify the Ch'ing dynasty's traditional trade-tribute policy. That this opportunity should be taken was agreed, but again the community (and the newspapers) were divided on the proper execution of the plan. When war came and Hong Kong was ceded to the Crown, both the Register and the Press questioned its value. The detractors of Hong Kong were not fully answered for many years, but the newspapers quickly succumbed to its competition. The year 1844 saw no English-language newspaper left in either Canton or Macao, and until 1850 Hong Kong was the uncontested scene of English-language journalism on the China coast.

There was a brief transition period from 1839, when the Canton newspapers moved to the relative safety of Macao, and 1844, when the Canton Press closed. Indeed, the first issue of the Hong Kong Gazette was published in Macao in May 1841, the first issue of the Friend of China (3.1.1) in 1842. The two were combined and published in Hong Kong in 1842. The Press, although it remained in Macao, continued to the end to be a valuable source of in-

formation on early Hong Kong.

With one exception, no copies of English-language newspapers pub- lished in Canton between 1844 and 1911 have been found. That exception is the Friend of China (2.4), published in exile in Canton during 1860-1862, after the editor, William Tarrant, had been released from Hong Kong debt- or's prison. He subsequently moved his newspaper north to Shanghai. formation on this period must be based on the report of Hong Kong contempo- raries and rivals, and, judging from their comments on other newspapers

In-

which have survived, they were highly biased.

Apparently there was still

a demand in Canton for shipping lists, and at least two of the newspapers were growths of such publications, but little more generalization is possible.

b. Hong Kong to 1860

Three newspapers dominated this first period of Hong Kong journalism: the Friend of China and Hongkong Gazette (3.1.2), founded in 1842; the Hong- kong Register, successor of the oldest English-language journal on the China coast, relocated in 1843; and the China Mail, established in 1845. The Friend of China ceased publication in Hong Kong in 1859, the Register failed in 1863 after suffering a series of reverses which began in 1859, and only the China Mail survived. With these three this section is primarily concerned. 1857 Hong Kong's first daily, the Daily Press, was founded, surviving with China Mail through the period to 1911, and leading other long Kong newspapers into daily journalism. The year 1860 approximately delimits the end of the pioneer period and is an obvious bench mark in any journalistic survey.

The year 1860, has, however, greater significance, for it is important not only in marking the death and birth of newspapers but also, certainly by coincidence, a termination of the issues so bitterly disputed in the Colony's early years; furthermore, it marks the date when Shanghai's growing importance was felt in Hong Kong in journalism as in other fields.

General developments in the newspapers themselves are considered before the policy problems. In 1843 the Eastern Globe and Commercial Advertiser (3.2) published from June to December, but in the following January its press was advertised for sale. No copies survive. The three principal publishers quickly reacted to the need for a special edition to be sent "overland" viz Suez and Marseilles; the last to be established was the Overland China Mail (3.4.2) in 1848. The overland editions were published monthly, except in 1853-1854 when the mail frequency was increased to twice a month. The regular editions of the China Mail and Register continued weekly; the Friend of China began bi-weekly publication in 1844. These regular editions con- sisted generally of four folio pages, with shipping notices and new advertising dominating the first page. Purely local news items were at a minimum, but

editorials, letters to the editor, and contributions from correspondents

dealing with larger policy issues filled at least another page and a half. Advertising completed the issue.

The publication of separate advertising sheets which developed their

own news columns preceded the regular issue of daily newspapers. Andrew

Dixson of A. Short rede and Company was proprietor on his own account of

Dixson's Hongkong Recorder (3.4.4) from 1850 to 1859; the Register's Advertiser (3.3.8) was published in 1853 and probably into 1854; and the China Mail in

1854 published the Hong Kong Shipping List (3.4.6) to supplement Dixson's

primarily advertising venture. These publications appear to have been issued gratis to subscribers of the parent newspaper. The direct evolution to regular daily newspapers will be noted under each journal concerned.

(1) Early Policies of the Hong Kong Newspapers. The Treaty of

Nanking, following the negotiations of the widely praised Sir Henry Pottinger,

seemed for a short time to have answered the demands of British merchants.

But the fundamental question of interstate relationships remained, and an

increasing number of smaller incidents, as well as the controversy over

entry into the city of Canton, were allowed to incite the merchant community

into demands for further treaty concessions. An incident was eventually

found in the Chinese seizure of the lorcha "Arrow," and the second Sino-

British War had begun. Its conclusion in a sense settled this second series

of demands and resulted in a shift of focus north to Shanghai, with con- sequences which will be considered in subsequent sections.

As in the case of Canton, however, merchant opinion was not uniform,

and in the Hong Kong context there were further complications. The Hong

Kong government itself became a center of controversy, both because of its

administration of the Colony and because the governor was at that time also

Superintendent of Trade on the China coast. The leading merchant houses

appear to have held aloof from the bitter controversies surrounding certain

government personalities, but the newspapers did not, and thus the opportuni-

ties for argument were multiplied with three newspapers required to represent the various positions, rather than two as in the case of Canton. Unfortunately, the policies of the newspapers changed within the period and no simple

generalization is possible, but some simple summary will be attempted here.

The

The Friend of China began as a rigorous supporter of the Colony, but in the fifties was noted for its violent attacks on such government person- alities as Colonel William Caine, Dr. W.T. Bridges, and D.W. Caldwell. basis of this controversy, described briefly under the biographies of Tarrant and Murrow, should be understood if the newspapers are to be more sympatheti- cally interpreted than the personal vilìfication to be found on too many of their pages would otherwise permit. The Friend of China may also be con- sidered as writing in the interests of the mercantile community, from which it received considerable financial and personal support. The Friend of China was, however, less dogmatic than most of its contemporaries in its condemna- tion of the Chinese people, and its support of the Taiping rebels indicated its strong anti-Manchu bias. At the opposite pole was the China Mail. been characterized as pro-government, and certainly this is a fair description of its policy during much of the period. But between 1853 and 1855 when the Register was successful in obtaining the government printing contract, other- wise held (to 1858) by the China Mail, i.e. by Alexander Short rede and Company, the China Mail was strongly anti-government. Then, too, the China Mail under Dixson's editorship attempted to counter corruption in government and discover the connection of certain officials with Chinese pirates. The China Mail, again in opposition to the Friend of China, was critical of the Chinese but took a more correct attitude to the Chinese government and opposed the strong demands of the mercantile community for intervention. The Register was both pro-mercantile and anti-Chinese.

It has

In a small community such as that formed by the foreign residents of Hong Kong, it was perhaps inevitable that these different points of view should result in personal animosities. Two characteristics of Hong Kong journalism of the period arise from this situation: first, the tendency to assume, or to pretend to assume, that the other paper was influenced financially or improperly by the side it was supporting; and secondly, the frequency of libel cases--neither being a journalistic characteristic unique to Hong Kong. Until 1860 the press had operated under the Registration Ordinance of 1844, which simply required registration; libel had been prosecuted under the common law of England which Hong Kong took over on its

foundation.

An 1860 ordinance required a surety of £250 against damages

and cost of conviction should editor or publisher be found guilty of libel.

That a business must not criticize its customers would appear too

obvious to state, but in the case of the three Hong Kong newspapers such reticence is not apparent. The story is told that when the East India Company canceled its eleven subscriptions to the Chinese Courier and Canton

Gazette,

the paper, in consequence, failed. On the contrary, even in so limited a market it was able to continue publication until it failed on other grounds. Likewise, when the Canton merchants canceled their sub- scriptions to the China Mail over its editorial criticism of merchant demands for the right of entry to the city being immediately enforced, the newspaper continued to publish; its support rested on broader foundations--including the government gazette contract. The Friend of China, although mercantile in its basic orientation, could not have failed to annoy when from time to time it wrote sympathetically of the Chinese. Only the Hongkong Register, which would appear to have offended few subscribers, lost ground. There is the suspicion that customers were primarily interested in a lively news- paper even at their own expense, and the Friend of China certainly met those qualifications.

The success of a newspaper depended on more than its local subscrip- tion support. There was the home market in Great Britain to consider, and here the China Mail and its overland edition probably led the field, making

up thereby for its loss of local readers. Then, too, the China Mail was part of a much larger establishment, A. Short rede and Company. The details of such financial problems are, unfortunately, not presently available.

The most insistent type of accusation was, however, that a paper

owed its success to official support, that it was an official mouthpiece. Shanghai's North-China Herald would under different circumstances make such a claim for itself; in the period now under consideration it was a charge to be denied. The accusation arose from the circumstances of the granting of the contract for the official gazette and for other government printing. The charges can perhaps be better understood if the history of these con-

tracts is briefly traced.

(2) The Government Gazette and Editorial Policy. began as a separate publication in Macao in May 1841, and the contract for

A Hongkong Gazette its printing was let to the missionary press. The Canton Press objected immediately, a reaction which was natural and would become typical. The gazette does not appear to have published again in the form of a collected newspaper until 1853. Instead, Hong Kong government announcements as well as those of the Superintendent of Trade were probably issued individually as signed. In 1842 the Friend of China was established in Macao as a private newspaper venture for a single issue. It was granted the government contract and came out subsequently as the Friend of China and Hongkong Gazette. April 1844 the contract was given to the Hongkong Register which became the Hongkong Register and Government Gazette (3.3.3). But the Register gave up the contract voluntarily in September and it reverted to the Friend of China. In 1845, however, the contract was transferred to the China Mail which retained it until 1853, all official announcements, proclamations, and other notices being published officially in that newspaper. the China Mail lost the contract to the Register, which issued official

In 1853

announcements in a separate publication, the Hongkong Government Gazette. The China Mail regained the contract in 1855, but the gazette continued as a separate publication. This aspect of the controversy ended in 1858 when the contract was awarded to Noronha and Company, then unconnected with any

newspaper.

The charge can be made that each of these changes was influenced by government desire to control the policy of a newspaper. Or it can be and

was charged that in order to keep the remunerative contract the holder toadied to government. These were serious charges in early Hong Kong, but they were easily made and difficult to substantiate. Students using the newspapers are urged to bear in mind the dates during which a particular newspaper held the government contract but to make their own judgment as to government influence on any particular editorial or story. The annotations

If a general

dealing with particular newspapers may be of further assistance. statement can be made at this stage in the development of research on China-coast journalism, it would be that the blanket charges are unproven, although there is evidence that the government favored the China Mail

especially in the switch (engineered by Governor Bowring) from the Register to the China Mail in 1855.

Between 1858 and 1860-1862 many of the early controversies were re- solved. The Treaty of Tientsin ended the second series of merchant complaints, although it hardly established Sino-British relations on a permanent or satisfactory basis. The government printing contract was let to a private firm unconnected with journalism. The series of accusations against govern-

ment officers reached a climax with the conviction of William Tarrant in a criminal libel case; this ended the Friend of China as a Hong Kong publication, but it also exposed the rottenness of the administration and led to the in- quiries which, together with normal attrition, removed the most infamous personalities from the scene.

In 1860-1861 a Civil Service Abuses Enquiry recommended the removal of D.W. Caldwell for consorting with known pirates. Meanwhile, Colonel Caine had retired, and Dr. Bridge had discreetly left the Colony. A new type of colonial servant was rising through former Governor Sir John Bowring's cadet system, and Sir Hercules Robinson, the new governor, was to bring order to the administrative chaos of Bowring's rule. The conflicts among the news- papers themselves were resolved by the removal of the Friend of China to Canton and the failure of the Register, after its six-month disguise in 1860 as the China Chronicle (3.3.5) under direct Jardine Matheson control. This was also the period in which the Daily Press rose to journalistic importance in the Colony, a story better told in the following section.

Hong Kong after 1860

As the first period was dominated by three newspapers, so the period from 1860 to 1881 was dominated by two: the China Mail and the Daily Press. Two attempts to establish a "third newspaper" in this period failed of permanent success, although this failure does not make them any the less important to the student of China. Then in 1881 Robert Fraser-Smith was successful in founding the Hongkong Telegraph (3.8), a paper which lasted through 1911. With the founding of the South China Morning Post (3.9) in 1903, the Colony had four daily newspapers.

The first of the unsuccessful "third newspapers" was the Hongkong In Mercury and Shipping Gazette (3.6), published for six months in 1866. 1869 the Hongkong Daily Advertiser (3.7.1) became the first in a series of three relatively short-lived papers including the Hongkong Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette (3.7.2), 1872-1873, and the Hongkong Times, Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette (3.7.3), 1873-1876.

This was a period which witnessed both the growth of the Colony-- its population doubled between 1881 and 1906 from 160,000 to 320,000--and its decline as the main focus of the drama being enacted between China and the

Indeed, the non-Chinese community of Hong Kong had reached but 12,400 by 1906, evidence that the four English-language newspapers must

have found support

Western powers.

difficult and must still have relied heavily on subscribers beyond the Colony--in Canton, Macao, and other South China ports for which Hong Kong was still the leader, and in Great Britain where the China Mail continued

to be of influence.

Two characteristics of Hong Kong journalism after 1860 have already been mentioned. First, there was a tendency toward a more professional

and less personal journalism. This generalization is best illustrated by reference to the biographical index; contrast, for example, the background of Cairns, Tarrant, and Wood with that of Cunningham of the South China Morning Post, Donald of the China Mail, or Duncan of the Hongkong Telegraph.

Secondly, the separation of the government of Hong Kong from the direction of Britain's China policy was reflected in the coverage of the Hong Kong newspapers. Although newspapers by the turn of the century were following the general practice of securing the services of professional correspondents to cover important events, the Hong Kong newspapers were

For more thorough more concerned with events in the Colony and South China. coverage of the continuing struggle between China and the Powers, for news of the Yangtze Valley, and for diplomatic developments in Peking, the Shanghai and London newspapers are more useful. Such a generalization is not, of course, equally applicable to every crisis, and Hong Kong newspapers as a general source should not be neglected.

In the development of daily journalism, the Daily Press led the way. But it was not without its precursors, the advertising and shipping sheets.

In 1859 the new editor of the Register issued a daily supplement, but the additional expense involved was one factor which lost him control of the

The China Mail's Shipping List and Commercial Intelligencer (3.4.7) paper. began including a column of news, and in 1862 as the Evening Mail and Hongkong Shipping List (3.4.8) the paper became a regular daily. Newspapers founded subsequently were established as dailies. The Hong Kong Daily Advertiser in 1869 began in a form similar to the older advertising and shipping lists but met with little success; in 1871 it was sold and changed in form to a more conventional newspaper. The dividing line was thin, however,

for more than half the space in the daily newspapers continued to be taken up with advertising and shipping news.

One of the more important developments in the history of Hong Kong journalism, beginning almost with the founding of the Colony, was the in- creasing role of the Chinese. This took two forms: first, and most widely researched, the development of the Chinese-language press itself; secondly,

the investment of Chinese capital in English-language newspapers. On the latter development, considerable research is required before even the most

tentative generalization can be made. The known facts are quickly stated.

In 1901 the Hongkong Telegraph was purchased by a group of Chinese investors,

including Sir Robert Ho Tung. In 1903 Chinese money was invested in the company founded to publish the South China Morning Post, a newspaper designed to support the reform movement in China. The effects of these investments

on policy have yet to be established.

The influence of Hong Kong journalism on the growth of the Chinese press began, indirectly at least, with Andrew Short rede, who financed the American education of Wong Shing

(Huang Sheng) at Monson, Massachusetts,

in 1847-1848. Wong was one of the three Morrison Education Society boys sent to America, but he returned in 1848 because of poor health, and Short rede taught him the printing trade. Another thread is also traceable to the China Mail, since Wang T'ao, while assisting James Legge in his translation of the

Chinese classics, served concurrently as editor of the Chin-shih pien-lu

(Hong Kong News; 3.4.10), a Chinese newspaper founded in 1864

by the China Mail. In 1873-1874 Wang T'ao and Wong Shing founded the success-

ful Tsun Wan Yat Pao (HsUn-huan jih-pao; Universal circulating

循環日報

herald), an independent daily newspaper.

Although credit has been given to Short rede and the China Mail, the most significant step was taken by Murrow of the Daily Press. When the news- paper began publication in 1857, or very shortly thereafter, he included a Chinese-language weekly paper as an integral part of the Daily Press itself. It was entitled Ilsiang-kang ch'uan-t'ou huo-chia chih

(3.5.5), and was apparently the first privately published, Western- style newspaper in the Chinese language. The few copies available, for example those bound with the Essex Institute collection, indicate that the bulk of its space, like that of the parent newspaper, was devoted to commercial news and reprints of relevant proclamations, and that a column or so of general news items was also included. The news items examined include reports on the movement of troops during the Arrow War, general market conditions, and problems of securing indentured labor for Cuba. In 1860, the Daily Press published a separate Chinese newspaper, Chung Ngoi San Pao$$ (Chung-wai hsin-pao). A similar development took place some ten years later when from March 1871 to April 1872 the China Mail published a Chinese page in its Saturday edition entitled Chung-wai hsin-wen ch'i-jih pao A 中外新聞 *

日報(3.4.11). It too was replaced in 1872 by the separate Hua-tzu jih-pao (Chinese Mail), which the China Mail claimed to be the

華字日報

first Chinese-language newspaper "ever issued under purely native direction."

The significance of the assertion rests, of course, in the meaning of "news- paper" and "purely."

d. Shanghai

The North-China Herald, with which the history of Shanghai journalism begins in 1850, has a deservedly high reputation. For eleven years, until publication of the Shanghai Daily Times (5.2.1) in 1861, the Herald had no Shanghai rival. Ilenry Shearman, its founder and first editor, had like his long Kong contemporaries no formal journalistic experience, but his

It has proved impossible to note all variant spellings of "Shanghai." Hence this spelling has been used for the English throughout, and "Changhai" for the French. The usual spelling with this particular paper was "Shanghae."

source.

deeply religious nature and his willingness to permit his newspaper to become the vehicle for many shades of opinion resulted in a journal quite unlike any then published in Hong Kong. Throughout its history the North-China Herald carried a tone of authoritativeness and completeness which, while justified in a relative sense, has perhaps led students to overdependence on this single

While not detracting from the value of the North-China Herald, we

should consider in this section the existence and sequence of other Shanghai

These will be discussed in further detail in Section III.

The popularity of the North-China Herald rests also on its availability,

and one of the problems confronting the historian of Shanghai journalism

will be the piecing together of evidence relating to the several newspapers

of which only a few copies, if any, survive. However, as the Daily Press

and the China Mail provide a thread lasting throughout this period in Hong Kong,

so the North-China Herald and the Celestial Empire (5.7.8), founded in 1874,

are keys to Shanghai journalism.

newspapers.

Although the North-China Herald began as a weekly in 1850, it soon

began an evolution similar to that of the China Mail in Hong Kong. A daily shipping list and advertising sheet was published as the North-China Daily

News.

The Shanghai Daily Times was, of course, a daily, but it failed in

1862 after one year of publication. In 1868-1869 there were no less than five daily newspapers in Shanghai. These included the North-China Daily News; the (tri-weekly) Friend of China (5.4.1), which moved from Canton in 1863;

the Shanghai Recorder (5.3.1), founded 1862; the Shanghai Evening Express

(5.5), 1867; and the Shanghai Evening Courier (5.7.3), 1868. All of them published more than one edition, usually including an overland; in addition there was an independent overland, the Shanghai News-letter (5.7.1), 1867, which was the only mail edition designed for transmission to the United States

and whose editorial policy reflected this destination.

These newspapers can be reduced into groups for convenient study. The Friend of China ceased publication in 1859. The Recorder group (5.3)

was bought by the North-China Herald in 1869; the Express arose from a dis-

pute between the proprietors of the Recorder and failed in 1871; the Courier

and the Shanghai News-letter had evolved by 1890 into the Shanghai Mercury

and its overland, the Celestial Empire, after combination with the Evening

Gazette (5.7.6), founded 1874, and the Shanghai Mercury, 1879. We are thus reduced to the principal two which we suggested earlier were the keys to Shanghai journalism, i.e. the North-China Herald and the Celestial Empire.

Since between 1898 and 1905 the foreign population of Shanghai more than doubled, from 5,000 to 11,500, it is not surprising that additional English-language newspapers were founded. Although lists of editors and publishers are available for the China Gazette, the Shanghai Daily Press, and the Shanghai Times, only copies of the China Gazette have been located. Biographical data indicate, however, that these papers too were staffed by men with journalistic experience. Other newspapers with specialized functions were published, e.g. the Temperance Union, but these, with the exception of the Cycle, are not considered further in this guide.

No copies of the first French-language newspapers have been located, and the available secondary sources are not entirely consistent. From 1870 to the end of 1872, however, the evidence is conclusive that the weekly Le Nouvelliste de Changhai (6.4.1) was published, edited by a M. Beer. In 1873 this became the larger Le Courrier de Changhai (6.4.2), which lasted but three issues. On March 21, 1871, shortly after the first publication of Le Nouvelliste, an opposition paper was founded, Le Progrès (6.5), edited by Emile Lépissier, but it succumbed in January 1872.

There was another French newspaper published in 1886, L'Echo de Changhai (6.6.1), and copies of its overland edition, Le Courrier de l'Extrême Orient (6.6.2), provide the basis for our later comments. The main French effort began with L'Echo de Chine (6.7.1), whose policy confirms the generali- zation that the age of the New Imperialism required a national voice. Similarly the German Der Ostasiatische Lloyd spoke for German interests, although its editor and proprietor in the 1900's, Carl Fink, was also a director of the Shanghai Mercury by whose presses it was printed.

There can be little question but that the principal French and German newspapers claimed to represent official opinions. The early British tradition had been to deny official connections, but this, of course, had been in Hong Kong where British supremacy was unquestioned. In the international atmosphere of Shanghai, the North-China Herald reacted otherwise. Since 1859 the newspaper had been the vehicle for all official notifications; from 1862

the Daily Shipping and Commercial News (5.1.7), published by the same office,

All this did not, officially carried all Shanghai British consular notices. however, make it an official newspaper, and its views often differed sharply from those of British representatives in Peking. In 1877, for example, the editor of the Celestial Empire castigated the North-China Daily News for its "official" presumption, doubted it, and commented, "We are independent seeking to satisfy a cosmopolitan audience." Shanghai newspapers, like their Hong Kong contemporaries, made frequent claims and counter-claims, charges and counter- charges. However convenient their acceptance may be for purposes of research, accuracy requires individual examination and evaluation.

This survey of the development of China-coast newspapers has lacked quantification. We do not have circulation figures, nor do we have sufficient financial information to be able to make useful statements about this essential

In 1875 the circulation of the Hong Kong aspect of the history of journalism. Times (3.7.3) was 303, of which only 243 were paid. In private correspondence the editor told his publisher that if he could reach 500 he would "probably" have the biggest circulation in the Far East. Although this information is difficult to interpret, it is clear that these newspapers, while certainly "small," nevertheless exerted an influence which was considerably greater than their size, and that today they enjoy an ever-increasing importance as primary sources for the study of the history of the late Ch'ing period.

III

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF CHINA-COAST NEWSPAPERS

In this section are listed all Western-language newspapers published in China, Hong Kong, or Macao during the period through 1911, together with certain London publications. The newspapers are arranged by language and place of publication, and within these major headings are grouped by publisher, historical sequence, or eventual merger. Groups are arranged in chronological order. Although grouping has not always proved possible, the technique should assist the student in placing the newspaper in its proper context.

And

although each history is told individually, we have attempted to provide some continuity to the story, so that the list can be read through, rather than used simply for reference to a particular newspaper. The type and amount of information available differ from newspaper to newspaper, and the annotations vary accordingly. The brief histories are, of course, preliminary, and in- tended to stimulate further research.

Unless stated otherwise, publishers and editors are assumed to have held their positions until the next date mentioned.

Chinese titles of China-coast newspapers are given in those cases where such translations have been found. They are listed against a specific newspaper title; however, the reader is warned that the Chinese might also refer to some other title in the group. For example, "Shang-hai ching-lang yu mei-chou ch'ai-pao" was found to refer to the Shanghai Budget and Weekly Courier (5.7.4), but it might very well have been used to refer to the Shanghai Budget and Weekly News-Letter (5.7.5) or some other of the 5.7-group. On the other hand, some writers in Chinese might devise their own translation rather than the one shown in the lists below.

MACAO:

PORTUGUESE*

The history of the Portuguese-language press in Macao appears even more stormy than that of the English-language press in neighbor- ing Hong Kong. As in early Hong Kong, the newspapers were usually excessively outspoken, and their short life reflects both government reaction to extreme criticism and uncertain financial support. Several papers discontinued publication in Macao to reappear tempo-

These instances are rarily in Hong Kong, sometimes to return. noted below. Other short-lived papers originated solely to provide

an opposition voice to some particularly outspoken journal or at some critical time. This was especially true in the case of contro- versies arising out of the coolie slave trade and is reflected in the histories of 0 Independente, 0 Oriente, Gazeta de Macau e Timor, and Jornal de Macau (group 1.9).

As in Hong Kong, there was an official publication of the Macao

Boletim do Governo da government, published under varying titles: Província de Macão e Timor e Solor, Boletim Oficial do Governo da Provincia de Macão e Timor, Boletim do Governo de Macão e Timor, Boletim da Provincia de Macão e Timor, Boletim Oficial do Governo da Província de Macau e Timor, and Boletim Oficial do Governo da Província de Macau. A Chinese section was first included in 1879.

A publication entitled Boletim do Governo de Macao (1.5.1), 1838-1839, printed at the Typografia Macaense of S. Wells Williams, was the fore-

Since it was edited by Manuel runner of these wholly official journals. Maria Dias Pegado, however, it has been included below in the Pegado group (1.5); it was probably not wholly an official publication.

Because of the number of Macao newspapers, we have made parti- cular efforts to set up groups. Lack of extant copies or of

*A Canton Portuguese newspaper is listed as 1.20 below; see also 1.9.5.

With a few exceptions, the entries in this section are based on information supplied by J.M. Braga, Hong Kong. Miss Nancy Stevens was able to add comments based on a brief examination of microfilms received at the University of Kansas from the National Library, Lisbon, just before final submission of the manuscript.

דיי

1.3

1.1

sufficient information on the histories has forced a more arbitrary system than applies elsewhere in this guide. Common editorship provides one special basis for grouping; concern with the coolie trade another.

A Abelha da China, 1822-1823

Mi-feng Hua-pao #

蜜蜂華報

Editor: Frey António de S. Gonzalo de Amarante, O.D. Two other names are closely connected with the paper, in important but unknown capacities: Joaquim José dos Santos, to whom re- quests for subscriptions were to be addressed, and Carlos José Pereira, who wrote most of the signed articles.

This was the first Western-language newspaper published on the China coast. The political organ of the Absolutist Party (Miguelites) and government-sponsored, it was issued weekly with various supplements. The editor was Superior of the Dominicans in Macao. With the overthrow of the Absolutists by the Conserva- tives, the paper was forced to cease publication and its editor, along with other leading members of the party, fled to Canton and thence to Calcutta.

The paper's title is usually translated simply as "The Bee."

Gazeta de Macau, 1824-1826

Editor: Frey Jose da Conceição, O.S.A.

In contrast to A Abelha (1.1), Gazeta de Macau was moderate in tone and published information of a commercial nature. It was, however, the organ of the Conservative Party, which had taken over both the government and the press on which A Abelha had been printed. The editor was Prior of the Augustinians; António José de Rocha was listed as "nominal editor." The paper failed financially.

A Chronica de Macab, 1834-1837

Ao-men ch'ao-pao

The paper, which contained news and political items, was first published weekly and later fortnightly.

Macaista Imparcial (1.4.1).

Its competitor was

Felis F. da Cruz sequence

1.4

1.4.1

Macaista Imparcial, 1836-1837

Ti-kuo Ao-men ren 帝國澳門人

1.4.2

1.4.3

1.4.4

1.5

1.5.1

1.5.2

Macaista Imparcial e Registe Mercantil, 1837-1838

Publisher and editor: Felis Feliciano da Cruz

The paper, which contained articles of varied interest, including historical and commercial material, was suspended for criticism

of the governor. 5, 1837.

There was a title change with the issue of July Imparcial was succeeded by 0 Portuguêz na China (1.5.3).

See also O Echo da China (4.5.1).

6.6.2

French

Virmaitre sequence

Le Nouvelliste de Changhai, 1870-1872

6.4

6.4.1

Shang-hai pao-chieh

上海報界

Publishers: C. and A.A. do Rozario; editor:

M. Beer

Le Nouvelliste is said to have been supported by the French community and to have represented "official" French thought, i.e. expansionary commercial policies and support of Catholic missionaries; but this view is placed in doubt by the fact that Beer appears not even to have registered with the French authorities as a French citizen.

Le Courrier de Changhai, 1873

Shang-hai ch'ai-pao

Editor: M. Virmaître

The editor had been formerly on the staff of Le Nouvelliste. Le Courrier lasted but three issues.

Le Progrès, Journal de l'Extrême Orient, 1870(?)-1872 Chin-pu 進步

Editor:

Emile Lépissier

Lépissier is said to have been a professor at the University

of Peking; his policy is reported as bitter opposition to that of Le Nouvelliste (6.4.1).

6.6

L'Echo de Changhai group*

6.6.1

For comment on this group, see text below 6.6.2.

L'Echo de Changhai, 1886

Shang-hai hui-sheng pao 上海回聲報

Le Courrier de L'Extrême Orient, 1886

Publisher and editor: S. Salabelle

*Information for groups 6.6 and 6.7 was provided by Lucien Bianco,

University of Paris. At the editor's request, he submitted his manuscript in French; when the decision to publish in English was reached, Catherine E. King translated and the editor made certain condensations subsequently approved by the author.

6.7

6.7.1

especially designed for European readers." Both the daily and weekly began publication in January 1886; although the last available copy of Le Courrier is dated October 13 of that year it contains no indication that the newspaper is about to cease publication.

Salabelle himself confessed to knowing little of China and his speculations relative to Chinese politics are few and cautious. He advocated "modernization" of the country, remained skeptical on the chances of rapid transformation, occasionally criticized the xenophobic sentiments of the Chinese and their "tired civilization," but made no systematic attack on the government or the Chinese people. Actually, Salabelle was less interested in China in particular than in the Far East in general, and especially the defense of French interests in the Far East. Indeed, the transfer from Yokohama to Shanghai was undertaken because of the better communications facilities in the latter city. Thus the newspaper contains numerous letters from Japan and even more numerous letters from Indochina. One of Le Courrier's principal preoccupations was the development of French commerce in Tonkin; to this end Salabelle advocated the establishment of an efficacious customs procedure.

L'Echo de Chine group

For comment on this group, see text below 6.7.2.

L'Echo de Chine, 1897-1911

✯✯

*‡

Chung-Fa (hsin) hui-pao (1) or Fa-hsing shih-wu pao 法興時務報

L'Echo de Chine (weekly edition), 1901-1911

6.7.2

Date

Directors

Editors-in-chief

1897

Marcel Tillot

(or 1898?)

J. Emile Lemière

1907 (or 1909?) J.J. Chollot

A. Monestier

History

This, the most important of the French-language newspapers, was founded in 1897 by Marcel Tillot and other French residents of Shanghai. Their avowed purpose was the defense of French interests in the Far East. Reversing the eighteenth and early nineteenth- century procedure, this group founded a printing press, Les Presses Orientales, from the profits of which they intended financing the newspaper. Throughout our period the newspaper was dominated by men of affairs whose principal activities appear to have been outside L'Echo de Chine--which was, indeed, a reflection of them.

Eugene Bard contributed regularly to L'Echo in 1898; Rodolphe Van Loo, in 1906-1907; and Jean Rodes and Jean Fredet were active through 1911. All were authors of book-length studies of China. An R.W. MacCabe was listed in one source as "editor-in-chief" in 1907, but this was not confirmed in the newspaper itself.

The contents of the newspaper, especially poor in 1898, im- proved rapidly through 1900. Coverage of the Hundred Days actually occupies less space than in the French newspaper Le Temps; much of L'Echo's material on this subject was copied from the Times. L'Echo was concerned with the daily life of French residents in Shanghai. The newspaper also reprinted extracts of novels from the homeland; these it considered its obligation to make available to its exiled compatriots. This was less an "echo of China" than

an "echo of the French concession and, secondly, of France"!

By 1911, on the other hand, L'Echo had come to provide a not

It analyzed negligible source of information on the Chinese world. internal Chinese politics and reported on internal disturbances and revolutionary agitation, while its local correspondence was as much concerned with the life and sentiments of the Chinese as with the receptions of consuls and the consecration of bishops.

Policy

L'Echo de Chine was founded to defend French interests; thus in 1898 it supported French official policies and Catholic missionaries, was hostile to the British and to their China-coast newspapers (from

which it nevertheless borrowed essential news reports), and despised the Chinese. The business interests sought expansion of French commerce in the Far East and opposed socialism at home.

Although these attitudes continued throughout Lemière's editorship, they were expressed less bluntly in 1906 than in 1898. As for Britain, the atmosphere of the Entente Cordiale was replacing that of the Fachoda Affair, but the rapprochement in Shanghai was slow and half-hearted. The French editors had difficulty in mounting their animosity toward the effective and dynamic British colony of Shanghai.

sur-

Coverage of internal Chinese affairs expanded, especially during the Boxer uprising, but incomprehension remained total. Not sur- prisingly, L'Echo substituted bitter criticism of the Manchus for the sarcasm which it had directed against Chinese blunders. With the growth of the revolutionary movement in China, however, L'Echo moved to support the imperial regime, hoping that it would undertake the reforms necessary to modernize China.

With the editorship of Monestier in 1907 and especially with the added influence of Jean Fredet, certain modifications of policy became apparent. Although remaining hostile to the revolutionaries, L'Echo daily published long extracts from Chinese newspapers openly hostile to the Chinese Regent and friendly to the revolutionary T'ung-meng Hui ra

While L'Echo continued to denounce

•

the xenophobia of the Chinese press it quoted, it nevertheless indicated an interest in Chinese civilization and appeared determined to show for the Chinese national character a respect which would have been completely alien to L'Echo of the early years.

German

6.8

6.8.3

Date

1887

6.8.2

Shanghaier Nachrichten, 1907-1911

Handelsnachrichten, 1907-1911

Publishers

Bruno R.A. Navarra

1889 (?)

1902

W. Schittler(?)

(June-Oct.)

1902 (Oct.)

Carl Fink (?)

Editors

Bruno R.A. Navarra

W. Schittler

F. Hoffert

Carl Fink

Carl Fink and H. Lochlin were listed as proprietors in 1909, and it is likely that both Schittler and Fink were publishers during their editorships. An E. Finck has been mentioned as "managing editor" in 1900, but we have found no confirmation of

this.

Miscellaneous information

The newspaper was first published as a weekly, then as a daily sheet of the Shanghai Courier (5.7.9), then independently. There may, however, have been a permanent connection with the Mercury group (5.7), at least on the business side.

The Shanghaier Nachrichten and the Handelsnachrichten were supplements, for local readers and of commercial news respectively, which were included with the parent newspaper. Some libraries,

however, catalogue them separately.

The sub-title of Der Ostasiatische Lloyd is "Organ für die Deutschen Interessen im Fernen Üsten," but the extent to which the editorial policy reflected this aim is yet to be determined.

The company appears to have been involved in the founding of two North China newspapers, Tageblatt für Nordchina (7.5) in

In both Tientsin and the Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten (7.11).

cases Carl Fink was active.

6.8.1

Der Ostasiatische Lloyd group

For comment on this group, see text below 6.8.3.

Der Ostasiatische Lloyd, 1887-1911

Te-wen hsin-pao 1##

德文新報

7. CHINA: OTHER CITIES

Tientsin

7.1

Chinese Times, 1886-1891

T'ien-chin shih-pao &

Publisher and editor: Alexander Michie

The Chinese Times was founded and edited by Alexander Michie and ceased publication when he retired in 1891. The newspaper was accused of being subsidized by Jardine Matheson and Company, but Michie denied this--to which denial, contemporaries replied, "If not Jardine's, then by whom?" A Chinese source, Yen Chung-p'ing

, states that the newspaper was published by a German company, but this seems highly unlikely. However, Gustav Detring was connected with the Shih-pao, the Chinese-language news- paper published by the Chinese Times. Detring acted for Viceroy Li Hung-chang in securing Timothy Richard as editor of the Shih-pao. German influence on the Chinese Times would also account for the strong German feeling aginst the later Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2).

The purpose of the Chinese Times, as stated by the editor, was not to compete with the Shanghai newspapers but rather to focus on news in the north. The newspaper would have leading articles, Michie wrote, but their purpose would be to "espouse progress." In general, the news would be allowed to tell its own story. Michie held to his purpose, and the Chinese Times may well be the best English-language newspaper in nineteenth-century China.

The Chinese Times tended to let the world-shaking problems which so upset its contemporaries pass it by. The newspaper did cover North China, and, when it editorialized, as in the case of the Mitkiewicz scheme, it appears to have had the facts, to have thought the matter out carefully before advising the foreign com- munity, the Chinese and Japanese governments, and the world at large on the best course of action. It is also valuable for its

7.2

translations of articles from the Shih-pao, the Chinese newspaper

which it printed but which followed an entirely independent policy. A casual reading of the Chinese Times might lead one to suppose the editor was an American, as reference to the United States is made. as by one familiar with the country. Actually, Michie was English, although the newspaper did not present a narrowly English view of

the North China scene.

Peking and Tientsin Times, 1894-1911

T'ien-chin t'ai-shih shih-pao ¤‡ ± #k

Date

Publishers

1894

A. William H. Bellingham (d. 1895)

1897

1901

1903

1907

1911

George Collinwood (general manager)

Editors

A. William H. Bellingham

Alice M. Vaughan Smith

Alice M. Vaughan Smith and William McLeish (co-editors)

Alice M. Vaughan Smith (sole editor)

H.E. Redmond

David S. Fraser

Accurately reflecting the changed temper of the times, Bellingham stated that "in thought and opinion the Peking and Tientsin Times will be essentially British." This brought an immediate response from the German community and management came under attack from a German shareholder. After legal difficulties, however, the news- paper continued on a British basis. No doubt noting the success of Michie and his Chinese Times (7.1), Bellingham also stated his intention to concentrate on news of Chihli and certain of the northern treaty ports, and to add only a few of the most urgent

telegrams from Europe.

The Times was highly critical of the Chinese-owned and edited

Peking Daily News (7.16.2).

100

7.3

Bolletino Italiano dell'Estremo Oriente, 1898-1902

7.4

China Times group

7.4.1

China Times, 1902-1911

I-wen hsi-pao

益聞西報

7.4.2

Evening Express, 1902(?)-1911(?)

7.5

Editor: John Cowen; publishers: William C.B. Cowen (1905), then (by 1911) Lt. Col. R. Bate

Founded in Peking in 1901, the China Times moved its headquarters to Tientsin in 1902. The paper was published daily in both Peking and Tientsin; the company's registered office was Hong Kong. John Cowen was deported from China in 1904 but returned in 1905. The newspaper sided editorially with the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War. (See also 5.11 for brother Thomas Cowen's policy.)

Tageblatt für Nordchina, 1904-1911

Pei-yang Te-Hua jih-pao t

Editors: Carl Fink (?1904), E. Klocke (1905), B. Petzold (1908), F.K. Dressler (1911)

This German-language newspaper appears to have been started by or with the cooperation of Shanghai's Der Ostasiatische Lloyd (6.8). Carl Fink may well have established the Tientsin paper and then returned to Shanghai, for in 1906 he continues to be listed "on the staff" but in Shanghai. (See also 7.11.)

7.6

North China Printing and Publishing Company group

7.6.1

China Review, 1906-1909

Ching-wei pao 警偉報

7.6.2

China Critic, 1909-1911

Publisher and editor: Lt. Col. Charles L. Norris Newman

Founded and edited by a Britisher, this daily was established to present Russian opinion on China affairs. The newspaper may have received a Russian government subsidy at first. In 1911 it was

7.7

7.7.1

7.7.2

7.8

7.9

101

published by the North China Printing and Publishing Company, of which Norris Newman was chairman. In the absence of extant copies, it is not possible to assess the implications of the title change.

Le Courrier group

Le Courrier de Tientsin, 1903-1911

Le Journal de Chine, 1907-1910

Editors: R. Chevalier (1904), Marcel van Leberghe (1906)

Le Journal was a bi-monthly "overland" for Le Courrier, which claimed to represent both French and Belgian interests.

L'Echo de Tientsin, 1909 (?) -1911

T'ien-chin hui-sheng pao or Ch'uan-wu pao

天津回聲報權務報

L'Echo was reported to be the official organ for the French

municipal government.

Ostasiatische Nachrichten, 1909-1911

Ya-tung shih-pao

Editor and manager: J. Goennert

The official translation of the title is "East Asiatic News."

Tsingtao

7.10

7.11

Die Deutsch-Asiatische Warte, 1899 (?)-1911

Publisher: Picart (1900); editor: Viktor Roehr (1903-1905) The newspaper was sub-titled "Wochenblatt des Deutschen Ki aut schou-Gebietes"; it was a daily with a weekly edition.

There

is some evidence that it may have ceased publication as early as

1905.

Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten, 1904-1911

Publisher: Carl Fink (see also 6.8 and 7.5); editors: H. von

Kropff (1904), F. Walther (1908)

7.12

Die Welt des Ostens, 1904-1907(?)

102

7.13

Kiautschou-Post, 1908(?)-1911

Peking*

7.14

7.15

Editor: H. von Kropff (1910?)

This newspaper may not have commenced publication until 1910.

China Times, 1901

I-wen hsi-pao

Publisher and editor:

John Cowen

The China Times began publication in the spring of 1901 and was heralded as the first Western-language newspaper in the capital. By 1902, however, its principal place of business was Tientsin, for which see 7.4.

Pekinger Deutsche Zeitung, 1901-(?)

This weekly was sub-titled "Amtlicher Anzeiger der Kaiserlich Deutschen Behörden in Peking." There were two pages of news and proclamations in the second issue (January 13, 1901); by March, editorials and advertisements had been added.

The dates suggest

that this newspaper was a close contender for the title of first Western-language journal in the capital (see 7.14).

7.18

Both publications were Chinese-owned and edited; the pinion was amalgamated with the News in 1909.

The motto of the News was "impartial but patriotic." It contained a summary of foreign news, some local news (e.g., the movements of foreigners and guest lists at the foreign hotels), translations of edicts, and extracts from the Peking Chinese- language press. The editor was critical of the editorial policy of the Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2.).

The publishers of the News also issued a Chinese newspaper.

Le Journal de Pekin, fl. 1910

Two of its ten pages were in Chinese.

7.19 Peking Post, Jan.-Feb. 1910

Manchuria (Harbin, unless stated)

7.20

103

7.16

L'Echo de Pekin, 1905-1908

Proprietor: Demoulain et Cie.

7.17

7.17.1

Chinese-owned sequence

Chinese Public Opinion, 1908-1909

Ying-wen Pei-ching jih-pao 英文北京日報

Publisher: Chu Chi 朱淇

7.17.2 Peking Daily News, 1909-1911

Editors: Li Sum Ling (1909), Lo Sing Low (1911); manager: Li Tsing Chi

*For the Peking and Tientsin Times, published in Tientsin, see 7.2.

Novyi Krai (New country), Port Arthur 1900-1906, Harbin 1907-1911 Editors: P.A. Artemev (1905-1910), S.V. Poletika (1910-1911)

Some English-language material was included.

Listok Ezhednevynkh Telegramm i Ob'yavlenii (Schedule of daily telegrams and announcements), 1902-1903, Oct.-Nov. 1905

7.22.1 Manchuria Daily News (Dairen), 1911 (?)

7.21

The newspaper was Japanese-owned and survived into the 1930's. Some sources indicate it was founded in 1912. There was a monthly

edition, Manchurian Month, but again it is not clear in what year

it was established.

7.22.2 Man'chzhuriya, 1903 or 1905 (?)

Only five issues were published.

い

104

7.23

Kharbinskii Vestnik (Harbin courier), 1903-1911

Editor: I.A. Dobroslovskii

This was a publication of the Chinese Eastern Railway, and carried the sub-title "Torogovo-promyshiennaia, literaturnaia i obshchestvennaia gazeta" (Trade, industrial, literary and social

gazette).

7.24 Molodaya Rossiya (Young Russia), 1906-(?)

7.25

New Life group

7.25.1 Vestnik Vostoka (Eastern courier), Feb.-Nov. 1907

7.25.2 Devyatyi Val (Tempest), Aug.-Nov. 1907

7.25.3 Novaia Zhizn' (New life), 1907-1911

Editors (1907): G.0. Levencigler (formerly publisher of 7.25.1), Z.M. Kliorin (formerly with 7.25.2), S.P. Chernjavskij

Novaia Zhizn', an amalgamation of 7.25.1 and 7.25.2, was published by Tovaris cestvo Novaia Zhizn'.

7.26

Kharbin, (?)-1908

7.27

Golos Man'ch zhurii (Voice of Manchuria), 1908

This publication lasted but a few months.

7.29

Che foo

7.30

7.31

7.32

Amoy Times and Mercantile Gazette, fl. 1891

Proprietor and editor: W.J. Allen

Chefoo Daily News, 1904-1907

Publisher: R. R. McDermid (with J. McMillan?)

Chefoo Express, 1894-1897, 1902-(?)

Publisher: H. Sietas

Chefoo Morning Post, 1908-1911

Chih-fu ch'ai-pao

芝罘差報

Proprietor and editor: James Silverthorne

Foochow

7.33

Foochow Herald sequence

For comment on this group, see text below 7.33.4.

7.33.1 Foochow Advertiser, 1866-1867(?)

7.33.2

Fu-chou kuang-kao pao

Foochow Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette, (?)-1873

7.33.3 Foochow llerald, 1873-1884 (?)

7.33.4

Foochow Daily Advertiser, 1873-1875

Publisher: J.P. MacMahon (1873-1875); editor: John Patrick

Lalor (late 1870's)

The Herald, which was a weekly, published a daily advertising

sheet, the Foochow Daily Advertiser. The connection of this pub-

lication with the bi-weekly Foochow Advertiser is not known, but

a possible chain of development is as shown above.

Foochow Daily Echo, 1873-1911

福州每日回聲報

Fu-chou mei-jih hui-sheng pao ✯ ✯ 4 8 ☺ # #

Publisher and editor: D. Rosario (founder), then (1896)

the widow of D. Rosario

Amoy

7.28

Amoy Shipping Report sequence

7.28.1

Amoy Shipping Report, 1872-1878

7.28.2 Amoy Gazette and Shipping Report, 1878-1911

Publishers: Fu-chien yin-tzu-kuan EP ; editors:

A.A. Marcal (1878), J. F. Marcal (1888)

In 1878 the shipping report was converted, according to con-

temporaries, into a "real" newspaper.

7.34

105

106

7.35

Foo-chow-foo Courier, 1858-1859

LONDON

Fu-chou-fu ch'ai-pao

福州府差報

8.1

Telegraph-Express group

7.36

Express and Shipping Gazette, 1880

For comment on this group,

see text below 8.1.4.

8.1.1

China Telegraph, 1858-1859

Hankow

8.1.2

London and China Telegraph, 1859-1911

7.37

Hankow Times, 1866-1868

8.1.3

China Express, 1858-1859

Han jih-shih pao

漢日時報

Hsin-wen chih 4 A

Publisher and manager: F.W. Thomson

107

8.1.4

Thomson also published a price current and market report. Publication ceased on March 28, 1868, because no editor could be found. Contemporary newspapers both praised and quoted the Times.

7.38

7.39

Hankow Daily News, 1906-1911

Editors: J. Andrew (1907), then J. Ross-Reid (promoted from

sub-editor 1909)

Central China Post, 1904-1911

Ch'u pao 楚報, or Chung-yang yu-pao 中央郵報

Weihaiwei

This newspaper may have been a Chinese-language publication.

7.40

•

Lyre-Gazette group

7.40.1 Wei-hai-wei Lyre, (?)-1901

7.40.2 Wei-hai-wei Gazette, 1901-(?)

The

This group apparently illustrates progress from a humor magazine to a daily newspaper. The only extant issue of the Lyre states that it "no longer professes to be funny"; it then consisted of only one page, containing news from abroad and telegrams. Gazette was larger and printed on new presses; it was a newspaper and in its first issue stated its hope to enlarge, requested con-

tributions, and declared that it was "non-political" but open to controversy. The address of the Gazette's office was "care of Lavers

and Clark."

8.2

London and China Express, 1859-1911

These newspapers were published by the same company and followed

identical editorial policies, the same editorials often being

printed in both the Express and the Telegraph. The Telegraph was published on the day of the arrival of the overland mail and is especially important to the student of China-coast history because

it contains extracts from newspapers no longer available and because

it provides a single source for covering the general news of China as seen by the English-language press there. Early January editions.

of the Telegraph contain useful annual surveys and both the Telegraph

and the Express carried trade statistics.

The Express was published on the day of the outgoing overland

mail and contained news of Europe of interest to subscribers in

China. It reported on developments in China policy as seen from

European capitals and is therefore of more limited but still con-

siderable interest to the student.

London and China Herald, 1867-1870 (?)

Publisher: George Street; editor: Y.J. Murrow

This short-lived newspaper followed the form of the China Express

and the London and China Express (8.1.3-4); it contained summaries

of British opinion on China, commercial news, home news, and the like.

It has especial interest in that its editor, Y.J. Murrow, was the

proprietor and former editor of the outspoken Hongkong Daily Press

(3.5). In the issue of June 17, 1870, Murrow stated that he had

108

8.3

8.3.1

109

plans for expansion, but no further copies of the newspaper have

been located.

European Mail group

European Mail (for the East), 1870-1898

The purpose of the Mail resembled that of the Telegraph (8.1.1-2). Until July 1870, there was a special edition dealing with China,

but after that date there was a combined issue for India and the Far

East. The European Mail also had editions for other parts of the

world; thus, "for the East" designates the edition.

8.7

The Oriental Herald and Colonial Review, 1824-1829(?)

Although not devoted exclusively to China, this free-trade journal from time to time carried news of the China trade, and is a useful source for the very early period of Far Eastern journalism.

8.3.2

Overland Mail, 1855-1911

8.3.3

8.4

8.5

8.6

Overland Mail, China, 1870(?)-(?)

These newspapers contained news of Europe for the Far East. The

special China edition (8.3.3) was designed for transmission by the

French mails.

Thacker's Overland News for India, China and the Far East, 1857-1864

Publisher: Edmund Pewtress

The paper contained only occasional news of China.

Homeward Mail from India, China and the Far East, and Official Gazette,

1857-1911

Publishers: Edward Ashmore, then Henry S. King and Co. (1870)

Like the Telegraph, this newspaper was published on the arrival

of the overland mail and, especially prior to 1870, it contained a significant amount of China news, including appointments, deaths,

births, and other statistics.

European Budget, 1872-(?)

Publisher and editor: C. Treasure Jones

Jones, who founded this "reverse overland," was a colorful China-

coast journalist of considerable, but questionable, experience.

110

111

BIOGRAPHIES OF CHINA-COAST PUBLISHERS AND EDITORS

The biographical material in this section will aid the researcher in tracing the careers of China-coast publishers and editors as they moved from one paper to the next. We are also concerned, of course, with any information which would reveal business connections or editorial bias, but this is not as readily available as one might suppose; editors, although probably well-known characters to their contemporaries, maintained the fiction of editorial anonymity. Those (like Tarrant) who achieved some independent notoriety have been frequently referred to in secondary sources, but little real evaluation has been made of their role. Who's Who's provide

basic data for later journalists, but perhaps the most revealing sources are the signed articles and other publications of the editors and publishers, as these provide an independent check on the subject's more considered opinions. Representative publications of publishers and editors are listed in the Bibliography, Part B.

Since these biographical sketches concentrate on information having some bearing on the person as journalist, the biographies of men also well- known in other fields must be rigorously limited. arranged alphabetically, begin with birth and death information if available,

The entries, which are

continue with a listing of journalistic experience, and most of them conclude with a general sketch. In evaluating the journalistic experience, the reader should recognize that the distinction between "proprietor" and "publisher" is usually not clear, that an editor was often the publisher and proprietor as well, even though no information to this effect is available; and a man listed as editor of one newspaper, e.g. the North-China Herald, should be considered as editor of all contemporary publications in the group, unless it is otherwise stated.

AGABEG, A.L.

1858: prop. Hong Kong Daily Press (3.5.1)

An Armenian merchant, he had been proprietor of Agabeg and Company

since at least 1847.

ALLEN, W.J.

1891: ed. and prop. Amoy Times and Mercantile Gazette (7.29)

ANDERSON, Alfred G.

1909: ed. Shanghai Free Press (5.12)

ANDREW, J. (d. Hankow, 1907)

1907: ed. Hankow Daily News (7.38)

Andrew was engaged in trade in Hankow.

ANDREWS, Edward

1866 (Apr.-June): prop. A. Short rede and Co.

Andrews bought the company which published the China Mail (3.4.1)

from James Kemp's executor, George B. Falconer, and sold out to Nicholas

B. Dennys for $28,000.

ARTEMEV, P.A.

1905 (?)-1910: ed. Novyi Krai (7.20)

ASH, Arthur

1889:

sub-ed. and manager, Chinese Times (7.1)

D'AZEVEDO, Luiz

1845-1849: asst. to John Carr, pub. Friend of China (3.1.2)

1850 (Jan.-Aug.): de facto ed. Friend of China

1850-1859: asst. to William Tarrant

1866: reporter, Shanghai Recorder (5.3.1)

D'Azevedo came to Hong Kong in 1843 and worked on the Friend of China

from 1845 to 1859, primarily as its printer but also as general assistant.

In 1855 and again in 1859 when Tarrant was unable to edit the newspaper,

D'Azevedo undertook this task. His life might be considered typical of

112

113

those of so many able Portuguese in a colony in which, outside their

own community, the range of possible responsibility was strictly limited by custom.

BAIN, George Murray (b. Montrose, Scotland, 1842; d. Britain, 1909)

1864: sub-ed. China Mail (3.4.1)

1866: pub. Hongkong Mercury and Shipping Gazette (3.6); also prop.,

along with ed. W.F. Ferris; upon Ferris's withdrawal, also acted as ed, from Nov. 1

1867:

reporter, China Mail

1871 (Oct.): purchased Daily Advertiser (3.7.1) and converted it to

Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette (3.7.2)

1872:

1873:

purchased China Mail from Charles A. Saint; concurrently prop. of Advertiser (until May)

formed partnership with China Mail ed. Nicholas B. Dennys, under firm name of Bain and Dennys

1875:

1879:

became sole prop. China Mail

took over editorship of China Mail

1906-1908(?): chairman "China Mail" Ltd.

Bain was educated at Montrose Borough School and came to long Kong as a printer on February 9, 1864.

BALFOUR, Frederic Henry (d. 1889?)

1873-1878: ed. Evening Gazette (5.7.6), then Shanghai Courier

and China Gazette (5.7.9) and Celestial Empire (5.7.8) 1874-1881(?): prop. Gazette and Celestial Empire

1875: purchased Courier and Budget (5.7.5) from Hugh Lang estate 1881-1885: ed. North-China Herald (5.1.1)

1881-1889:

part owner, North-China Herald

Coming to China as a young man, Balfour was first a clerk in Schleiber, Matthaei and Company in Shanghai. A prolific writer whose works included fiction (pseud. Ross George Dering), he was also a Sinologue and served for a time as a professor at Peking University. Publications.

BALL, Frank B.

1901-1902: founder and pub. Shanghai Times (5.11)

Ball was "taipan" of the American Trading Company, and he founded the newspaper to express American interests in China.

BASTOS, António Joaquim

1885-1886: ed. O Macaense (1.11.2)

Active in journalism, Bastos had strong political views. addition to the above-listed actual editorship, he was known as a principal contributor to 0 Imparcial 1873 (1.11.1), A Voz do Crente 1887-1895 (1.11.3), and O Echo Macaense 1893-1899 (1.11.4). He was probably active on O Macaense before 1885, succeeding to the editorship

His contributions on the death of Manuel José Maria Gonçalves da Silva.

to O Echo Macaense strengthened the political tone of that newspaper, and led to its eventual suspension by the government.

BASTOS, Pinto

1872-1874:

ed. (?) Gazeta de Macau e Timor (1.9.4)

Pinto Bastos was procurador; in the 1874 election he ran against da Silva Magalhães and the coolie dealers, winning a disputed election

It is probable that the as deputy of Macao in the Lisbon parliament. actual editor of the Gazeta was Francisco de Souza.

BATE, R.

1911: ed. China Times (7.4.1)

At the time of Bate's editorship he was referred to by the title

"Lieutenant-Colonel."

BEECHER, J.C.

1860 (June-Dec.): ed. Hongkong Register and Daily Advertiser (3.3.7) Beecher, an American missionary related to Harriet Beecher Stowe, was asked by Strachan to edit the Register after the Chronicle (3.3.5) debacle. He carefully avoided all controversies.

114

115

BEER, M. (b. Lyon, France)

1870-1872: ed. Le Nouvelliste de Changhai (6.4.1)

Beer was a native of Lyon, France, but as he did not register with the French Consulate in Shanghai, he was considered outside the community. Described as an adventurer, he came to Shanghai from Australia. In October 1871 he publicly assaulted Emile Lépissier, editor of Le Progrès (6.5), because of articles written by the latter. Lépissier fired a revolver at Beer and wounded him. This is the only physical assault recorded in the history of China-coast journalism-- but for a near miss, see biographies of Wood and Keating.

BELL, Henry Thorburn Montague (b. 1873)

1895-1906: London Times (asst. correspondent in Berlin until 1898; then asst. correspondent in Balkans until 1900; then corres- pondent in South Africa, Boer War, until 1906) 1906 (June): ed. North-China Daily News (5.1.8)

Education: Cambridge, classical honors.

BELL, William Harvey (d. Marseilles, 1877)

Publications.

1866-1876: lessee (from Y.J. Murrow), Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2) 1868: took over ed. A.P. Sinnett's interest in the lease and became

ed. until 1869

Bell was early connected with China through the trading activities

of Bell and Company, which he directed from London. From 1867 to 1870 he acted as Y.J. Murrow's Hong Kong agent for the London and China Herald (8.2). He visited England briefly in 1870 and left again for England in 1877 but died en route.

BELLAMY BROWN, A.

1908-1911: ed. China Mail (3.4.1)

BELLINGHAM, A. William H. (d. Tientsin, 1895)

1894-1895: pub. and ed. Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2)

Bellingham was a Tientsin architect.

BEVAN, William Frazer (1819-1858)

1851-1858: ed. Hongkong Register (3.3.2)

Bevan worked in Hong Kong with Gibb Livingston and Company and later as Clerk to the Chief Justice.

BLACK, John Reddie (b. Scotland, 1827; d. Yokohama, 1880)

1861-1867: founder, ed. and pub. of Japan Herald, Yokohama; ed.

Japan Gazette

1878-1880: ed. Shanghai Courier (5.7.9) and Celestial Empire (5.7.8)

Black emigrated first to South Australia where, finding business

He went bankrupt in 1867. unprofitable, he earned a living by singing. He helped to establish the first Japanese-language newspaper "worthy

of the name,

"Nisshin Shinjishi

(1872-1875). He

was also editor of The Far East, an illustrated monthly magazine.

BOND, C.A.

1902: ed. New Press (5.10.2)

BONNEY, N.B. (d. Shanghai, 1874)

1869-1871: manager Shanghai Evening Express (5.5)

Creditors of the Express's publisher, C. Treasure Jones, forced Jones to accept the management of N.B. Bonney and Company until Jones left Shanghai a bankrupt in 1871 and the paper ceased publication.

was connected with other journals.

BORGES, António

1887-1895: ed. A Voz do Crente (1.11.3)

BOWKER, J.T.F. (1819-1865)

1862-1864: ed. Shanghai Recorder (5.3.1)

Bonney

He was the son of Captain John Bowker, R.N., of Greenwich Hospital.

BRAGA, J.P. (b. Hong Kong, 1871; d. Macao, 1944) 1896 (?)-1899: ed. Odds and Ends (llong Kong) 1902-1910: manager and ed. Hongkong Telegraph (3.8)

J.P. Braga was the grandson of Delfino Noronha, Hong Kong's first

He took charge of the printer, with whom he worked for some ten years.

116

117

Hongkong Telegraph at the request of the Chinese owners under the leader- ship of (Sir) Robert Ho Tung. Braga died a refugee in Macao in 1944. His son, J.M. Braga, is a principal contributor to this research guide. Publications.

BREBNER, A.W. (b. Aberdeen, Scotland)

1895: sub-ed. Daily Gleaner, Kingston, Jamaica

then: special correspondent Daily Telegraph in Cuba, asst. ed. Bangkok Times, on staff Straits Times, Singapore

1906-1910(?):

ed. Hongkong Telegraph (3.8)

Brebner was educated at Robert Gordon's College.

BRITO, Francisco

1911: ed. Rotunda (6.3)

BROWN, James Layton

1861: co-ed. with J. Jeffrey, Hongkong Register

Brown later became a commissioner of customs and served at several ports in China. lie returned to England and was called to the bar, practicing in the Midlands.

BULGIN, James

1879: on staff Japan Mail

1873(?)-1879: ed. China Mail

CAIRNS, John

1843-1849: ed. and pub. Hongkong Register (3.3.1-2)

Cairns was a member of the Morrison Education Society; in 1844 he protested with John Carr of the Friend of China (3.1.2) against taxation without representation in Hong Kong.

CARR, John

1843-1850: ed. and pub. Friend of China (3.1.2)

Carr reversed the pro-government policy of the newspaper; with John Cairns of the Register, protested taxation without representation; and began a series of attacks on government officers which brought him into

the court for libel against William Caine--Carr was, however, dis- charged. He espoused the cause of William Tarrant, who became the

paper's editor and publisher after a brief interlude during which it

was run by Carr's assistant Luiz d'Azevedo. Carr left for England in 1850 and in 1854, is known to have been engaged in commerce in Australia.

CARVALHO, M. Fernandes

after 1885: ed. 0 Extremo Oriente (4.5.2)

1888-1889: ed. O Progresso (6.2)

1897-1902: ed. 0 Porvir (1.15, 4.1.

The career of Carvalho is closely connected with Guedes and Company.

See F.D. and J.M. Guedes.

CHERNJAVSKIJ, S.P.

1907-1911: co-ed. Novaia Zhizn' (7.25. 3)

CHEVALIER, R.

1904-1906:

CHOLLOT, J.J.

1907-1911:

ed. Le Courrier de Tientsin (7.7.1)

managing director L'Echo de Chine (6.7.1)

A civil engineer in the French Concession municipal services,

Chollot contributed technical articles. Publications.

CHU Ch'i 朱淇

1909: manager and pub. Chinese Public Opinion (7.17.1)

CLARK, John D. (b. 1842)

1873-1874: founder Rising Sun and Nagasaki Express

1879-1911: founder, ed., and part prop. Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10)

1906: managing director and ed. Shanghai Mercury 1909-1911: ed.-in-chief Shanghai Mercury

Educated in Norwich, Clark entered the Navy in 1861. He is known

to have been in the East from 1865 and to have been engaged in trade in Shanghai during the late 1870's. Publications.

COLLINWOOD, George

1902-1906:

1909-1911:

managing ed. Shanghai Times (5. 11)

manager Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2)

118

119

COMPTON, Charles Spencer (b. 1799; d. England, 1869)

1856-1861: ed. and pub. North-China Herald (5.1.1)

Compton was really the newspaper's second editor, having purchased the property from Shearman's executor, J. Mackrill Smith, only a month after Shearman's death. Under Compton the paper took a definite anti- Taiping position. Compton himself had long been connected with the China trade through C.S. Compton and Company, established in Canton in partnership with Daniell Dickinson and Company of London and Liverpool. The partnership was dissolved in 1847, with the business continuing as C. Compton and Company. Compton, who had come to China in 1842, was first at Canton and later in Foochow, where he was not too successful. He returned to England in 1861 and worked as a commission agent.

DA CONCEIÇÃO, Frey José, O.S.A.

1824-1826: ed. Gazeta de Macau (1.2)

Frey José was prior of the Augustinians in Macao and presumably

a supporter of the Conservative Party.

COWEN, John (b. England, 1867)

prior to 1895: on staff of newspapers in Newcastle-on-Tyne, Leeds,

Hull, Preston, and London

1895-1897: sub-ed. London Times

1897-1900: private secy. to ed. Times

1901: special correspondent, Boxer uprising, Times

1901: founder and ed. China Times (7.4.1, 7.14) and Evening Express

(7.4.2)

John Cowen was the son of an assistant editor of the Yorkshire Post and was educated at Leeds Grammar School. He was deported from China under the China and Corea Order in Council because of comments he had made in connection with the Russo-Japanese War. The sentence was quashed in 1904 and he returned; but his subsequent relationship to the newspaper is not known. See his brothers, Thomas and William C.B. Cowen, below.

COWEN, Thomas (d. Japan, 1906)

early 1890's: sub-ed. Hongkong Telegraph (3.8) 1894-1895: correspondent, the Times, Sino-Japanese War

1901: ed. Shanghai Times (5.11)

1901-1903: lessee and ed. New Press. (5.10.2)

Thomas Cowen was the brother of John and William C.B. Cowen, both

China-coast editors. He accused Henry O'Shea of inventing stories of

Boxer atrocities, but O'Shea won the case, and this led to Cowen's

departure from the Shanghai Times, where he had been the original

editor. Chesney Duncan is also listed as lessee of the New Press

(at least in 1901). Publications.

COWEN, William Charles Baker (b. England, 1865)

1883: asst. sub-ed. Hull Eastern Morning News

1884-1900: asst. sub.-ed. Newcastle Daily Chronicle; then (1891)

chief sub-ed., then (1896) asst. ed.

1900: ed. Lancashire Daily Post and Preston Guardian

1905-1909:

ed. China Times (7.4.1)

The older brother of John Cowen and also educated at Leeds Grammar

School, William Cowen was a student of the development of the motor

industry. Information on his life after 1909 is lacking. Publications.

COX, George C.

1889-1892:

1892-1899;

ed. Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)

lessee and ed. Hongkong Daily Press

DA CRUZ, Felis Feliciano

1836-1837:

1837-1838:

1841-1842:

1843-1844:

ed. Macaista Imparcial (1.4.1)

ed. Macaista Imparcial e Registe Mercantil (1.4.2)

pub.(?) 0 Farol Macaense (1.4. 3)

ed. and pub. A Aurora Macaense (1.4.4)

1848-1856 (?): ed. Canton Commercial List

Da Cruz owned the printing company, Typographia Armenia, and may

have been the actual publisher of the four newspapers listed above-- the Canton Commercial List was not a newspaper. Hong Kong sources

state that he ran the Canton Commercial List "for most of its

existence."

120

CUNNINGHAM, Alfred (b. England, 1870)

1894-1896: sub-ed. and reporter Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10)

1897:

1898:

manager and ed. Shanghai Daily Press (5.10.1)

manager Shanghai Mercury

1899-1903:

manager Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)

1903-1907: ed. and general manager South China Morning Post (3.9)

The son of a London journalist, Cunningham had general newspaper experience in the provinces, London, Singapore, and Shanghai before coming to Hong Kong. ile was correspondent for the New York Journal in the Spanish-American War and in the Philippines; he was also special correspondent for the Daily Mail and the New York Sun. In 1899 he wrote a special series of articles on Siberia. He was a member of the Royal Commission of Enquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of Hong Kong, and wrote several articles on the subject. Cunningham was dismissed from the South China Morning Post in 1908 when a reorganization of the company proved financially necessary. Publications.

CURTIS, William (b. England, 1827; d. at sea, 1875)

1870-1872:

1873-1875:

ed. and pub. Brighton Gazette

ed. and pub. Hongkong Times (3.7.3)

Curtis took over as publisher of the Gazette on the death of his father. iis connection with George Duddell, also with Brighton interests, resulted in their partnership on the Hongkong Times. Curtis, a leading Freemason, was married with five children. He was forced to leave Hong Kong because of poor health and died when only three days out to sea.

DALE, Thurston (B. 1819; d. Hong Kong, 1850)

1850: ed. Hongkong Register (3.3.2)

Dale had been a merchant with Bell and Company; he became publisher Robert Strachan's first editor for the brief period until his death on June 14, 1850.

DENNYS, Nicholas Belfield (b. 1840?)

1863-1866: ed. China Mail (3.4.1)

1866-1867: ed. and pub. China Mail

1867-1870: ed. China Mail

1871-1872: ed. Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette (3.7.2)

1872-1873(?): ed. China Mail

121

At least during the period 1866-1870, Dennys was also involved in the editing and publishing of such periodicals as Papers on China and Notes and Queries on China and Japan, which latter he incorporated into the China Review. In 1866 he bought the firm A. Short rede and Company

from Edward Andrews for $28,000. He was heavily indebted to Jardine

Matheson and Company, and when he failed to pay interest due, was required to accept the business supervision of Charles A. Saint to

whom he sold the company for $12,000 in August 1867. In 1866 he was

charged with libel by the Reverend William Lobscheid; in 1873 he was

before the Court for prejudging another libel case. His editorial

policies were consistently sympathetic to the Chinese.

Born probably around 1840, Dennys spent the early years of his life in the Royal Navy, joining HMS "Victory" in 1853, serving under Sir C. Napier in the Baltic, and later cruising off North America.

ile came

to China first in the Consular Service, learning fluent Chinese in

Peking. From there he acted as China Mail correspondent. He returned

to England in 1870 and received a Doctorate of Philosophy, was elected

a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and became a member of the

Royal Asiatic Society. On his return to China in 1871 he continued his

career as Sinologue, editor, and writer. He was curator and librarian

at Hong Kong's city hall and toured Ilainan collecting information for

the Chamber of Commerce, for which he was secretary, 1876-1877.

In 1877 Dennys moved to Singapore as assistant protector of Chinese

immigrants. He was subsequently a justice of the peace and served

finally as librarian and curator of the Raffles Library and Museum.

His many publications include works on the Mongolian, Cantonese, and

Malay languages (see bibliography).

122

123

DIAS PEGADO, Manuel Maria

1838-1839: ed. Boletim do Governo de Macão (1.5.1)

1839 (Jan.-Aug.): ed. Gazeta de Macau (1.5.2) 1839-1843(?): ed. O Portuguêz na China (1.5.3)

1844-(Sept.) 1845: ed. O Procurador dos Macaistas (1.5.4) Sept.-Dec. 1845: ed. O Solitário na China (1.5.5)

1846 (?)-(?):

ed. A Voz de Macaista (4.1.1)

1860-(?): ed. O Portuguêz na China (4.1.6)

DINIZ, António José

1867-1868:

ed. O Aquilão (6.1)

DIXSON, Andrew (d. Scotland, 1873)

1845-1855:

sub-ed, and manager, China Mail (3.4.1)

1850-1859: pub. Dixson's Hongkong Recorder (3.4.3-5)

1856-1858: ed. China Mail; partner, A. Short rede and Co.

1858-1863:

sole prop., A. Short rede and Co.

Dixson, who had been educated as a printer, came to Hong Kong with

Shortrede and acted as foreman, general manager, and assistant editor

of the China Mail. He published the Recorder on his own account.

He was in effective editorial control of the China Mail from 1854,

and was in full control after Short rede left China in 1856. A crusading

editor, Dixson defended the rights of the Chinese in Hong Kong and was

an enemy of the Macao coolie traders. He also contributed to the in-

tellectual life of Hong Kong, serving as Secretary of the Reading Room

and Library from 1851 to 1854. Upon Short rede's death in 1858, Dixson

hired an editor and did considerable traveling; while in Britain in

1860 he married. Ill health forced him to sell the company to James

Kemp in 1863 and return to Scotland.

DOBROS LOVSKII, I.A.

1903-1911: ed. Kharbinskii Vestnik (7.23)

DONALD, William Henry (b. Australia, 1875; d. 1946)

1898-1900: sub-ed. Bathhurst National Advocate

1900-1903: on staff, Sydney Daily Telegraph and Melbourne Argus

May 1903-1904: sub-ed. China Mail (3.4.1)

June 1904-1906:

managing ed. China Mail

1906-1908(?): managing director, China Mail Ltd.

During the Russo-Japanese War, Donald served as correspondent for both the China Mail and the London Daily Express. He early showed an intense anti-Japanese attitude, and his later work as "Donald of China"

should be considered in, e.g., Earle A. Selle's biography (New York,

1948). Donald left the China Mail after a dispute with the other

directors.

DRESSLER, F.K.

1911: ed. Tageblatt für Nordchina (7.5)

DRUMMOND, William Venn

1878-1880: lessee, Shanghai Courier (5.7.9)

There is evidence that Thomas Preston actually published and

managed the newspaper during the period 1878-1880. Drummond was a barrister in Shanghai during the 1880's and 1890's.

DUDDELL, George

1875-1876: prop. (with William Curtis), Hongkong Times (3.7.3)

Duddell was in Hong Kong as early as 1845, for in March of that

He has also been referred year he bought the government opium monopoly.

to as a land speculator. During his co-proprietorship of the Times,

however, he was living in Brighton, England.

DULCKEN, Albert Curtis

1868:

ed. Shanghai Recorder (5.3.1) and Supreme Court and Consular Gazette (5.3.4)

1869-1875: ed. Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)

Dulcken was editor of the Recorder for perhaps less than three

months. During his tenure with the Press, editorial policy tended to

be less friendly to the Chinese, pro-Nien-fei, and less critical of

124

125

the Hong Kong government than previously. Before joining the Recorder,

Dulcken had been a broker and commission merchant with Daly, Dulcken

and Company. After leaving Hong Kong he married in Norwich and settled

in the Cape Colony.

DUNCAN, Chesney (b. Scotland, 1854)

1883-1889: special correspondent, Seoul, Korea, for Hongkong Telegraph

(3.8), Japan Gazette, Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10), Chinese Times (7.1)

1895-1899: ed. Hongkong Telegraph

1900:

manager, Shanghai Daily Press (5.10.1) 1901: lessee, New Press (with Thomas Cowan?)

1903: founder and ed. Straits Echo, Penang

1905:

ed.-in-chief Straits Echo

1907: ed. Times of Malaya, Ipoh

Duncan went to Korea with the Royal Corean Customs and from 1883 to

1889 served as an instructor in the Japanese School, Seoul. In 1900 he

covered the Boxer Rebellion for the London Daily Mail and was mentioned

in dispatches to the Colonial Secretary. While with the Hongkong Telegraph, he was also correspondent for the London Globe. He was the

editor of Emilio Aguinaldo's The Truth about the Philippines. Publications.

EDDY, F.W.

1902: ed. Shanghai Times (5.11)

FERGUSON, John C. (b. U.S.A.,1866; d. 1945)

1909-1911: prop. Shanghai Times (5.11)

Ferguson had already had a distinguished career in China before entering the publishing business. He had also been editor of the Journal

of China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, and was honorary secretary of the society. His other important activities were: president, Nanking

University (1888-1897); president, Nanyang College, Shanghai (1897-1902);

secretary, Chinese "Ministry of Commerce" (1902-1903); chief secretary,

imperial Chinese railway administration (1903-1905). He was also ad- viser to the Viceroy of Nanking in 1898, adviser to the viceroy of Wuchang

from 1901, and a member of the Commission for Treaty Revision in 1903-1904.

In 1900 he assisted the Shanghai taotai in arranging the Yangtze compact.

Publications.

FERNANDES, Francisco Hermenegildo

1893-1899: ed. and pub. O Echo Macaense (1.11.4)

FERREIRA, António Casimiro

1899-1901: ed. Jornal de Macau (1.17)

FERREIRA, E.

(?)-(?): pub. O Independente (4.1.4)

Despite his appointment as Portuguese consul to Shanghai in 1878, José da Silva appears to have been active in Hong Kong with 0 Independente. Nevertheless, the publisher is cited as E. Ferreira, No dates are given,

but the newspaper was published in Hong Kong in 1869-1873, and again in

1880-1882.

FERRIS, W.F.

(?)-June 1866:

June-Nov. 1866:

reporter, Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)

founder and ed. Hongkong Mercury (3,6)

then: reporter, Hongkong Daily Press

Ferris left the Press because of the policies of Sinnett, the new

editor.

He then founded the Mercury (with Bain as publisher) but with-

drew at the end of October and later rejoined the Press.

FINK, Carl (b. Germany, 1861)

1894-1898:

sub-ed. Die Post, Berlin

1902-1911: pub.(?) and ed. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd (6.8.1)

1904-(?): founder and pub.(?) Tageblatt für Nordchina (7.5)

and Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten (7.11)

1909 (?)-1911: director, Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10)

Educated in the universities of Leipzig and Berlin, Fink saw military service both in the United States and Mexico, 1884-1893.

He may have

been connected with Der Ostasiatische Lloyd as early as 1898, and he

apparently had a financial interest in it from 1902. Certainly in 1909

he was co-proprietor with H. Lochlin. Fink was active in the founding

126

127

of two North China newspapers, but how involved he remained is yet to be determined. In 1905 he was listed as "on the staff" of the Tageblatt für Nordchina, but resident in Shanghai. His connection with the Mercury is evidence of a possible continuing relationship between the two papers.

Publications.

FRANCIS, J.J.

1895-1901 (?): prop. Hongkong Telegraph (3.8)

Francis was a Queen's Counsel.

FRANKLYN, W.H.

1835-1836: founder and ed. Canton Press (2.3)

Franklyn was a merchant.

FRASER, David Stewart (b. Aberdeen, Scotland, 1869; d. Washington, D.C., 1953)

1901-1911: associated with London Times

1911: ed. Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2)

After education at Chanonry House, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh Institute, Fraser began as a clerk in London with the Bank of New Zealand, then went to Calcutta with the Bank of Bengal, where he began contributing articles to local papers. In 1900 he served in the Boer War and on his return to London sought employment with the Times. There being no vacancy, he went as a personal servant to the Times Far Eastern corres- pondent and supervised the setting up of a radio receiving station at Weihaiwei, China, to take news messages. In the Russo-Japanese War, which he reported from the Battle of the Yalu to the Battle of Shaho J, his dispatches on General Kuroki's artillery tactics made a contribution to military history. He subsequently traveled in the Middle East, returning to China in 1911. Fraser was a man of action. His obituary in the Times states that he "sat uncomfortably in the editorial chair of the Peking and Tientsin Times," and that he had a "wary though not immutable skepticism to 'Young Turkey' or 'Young China, "" Publications.

•

FRASER-SMITH, Robert (d. 1895)

1881-1895: founder, pub., and ed. Hongkong Telegraph (3.8)

Fraser-Smith was the last of that breed of China-coast editors

and which began with Wood and also included Dixson, Tarrant, Murrow, José da Silva. In 1882 he was jailed for libel but given $1000 by

In 1883 Bulgin admirers and a congratulatory address on his release.

was awarded $100 damages in a second libel case, and Fraser-Smith was again in prison for libel in 1890, being released solely on grounds of health. His policy was tolerant of the Chinese and and their resistance to modernization; he was bitterly critical of the policies of Governor

Sir George F. Bowen.

GOENNERT, J.

1911: ed. and manager, Ostasiatische Nachrichten (7.9)

GREATHEAD, Astle

1881:

GREEN, John

manager, North-China Herald (5.1.5)

1899-1900: ed. Shanghai Daily Press (5.10.1)

1900: staff member Shanghai Mercury

1910-1911: sub-ed. Shanghai Times (5.11)

GREEN, Owen Mortimer

1909:

1911:

asst. ed. North-China Herald (5.1.5)

ed. North-China Herald (?)

Publications.

GREY, Willis P.

1902: pub. Shanghai Times (5.11)

Grey was involved in China railway enterprises.

GUEDES, Florindo Duarte

1884-1885: 1885-1898:

pub. and ed. (?) O Echo da China (4.5.1)

pub. and ed. 0 Extremo Oriente (4.5.2)

1888: pub. Catholic Register (3.10.2)

128

M. Fernandes Carvalho replaced Guedes as editor of 0 Extremo Oriente at an unknown date. From 1878, Guedes may have been publisher of both the Hong Kong Catholic Register and the Catholic Register (3.10.1-2). Reference should also be made to the printing and publishing activities of Guedes and Company, which published O Progresso (6.2) in Shanghai. This company may have been owned by J.M. Guedes. tion on his relationship with F.D. Guedes is not available, but that there was a relationship is borne out by the career of M. Fernandes Carvalho, who edited both Hong Kong and Shanghai publications for "Guedes."

GUEDES, J.M.

Informa-

1897-1903(?): pub. Shanghai Daily Press, 1897-1901 (5.10.1); pub. New Press, 1901-1903 (5.10.2); pub. Daily Press(?) (5.10.3) J.M. Guedes was probably involved in the activities of Guedes and Company in conjunction with Florindo Duarte Guedes.

GUNDRY, Richard Simpson (b. Devizes, England, 1838; d. England, 1924)

early 1860's: reporter, North-China Herald (5.1.1)

1866-1878: ed. and part-owner North-China Herald (5.1.1-5)

Gundry was active in the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society and in the Shanghai Club. He first wrote on local affairs, but later traveled widely and was China correspondent for the Times. He probably left China about 1889 and became the honorary secretary of the China Association from its founding through 1901, and its president from 1905 to 1908. Publications.

HADEN, George William (b. 1828; d. Shanghai, 1880)

1874-1878: reporter, North-China Herald (5.1.5) 1878-1880: ed. North-China Herald

Before 1878 Haden was acting editor of the North-China Herald; he replaced Gundry in August 1878, but died suddenly on March 14, 1880.

HALE, Bertram Augustus (b. 1870)

(?)-1895: reporter in Devonshire and London

1895:

1899:

1903:

Japan Chronicle

ed. and part-prop. Hiogo News

manager, Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)

1908-1911: managing editor, Hongkong Daily Press

HAMILTON, A.

prior to 1904: Far East correspondent, Pall Mall Gazette 1911: ed. South China Morning Post (3.9)

HELME, E.B.

1910-1911: ed. Hongkong Telegraph (3.8)

HICKS, A.

1911: ed. Hongkong Telegraph (3.8)

HOFFERT, F.

1902 (June-Oct.): ed. and pub. (?) Der Ostasiatische Lloyd (6.8.1)

JAMIESON, Robert Alexander

1863-1866: ed. North-China Herald (5.1.1) 1870-1871: ed. and pub. The Cycle (5.16)

129

Jamieson was competent in Chinese before 1863 and had been contributing translations to the Herald. He left China in 1866, completed his medical course in Ireland, and was offered the Chair of Chinese in King's College, London. He returned to China in 1868, however, and became consulting

His policies both surgeon to the Imperial Maritime Customs service.

on the Herald and on the Cycle reflected a lifelong interest in and

He was a friend and associate of Sir sympathy for things Chinese. Robert Hart. In addition to journalism he was active in the literary world of Shanghai, including the Royal Asiatic Society. Publications.

JEFFREY, James (b. Edinburgh; d. Shanghai, 1870)

1858-1861: printer and overseer, China Mail (3.4.1), also listed as

pub. during Dixson's proprietorship

1861-(?): ed. (with James Layton Brown) Hongkong Register (3.3.7)

130

131

In 1866 Jeffrey was on the staff of the North-China Herald (5.1.1) and then with the Shanghai maritime customs office as a clerk.

JOHNSON, John Henry

1880 (May-Oct.): ed. Shanghai Courier (5.7.9)

Johnson had had previous newspaper experience on the Sheffield Radical and the Sussex Daily News. He was dismissed from his Courier editorship for failing to reveal that he was acting as Shanghai corres- pondent of the London Standard.

JONES, Charles Treasure

1864-1866:

pub. and (1865-1866) ed. Shanghai Recorder (5.3.1) 1867-1871: prop. and ed. Shanghai Evening Express (5.5) 1869 (Jan.-May): ed. Friend of China (5.4.1-2)

1872 (?): founder and ed. European Budget (8.6)

By 1860 Jones was a second assistant secretary with the British consular service in Shanghai and subsequently was acting vice-consul. In December 1864 he bought into the Shanghai Recorder and probably in the following year became sole proprietor. He sold the Recorder in March 1866 on the grounds that it was losing money and started Shanghai's first evening paper in 1867, with C. do Rozario. By 1868 Jones had gained complete control of the enterprise and do Rozario founded his own opposition newspaper, the Shanghai Evening Courier. During 1867-1868 Jones's editorial activities were checked by his having to face charges of embezzlement from consular funds; according to the charges, Jones had taken consular funds and deposited them in his own account, which he then used to finance his purchase of the Recorder. The first trial resulted in no verdict, however, and the verdict of the second was that he had merely been careless with the accounts.

William Tarrant, publisher of the Friend of China, was attempting to retire and in January 1869 asked Jones to edit the paper. He became dissatisfied with Jones's work, however, and regained control in May. In 1868 and again in 1869 bankruptcy proceedings were brought against Jones, and he also became involved in litigation with his compositors, which he lost, and in disputes with Tarrant. These proceedings forced

Jones to close down the Express in April and May 1869 and to open again

under the supervision of N.B. Bonney and Company. In 1870 Jones was ordered to pay $25 a month to creditors. In 1871, in debt to D. Wares Smith of the Recorder, he left China and was declared a bankrupt. In England he founded and edited the European Budget, a "reverse overland" containing news for transmission by the mails to China.

KEATING, Arthur Saunders

1830-1833: ed. Canton Register (2.1.2)

Keating was an Irish merchant who had had long connections with both Jardine and the Mathesons in Magniac and Company. The Register's policy of staying clear of controversy made it the subject of increasingly personal attacks from W.W. Wood's Chinese Courier and Canton Gazette (2.2). Keating challenged Wood to a duel, but on Wood's acceptance, argued about the conditions and subsequently left Macao for Lin Tin Island, where he remained until tempers cooled.

KEMP, James (b. Edinburgh, 1831; d. Hong Kong, 1865)

1860-1863: ed. China Mail (3.4.1)

1863-1865:

prop. A. Short rede and Co.

Kemp had been a parochial schoolmaster in Scotland before coming out to Hong Kong as headmaster of St. Andrew's School in 1860; he began to edit the China Mail the same year. He had contributed articles to the Stirling Journal and may have been connected with the Sydney Herald before going to Hong Kong. He bought A. Short rede and Company from Dixson in July

1863.

KINGSMILL, Thomas William (b. 1837)

1894-1897: ed. Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10)

1897-1899: ed. Shanghai Daily Press (5.10.1)

Kingsmill, who had been privately educated, was a civil engineer

and architect, with long residence in Shanghai. He did considerable surveying work, especially in Shantung, and was a councillor of the Royal Asiatic Society. Publications.

132

KLIORIN, Z.M.

1907: ed. Devyatyi Val (7.25.2)

1907-1911:

KLOCKE, E.

co-ed. Novaia Zhizn' (7.25.3)

During this period, Latimer, a Shanghai merchant (Nichol Latimer

and Company), was part-owner with Edwin Pickwoad of the newspaper and

was probably listed as its publisher.

VAN LEBERGHE, Marcel

1905-1911: ed. Le Courrier de Tientsin (7.7.1)

133

1905-1908:

VON KROPFF, H.

ed. Tageblatt für Nordchina (7.5)

LEMIÈRE, J.E.

ed. Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten (7.11)

1904-1908(?):

1910(?)-1911: ed. Kiauts chou-Post (7.13)

LALOR, John Patrick

late 1870's: ed. Foochow Herald (7.33.3)

LANG, Hugh (b. 1832; d. Shanghai, 1875)

1869: became connected with Shanghai Evening Courier (5.7.3) 1871: ed. Courier

1872-1875:

ed. and pub. Courier and Budget

Lang apparently obtained control of the Shanghai News-Letter (5.7.2) in 1871 and used it as a mail edition until 1873, when it merged with the Courier and Budget group (5.7). Lang came to China in 1862, where

he engaged in commerce and brokerage. He was also a classical scholar,

did most of his own local reporting, and was well-known and liked in Shanghai. He suffered from poor health and died January 19, 1875. Publications.

LASSEN, H.P.C.

1869-1871: prop. Daily Advertiser (3.7.1)

Lassen went brankrupt and was forced to sell his newspaper property, but one source gives the date as 1873, in which case Bain, the publisher of the enlarged Advertiser (3.7.2) 1871-1873, would have been only a

part-owner.

LATIMER, Nichol (b. 1830; d. Shanghai, 1865)

1863-1865: part-owner, North-China Herald (5.1.1)

1897-1907: ed.-in-chief L'Echo de Chine (6.7.1).

He wrote

Lemière was also manager of Les Presses Orientales.

numerous articles and editorials under the pseudonym "Nemo."

LÉPISSIER, Emile

1870-1872: ed. Le Progrès (6.5)

Publications.

Lépissier was a bitter rival of M. Beer, the editor of Le Nouvelliste (6.4.1). On one occasion he was attacked by Beer and fired his revolver in return, for which he was penalized by a fifty-franc fine and the con- fiscation of his revolver. He subsequently brought a libel action against

Beer.

LEVENCIGLER, G.O.

1907: pub. Vestnik Vostoka (7.25.1)

1907-1911: co-ed. Novaia Zhizn' (7.25.3)

LEVY, Henry M.

1861: pub. Hongkong Register (3.3.7)

}

LI Sum Ling (1881-

prior to 1906: 1906 (?)-1909: managing ed. ilua-tzu jih-pao

"native note writer," China Mail (3.4.1)

1909: ed. Peking Daily News (7.17.2)

✈ ✪ R

(Chinese Mail)

Li Sum Ling was educated at St. Paul's College, Hong Kong.

LI Tsing Chi

1911: manager, Peking Daily News (7.17.2)

134

135

LITTLE, Robert W. (d. Shanghai, 1906)

1889-1906: ed. North China Herald (5.1.5)

Little, who came to China in the early 1860's, was well-known and

loved, being referred to as "Uncle Bob." From 1871 to 1881 he was secretary of the Municipal Council.

LLOYD, George T. (b. Wales, 1872)

before 1900: general newspaper experience in South Wales; then ed.

The Echo, Southend-on-sea

1900: ed. The Herald, Goole, Yorkshire

then: asst. ed. East London Advertiser and Essex Guardian

then:

ed. Luton Reporter

1904:

asst. ed. South China Morning Post (3.9)

1907: ed. and general manager and secretary, South China Morning Post, Ltd.

LO Sing Low

1911: ed. Peking Daily News (7.17.2)

LOCHLIN, H.

1909-(?):

co-prop. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd (6.8.1)

LOUREIRO, Pedro (d. St. Paul de Loandes, Africa, 1876)

1873-1874: pub. and founder, Evening Gazette (5.7.6) and Celestial

Empire (5.7.8)

After successfully founding these two newspapers, Loureiro sold out to Frederic Henry Balfour, his editor, at the end of 1874. He started business with Dent and Company in Macao, but in 1866 was accused of embezzling funds; the judge in the case was overruled by the Macao authorities and Loureiro was jailed for six months, receiving a full pardon in 1869 when the case was reviewed. He was later in business as Loureiro and Company in Shanghai and was secretary of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. He died on the west coast of Africa. Publications.

MCDERMID, R.R.

1904-1907: pub. (with J. McMillan) Chefoo Daily News (7.30)

MCLEISH, William (b. England, 1851)

1901-1903: ed. Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2)

McLeish was educated at the Royal Naval School, Greenwich, and took a B.A. at the University of London. Subsequently he was an assistant master at Dulwich College (1871-1886), from which post he went to China as Professor of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, Imperial Naval College, Tientsin (1886-1900). He was secretary of the British Municipal Council

Publication. (Tientsin) from 1903 to 1907.

MACLELLAN, J.W.

1883-1886: commercial ed. North-China Herald (5.1.5)

1886: sub. ed. North-China Herald

1886-1889: ed. North_China Herald

Maclellan first came to China in 1858 as sub-manager of the new Shanghai branch of the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China.

Publications.

MCLEOD, Malcolm (d. 1874)

1859 (end)-June 1860: ed. and pub. China Chronicle (3.3.5)

McLeod was Canadian and had some writing experience before coming to Hong Kong in the late 1840's to join Jardine Matheson and Company. After Phillips's failure with the Register (3.3.2), Strachan regained possession and was persuaded to sell to McLeod by Jardine's, who held a mortgage on the property. Contemporary reports are highly critical of McLeod, and to judge from samples of his style, such criticism

Strachan regained possession once more in June, appears reasonable.

although not without compensating McLeod.

MacMAHON, J.P.

1873-1875: ed. and pub. Foochow Herald (7.33.3)

MacMahon is reported as commanding "some Chinese troops" around

Foochow in 1875.

MCMILLAN, J.

1904-1907(?): pub. (with R. R. McDermid) Chefoo Daily News (7.30)

136

MAITLAND, Frank J. (d. 1907)

1902-1906: prop:

Shanghai Times (5.11)

Maitland was a merchant and senior partner of Maitland and Company.

In the 1890's he had been proprietor of Sport and Gossip; the latter was

sold in 1907 to the Shanghai Mercury, after having combined with the

Shanghai Times in 1902. Maitland was in partnership with others, in-

cluding Henry O'Shea, but he bought them out in 1902. After a dis- agreement with Collinwood, he sold out to the Oriental Press in 1906.

MALADE, G.

1906:

manager, Tageblatt für Nordchina (7.5)

137

Most sources state that James Matheson was publisher or proprietor

of the Register from the beginning (see Alexander Matheson, above), but he was personally absent from Canton until September 1828.

He kept

editorial control until 1833. Jardine's had a financial interest through

mortgage in the Register throughout its life. During the days of the East

India Company monopoly, Matheson kept the Register out of the free trade controversy, and later, in 1840, objected to the violently anti-American

His letter to slant which the editor John Slade was giving articles.

the editor was printed under the pseudonym "A British Merchant."

MAYHEW, Athol

1880-1883: ed. Shanghai Courier (5.7.9)

1881-1883: lessee, Shanghai Courier

MARCAL, A.A.

1878-1888: printer and pub. Amoy Gazette and Shipping Report (7.28.2)

MARCAL, J.F.

1888-1911: pub. Amoy Gazette and Shipping Report (7.28.2)

MARNHAM, A.W.

1906: ed. Shanghai Times (5.11)

MARSHALL, V.

1902: ed. Shanghai Times (5.11)

1906: ed. Bund

In 1902 Marshall was involved in a slander suit brought by the

American consul Goodnow. The Bund was a Shanghai magazine.

MATHESON, Sir Alexander (b. Scotland 1805; d. 1886)

1827-1828: pub. (?) Canton Register (2.1.1)

Alexander Matheson lent W.W. Wood the handpress on which were

printed the first issues of the Canton Register. Wood may also have

been publisher, but in any case, James Matheson was certainly the

proprietor by September 1828.

MATHESON, Sir (Nicholas) James Sutherland, Bart. (b. Scotland 1796; d. 1878)

1828-1849: prop. (through Magniac and Company and Jardine Matheson

and Company) Canton Register (2.1.2), then Hongkong Register (3.3.1-2)

Publications.

MICHIE, Alexander (d. 1891)

1886-1891: ed. and pub. Chinese Times (7.1)

Michie had previously been a leading contributor to the Shanghai

Courier (5.7.9), and he also wrote for the China Mail (3.4.1). He lived

most of his life in China as both writer and merchant. In 1861 he was

a partner of Lindsay and Company, then was with Chapman, King and Company.

He served on the Shanghai Municipal Council and as chairman of the

Shanghai Chamber of Commerce. In the 1860's he traveled through Siberia.

Publications.

MITCHELL, William Henry

1849-1850: ed. Hongkong Register (3.3.2)

Mitchell came to China in 1843 as a merchant; he engaged in trade

at Amoy, then held a position as clerk in the British Consulate. From

1846 to 1847 he directed Mitchell and Company but did not do well, and

he began contributing to the Friend of China (3.1.2) and to Singapore

newspapers. Under the pseudonyms Vindex and Fairplay, he contributed

bitterly anti-government articles and letters to the Friend of China, but while editor of the Register, he directed a very pro-government editorial policy. Mitchell left the Register in April 1850 to accept

138

139

an appointment as assistant police magistrate and sheriff, in which positions he became notorious. In 1856 Hong Kong newspapers accused him of extorting money from prisoners; he was tried and acquitted. later brought a libel suit against T. Chisholm Anstey, the reforming Attorney-General of the Colony, but it failed. By 1859 he had become acting chief magistrate, despite all attempts to remove him. Promise of coming investigations, however, influenced his decision to retire a few months after the arrival of Governor Sir Hercules Robinson (1859- 1865). Mitchell was one of those civil servants involved in the bitter quarrels and rivalries which so disturbed the early years of the Colony.

MOLLER, Edmund

1836-1844: ed. Canton Press (2.3)

A Prussian subject and from Hamburg, Moller maintained an independent editorial policy, shaking the paper loose from its original pro-East India Company position. He first came to Canton in 1835 from Manila. In 1844 he returned to trade, remaining in Macao until the end of the year and then moving to Canton, where he entered into business with Arthur Agassiz. In 1847 he was secretary of the Canton Chamber of Commerce.

MONESTIER, A.

1907-1911: ed. L'Echo de Chine (6.7.1)

MORISS, Henry (1843-1919)

1866-1911:

(5.1)

part-owner, Pickwoad and Company, pub. of North-China Herald

On the death of Pickwoad, a share of the newspaper company went to his daughter Una, and her husband, Henry Moriss. Moriss came to

Shanghai in 1866 with the Bank of Hindustan, invested well, and had his own brokerage business. In 1919 his share of the property (by then probably the majority holding if not complete ownership) passed to his sons. He apparently did not influence editorial policy.

MORRISON, Rev. Robert (b. 1782; d. Canton, 1834)

1828-1830: principal writer, de facto ed. Canton Register (2.1.2) 1833: co-ed. and pub. The Evangelist (with Charles Gutzlaff)

His

After William Wood left the Register, Morrison was its principal contributor and was responsible for the Chinese translations. attitude toward the Chinese reflected the prejudices of evangelical Christianity, and the newspaper began to have some of the aspects of a missionary journal. During Keating's editorship, Morrison continued to supply translations, but the next editor, Slade, was himself a

Sinologist.

Morrison had come to China in 1807 as the first Protestant missionary; he learned Chinese and became interpreter for the East India Company, serving in 1816 on the Amherst mission, going in 1822 to Malacca, and, after a visit to England, returning in 1826 to Canton, where he lived until his death. Publications.

MOSSMAN, Samuel

1861: asst. to ed. North-China Herald (5.1.1)

1861-1863: ed. North-China Herald

Mossman came to Shanghai as an assistant to editor C.S. Compton in August 1861 and took over when the latter returned to England later in the year. He also had a financial interest in the newspaper. Mossman wrote several books on life in Australia, where he had spent his early years. In the 1870's he visited and wrote on Japan; he subsequently returned to England and continued a literary career.

Publications.

MURROW, Yorick Jones (b. Wales, 1817; d. Jersey, 1884) 1857-1866: ed. Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.1-2) 1858-1884: pub. or prop. Hongkong Daily Press 1867-1870(?) : ed. and pub. London and China Herald (8.2)

Murrow was the founder of the Daily Press and probably had some financial interest in it from the first. In 1866 he leased it to W.H. Bell. On his death the property passed to his family. The heir in 1911 was Colonel H.L. Murrow of Hong Kong. As a merchant Murrow had contributed most of the statistical tables for the China Mail, least in the early 1850's, and he was therefore especially bitter

140

141

against the Mail when

in 1858 it supported the government's action in prosecuting him for libel. He continued to edit his newspaper from

jail. Murrow sided with those attempting to reform the civil service,

testified against D.W. Caldwell, and attempted to revive the case

against the retired Colonel Caine. His attack on Colonial Secretary

W.T. Mercer (who was the officer administering the Colony from March

1865 to 1866) resulted in Murrow's apology and departure from the Colony.

Murrow was the son of a Liverpool solicitor and started life as a

merchant, coming to China in 1838 in the employ of Jamieson, How,

and Company. He started Murrow and Company some time before 1844; it

was based in Canton and was closed in 1849. Within two years Murrow

was in partnership with the American firm James Stephenson and Company,

engaged in the rice trade with California and, primarily, in the trans-

portation of coolies. The partnership was dissolved in 1854, but Murrow

carried on under the same name, until the firm, Murrow, Stephenson, and

Company, went bankrupt in 1859. His coolie activities resulted in charges

of abduction and slavery, and he was fined; subsequently he turned against

the trade and carried on a violent anti-coolie trade campaign both in

Hong Kong and in London. An enterprising and original businessman,

Murrow introduced a fleet of specially adapted steamers on the Macao,

Hong Kong, and Canton run.

During the Second Sino-British War, trade

on this run diminished and Murrow allowed the ships to be used by British forces operating in the north. He spent several years petitioning before

he received compensation. Murrow married a Portuguese in 1861 and had

four children; he returned to London a rich man.

Murrow held a grudge against Jardine Matheson dating back to 1844,

when the company had refused to insure a ship in which he held an interest

and subsequently foreclosed on a mortgage, whereby Murrow suffered

financially.

A man of strong opinions, Murrow was typical of the personal

journalism of the period. He was at odds both with the China Mail and

with William Tarrant of the Friend of China; and his attacks on govern- ment, though often justified, were personal and forced his retirement from the editorship of his newspaper. Back in London he was an

adjuster of averages but remained at least until 1870 in the active journalistic world with his "reverse overland," the London and China

Herald.

Libel cases.

In 1858 Murrow accused Governor Bowring of favoritism to Jardine Matheson (Bowring's son was their employee). Jailed for six months and fined $100, he continued attacking government from jail; he again libeled Bowring, and apologized. Murrow then libeled Jardine Matheson (accusing them of insuring and sending out an unseaworthy vessel and then collecting insurance when it sank--and apologized. At the end of 1859 he libeled the Reverend William Lobscheid, and apologized; in 1860 he libeled Caldwell and was bound over for one year; and, finally,

there was the Mercer case described above. This list may not be complete.

NAVARRA, Bruno R.A.

1887-1889: founder, pub., and ed. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd (6.8.1)

Publications,

NEISH, Robert Davidson (b. Scotland, 1864)

1899: ed. and manager Walthamstow Herald

1900: joined Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10),serving as reporter, manager,

sub-ed., acting ed., deputy managing ed.

1909-1911:

ed. Shanghai Mercury

Neish received his early training on the Dundee Courier and

Weekly News.

DAS NEVES TAVARES, E.F.

1898: ed. O Lusitano (1.16)

NEWMAN, Charles L. Norris (b. England, 1852)

1906-1909: ed.-in-chief China Review (7.6.1)

1909-1911: ed.-in-chief China Critic (7.6.2)

1906-1911:

chairman, North China Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd. (pub. Review and Critic)

Educated for the Army at Sherborne, Lubeck, and Harrow, Newman went through the seige of Paris (1870-1871), served with Don Carlos in Spain, Gordon in Egypt, in South Africa, the Zululand campaign,

142

Madagascar, and Zanzibar. He was special war correspondent for the London Times, Pall Mall Gazette, Standard, and Daily Mail. He left

for the Far East in 1900.

Newman's associations with the Russians began with his appointment as English instructor to the Russian Naval Staff at Port Arthur in 1902. In 1904 he witnessed the Japanese attacks and then traveled with the Russians as a special corespondent. He was appointed to bring out the "first Russian journal in the Far East," the presumably English- language China Review. No copies have been located, but in view of the existence of the Russian-language newspaper Novyi Krai, Port Arthur, either the Review was a journal rather than a newspaper or the statement excludes publications in purely Russian spheres of influence.

Publications.

NOBLE, J.W.

1906-1911: chairman, South China Morning Post, Ltd. (3.9)

1911: director, Hongkong Telegraph (3.8)

NOLASCO, Luiz

1909-1910: director, Vida Nova (1.19)

1910-1911: ed. and director, Vida Nova

O'SHEA, Henry D.

1891-1894: ed. Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10)

1894-1909: ed. China Gazette (5.9)

1902: prop. and ed. (with Frank Maitland) Shanghai Times (5.11)

O'SHEA, John (b. Dublin, 1869)

1890-1891: reporter, Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10)

1894-1895: sub. ed. China Gazette (5.9)

1902, 1906-1911: ed. Shanghai Times (5.11)

O'Shea was educated at St. Patrick's, Druncondra, and privately.

OSWALD, Richard

1842-(?): prop. Friend of China (3.1.1-2)

143

later had his

In 1847 he was not listed as

A partner in Oswald, Disandt, and Company, Oswald own business as R. Oswald and Company.

He was certainly the first proprietor of resident in the colony.

the Friend of China, but it is not certain when he sold to Carr, or even if he retained ownership until Tarrant's advent in 1850 (although

He had no influence on editorial the latter is highly improbable). policy.

PARK, A.

1900: ed. Shanghai Daily Press (5.10.1)

PEREIRA, Carlos José

1822-1823: writer, A Abelha da China (1.1)

The frequency and importance of Pereira's contributions suggest that he had an important role--perhaps de facto editor--on the staff of this first China-coast newspaper.

PEREIRA, Manoel L. Roza

1875-1876: ed. Jornal de Macau (1.9.5)

Pereira worked first on the China Mail (3.4.1), probably from 1845, and then with the Register (3.3.2), aiding it after the

In 1876 he went to Shanghai. Chronicle interlude in 1860 (3.3.7).

PETRIE, Thomas (b. Scotland)

(?)-1900: reporter, Dundee Courier and Argus

1900-1902: reporter, China Mail

1902: sub-ed. Siam Observer

1903: Japan Herald

1904-1907: sub-ed. South China Morning Post (3.9)

1907-1911:

asst. ed. South China Morning Post

1911: ed. South China Morning Post

Petrie's move from Bangkok was made for health reasons.

PETZOLD, B.

1908-1911: ed. Tageblatt fur Nordchina (7.5)

144

PHILLIPS, Richard Augustus Long

1859: ed. and pub. Hongkong Register (3.3.2)

Phillips's bad management and extravagance led to financial failure, and he was forced to leave Hong Kong with unpaid debts after Robert Strachan recovered the property.

PICART

1900: prop. Die Deutsch-Asiatische Warte (7.10)

PICKWOAD, Edwin (d. Southampton, 1866)

1861-1866: prop. North-China Herald (5.1.1)

On Pickwoad's death the property passed to his heirs as owners of Pickwoad and Company--principally to his wife, Janet Pickwoad, and his daughter, Una Pickwoad, who married Henry Moriss. Others, however, including editors, also had a financial interest in the company.

Pickwoad came to China from Australia, was elected secretary of the Municipal Council and was supervisor of the police. In 1865 he went to London, returning in 1866 to arrange affairs on the North-China Herald, He left for England in June and died six days after his arrival in Southampton.

In 1879 Mrs. Janet Pickwoad came out to Shanghai and in 1880 took over the conduct of the business.

POLETIKA, S.V.

1910-1911: ed. Novyi Krai (7.20)

POOLE, T.

1831: prop. (?) Chinese Courier and Canton Gazette (2.2)

PRATT, Frederick Lionel (b. Australia, 1872)

1905:

leader writer, China Mail (3.4.1); ed. Who's Who

1911: ed. Hongkong Telegraph (3.9)

Pratt had a career in Australian and Far Eastern journalism.

PRESTON, Thomas

1875-1876: ed. Hongkong Times (3.7.

1878-1880:

manager, Shanghai Courier (5.7.9)

145

Preston came to Hong Kong in 1874 and was assistant to Curtis when the latter died at sea. His letters reveal him as capable and con- scientious but naturally unable to cope with an impossible situation. Later, on the Courier, he may have been considered "publisher," and at least one source gives his name as editor for 1879.

REDMOND, H.E.

1907-1909(?): ed. Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2) Redmond was formerly with the London Standard.

REID, Thomas H. (b. Scotland, 1865)

1885: Free Press, Aberdeen

1891 joined staff China Mail (3.4.1) 1894-1904: ed. China Mail, also part-prop.

1905: news ed. The Standard

1906: managing ed. Straits Times, Singapore

Reid was also the Hong Kong correspondent of the London Times and Standard (1894-1904), of the New York Herald (1898-1904), and was with Dewey at Manila.

DOS REMEDIOS

1889(?)-1890: pub. and ed. O Hongkong Alegre (4.6)

RIVINGTON, Charles

1879-prior to 1888: founder and part-owner (with John D. Clark),

Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10)

Rivington was a Shanghai share broker.

ROEHR, Viktor

1903-1905: ed. Die Deutsch-Asiatische Warte (7.10)

After 1907 Roehr was proprietor of a German printing house in

Tsingtao.

ROSARIO, D.

1873-before 1900: prop. and ed. Foochow Daily Echo (7.34)

146

147

Rosario was the proprietor of the Foochow Printing Press. By 1900 his widow was in control as both proprietor and editor, and so remained

at least until 1909.

ROSS-REID, J.

1907:

sub. ed. Hankow Daily News (7.38)

1909: ed. Hankow Daily News

DO ROZARIO, C.

1867-1868: pub. Shanghai Evening Express (5.5) 1868-1872: pub. Shanghai Evening Courier (5.7.3) 1870-1872: pub. Le Nouvelliste de Changhai (6.4.1)

1870-1871: pub. The Cycle (5.16)

C. and A.A. do Rozario were printers and C. do Rozario had a financial interest in the above-listed newspapers. Judging at least from the diversity of the list, he did not attempt to control editorial policy. His first adventure with C. Treasure Jones was based on a poorly drafted agreement, and Jones obtained complete control in 1868, whereupon do Rozario founded the rival Shanghai Evening Courier.

RYDER, George M.

1857: prop. Daily Press (3.5.1)

An American merchant, Ryder had worked and written for both the Register (3.3.2) and the Friend of China (3.1.2). Murrow was from the first the dominant figure on the Press and may also have held substantial financial interests in it.

SAINT, Charles Abraham

1867-1872: pub. China Mail (3.4.1)

1870-1872: ed. China Mail

When the China Mail's publisher and editor Nicholas B. Dennys could not pay Jardine Mathes on the interest on his debt, James Whittal secured the services of Charles Saint as manager, and later in the same year (1867) Saint bought out Dennys for $12,000, probably assuming part of the Jardine debt as well. After Dennys left the

editorship in 1870, Saint also took over that job. He sold out to G.M. Bain in 1872, at which time Dennys again assumed the editorship. Although it was Murrow who was best known for directing violent press attacks aginst the Macao coolie trade, Saint and the Mail also became heavily involved and were sued by Horta, the governor of Macao, and Amaral, the ex-governor. Saint pleaded justification and the case lasted over a year; Saint was discharged in October 1869.

SALABELLE, S.

prior to 1886: ed. and pub. L'Echo du Japon, Yokohama 1886: ed. and pub. L'Echo de Changhai

He transferred

Salabelle was mainly concerned with the promotion of French interests in the Far East, with one of his special concerns being the development of French commercial activity in Tonkin. his newspaper from Japan in order to take advantage of the improved communications facilities available in Shanghai.

DE S. GONZALO DE AMARANTE, Frey António, O.D.

1822-1823: ed. A Abelha da China (1.1)

Superior of the Dominicans in Macao, Frey António was a member of the Absolutist Party (Miguelites). With the advent to power of the Conservative Party, he and others fled Macao in 1823 for Canton and

eventually Calcutta.

DOS SANTOS, Joaquim José

1822-1823: business manager (?) A Abelha da China (1.1)

Dos Santos' name is listed in each issue as the person to whom subscriptions should be addressed.

DOS SANTOS, Manuel Joaquim

1882-1883: ed. 0 Correio de Macau (1.12.1)

SCHITTLER, W.

1889 (?):

ed. and pub. Der Ostasiatische Lloyd (6.8.1)

148

149

SERGEANT

1900: ed. Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)

SHEARMAN, Henry (b. Canada [?]; d. Shanghai, 1856)

1850-1856: founder, ed., and pub. North-China Herald (5.1.1)

Shearman came from Prince Edward Island to China in 1850 as an auctioneer. He was a very religious man and active in Shanghai Church life, and this served to establish him in the community and made possible the scope and reception of his newspaper. He was sympathetic to the Chinese, and his Christian and pro-missionary principles led him to support the Taiping cause, although disillusionment began in 1854.

SHORTREDE, Andrew (b. Scotland; d. Bavaria, 1858)

1845-1856: ed. and pub. China Mail (3.4.1) 1856-1858:

part-owner, A. Shortrede and Co. (3.4)

Andrew was the sixth son of Robert Short rede, sheriff-substitute of Roxburghshire. Although he was educated to follow his three brothers into the service of the East India Company, he instead became a printer and publisher. After his plans to publish for Sir Walter Scott fell through due to the failure in 1826 of Scott's publishing house, James Ballantyne and Company, Short rede went into business in Edinburgh, but without success. He may then have gone to Sydney, Australia, and directed a newspaper there. In any case he was advised to establish in Hong Kong to recoup his fortunes, and in 1845 he established the China Mail, a most professional newspaper and a financial success.

Shortrede was an active member of the Hong Kong community. A member of the Morrison Education Society, he helped start St. Andrew's School and continued to contribute and help raise funds. In 1850-1853 he was secretary of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, and a councillor in 1854. He was a life-long friend of Sir John Bowring (governor of Hong Kong, 1854-1859).

In 1850 he was involved in a libel suit brought by the officer of a wrecked ship; Short rede apologized. In 1853 he made a trip to North China for reasons of health but while there he also gathered information

for the China Mail. In May 1854 he left for Australia to recover his health, but the ship was wrecked; he was rescued and taken to Singapore. Short rede returned to Hong Kong in December 1854 and left for Edinburgh in 1856. There he wrote a number of controversial letters to the Daily

News. From 1856 to 1858 he retained an interest in the China Mail, sharing the ownership of A. Short rede and Company with Andrew Dixson, his associate from the first. He died on holiday in Bavaria.

SHUCK, Rev. J. Lewis (d. South Carolina, 1863)

1842 joint ed. (with James White) of Friend of China (3.1.1-2) 1855 (?): on staff Tung Ngai San Luk

(Tung-yai hsin-lu;

the Oriental), a bilingual newspaper in San Francisco One of the first American Baptist missionaries in China, Reverend Shuck was involved in missionary publishing ventures. He accepted White's offer to join the Friend of China as joint editor responsible for production, with the hope of using the paper as a missionary vehicle. He probably did not remain into 1843. In 1844 his wife died and he moved to Canton, then to Shanghai. The next reference to Shuck is in connection with his work on the San Francisco newspaper, but the year is not given. The paper, also known as the Oriental, began publication in 1855, probably as a weekly, with the Reverend William Speeker as editor of the English section. Shuck may have edited the Chinese section

Publication. or joined the staff later.

DA SILVA, Constancio José

1889-1898: ed. O Independente (1.9.2)

1908-1911:

ed. A Verdade (1.18)

Constancio was the son of José da Silva.

DA SILVA, José

1863-1866: ed. Ta-Ssi-Yang-Kuo (1.9.1)

1867-1880 (?): ed. O Independente (1.9.2; 4.1.4)

José da Silva has been described as the "stormy petrel" of Macao journalism. His Ta-Ssi-Yang-Kuo was reportedly pro-government, and Hong Kong sources state that in 1868 he was editing the official

150

government "Boletim." But he bitterly opposed reform of the coolie trade and upheld Francisco da Silva Magalhães against the new government under Viscount de S. Januaria. The governor's aide-de-camp assaulted him physically. At the height of the controversy he had six libel cases pending against him, and in 1874 his editorial rival, Dr. Pinto Bastos, won a controversial election as Macao Deputy to the Lisbon parliament. In 1875, however, da Silva was elected president of the Macao Municipal Council. He was appointed Portuguese consul in Shanghai in 1878, having previously qualified for the legal profession.

His connection with 0 Independente after this date is obscure, but in 1880, while the newspaper was being published in Hong Kong, he was again sued for libel.

His son Constancio José da Silva succeeded him as editor and was later editor of A Verdade (1.18).

DA SILVA, José Cesario

1896-(?): ed. A Liberdade (1.13)

DA SILVA, Luis Ayres

1909-1910: ed. Vida Nova

(1.19)

DA SILVA, Manuel José Maria Gonçalves (d. Macao, 1885)

1882-1885: ed. O Macaense (1.11.2)

DA SILVA, Miguel Aires

1869-1870: ed. O Noticiario Macaense (1.10; 4.1.3)

DA SILVA CATHERINO, Luiz

1899-1901: pub. Jornal de Macau (1.17)

DA SILVA MAGALHÃES, A.

1880-(?): ed. A Verdade (1.9.6)

DA SILVA MAGALHÃES, Francisco

1869-1870, 1872 (Jan.-Oct.): ed. 0 Oriente (1.9.3)

151

Magalhães, an army medical officer, was until 1872 medical surveyor

of coolie ships. Originally in opposition to the coolie trade, he reversed his position in 1872 and, with Dr. António Frerreira de Lacerda, the Chief Justice, bitterly attacked the new governor's attempts at reform. Magalhães was then imprisoned for insulting the governor; on release he continued his attacks and, being an army officer, rendered himself liable to exile. He was exiled in Timor for six months, his attempt

In 1874 he stood for the Lisbon to resign his commission having failed. parliament, opposed by Pinto Bastos, editor of the Gazeta de Macau e Timor (1.9.4). Magalhães was defeated in a close vote; further critical articles resulted in his suspension from medical office, his resignation from the military was finally accepted, and he left Macao for Manila in 1875.

DA SILVA E SOUZA, António José (d. Hong Kong, 1878)

(?)-1868: on staff, Japan Times

1868-1869: ed. and pub. O Echo do Povo (4.2)

1868.

António bought 0 Echo do Povo from his brother João José in January

He carelessly permitted a libel to be printed; his conviction and concurrent failure to comply with the newspaper ordinance resulted in

He wored as foreman in the closing of the newspaper in December 1869. the printing works of da Souza and Company until his death.

DA SILVA E SOUZA, João José

1850-1860 (?): foreman, China Mail (3.4.1)

1859-1868: ed. and pub. O Echo do Povo (4.2)

1874: pub. Canton Press (2.9)

João José established a printing company in 1865, having worked five years for Delfino Noronha. He lost a libel case to M. Pereira, was fined heavily, and left the Colony for a time; it was presumably this which forced the sale of his newspaper to his brother, António.

DA SILVA E, SOUZA, José Maria

1852-(?): ed. Verdade e Liberdade (1.20; 4.1.2)

DA SILVA TELLES, Antonio Gomes

1883-1889, 1890(?)-1891(?): ed. 0 Correio Macaense (1.12.2)

152

153

DA SILVA TELLES, Dr. J.C.

1838-1839: ed. O Correio Macaense (1.6)

SILVERTHORNE, James

1909-1911: prop. and ed. Chefoo Morning Post (7.32)

SINNETT, Alfred Percy (b. 1840; d. 1921?)

1866-1868: ed. Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)

(?): ed. Pioneer, India

Sinnett was educated at London University. He left China in July

1868 and in London wrote a series of articles for the Standard on men

and manners in Hong Kong. In India he became interested in occultism and later became president of the London Theosophical Society. A pro- fessional writer, he did not plunge into Hong Kong controversies and thus his editorial policy, especially after Murrow's, appeared most mild. He was for a time secretary of the Hong Kong Association.

Publications.

SKERTCHLY, E.F.

1899-1901: ed. Hongkong Telegraph (3.8)

SLADE, John (d. Hong Kong, 1843)

1834-1843: ed. Canton Register (2.1.2)

Slade maintained editorial independence over his newspaper despite occasional opposition from James Matheson, the proprietor. An old resident of China, Slade was associated with Magniac and Company and later with Jardine Matheson and Company. He was in Canton from 1816 to 1824,

trading and learning Chinese, and for a time he may have been in the

employ of the East India Company. He returned to London in 1824 and

again to Canton in July 1831, but was absent from China in 1832 and most

of 1833, taking over the Register on his return. Slade was competent in Chinese, the translations in the Register being mostly his during the period of his editorship. As was the case with many other Westerners of this period, however, his familiarity with the Chinese did not lead

to admiration for them, and he supported Jardine and other merchant

efforts to secure sounder trade relations with the Empire.

Publications.

SMITH

?: ed. and manager, Straits Times, Singapore

1861:

ed. Shanghae Daily Times (5.2.1)

The proprietor, W. Wynter, left Shanghai with unpaid debts and Smith was unable to continue the newspaper.

SMITH, Daniel Wares

1866-1869:

pub. and manager, Shanghai Recorder (5.3.1) 1870-1911: with the Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)

Smith moved to Hong Kong after selling the Recorder property at auction and joined his former Shanghai editor, A.C. Dulcken, on the staff of the Press. He was manager at least through 1889, but by 1900 he was in London and listed as the lessee--from the Murrow family. He remained thus through 1911. In 1870 during Bell's absence he was sued for a libelous article written by Dulcken against the Registrar,

C.C. Smith.

SMITH, J. Mackrill

Smith was Henry Shearman's executor and ran the North-China Herald

He established (5.1) for a month after Shearman's death. in 1856. in Canton in 1840 with Bell and Company, and then operated on his own as J.M. Smith and Company, Shanghai. Trading mostly with America, he added a partner; thus the firm became Smith, King and Company. was in China until 1870.

SNEWIN, E.A.

1901-1906 (?): ed. Hongkong Telegraph (3.8)

DE SOUZA, Francisco

1872-1874: ed. Gazeta de Macau e Timor (1.9.4)

Smith

The Daily Press (3.5.2) states that Pinto Bastos was editor, least until his departure in 1874 for Lisbon. However, the key policy maker was Pedro Gastão Mesnier, private secretary to the governor of

Macao.

154

155

DE SOUZA, J.J.

1909: general manager, Shanghai Free Press (5.12)

STRACHAN, Robert

1849-1860: pub. Hongkong Register (3.3.2)

Strachan was also nominally editor, but although he kept control of policy, he was mainly concerned with the business side of the

enterprise. In 1859 the paper was sold to Richard A. L. Phillips, but his extravagance forced Strachan to regain control.

For five

months in 1860 the paper, as the Chronicle, was again out of Strachan's control, and as his health was poor, he finally sold the property at the end of that same year and left the Colony in 1861. A merchant himself, Strachan ran a merchants' newspaper, although he was never able to clear the mortgage on the property with Jardine Matheson.

"Strachan" was a familiar name in the China trade. There had been a J. Strachan in the 1830's and 1840's, and A.F. Strachan, W. Strachan, and W.M. Strachan in the 1840's. There was also a "George Strachan," an architect, in Shanghai, but the specific relationships are not known. When Robert bought the Register in 1849 he was referred to as one of the oldest residents in China, He arrived on the China coast from Peru

in 1838, was one of the first to move to Hong Kong, and was first associated with W.T. Gemmell and Company. In 1848 he attempted to es- tablish himself as an agent for steamer companies.

Active in Hong Kong social life, Strachan married only in 1860. He was a Volunteer and a member of the Morrison Education Society. He was usually opposed to the policies of the government--except during the administration of Governor Sir George Bonham (1848-1854)--and was especially bitter toward Sir John Bowring (1854-1859) when the latter

awarded the Gazette contract back to the Mail.

SWARTHOUT, W.N.

1901-1904(?) :

ed. and/or prop.(?) Shanghai Times (5.11)

By trade a printer, Swarthout had been with the U.S. Army in Manila. His exact role on the newspaper is not known.

TARRANT, William (d. London, 1872)

1850-1869: ed. and pub. Friend of China (2.4; 3.1.2; 5.4.1)

According to some sources, Tarrant, with the financial assistance of friends, bought the Friend of China from Richard Oswald in June 1850. But since Oswald had left the Colony in 1847, the proprietor was pre- sumably John Carr. In 1858 Tarrant began seeking a purchaser, hoping to retire to England; he found none and in 1859 was jailed after being convicted of criminal libel. Publication of the Friend ceased in Hong Kong September 21, 1859. After a year in jail Tarrant was released and published the Friend in Canton from October 13, 1860 to December 28, 1861. He then moved to Shanghai where the newspaper published from January 1863 to 1869. From January to May 1869 the newspaper was run by C. Treasure Jones, but Tarrant was dissatisfied, regained control, and sold the property, returning to England in 1870.

and

Although Tarrant was not a Chinese scholar and spoke the language but poorly, he had many Chinese friends and informants. Throughout his editorial career he championed grievances--including his own, evidently antagonized everyone. He was not popular socially; typically, he was expelled from the reading room of the Hong Kong library once, and almost expelled a second time. He came to Hong Kong as steward of the ship "Alexander Baring," and there is just the suspicion that he was not gently bred. His brother, J. Tarrant, practiced law in Hong Kong and India and handled William's cases, but he was obviously not available in 1859. For all his sympathies with the Chinese people, Tarrant was in violent opposition to the Manchu regime and thus bitter over the events connected with the mass poisoning attempt in January 1857. Ah Lum, owner of the E-Sing Bakery, poisoned the bread--presumably on orders from the Canton Viceroy, and almost all foreign residents, in- cluding Tarrant, suffered. At the subsequent trial the accused were freed for lack of evidence. Tarrant accused the acting Colonial

Secretary W.T. Bridges of accepting bribes to defend them; he was convicted of libel and his fine of £100 was paid by popular subscription.

But Tarrant's reaction in immediately assuming bribery had a longer

and deeper history.

156

After serving as a clerk with Charles Marwick in Hong Kong, Tarrant in 1843 entered the colonial government service as an assistant to the Land Officer acting as assessor and collector; in 1844 he was appointed Clerk of the Registry of Deeds and Keeper of Leases and Records in the Surveyor General's department. In this position he accused William Caine of allowing his compradore to squeeze Chinese merchants. Caine counter- charged and Tarrant was dismissed, but was subsequently reinstated on the demand of the Secretary of State; his position had, however, been eliminated in the meantime and he was only partially compensated.

The Friend of China had in the late 1840's already begun to espouse Tarrant's cause. During the 1850's he used the paper as a vehicle for carrying on his struggle against corruption in the government, especially against Caine, W. T. Bridges, and D.W. Caldwell. In 1856 his charges found a champion in the newly arrived attorney-general, T. Chisholm Anstey, and Caldwell was investigated. Although Caldwell was found not free from censure, he was retained in his post. In 1857 a Chinese associate of Caldwell's, Ma Chow Wong, was found guilty of aiding pirates and Caldwell again was under suspicion. Allegedly, papers incriminating Caldwell were found in Ma's house, but the evidence was burned on the orders of Bridges. In the confusion which followed, Bowring seemed to lose control of the government, Anstey was dismissed, and Tarrant was finally convicted of libel against Bridges--after several attempts. trial was a criminal one in which the entire Hong Kong bar was retained against Tarrant, who was thus forced to defend himself. After six months

The

in felon's jail, where he received particularly brutal treatment, he was released on orders of the Colonial Office, but jailed again for debt to Bridges. Again a public subscription saved him, and he left for Canton.

This period is highly controversial, and although further research is required before a definitive conclusion can be reached, the weight

of evidence now heavily favors Anstey, Tarrant, and Murrow against Bridges, Caine, Caldwell, Mitchell, and the lesser officials involved.

Publications.

THIRKELL, John George

prior to 1875: Sheffield Daily Telegraph, Liverpool Daily Post 1880: temporary ed. North-China Herald (5.1.5)

1883-1890: lessee and ed. Shanghai Courier (5.7.9)

Thirkell was engaged to come out to China as a reporter for the North-China Herald and may have remained on the staff of that paper as an assistant to F.H. Balfour until 1883.

THOMSON, F.W.

1866-1868:

THORNE, John

manager,

Hankow Times (7.27)

157

1867-1869: founder and co-prop. (with Harold Twombly), Shanghai News-

Letter for California and the Atlantic States (5.7.1)

Thorne, an American, came to China as an agent for Wells, Fargo and Company, and was a general broker and merchant in Shanghai.

TILLOT, Marcel (b. Lyon 1867)

1897-1907: founder and director, L'Echo de Chine (6.7.1) 1889: ed. La Revue Philatelique

1901-1902: founder and ed. La Revue de l'Extrême Orient (weekly)

Tillot was also a legal advisor and merchant, head of the firm of Tillot and Company. He was a member of the French Municipal Council for six years, serving as its president in 1907; in 1899 he was appointed Conseiller du Commerce Extérieur de la France. Publications.

TOOTAL, John Broadhurst (b. 1819; d. 1878)

1866-1878: managing prop. Pickwoad and Company, which published

North-China Herald (5.1)

Tootal probably obtained his interest in the newspaper through

He was also concerned partnership in Nichol Latimer and Company in 1865. with the Shanghai Wharf Company, which went bankrupt in 1867.

TRENWITH, John Stephan

1880: manager, Shanghai Courier (5.7.9)

158

159

Trenwith may have been lessee and/or publisher of the Courier. had had twenty-five years of newspaper experience, including work as a compositor on the Standard and with the Times of India. of the paper was successful.

TSE Tsan Tai (Hsieh Tsan-t'ai, b. Australia,

1903:

1872)

VELHO, A.A. Martins

1880-(?) pub. A Verdade (1.9.6)

His management

VIRMAITRE, M.

co-founder and compradore, South China Morning Post (3.9)

A successful businessman, civic leader, and inventor, Tse Tsan Tai was founder of the Chinese Patriotic Reform Association and an adviser

to revolutionary leaders. Publications.

TSENG Laisun S. (Tseng Tzu-an 7)

1907-(?): ed. English-language section, South-China Daily Journal (5.17)

TWOMBLY, Howard

1867-1869: founder and co-prop. (with John Thorne), Shanghai News-Letter

for California and the Atlantic States (5.7.1)

An American merchant, Twombly was connected with Fogg and Company.

VASCO, João Pereira

1899: ed. O Lusitano (1.16)

VAUGHAN SMITH, Alice Mildred (b. 1861)

1889: leader writer, Japan Gazette; correspondent for North-China Mail

(5.1.5), Japan Mail

1891: ed. Japan Gazette

1893-1894: in India; correspondent for North-China Herald, Chicago Daily

hews

1894:

leader writer, North-China Herald and acting ed, during absence of Maclellan; war correspondent for Civil and Military Gazette, Lahore 1896: ed. Shanghai Times (5.11)

1897-1903: joint ed. Peking and Tientsin Times (7.2)

1903-1907: ed. Peking and Tientsin Times

Educated privately, Alice Vaughan Smith was the wife of W.H. Vaughan Smith, a printer and until 1906 manager of the Imperial Chinese Telegraph Administration. From 1898 to 1904 she was also correspondent of the London

Standard. Publications.

1873: ed. Le Courrier de Changhai (6.4.2)

WALTHER, F.

1909: ed. Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten (7.11)

WERNE, A.E.

1904: ed. Daily Press (5.10.3)

WHITE, James

1842: founder and ed. Friend of China (3.1.1)

White was assisted by the Reverend J.L. Shuck; neither of them stayed long with the Friend. Elected an alderman of the City of London in 1835, White came to China in 1841. He moved from Hong Kong to Shanghai

in 1844 and returned to England in 1851 after successful speculation in

silk and tea. The Member for Plymouth in 1857, he was returned to Parliament from Brighton in 1860. As an MP he was particularly interested in China questions and was an influential member of the Hong Kong Association, London.

He visited China again briefly in 1876.

WILCOX, R. Chatterton

1875-1900 (?): ed. Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)

1878-(?): lessee, Hongkong Daily Press

Wilcox left the Press sometime between 1889 and 1900.

WILSON, Andrew (b. India; d. England, 1881)

?: ed. Bombay Times

1857: joined staff of China Mail (3.4.1)

1858-1860: ed. China Mail

1873: ed. Times of India

Born in India of Scottish missionary parents and educated in Edinburgh and Tubingen, Wilson was sympathetic to the Chinese and supported the policies of Governor Sir John Bowring (1854-1859); he opposed the Arrow

160

161

War. These policies brought severe attacks from Murrow and Tarrant. Wilson was secretary of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. He was subsequently the London correspondent of the China Mail.

Publications.

WOOD, William W. (b. Philadelphia, 1805[?]; d. Manila)

1827-1828:

1831-1833:

founder and ed. Canton Register (2.1.1)

founder and ed. Chinese Courier and Canton Gazette (2.2) The first editor of an English-language, China-coast newspaper was an American, son of the famous actor-manager William Burke Wood (1779-1861) and his leading lady Juliana Westray. W.W. Wood came out to China, a gentleman adventurer, as a clerk with the American firm of Russell and Company. After three months as editor of the Register, his vigorous editing and anti-East India Company position forced his removal. He returned briefly to the United States, then returned to China in 1831 and founded the Chinese Courier, from which he continued his advocacy of free trade in China. His increasingly personal attacks on Keating, the editor of the Register, brought a challenge to a duel, which Wood accepted. Keating, however, left for Lin Tin. Wood then proposed to Harriet Low, niece of W.H. Low, a prominent American merchant in Macao. Her uncle refused his permission for the marraige to a "penni- less adventurer" and Wood left for the Philippines in October 1833. His newspaper closed. After spending several years managing a coffee and

sugar plantation in Jala Jala, he rejoined Russell, Sturgis, and Company

in Manila.

W.C. Hunter wrote of him: "He abounded in wit, was well read, and of no fixed purpose." Hunter is incorrect in supposing his father to have been a tragedian, however. W.B. Wood's acting forte was genteel

comedy.

A manuscript ascribed to W.W. Wood survives in the Houghton Library of Harvard University. Publications.

WRIGHT, T.

1904-1907: ed. Hongkong Daily Press (3.5.2)

Wright had had previous newspaper experience on the North-China Herald (5.1.5) and in Japan.

WYNTER, W.

1861: founder, Shanghae Daily Times

Before the year was out Wynter absconded with the subscriptions, leaving his debts unpaid. He was the merchant proprietor of W. Wynter

and Company.

XAVIER, L.M.

1902-1907: ed. O Porvir (4.1.5)

XAVIER, Lisbello J.

1897-1907: pub. O Porvir (4.1.5)

162

163

EXTANT COPIES OF CHINA-COAST NEWSPAPERS

Given the variety and dispersion of China-coast newspapers, one major problem is simply to find them.* This is a long-range task and one

in which absolute accuracy appears impossible. The list of extant copies

which follows was compiled from card catalogues, searches by the authors

or contributors, and correspondence. This co-operation has yielded a list

considerably more complete than would otherwise have been possible. At the

same time, however, the diversity of methods of search and notation is hardly

a guarantee of uniformity either of the degree of thoroughness or of the

form in which the information was furnished to the editor. Readers are

advised to consult with the particular library before passing final judg-

ment on a collection.

The newspapers in the following list are arranged in the same order as in Section III. Holdings of any particular newspaper are arranged alphabetically by library, within groups as follows: (a) libraries with

the largest runs; (b) libraries holding issues not found in (a); (c) libraries

holding only duplicates of (a).

Holdings by a particular library are stated in as abbrevoated a form as possible. The form is based on the generally accepted periodical system, with, for example, 1.1:1-5 standing for volume 1. number 1: pages 1 through

5 inclusive.

Runs of newspapers are expressed thus: 1.1-5.4; w 3.2; w 4.4, 5,

7-9--that is, volume 1. number 1 to volume 5. number 4 inclusive; but

excluding (wanting) volume 3. number 2; wanting volume 4. numbers 4 and

5 and 7 through 9 inclusive.

Dates, where available, have been added in the following manner:

1.4-1.6 (1-15 Feb 1890). In cases where volume and issue numbers were not

available or not reported, we have substituted dates for volumes and/or

*The University of Kansas is sponsoring a project designed to insure the

availability on microfilm of China-coast newspapers, 1822-1941.

issues but continue to follow the standard system. Thus, 1.2 Jan 1892-3.5

Jan 1894; 1895; 1899 w 1899.5 Mar would stand for volume 1. issue of January 2, 1892, to volume 3. issue of January 5, 1894; all of the issues for 1895; all

A combination of dates and

of the issues for 1899 except that of March 5. issues may be used where necessary.

List of Libraries and Their Abbreviations

Britain and Northern Ireland (B)

B.BIU

B.C

B.L

B. LMS

B. LOS

B.0

B.OA

France (F)

F.BN

F. LOV

Germany (G)

Queens University, Belfast

Cambridge University

British Museum

London Missionary Society

School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

Bodleian

St. Antony's College, Oxford

La Bibliothèque Nationale

L'École des Langues Orientales Vivantes, Paris

Bibliothek des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen, Stuttgart

Bavarian State Library, Munich

G.BIA

G.BSL

G.DB

Deutsche Bucherei, Leipzig

G.DS

Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin

G.DZ

Deutsches Zentralarchiv, Potsdam

G.F

G.H

G.UB

G.UH

G.WD

Hong Kong (HK)

HK.SC

HK.U

Stadt-und Universitätsbibliothek, Frankfurt am Main

Seminar für Sprache und Kultur Chinas, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg

Universitäts Bibliothek, Marburg/Lahn

Universitätsbibliothek der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin

West-deutsche Bibliothek, Marburg/Lahn

Hong Kong Supreme Court

Hong Kong University

164

Japan (J)

MACAO:

PORTUGUESE

J.KU

Kyōtō Daigaku

(Kyoto University)

J.ND

Kokkai (National Diet)

1.1

J.TB

Tōyō Bunko

(Toyo Library)

A Abelha da China, 1822-1823

P.BN

1-67 (12 Sep 1822-27 Dec 1823)

J.TO

Tōkyō Daigaku, Tōyō Bunka Kenkyujo ★★★★IŁA ÈPH

P.SG

43-55, 64 (10 Jul-4 Oct, 6 Dec 1823)

(Tokyo University, Institute for Oriental Culture)

Portugal (P)

1.2

Gazeta de Macau, 1824-1826

P.BN

P.BN 1 Jan 1825 30 Dec 1826; w 6 May 1826

P.MP

1.4.1

Macaista Imparcial, 1836-1837

165

Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa

Macao Public

P.SG

Sociedade de Geografia, Lisbon

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

1.4.2

USSR.L

Gosudarstvennaia ordena Lenina Biblioteka SSSR imeni V.I. Lenina (Lenin State Library, Moscow)

P.BN 1-105 (9 Jun 1836-12 Jun 1837); w 3, 5, 7, 9-10, 14-17

Macaista Imparcial e Registe Mercantil, 1837-1838

P.BN 106-158 (5 Jul 1837-4 Jul 1838); w 112

United States (US)

1.4.4

A Aurora Macaense, 1843-1844

US.CLU

US.CSt

University of California, Los Angeles

P.BN 1-56 (14 Jan 1843-3 Feb 1844); w 41 (21 Oct 1843)

US.CStH

Stanford University

Hoover Library, Stanford

US.CU

University of California, Berkeley

US.DLC

Library of Congress

US.EI

1.5.2

Gazeta de Macau, 1839 (Jan-Aug)

P.BN 1-32 (17 Jan-29 Aug 1839)

1.5.3

O Portuguêz na China, 1839-1843(?)

Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts

US.H

Harvard University

US.H (NEDL)

Harvard--New England Deposit Library

1.5.4

US.ICN

Newberry, Chicago

US.ICU

University of Chicago

US.KU

University of Kansas

1.5.5

US.MILC

Midwest Inter-Library Center

P.BN

2.1-4.35 (3 Sep 1840-4 May 1843); w 4.12 (17 Nov 1842)

O Procurador dos Macaistas, 1844-1845

P.BN 1.1-2.29 (6 Mar 1844-22 Sep 1845)

O Solitário na China, 1845

P.BN

1.1-1.12 (29 Sep-18 Dec 1845)

US.MiU

University of Michigan

US.NIC

1.6

Cornell University, Wason Oriental Collection

US.NN

New York Public

US.NYM

New York Missionary

US.Y

Yale University

1.9.1

P.BN

O Correio Macaense, 1838-1839

P.MP

Ta-Ssi-Yang-Kuo, 1863-1866

P.SG

1.1-3.13 (8 Oct 1863-28 Dec 1865), and 5 Apr 1866; w 1.11, 12, 20-23, 26-29 (17, 24 Dec 1863, 18 Feb-10 Mar, 31 Mar-21 Apr 1864)

1863.2, 6, 8-13; 1864.14-52 (7 Jan-29 Sep); 1864 (ii).1-13 (6 Oct-29 Dec); 1865 (ii).14-27, 31-33, 37-39, 41; 1865(iii).4, 5, 7-9

166

1.9.2

O Independente, 1867-1869, 1873-1880, 1882-1898 P.BN

1.11.4

17.3 (26 Sep 1867); 1.2 (29 May 1873); 5.168, 177 (25 Dec 1882, 21 Feb 1883); 7.277, 291 (22 Jan, 30 Apr 1885); (iii) 11.1 (17 Jan 1889); (iv) 17.8 (31 Oct 1897); also 18 Apr 1886

P.MP

(long runs)

1.12.1

P.SG

27-78 (7 May 1874-29 Apr 1875); w 46,47 (17, 24 Sep 1874)

O Echo Macaense, 1893-1899

P.BN 1.1, 13 (18 Jul, 10 Oct 1893); 5.95, 97 (8, 22 May 1898)

P.MP

(almost complete)

O Correio de Macau, 1882-1883

P.BN 1.13, 19, 20 (7 Jan, 18, 26 Feb 1883)

P.MP

1.9.3

O Oriente, 1869-1870, 1872

P.BN

1-37 (18 Jan-14 Oct 1872)

1.12.2

P.MP

O Correio Macaense, 1883-1889, 1890 (?)-1891 (?)

P.BN 3.113 (3 Nov 1885)

•

1.9.4

Gazeta de Macau e Timor, 1872-1874

1.13

A Liberdade, 1896-(?)

P.BN

1.1-2.26 (24 Sep 1872-20 Mar 1874); w 1.6, 8, 9, 16 (29 Oct, 10, 17 Nov 1872)

P.MP

1.14

P.BN 1.1, 2, 7, 21 (19, 26 Jul, 30 Aug, 6 Dec 1896)

O Oriente Portuguêz, 1892-1894

P.SG

1.1-2.26 (20 Sep 1872-20 Mar 1874)

P.BN

1.1, 2 (24 Apr, 3 May 1892)

1.9.5

Jornal de Macau, 1875-1876

1.15

O Porvir, 1897 (?)

P.BN 1.16 (25 Aug 1875)

1.9.6

A Verdade, 1880-(?)

P.BN

1.1 (2 May 1880)

(See 4.1.5.)

1.16

P.BN

O Lusitano, 1898-1899

2.54 (1899)

P.MP

1.10

1.11.2

O Noticiario Macaense, 1869-1870 P.MP

O Macaense, 1882-1892 (?)

1.18

P.BN

1.1, 31, 45 (28 Feb, 7 Dec 1882, 22 Feb 1883); 2.86

(6 Dec 1883); 4.170 (1 Apr 1886); 5.1 (10 Jun 1886); fourth series, 4.1, 6 (26 Nov, 31 Dec 1896); and 1.1 (1892)

1.19

P.MP

P.SG

1882.13 Jul-10 Aug

1.11.3

A Voz do Crente, 1887-1895

P.BN

1.1, 25 (1 Jan, 11 Jun 1887); 2.68 (7 Apr 1888)

P.MP

P.SG

1-262 (Jan 1887-26 Dec 1891)

167

A Verdade, 1908-1911

P.BN 1.2-1.5 (26 Nov-17 Dec 1908)

P.MP

(complete)

P.SG 30-107 (10 Jun 1909-1 Dec 1910); w 93, 94 (25 Aug, 1 Sep 1910)

Vida Nova, 1909-1910

P.BN 1.1 (3 Jan 1909)

P.MP

P.SG

1-100 (3 Jan 1909-27 Nov 1910)

168

CANTON AND MACAO: ENGLISH

2.1.1

Canton Register and Price Current, 1827-1828

2.1.2

Canton Register, 1828-1843

3.3.1

2.2

2.3

169

1; 4.8 Sep 1838-9.13; w 1840.7 Oct; w 1842. 1 Oct, 10 Dec; w 1844.16, 23 Mar

US.DLC

1; 2.22 Jul 1837; 7.2 Oct 1841-8.17 Dec 1842;

9; w 1:119-120, 131-136, 169-170; w 7.20, 27 Aug 1842; w 8.29 Oct, 5 Nov 1842; w 9.4, 18 Nov, 2, 16, 23 Dec 1843

Hongkong (late) Canton Register, 1843 (a) B.L

1-10 (1827-1837); 12.12 May 1839; 13.25-31, 34-48, 50-52; 14.1-23 (8 Jun 1841), includes extraordinary numbers 26 May 1831, 26 July 1834

US.H

6 (Oct 1840-Sep 1841)

US.Y

2-4 (10 Sep 1836-1 Jun 1839, 6 Jun-28 Sep 1839)

HK.U

J.TB

1.5-16.end (15 Jan 1828-26 Dec 1843); w 1.6, 7, 27; w 5.8-25; w 7.1, 12, 13, 21, 32, 33; w 15.40

1-16.1 (8 Nov 1827-3 Jan 1843)

2.4

•

Friend of China, 1842, 1860-1861

(For 1842 issue, see 3.1.1.)

HK.U

19-20 (6 Oct 1860-21 Dec 1861)

US.EI

1-5.16 Aug 1832; 6; 7; 8.28 Apr, 12 May, 23 Jun, 20 Oct, 1, 29 Dec 1835; 9; 10; 11; 12.1, 29 Jan, 19 Mar, 11 Jun, 23 Jul 1839; 13 (1840); w 5:47-55, 71-72, 105-106, 119-120; w 6:45-46, 59-60; w 9:24-27, 44

HONG KONG:

ENGLISH

8 (1835)

3.1.1

B. LOS

1.7-41; 2.1-2; 7; 8 w 8.24

Friend of China, 1842

HK.U

1.1 (17 Mar 1842)

US.DLC

US.H

2-3.15 Feb 1830; 8 w 8.7 Jul 1835; 9.5 Jan 1836; 13.7 Jul 1840; 15 w 15.9-30 Aug, 13 Sep, 13 Dec 1842; 16.24, 31 Jan, 28 Feb, 30 Jun-4 Jul, 14, 21 Nov, 5, 26 Dec 1843

2-4; 7-9

3.1.2

Friend of China and Hongkong Gazette, (a) HK.U 1.1-17.end (24 Mar 1842-Sep 1858)

1842-1859

US.MILC 8-9 (1835-1836)

US.NIC 1-3; 5; 7-10 (1827-1830, 1832, 1834-1837)

US.Y 3-4; 15.13 Sep, 11, 18, 25 Oct 1842

Chinese Courier and Canton Gazette, 1831-1833

(a) B.L

(b) US.EI

1 w 1.32, 33, 42-45; 2 w 2.1, 2, 22, 29-31; 3.1-6 (28 Jul 1831-Sep 1833)

1.1-36

Canton Press and Price Current, 1835-1844 (a) B.L

(b) US.EI

1-9.13 (12 Sep 1835-30 Mar 1844); w 3.26; w 4.6, 7, 24-28, 30, 45, 48; w 5.12; w 7.63; includes extra- ordinary numbers 13 Oct 1836, 20 Mar 1839, 27 Feb, 22, 31 Mar 1841

1 (12 Sep 1835-3 Sep 1836); 4 w 4.19, 29, 30, 31 (Sep 1838-Oct 1839)

3.1.3

G.BSL

US.DLC

US.EI

US.ICN

12 Jul 1846 (extraordinary number), 10.77 (24 Sep 1851); 17.24 (24 Mar 1858)

11.104; 12 (3 issues)

1844.2-12, 23 Mar, 2, 13, 24, 27 Apr, 4, 8,

15 May, 1, 15 Jun, 13, 27 Jul, 14 Aug; 1845.19 Mar,

9 Aug; 1853.5 Oct; 1855.8 Aug; 1856.1 Nov; 1857.9 May, 30 Sep; 1858.3 Jul

1845.9 Apr, 1 Nov

1849.27 Jan-26 Sep; 1850-1851

US.Y 1842.3, 10

Overland Friend of China, 1845-1859

(a) B.L

HK.U

1847.21 (25 Apr)-26; 1848.52 (29 Nov); 1849.53-56, 59, 61-66; 1851 w 1851.4, 6, 11-12; 1852-1859.18

1845-1858

10 May, 10 Jul, 15, 24 Nov; 1857.14 Feb, 9, 21 May, 10, 25 Aug, 30 Oct

170

171

3.3.1 Hongkong (late Canton) Register, 1843 (Jul-Dec)

(See also

Canton Register, 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 above.)

3.3.2 Hongkong Register, 1844-1859 (except as noted in 3.3.3)

3.3.3 Hongkong Register and Government Gazette, 1844 (Apr-Sep)

(a) HK.U

3.3.4

3.3.6

B.LMS

US.DLC

US.EI

US.ICN

US.Y

17-31 (1844-1858)

31.12; ns 1.281 (23 Mar 1858)

1859.27 May, 2 Jun-31 Aug

1844-1847; 1853.27 Sep-8 Nov; w 1844.6, 13, 27 Aug, 10 Sep-1 Oct, 10, 17 Dec; w 1845.7 Jan; w 1846.19 May, 2 Jun, 1, 8, 29 Sep, 6, 20 Oct, 3, 17 Nov, 8 Dec; w 1847.5, 26 Jan, 16 Feb, 9, 16, 30 Mar, 4, 18 May, T-15, 29 Jun, 6, 13 Jul, 10 Aug, 7, 28 Sep, 23 Nov; 1853 w 11 Oct

1844.21 May, 25 Jun, 13, 27 Aug, 17 Sep; 1859.10 Nov, 2, 3, 5, 7 Dec

3-24 Apr, 8, 15, 29 May, 24 Jul, 19, 26 Mar, 2, 29 Apr, 21 May,

1849.23 Jan, 6, 20 Mar, 21 Aug; 1850.26 Feb, 5, 25 Jun, 2 Jul, 17 Sep, 22 Oct-3 Dec, 17, 24 Dec; 1851.14, 21 Jan, 4 Feb, 4, 11 Mar, 8-29 Apr, 1, 22, 29 Jul,

12 Aug-16 Sep, 14, 28 Oct,

25 Nov, 16, 23 Dec

1847.5 Jan-28 Dec; 1852.13 Apr-15 Jun, 22 Jun

(Jul)-1861

Overland Register and Price Current, 1845-1859, 1860 (Jul) -1861

(a) B.L

(series i) 1-13; w 1.1-9, 12; w 5.10; w 13.15 (series ii) 1 (1859)

(series iii) 1.12-20, 22-24 (23 Jun 1860-Jan 1861)

1-10 (1845-1855), 13 (1858)

HK.U

(b) B. LMS

1859.4 Jun; 1860.13 Oct, 31 Dec

1847.29 Mar-25 Apr; 1853.27 Sep-11 Oct, 27 Oct; 1857.15 Feb; 1859.15 Feb

Overland China Chronicle, 1860 (Jan-Jun)

B.LMS 1860.27 Feb

3.3.7 Hongkong Register and Daily Advertiser, 1860 (Jun)-1861

B.L

ns 1.281 (24 Nov 1860)

China Mail, 1845-1911

3.4.1

(a) B.L

HK.SC

(b) HK.U

US.CLU

US.DLC

US.Y

1845.20 Feb-1858; 1863 w 1863.19 Mar; 1864 w 1864. Aug-Sep; 1866 w 1866.5 Apr, 14 Jun, 9 Aug (vol 22); 23-29 (1867- 1873); w 23.9 Feb, 11 May, 29 Jun, 12 Jul, 20, 27 Aug, 2, 21 Sep 1867; w 24.13, 21 Mar, 15 Jun, 22 Jul, 6, 7, 14 Aug, 26 Dec 1868; w 25.13, 23 Apr, 18, 19 May, 24 Jul, 1 Nov 1869; w 26.25, 31 Jan, 15 Jul, 14 Sep 1870; w 27.20 Feb, 17 Mar, 8, 22 Apr 1871; w 28.1 Oct 1872; w 29.31 Dec 1873; and 1874-1885.24 Sep; 1886-1888; 1901.4 Nov-1904.26 Aug

1876.Jan-Jun; 1877-1909; 1910.Jan-Sep; 1911

1853-1855; 1861-1865; 1867; 1870-1875

1845.20 Feb-1849.21 Jun (positive microfilm)

1845-1860; 1900.18 Jan; w 1853.10, 17 Mar, 14, 21 Apr,

10 Nov; w 1854.20 Jul-3 Aug; w 1856.20 Mar-10 Apr, 20 Nov, 18 Dec; w 1859.29 Dec

1845.20 Feb-1857

1845.3 Apr; 1846.12 Feb, 10 Dec; 1849.15 Mar; 1858.23 Dec; 1859.8 Sep; 1860.6 Dec

1895.14 Feb-17 Jun

1-4 (20 Feb 1845-1848)

J.ND

J.TB

US.CU

1845-1857

US.EI

1854.21 Sep

US.ICN

3.4.2

(a) B.L

1848.13-20 Jan, 20 Feb, 23 Mar-13 Apr

US.MILC 1846.19 Feb-1847.11 Feb

US.NIC 1845-1849

Overland China Mail, 1848-1909

1-2 (1848-Mar 1849); [numbers on "3" and "4" were omitted to bring volume numbering into line with that of the China Mail]; 5 (Apr-Dec 1849); 6-38 (1850-1882); 1883-1909; w 6. Feb, May, Nov 1850; w 10. part of Jan 1854; w 13. Feb-

241- Apr 1857; w 14.10 Aug 1858; w 15.183; w 17.228-230, 243; w 18; w 19.15 Jan, 1 Oct, 15 Dec 1863; w 20.298 (15 Jan 1864), 300, 302, 310, 314, 316, 320; w 21.324 (17 Feb 1865), 329, 334, 339, 344; w 22.351 (1 Apr 1866), 352, 354, 356, 359, 360, 368; w 23.369 (1 Jan 1867), 377, 387, 390, 393; w 24.394, 395, 401; w 29.15 Aug 1873;

w 30.10 Dec 1874; w 31.589 (3 Jul 1875), 595, 596, 602; W 32.603-607, 610-616 (1876)

172

173

(b) US.DLC

1848-1852; 1853.5 May; 1854.12 Apr, 27 Nov; 1855.10 Aug; 1856.10 May, 18 Oct, 15 Dec; 1857.15 Feb, 25 Sep; 1858.15 Jan; 1859.22 Jul; 1860.30 Mar, 29 Oct-31 Dec; 1861.15 Jun-31 Dec; 1899.1 Jul-1904; 1906-1909.26 Jun; w 1900.5 Mar, 3 Nov; w 1901.21 Jan

1857.30 Dec; 1861.2 Mar; 1862.27 Jun, 11 Jul; 1864.1 Jan, 1 Feb; 1865.15 Apr

1895.6 Jun-1904

J.ND

US.EI

1848.27 Feb, 24 May, 24 Jul, 28 Sep; 1849.26 Feb; 1891.30 Apr

US.Y

1856.30 Dec; 1857; 1858.28 Sep

3.4.3

Dixson's Hongkong Gazette, 1850

3.4.4

Dixson's Hongkong Recorder, 1850-1859

3.4.5

Hongkong Recorder, 1859

B. LMS

1859.3 Aug

•

HK.U

1-10 (17 Jun 1850 specimen issue, 18 Jun 1850-31 Dec 1859); w 1.21 Jun, 5 Jul, 5 Aug, 25 Sep, 16, 23, 25, 27 Oct, 22, 24, 29 Jan 1851, 19 Mar, 2, 16 May 1851; w 2.13 Aug 1851, 1, 3 Dec, 16 Jan 1852; w 3.20 Dec 1852, 10, 12 Jan 1853, 23 Feb, 2 May; w 4.18 Nov 1853; w 6.14 Jan 1856; w 8.21 Aug 1857

(b) HK.SC

US.DLC

US.EI

3.5.3

3.5.4

1870.Jul-Dec; 1871; 1872.Jan-Jun; 1873-1878; 1880; 1882-1911

1857.3, 30 Oct; 1858.20-29 Jan; 1859.5 Sep 1858.Oct-1859.Nov; 1870.10, 11, 12 Jan

1901.Sep-1902.Aug

China Overland Trade Report, 1857-1888

(a) B.L

(b) US.DLC

1858.11 Sep-1861; 8-15.1 (1864-4 Jan 1871); 22-32 (1878-1887); w 8.3, 5, 6, 17, 18, 21, 23; w 9.27, 29, 32, 38, 40, 43; w 10.2, 11, 14-16; w 11.19; w 12.9, 12; w 13.9, 15; w 14.11; w 22.26 (Dec 1878); w 23.2, 7, 18; w 24.9 May; w 27.14 Jul; w 32.20

1858.9 Aug, 27 Sep; 1859.14 Mar, 9 Aug, 11 Sep, 12, 28 Oct, 14, 20 Nov, 14, 29 Dec; 1860.14 Jan-1861.30 Nov

Hongkong Weekly Press and China Overland Trade Report, 1869-1911

(a) B.C

HK.SC

1893-1896; 1898

1895-1909

1904-1907

B.OA

1904-1907

3.4.6

Hongkong Shipping List, 1855-1857

3.4.7

Hongkong Shipping List and Commercial Intelligencer, 1857-1862

HK.U

1855.1 Aug-1861

中外新聞七日報

3.4.11 Chung-wai hsin-wen ch'i-jih pao

(See 3.4.1 during 1871-1872.6 Apr.)

3.5.5

3.6

3.7.1

3.5.1

Daily Press, Ships, Commerce and Colonies, 1857-1860

3.7.2

3.5.2

Hongkong Daily Press, Ships, Commerce and Colonies, 1861-1911

(a) B.L

1864; 1866-1867; 1868-1911; w 1864.2 Jan, 9 Feb, 7 Apr, 13 Jun; w 1866.1 Mar, 2, 5, 9-14, 20, 21, 27 Apr, 19, 23, 26 May, 7-9 Jun; w 1867.1 Mar

Hsiang-kang ch'uan-t'ou huo-chia chih 16 44

(See US. EI entries for 3.5.1.)

Hongkong Mercury and Shipping Gazette, 1866 (Jun-Dec)

B.L

1.1-162 (1 Jun-31 Dec 1866); w 1.8, 11-13, 19 Jun, 12 Jul, 28 Aug, 5-31 Dec

Daily Advertiser, 1869-1871

B.L

•

2.589-613 (2-30 Oct 1871)

Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette, 1871-1873

B.L

3 was not 2 (2 Jan-12 Dec 1872); w 2.15 Feb; [vol issued]; 4-6 (12 Dec 1872-30 Apr 1873); w 5.2 Jan

174

3.7.3

Hongkong Times, Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette, 1873-1876 (a) B.L 1-3 (1 May 1873-29 Apr 1876); w 1.7, 8 Nov 1873;

w 3.15 Nov 1875, 3 Apr 1876

HONG KONG: PORTUGUESE

4.1.4

1874.12 Nov; 1875.4 Feb

P.BN

O Independente, 1869-1873, 1880-1882

1.1-36 (18 Sep 1869-31 May 1870); w 1.18, 19 (15, 22 Jan 1870); 11.1 (7 Jan 1880)

3.7.4

Hongkong Times Mail Supplement, 1873-1876(?)

P.MP

US.EI 1874.12, 26 Nov; 1875.4, 18 Feb, 22 May, 19 Jun

Others may be found bound with 3.7.3.

4.1.5

3.8

Hongkong Telegraph, 1881-1911

(a) HK.SC 1881.Jun-1883; 1888.Mar-1907.Mar; 1907.Jul-1911

(b) B.L

US.DLC

1881-1883; w 1881.1, 20, 32, 34, 59, 60, 67, 89;

W 1882.8-22 Jan, 9, 18 Feb, 7 Apr, 13 Jun, 17 Jul, 31 Dec; w 1883, 8 Feb, 23, 26 Mar, 30 Oct, 31 Dec; also 1885.26 Mar; 1886.26 Mar; 1888.14 Jan; 1897-1903; w 1897.4, 5, 9, 13, 15, 30 Jan, 2, 6-8, 10-11, 16 Feb, 9 Apr, 24 May, 7, 22-23 Jun; w 1898.22 Jan, 8 Apr, 23 Jun, 28, 29 Nov; w 1899.10, 11 Feb, 31 Mar, 24 May, 26 Jun, 15 Dec; w 1900.31 Jan, 13 Apr, 24 May, 1-9 Sep 1900-1911; w 1907.31 Oct; w 1908.17 Apr, 10 Oct; w 1909. 6 Jan, 16 Aug, 3, 17 Sep, 15 Nov, 2 Dec; w 1910.6 Jun; w 1911.16, 27 Feb, 28 Apr, 30 Sep, 12, 19 Oct, 13 Nov

South China Morning Post, 1903-1911

3.9

(a) B.L

1-9 (1903.16 Nov-1911)

US.DLC

1-9; w 1906.2 May, 2 Aug, 24 Nov; w 1907.25 Jan, 2 Aug; w 1908.3 Nov; w 1909.4 Jan, 10 Jun

2-9 (1904-1911); w 2.120, 202; w 3.311, 312, 363; w 8.392, 393, 403, 404, 500, 587; w 9 (10 issues)

3.10.1 Hongkong Catholic Register, 1878-1880

B.L

1.15-16, 18, 20-36 (11 Mar-Aug 1878); 2 (2 Sep 1878- Aug 1879); 3.1-7, 9-17 (3 Sep-27 Dec 1879); 4.13 (30 Nov 1880)

3.10.2 Catholic Register, 1881-1888(?)

B.L

6.28 (17 Mar 1883), 31, 34, 44; 7.3 (22 Sep 1883), 14, 15; 8.23-25; 9.5 (7 Nov 1885), 6, 21, 26; 10.2 (9 Oct 1886), 9-11, 17, 19, 20, 22-24, 27 (17 Sep 1887)

4.1.6

4.2

175

0 Porvir, 1897-1907

P.BN

1-163 (20 Nov 1897-29 Dec 1900); w 11, 12, 15, 16, 106, 160, 161 (29 Jan, 5, 26 Feb, 5 Mar 1898, 25 Dec 1899, 8, 15 Dec 1900); 422-482 (6 Jan 1906-2 Mar 1907); w 441, 442, 453-456, 459-460, 476 (19, 26 May, 11 Aug-1 Sep, 20, 27 Sep 1906, 26 Jan 1907)

P.MP

O Portuguêz na China, 1860-(?) 1.2 (13 Aug 1860)

P.BN

O Echo do Povo, 1859-1868, 1869

B.L

8.361 (27 Feb 1866)

P.BN

1.7, 16, 18, 19, 26, 31 (15 May, 17, 31 Jul, 7 Aug, 25 Sep, 30 Oct 1859); 4.27 Apr 1862

P.MP

North-China Herald, 1850-1867

SHANGHAI:

ENGLISH

5.1.1

(a) B.L

US.CStH

US.DLC

US.H

G.BSL

HK.U

US.EI

1-7 (Aug 1850-Jul 1856), 11-16 (7 Jan 1860-16 Dec 1865) 1-18 (3 Aug 1850-30 Mar 1867); also micro: reel 1, 1852.24 Apr, 5, 22 Mar; 6-7 (1856): reel 2, 9-10 (1859) 1.1 (3 Aug 1850), 1853.28 May, 17 Sep; 1854.4 Mar, 10 Jun; also positive micro 1852-1861

1-16; w 2.53, 55, 56; also micro 1850-1861; 1864-1865

14-17 (1863-8 Apr 1867)

3.129 (1853)

10.471-12.27 Dec (6 Aug 1859-27 Dec 1862)

1-3.124; 5.23, 30 Sep 1854, 24 Mar, 7, 21, 28 Apr,

5 May 1855; 12.566 (1 Jun 1861); 13.4, 18 Jan, 22 Mar 1862

176

5.1.2

US.ICN

1850.3 Aug-1851; 1854-1855

US.KU 17 (1866-1867)

North-China and Japan Market Report, 1858-1865

5.1.3

B.L

B.OA

140, 143, 145 (8 Jan, 21 Feb, 25 Mar 1863)

There are copies bound with 5.1.1.

North-China Overland Herald and Market Report, 1865-1867

B.OA There are copies bound with 5.1.1.

US.H

See micro holdings, 1867.8 Jan-25 Mar with vol 1 of North China Herald and Market Report.

North-China Herald and Market Report, 1867-1870

5.1.4

(a) B.OA

HK.U

US.CSTH

1-3 (3 Aug 1867-30 Mar 1870)

1-3

1-3 also on positive micro

US.Y

2.72, 77-78 (5 Sep, 13 Oct-28 Dec 1868); 3

1; 3

5.1.5

North-China Herald and Supreme Court and Consular Gazette, 1870-1911

(Volume numbers follow on from 5.1.4.)

(a) B.L

4-88 (Apr 1870-1911); w 17.30 Sep 1877; w 20.22 Jun 1878; w 22.3 Jun 1879; w 36.31 Mar 1886; w 42.29 Jun 1889; w 55.5 Jul 1895; w 56.29 May 1896; w 58.1 Jan 1897

US.H

US.KU

US.NYM

US.Y

177

1870.Jul-Dec; 9-31 (Jul 1872-1883); 33 (Jul-Dec 1884), 35-39 (Jul 1885-1887); 40-42 (1888-Jun 1889); 52-53 (5 May 1894-Dec 1894); 54 (4 Jan-1 Mar 1895); 54-56 (29 Mar 1895-11 Sep 1896) w 1499, 1500, 1510, 1512; 65-67 (11 Jul 1900-1901) w 1724, 1725, 1730, 1731, 1738, 1745, 1749, 1751, 1755, 1757, 1766, 1777; 68-88; also micro 1889.6 Jul-1900.Jun

67-70 (Oct 1901-Feb 1903); 76-77 (Jul-Dec 1905); 84-88 (Jul 1907-1911)

16-86 (1877-1910); w 1877.Jul-Dec; w 1878.Jul-Dec; w 1880; w 1881.Jul-Dec

4-12; 26; 35-50; 56; 85-88

1890-1892

1883.825; 1891-1911

77.991 (6 Oct 1905)

B.O

F.BN

G.BSL

1890.Jul-Dec

HK.SC

1906

J.TB

J.TO

US.CU

4-7 (1870-1871); 56; 59; 61; 64; 67-69; 72-88 44-88; w 73.Jul-Dec 1904

1896-1911

US.ICU

1909.Jul-1911

US.MILC

US.MiU

86-91 (1908-Jun 1909)

1910-1911

B.OA

HK.U

4-88; w 1888; w 1890; w 1905-1906

4-88

US.CSTH

US.DLC

US.EI

4-88 also positive micro 1883, 1886, 1888, 1893, 1899, 1904, 1906, 1907

4-88; w 1872.11 Jan, 14 Mar, 16 Aug; w 1873.19 Jul, 9 Aug; w 1875.28 Oct; w 1876.6 Jan, 17 Feb, 30 Mar; w 1879.7 Mar; w 1880.10 Aug; w 1882.12 May, 7 Jul; w 1883.21 Mar, 6 Jul, 10 Aug, 29 Sep; w 1884.25 Apr, 11, 18 Jul; w 1885.18 Apr; w 1889.6, 27 Jul, 3, 10, 24, 31 Aug, 7 Sep

4-8 (1870-Jun 1872); 13-14 (Jul 1874-Jul 1875); 18-21 (1877-1878); 66-88 (1901-1911)

5.1.7

Daily Shipping and Commercial News, 1862-1864

(a) B.L

1862.27 Jan, 3, 21, 24, 28 Feb, 11, 24, 27-29 Mar, 9 Apr, 30 May, 3 Jun, 7 Jul, 8, 15, 20 Aug, 6, 24, 26-27, 29 Sep, 2, 9 Oct, 22 Nov, 1, 13 Dec; 1863.7-8,

↓

15, 17, 24 Jan, 14, 17-18, 23 Feb, 7-11, 22 Apr, 11, 13-14, 20-21, 23, 26-27, 30 May, 3 Jun

9.2880 (10 Mar 1864) bound with North-China Herald (5.1.1) of 1864

North-China Daily News, 1864-1911

5.1.8

(a) B.L

1869; 1871; 1872.Jul-1874; 1875.Jul-1877.Jun; 1878-1879. Jun; 1884.15 May; 1889-1893.Jun

US.CStH 1866.Jul-1867; 1871-1873.Jun; 1874-1875.Jan;

1877-1879.Jun; 1880-1881; 1883-1884; 1886-1891

་་་་

178

5.3.2

5.3.4

5.4.1

5.7.1

(b) B.OA

US.EI

1.61 (10 Aug 1864)

1904

Commercial Record, 1864-1866

F.LOV

1865

Supreme Court and Consular Gazette, 1867-1869

F.LOV

US.DLC

1-6 (1867-1869) [This set belonged to Augustine Heard, Jr.]

1-6; w 1867.12-26 Jan, 6, 27 Jul, 3, 31 Aug-21 Sep, 5, 12 Oct, 9 Nov; w 1868.25 Jan, 14 Nov-26 Dec

Friend of China, 1863-1869

US.EI

21.12 (18 Feb 1863)

Shanghai News-Letter for California and the Atlantic States, 1867-1871

179

Celestial Empire, 1874-1911

5.7.8

(a) B.L

5.7.9

US.DLC

US.NIC

(b) J.TB

US.CStH

US.EI

US.H

1-27 (4 Jul 1874-Jun 1886) w 23.1-16; ["28" is skipped in the volume numbering]; 29 w 29.2 Jul, 1 Dec 1886; 30 w 30.5 Jan, 10 Jun 1887; 31 then 18-19 with 19 becoming 21 (1888); 22 w 22.1 Feb 1889; 23 (Jul-Dec 1889); 24 ["35" is on the index]; 36-50.27 (Jul 1890- 1897); 1908.17 Oct

1900.11 Jul-1909.26 Jun; w 1900.23 Jul, 6 Aug; w 1901.25 Sep; w 1902.25 Feb, 16 Apr; w 1909.2 Jan

1902-1911

1-7 (1874-1877)

7 (Jul-Dec 1876); 10 (Jan-Jun 1878); 15 (Jan-Jun 1880) 51.11-13; 52.1-2, 5-12; 53.1-13; 54.9-22; 70.1-2 38.Jan-16 Oct 1891

81-88 (1907-1908); w 84.21 Dec 1907

Shanghai Courier and China Gazette, 1875-1890

US.DLC 1876.11 Mar

US.DLC

US.EI

1.3 (16 Jan 1868)

1868.14 Jul

5.7.10 Shanghai Mercury,

1879-1911

5.7.2

Shanghai News-Letter, 1871-1873

US.DLC 1879.17-23 May

US.EI

1871.12 Jun; 1872.25 Jul; 1873.11 Sep

5.9

China Gazette, 1894-1911

5.7.3

Shanghai Evening Courier, 1868-1875

US.DLC

B.L

US.EI

ns 7.274-8.575 (3 Jan-31 Dec 1874)

1873.30 Jul

5.7.4

Shanghai Budget and Weekly Courier, 1871-1873

US.EI

1873.17 Apr, 3, 17, 24 May, 7 Jun-9 Aug, 30 Oct, 6 Nov, 31 Dec

5.7.5

1874.Jan-18 Jul

Shanghai Budget and Weekly News-Letter, 1874-1875

US.EI

5.7.6

Evening Gazette, 1873 (Jun-Sep), 1874-1875

B.L

1874.15 Jan-Dec

US, DLC

1.56 (3 Aug 1873)

5.11

US.H

(NEDL)

1907.3 Nov-1911; w 1907.5-7 Nov, 12-14 Dec; w 1908.1-6 24, Jan, 25 Mar, 10 Oct; w 1909.8, 22 Apr, 1-5 May, 2, 27 Jun; w 1910.2, 3, T1, 12 May, 8, 9 Jun, 1-7 Jul, 10-11 Aug, 2, 3, 8 Sep, 3, 4, 25 Oct, 6-9 Nov, 11, 19, 28 Nov, 19, 21, 24, 27-29 Dec; w 1911.6, 19, 20-30 Jan, 24 Feb, 22 Mar, 14 Apr, 9-T2 Jun, 28-29 Aug, 1-4, 8, 9, 22, 24 Nov, 6, 7, 27, 28 Dec

5 (Jul-Dec 1901) w 23 Sep, 4, 25 Nov 1901; 6 (Jan-Jun 1902)

6 (Jul-Dec 1902) w 21 Jul, 4 Aug, 15 Sep, 8 Dec; 7 (Jan- Jul, 31 Dec 1903) w 9 Feb, 19 Mar, 23 Apr, 14, 28 May, 11, 16 Jun

Shanghai Times, 1901-1911

US.NN 1909.21 Sep-13 Oct, 15-31 Dec; 1910-1911.19 Jul

180

5.16

The Cycle, 1870-1871

B.L

J.TB

US.EI

1 (May 1870-Jun 1871)

5.17

South-China Daily Journal (or Nanfangpao), 1905-1907(?)

US.MILC

282 (7 Jun 1906); 358-748 (28 Aug 1906-30 Sep 1907); w 1906.7 Sep, 1 Oct, 27 Nov, 18, 20, 26, 30, 31 Dec; w 1907.1-2, 15 Jan, 6, 9-15, 20-21, 29-30 Feb, 11, 20, 30 Mar, 18, 21, 28 Apr, 12, 25 Sep

6.7.2

L'Echo de Chine, 1901-1911

F.BN

1.14 (29 May 1901), 1904-1911

6.8.1

181

Der Ostasiatische Lloyd, 1887-1911

(a) G.DS

(b) G.DB

G.UH

1887-1889; 1894.Oct-1896.Sep; 1901.Jul-Dec; 1905.Jul- Dec; 1906

1906.Jul-1909; 1910.Jul-1911

1888-1890; 1900-1905; 1906.Jan; 1907. Feb; 1908; 1909.Jan-Feb; 1910

6.6.2

SHANGHAI:

FRENCH AND GERMAN

Le Courrier de l'Extrême-Orient, 1886

1.1-1.38 (1886)

F.BN

L'Echo de Chine, 1897-1911

6.7.1

(a) F.BN

(b) US.DLC

US.EI

1898-1900; 1901.23 Mar-1903; 1904.16 Mar; 1905; 1906. 2569 (13 Jan), 2579-94, 2601 (23 Feb), 2612, 2775 (22 Sep), 2813 (5 Nov), 2815-16, 2819-20, 2822, 2825-26, 2829-32, 2835, 2837-38, 2840-46, 2848-49, 2854-55

(29 Dec); 1907; w 4.1093, 1102-1153, 1158-59, 1161-70, 1173-77, 1186-97 (24 Jul 1901), 1200, 1216, 1218-21, 1228, 1230-37 (8 Sep 1901), 1256, 1270-73, 1291, 1297, 1328-40 (13 Jan 1902), 1350, 1370-74, 1382-93, 1399, 1410, 1417-22 (22 Apr 1902), 1460-63, 1465-1568; w 5.1573, 1575-93, 1596-98, 1600-04, 1611-16, 1622-24, 1629-85 (26 Aug-30 Oct 1902), 1687-92, 1695-1736 (11 Nov-31 Dec 1902), 1750-60, 1769-70, 1774, 1779-90 (9 Mar 1903), 1792-99, 1803-07, 1809, 1811-14, 1816-17, 1826-38, 1887, 1897, 1899-1909, 1911, 1925-30 (21 Aug 1903), 1939, 1950-55, 1958, 1973, 1975, 1988-90, 1992, 1996, 2007 (20 Nov 1903), 2015, 2022-23, 2025, 2036, 2039 (30 Dec 1903); w 1905.1 Jan-20 May, 2375, 2377-78, 2380-81, 2386, 2393-94, 2397-2413, 2446 (16 Aug), 2449-50, 2452, 2456, 2459, 2461-97, 2499-2501 (22 Oct-31 Dec); w 1907.1-3 Jan, 16-29 Mar, 2-4 Apr, 14 Apr-31 Dec

•

1905.1 Apr-30 Dec w 7, 9, 10 May, 15 Jul, 1-3 Nov, 3, 4, 22 Dec

1898.11-17 Jan

G.WD

1908

1905.44, 50; 1910.24-52; 1911.1-5, 35-51

J.KU

17.27-25.52 (3 Jul 1903-24 Dec 1911)

6.8.2

Shanghaier Nachrichten, 1907-1911

G.BIA

G.UB

1908-1911

6.8.3

US.MILC 1-5 (1907-1911)

Handelsnachrichten, 1907-1911

G.BIA

G.UB

1908-1911

Additional and uncatalogued issues of 6.8.2 and 6.8.3 may be found with the holdings of the parent newspaper 6.8.1.

CHINA: OTHER CITIES

Tientsin

Chinese Times, 1886-1891

7.1

B.L

B.LOS

1-5; w 3.26 Jan, 16 Feb, 30 Mar 1889

1-5

J.TB

1-5

US.CSTH 1-5 (6 Nov 1886-28 Mar 1891)

182

7.2

7.5

Tsingtao

7.10

7.11

7.13

Peking

7.14

Peking and Tientsin Times, 1894-1911

B.L

US.DLC

1-9.9; 9.11-9.24 (Mar 1894-18 Oct 1902 but 1900-1902 in very poor condition)

1900-1901.6 Apr; w 1900.27 Oct; w 1901.12 Jan, 23 Mar

Tageblatt für Nordchina, 1904-1911

G.BSL

1913.111 (As the library catalogue was destroyed, it is possible that pre-1911 issues are here.)

Die Deutsch-Asiatische Warte, 1899 (?)-1911

G.H

J.KU

1904

5.1-6.53 (3 Jan 1903-31 Dec 1904)

Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten, 1904-1911

(a) G.BIA

1904.Oct-1911

1909; 1910 (incomplete); 1911

G.WD

J.TU

1908; 1909.Jan-Mar; 1911.Jul-Dec

1910.14, 21 Jan

Kiaut schou-Post, 1908 (?)-1911

G.F

J.KU

1908-1911

1908.Aug-1911

China Times, 1901

US.EI 1.106 (3 Jun 1901)

7.15

Pekinger Deutsche Zeitung, 1901-(?)

B.L

2, 11 (13 Jan, 17 Mar 1901)

7.17.1 Chinese Public Opinion, 1908-1909

7.19

183

Peking Post, 1910 (Jan-Feb)

B.L

1-22 w 2 (14 Jan-8 Feb 1910) in very poor condition

Manchuria

7.20

7.23

Novyi Krai, Port Arthur 1900-1906, Harbin 1907-1911

USSR.L 1900.1 (1 Jan); 1901-1904; 1907; 1911 US.CStH 1902.27 Sep; 1903.20 Aug; 1904.1, 3 Jan

US.DLC

1902.23 Jan-1904.25 Apr; w 1902.29 Jan-3 Feb, 21 Feb, 24 Mar, 28 Apr, 25 Sep; w 1903.30 Mar-4 Apr, 22 Aug, 19 Nov, 26-31 Dec; w 1904.26-30 Jan, 12, 13 Feb, 5 Mar

Kharbinskii Vestnik, 1903-1911

USSR.L 1903-1905; 1911

US.DLC

1904.7 Apr-1905.13 Nov; w 1904.17, 23 Jun, 20 Aug, 28 Oct; w 1905.7, 13, 14 Jan; 22, 26 Oct (dates are old style)

7.25.3 Novaia Zhizn', 1907-1911

USSR.L 1911

7.40.1

Wei-hai-wei Lyre, (?)-1901

B.L

73 (28 Feb 1901)

7.40.2 Wei-hai-wei Gazette, 1901-(?)

B.L

1.1 (19 Mar 1901)

LONDON

8.1.1

China Telegraph, 1858-1859

8.1.2

London and China Telegraph, 1859-1911

(a) B.L

1-53 (30 Nov 1858-1911); w 13.22 May 1871; w 19.22 Jun 1877 [Vols 1-4 are Nov-Oct; vol 5, Nov to following Dec; thereafter, calendar year.]

1866-1876; 1893-1900; 1901-1904 [This holding has a considerable number of missing issues.]

B.L

1-151 (5 May 1908-29 Apr 1909)

7.17.2

Peking Daily News, 1909-1911

B.L

1.5-43, 45, 46, 49 (8 May-22 Jun, 25, 26, 30 Jun 1909)

8.1.3

China Express, 1858-1859

184

8.1.4

8.2

8.3.1

8.3.2

8.3.3

8.4

8.5

8.7

London and China Express, 1859-1911

(a) B.L

1-53 (30 Nov 1858-1911)

CHINESE-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

OF CHINA-COAST NEWSPAPER TITLES

185

B. LOS

1-53

1884 (2 issues only); 1894-1911

US.EI

US.MILC

3.52, 67-69, 71-75 (10 Jan-26 Dec 1861)

13-15 (13 Oct 1871-10 Oct 1873)

London and China Herald, 1867-1870 (?)

B.L

1-3 (10 Oct 1867-17 Jun 1870)

European Mail (for the East), 1870-1898

B.L

7.368 (15 Apr 1870-9 May 1898)

Overland Mail, 1855-1911

B.L

1-2958 (1855-1914)

Overland Mail, China, 1870 (?)-(?)

B.L

1010-1113 (8 Jun 1877-27 Dec 1878)

Thacker's Overland News for India, China and the East, 1857-1864

B.L

1857.10 Jan-1864.26 Dec

Homeward Mail from India, China and the Far East and Official Gazette, 1857-1911

B.L

1857-1911

In this glossary, the Chinese titles are arranged alphabetically

by the standard Wade-Giles system, and each is followed by the name of the

It is always China-coast newspaper to which the Chinese is known to refer.

possible, however, that the same characters may have been used to designate

Official a similar Western-language title, especially one in the same group. Chinese names, even where established, were not always used, and undoubtedly

other Chinese variations exist.

Ao-men ch'ao-pao A Chronica de Macão (1.3)

Ao-men hsin ching-pao 澳門新鏡報

澳門新聞

Vida Nova (1.19)

Ao-men hsin-wen chih Gazeta de Macau e Timor (1.9.4),

through Apr. 29, 1873

Ao-men ti-men hsin-wen TP9 P Gazeta de Macau e Timor (1.9.4),

from May 6, 1873

捷報

Chieh pao China Gazette (5.9)

Chih-ai-kuo che

Chih-fu ch'ai-pao

Chin-puLe Progrès (6.5)

Verdadeiro Patriota (1.7)

Chefoo Morning Post (7.32)

Ching-Chin t'ai-shih shih pao Peking and Tientsin

Times (7.2)

Oriental Herald and Colonial Review, 1824-1829(?)

B.L

1-23 (1824-1829)

Ching hai ts'ung-pao

Ching-wei pao

o Echo Macaense (1.11.4)

China Review (7.6.1)

Ch'u pao Central China Post (7.39)

Chung-Fa (hsin) hui-pao L'Echo de Chine (6.7.1)

Chung-kuo chih wai-yutt

Chung-kuo chih yu 中

Overland Friend of China (3.1.3)

Chung-yang yu-pao Central China Post (7.39)

Ch'uan-wu pao

友 Friend of China (2.4; 3.1.1; 3.1.2; 5.4.1) 中央郵報

L'Echo de Tientsin ((7.8)

L'Echo de Chine (6.7.1)

Fu-chien yin-tzu-kuan EP

福建印字館

(publishers) Amoy Gazette and

Shipping Report (7.28.2)

Fa-hsing shih-wu pao

186

Fu-chou-fu ch'ai-pao # Foo-chow-foo Courier (7.35)

Fu-chou kuang-kao pao+Foochow Advertiser (7.33.1) Fu-chou mei-jih hui-sheng pao

回聲報

Foochow Daily

Echo (7.34)

Han jih-shih pao

漢日時報

Hankow Times (7.37)

Hao ching hsin-pao

Macaense (1.11.2)

Hsiang-kang hang-yunlu

香港廣告報

Hsiang-kang Te-ch'en tsa-hsiang chi-lu

Dixson's Hongkong Recorder (3.4.4)

Hongkong Shipping List (3.4.6)

Hsiang-kang kuang-kao pao Daily Advertiser (3.7.1)

Hsiang-kang tien-wen pao

Hongkong Telegraph (3.8)

Hsiang-kang tsa-hsiang jih-pao ## 1 □ #Hongkong Recorder (3.4.5)

Hsin-wen chih China Express (8.1.3)

Hsun-huan The Cycle (5.16)

Hua ch'ai-pao yt Tung ch'ao-pao # * # 2 tay k

and Canton Gazette (2.2)

Hua-yang t'ung-wen Celestial Empire (5.7.8)

I-hsin Shanghai Daily Press (5.10.1)

I-wen hsi-pao

Kuang-tung chi-lu

Kuang-tung pao

China Times (7.4.1; 7.14)

Canton Register (2.1)

Chinese Courier

Canton Press and Price Current (2.3)

Shang-hai hui-sheng pao

Shang-hai mei-jih shih-pao

(5.2.1)

Shang-hai pao-chieh

L'Echo de Changhai (6.6.1)

4 ♬ a‡ #k

Shanghai Daily Times

Le Nouvelliste de Changhai (6.4.1)

Shanghai Recorder (5.3.1)

Shang-hai tsai-chi

Shang-hai t'ung-hsin

and the Atlantic states (5.7.1)

Shih-hsin pao

Shanghai News-Letter for California

Shanghai Free Press (5.12)

Shih-mi hsin-wen or Hsi-paoor Hongkong Telegraph

(3.8)

Ta-hsi-yang-kuo ★ Ta-Ssi-Yang-Kuo (1.9.1)

Ta-lu pao

China Press (5.13)

T'ai-shih pao Sheng-pao or T'ai-wu shih-pao

士報

Shanghai Times (5.11)

Te-ch'en (hsi) pao () China Mail (3.4.1)

Te-wen hsin-pao

Der Ostasiatische Lloyd (6.8.

3.1) 澳門人

Ti-kuo Ao-men ren Macaista Imparcial (1.4.1)

187

or 03

泰昭

帝國

T'ien-chin hui-sheng pao

L'Echo de Tientsin (7.8)

T'ien-chin shih-pao

Chinese Times (7.1)

T'ien-chin t'ai-shih shih-pao ;‡ ‡ ±

Peking and Tientsin

Times (7.2)

Tung-yang t'ung-wen

Celestial Empire (5.7.8)

Tsu-tz'u pao 3

Daily Press, Ships, Commerce, and Colonies (3.5.1)

蜜蜂華報

Mi-feng Hua-pao A Abelha da China (1.1)

Nan-hua ch'en-pao South China Morning Post (3.9)

北華捷報

Pei-llua chieh-pao North-China Herald (5.1.1)

Pei-yang Te-Hua jih-pao

Tsui-kao fa-t'ing yu ch'in-shih kung-pao

Supreme Court and Consular Gazette (5.3.4)

Tzu-lin pao

North-China Daily News (5.1.8)

Wan ch'ai-pao

Shanghai Evening Express (5.5)

Tageblatt für Nordchina (7.5)

Wan-pao

Evening Gazette (5.7.6)

Shang-hai ch'ai-pao

Shanghai Evening Courier (5.7.3) or

Wen-hui pao

文匯報

Le Courrier de Changhai (6.4.2)

Shang-hai ching-lang yu mei-chou ch'ai-pao ¡Ð 1⁄2 ‡R

Shanghai Budget and Weekly Courier (5.7.4)

Ya-tung shih-pao

Shanghai Mercury (5.7.10)

Ostasiatische Nachrichten (7.9)

Ying-wen Pei-ching jih-pao It §. $12

英文北京日報 Chinese Public Opinion

(7.17.1)

APPENDIX

A. Other China-Coast Periodicals Published through 1911

189

The editor recognizes that the dividing line between newspapers and other periodicals has, in some cases at least, been necessarily arbitrary. A simple, alphabetical list of late Ch'ing "other China-coast periodicals"

may, therefore, be of use to the student of modern China, if only to confirm

that a certain title did indeed exist although excluded from consideration in this guide. The following list includes periodicals of the same general scope as the China-coast newspapers; it excludes annuals and specialized scientific

and Sinological periodicals. Certain borderline periodicals have been in- cluded. Readers will also wish to consult Kwang-Ching Liu, Americans and

Chinese, especially for missionary periodicals and material published in the

United States. Items preceded by an asterisk (*) are referred to elsewhere

in the guide and may be located in the bibliography or through the index.

American Association of China, Journal (Shanghai), 1899-1911(?)

Amtsblatt für das Schutzgebiet Kiauts chou (Tsingtao), 1902-1911

Asiatic Society of China, Journal; then, Royal Asiatic Society of Great

Britain and Ireland, China Branch, Transactions (Hong Kong), 1848-1855.

Boletim do Governo Ecclesiastico da Diocese de Macau, 1903-1911 *Boletim Oficial do Governo da Província de Macau (title varies), 1839-1911

*Bund (Shanghai), 1867, also 1906

*Canton Commercial List, 1848-1856(?)

Canton General Price Current, 1834-1839

Canton Miscellany, 1831

Canton Price Current, 1828-1833

Canton Weekly Prices Current, 1831

Capital and Commerce (Shanghai), 1911

Catholic Circle (Hong Kong), 1883

O Catholico (Macao), 1872-1873

Central China Record (Shanghai), 1898-1906

190

China Magazine (Hong Kong), 1868-1870

*China Punch (Hong Kong), 1867-1868, 1872-1876

China Record (Hong Kong), 1861

*China Review, or Notes and Queries on the Far East (Hong Kong), 1872-1901

La Chine Nouvelle (Paris), 1899-1901

Chinese and Corean Journal of Commerce and Engineering (in Chinese; London),

1894-1896

Chinese and Japanese Repository of Facts and Events in Science, History, and

Art relating to Eastern Asia (London and Paris), 1863-1865 (?) Chinese Illustrated News (Shanghai), fl. 1893

Chinese Miscellany (Shanghai), 1849-1850

Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal (Foochow; then, after 1873,

Shanghai), 1869-1911

Chinese Repository (Canton),

1832-1851

Commercial Price Current (Canton, then Macao), 1835-1843

Commonwealth (Shanghai), 1875-1876

Customs Gazette (Shanghai), 1871-1911

East of Asia Magazine (Shanghai), 1902-1906

Eastern Sketch, An Illustrated Weekly (Shanghai),

1904-1909

*Evangelist: and Miscellanea Sinica (Canton), 1833

*Far East (Shanghai), 1876-1878 (also Yokohama, 1870-1871)

Far East (Shanghai), 1905-1906

Far Eastern Review (Shanghai), 1904-1911

*Der Ferne Osten (Shanghai), 1902-1911

Flying Dragon Reporter for China, Japan, and the East (in Chinese and

English; London), 1866-1870

Foochow Market Report, 1870-1881(?)

Foochow Weekly Market Reports, 1870-1893

*Friend of China (London), 1875-1911

Fuhkien Witness (Foochow), 1902-1906

Hankow Price Current and Market Report, 1866-1881 (?)

*Hong Kong Government Gazette, 1853-1911

*Hongkong Gazette, 1841

Hongkong Monthly Magazine, 1857-1858 (?)

Hongkong Philatelic Journal, 1895

Impulso ás Letras (Hong Kong), 1865-1866 Indo-Chinese Gleaner (Malacca), 1818-1821

Journal Asiatique (Paris), 1822-1911

*Malacca Observer and Chinese Chronicle, 1826-1829 *Manchurian Month (Dairen), 1911 (?)

Mesny's Chinese Miscellany (Shanghai), 1895-1911 Missionary Recorder (Foochow), 1867

Monthly Bulletin of the China Christian Educational Association (absorbed

by Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal)

*Municipal Gazette (Shanghai), 1908-1911

National Review (Shanghai), 1900-1911

191

*Notes and Queries on China and Japan (Hong Kong; a monthly digest of press

opinion), 1867-1870

*Odds and Ends, An Illustrated Journal (Hong Kong), 1896-1899

Omnibus (in German; Hong Kong), 1867

*Oriental, see Tung Ngai San Luk

Ostasiatische Rundschau (Shanghai and Tsingtao), 1900-(?)

Owl (Canton), 1866

*Papers on China (Hong Kong), 1867-1870 (?)

Peking Gazette (reprints of translations in the North China Herald;

Shanghai), 1873-1900

Peking Oriental Society, Journal,

1885-1898

Puck or the Shanghai Charivari, 1871-1872 Punch (Shanghai), 1865, 1867

Quarterly Record of the Christian Literature Society for China (London?),

1902-1911

Rattle (Shanghai), 1896-(?)

Relatório do Governador da Província de Macau e Timor (Lisbon), 1880-1889

Review of the Far East (Hong Kong), 1906-(?)

Review of the Times (Shanghai), fl. 1893

La Revue de la Semaine (Shanghai), 1911

*La Revue de l'Extrême Orient (Shanghai), 1901-1902

192

*La Revue Philatelique (Shanghai?), fl. 1889

*Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, [North] China Branch,

Journal (Shanghai), 1858-1860, 1864-1911 (see also Asiatic Society of China, Journal)

Saturday Review (Shanghai), 1906-1909; then National Review, 1909-1911 Shanghae Commercial List, fl. 1863

Shanghae Market Report, 1857-1865 (?)

Shanghae Shipping List, 1861(?)-1864 (?)

Shanghai Chronicle of Fun, Fact and Fiction (Shanghai), 1859

Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society, Journal, 1858 (for continuation,

see Royal Asiatic Society...,

Journal)

Social Circle (Shanghai), 1878-1879

Social Shanghai, and Other Parts of China (Journal de Dames), 1906-1911 *South China Weekly Post (Hong Kong), 1903-1911

Spectator (Hong Kong), 1854

*Sport and Gossip (Shanghai), 1895 (?)-1902

Sportsman's Pocket Book (Hong Kong), 1895-1896

*Ta-Ssi-Yang-Kuo (Lisbon), 1899-1902

*Temperance Union (Shanghai), 1879-1911

Tientsin Daily Shipping Report and Customs Report (of the Imperial

Maritime Customs), fl. 1893

Tientsin Sunday Journal, 1911

Tientsin Young Men (Y.M.C.A), 1902-(?)

Trudui Chlenov Rossyskoi Dukhovnoi Missii v Pekine (papers by the members

of the Russian Church Mission at Peking), 1907(?)-1910

*Tung Ngai San Luk

San Francisco), 1855-(?)

Union (Shanghai), fl. 1893

(The Oriental, a bilingual publication;

ANTUNG

Japanese-Language Newspapers Published in China through 1911*

Antó maiyū shinbun安東每夕新聞

Editor: Kanō Sanji 嘉納三治

Anto-shinpō 安東新報,1906-1911

Editor: Kaneko Yahei 金子彌平

1908-1911

•

In 1912 this newspaper merged with Anto maiyu shinbun.

タイムス, [sic]安東

1907-(?)

Kaneko Chō

金子長

Antō Times [sic] Times 9447

Editor:

Mankan nippo, 1907-(?)

Editor: Noguchi Tanait

Manshū jitsugyo shinpō 滿州实業新報(daily), 1907-(?)

Editor: Tsubakii Hitsuji ✯✯ ✯

Tōhen jihō 東边時報

Editor:

CHANGCHUN

1908-(?)

金子長

Kaneko Chō 7

Chōshun nippō 長春日報, 1909-1911 Hakoda Takuma 箱田琢磨

Editor:

CHIEN-TAO

Kanto jihō

Editor:

P(weekly), 1910-(?) Yamazaki Keinosuke 山崎慶之助

Vestnik Azii (Asian bulletin; Harbin?), 1909-1911

Waffles' Bi-monthly (Amoy), 1875-1878(?)

Weekly Review of the Far East (Shanghai), Vol. 17 in 1921

West China Messenger (Chungking), 1902-1910

Wochenblatt für die Angehörigen der Ostasiatischen Besatzungs-Bregade

(Tsingtao; pub. by German military forces, Sunday), 1902-(?)

*The information for this appendix was collected by Chuzo Ichiko

The romanization was undertaken by Motoi and his colleagues.

Hiramatsu.

193

194

DAIREN

Manshū nichinichi shinbun 滿州日日新聞,1907-1911

Publisher: Manshū nichinichi shinbunsha 滿州日日新聞社; editor: Hoshino Shaku 星野錫

Extant copies: Tokyo University Law School, Nos. 1-1214 (Nov. 1907-

Feb. 1911); Tokyo University Library (July-Nov. 1910, Jan.-Apr. 1911);

National Diet Library, Nos. 752-6994 (Nov. 23, 1909-Oct. 30, 1927)

This newspaper combined with Ryōtō shinpō in 1927.

Manshū shinpō 滿州新報,1909-(?)

Ryōtō shinpō 遠東新報,1905-1911

HANKOW

Editor: Suenaga Jun'ichirō

Junlichirō末永純一郎

Kankō nippō 漢口日報,1907-(?)

HONG KONG

Editor: Oka Köshichirō 岡幸七郎

Honkon nippō ✯ ✯✯ (Hong Kong daily news), 1909-1911

Founder, publisher, and editor: Matsushima Shue 松島宗衛, formerly assistant editor of Manshu nippō (Mukden).

LIAOYANG

Ryoyo mainichi shinbun 遼陽毎日新聞,1908-(?)

MUKDEN

Editor: Watanabe Tokushige 渡辺德重

Manshū nippō 滿州日報, 1907-(?)

満州日報社

Publisher: Manshu nippōsha H□ #& 7 ±

Extant copies: National Diet Library, Nos. 1-103 (Dec. 5, 1907-

Apr. 19, 1908)

Nanman nippot, 1908-1911

195

Tairiku nichinichi shinbun

□ □ #4 P

1909-1911

Editor: Yoshino Naoji

Pt 1 6

SHANGHAI

Atō jihō ‡ ‡k, 1898-(?)

亞東時報,1

Shanhai jihō 上海時報,1892-(?)

Publisher: Nipponjin seinenkai ♬ ^ $ $

Shanhai jiji 上海時事,1896-(?)

Shanhai nippō

4, 1904-1911

Publisher: Shanhai nippōsha 上海日報社 ; editor: Nagashima Kōren 永島高連

Extant copies: Tokyo University Law School, Nos. 1-546 (Mar. 1904-

Jan. 1906)

This is a sequel of Shanhai shinpo (see below).

Shanhai shinpō (weekly), 1890-1904

Publishers and editors:

Heizaburo 松野平三郎

Shūbun shokan 修文書館, Matsuno (1890); Shanhai shinpōsha **± 上海新報社

Sugio Katsuzō 杉尾勝三 (1903)

Extant copies: Tokyo University Law School, Nos. 1-8 (Dec. 1903-

Feb. 1904)

This newspaper became Shanhai nippō on March 16, 1904.

Shanhai shuhō 4, 1894-(?)

海週報,1894–(?)

共同活版所

Publisher: Kyōdō Kappansho RF (1894-1904); editor:

Takegawa Tötarō 竹川藤太郎 (1903)

TIEHLING

Extant copies: Tokyo University Law School, Nos. 1-3

Tetsurei jihō 鉄嶺時報,1911

Editor: Nishio Shin 西尾信

Editor: Yano Kan 矢野勘

196

197

TIENTSIN

Hokushin jihō, 1902-1909

Publisher:

Hiroshi 西村

北清時報社 Hokushin jihōsha +$

; editor:

Nishimura

Extant copies: National Diet Library, Nos. 554-784 (Mar. 24-Dec. 23, 1909)

This newspaper merged in 1910 with Kitashina mainichi shinbun and was retitled Tenshin nippo (see below).

日新聞

Kitashina mainichi shinbun # 4 a # A

Editor: Toyooka Yasuheif

1903-1909

This newspaper merged with lokushin jihō in 1910 and was retitled Tenshin nippo (see below).

Tenshin nippō 天津日報,

1910-(?)

Editor: Shindō Suteo 真藤葉生

This newspaper was a result of the merger of Hokushin jihō and Kitashina mainichi shinbun.

YINGKOW

Manshū shinpō 滿州新報,1908-1911

Editor: Okabe Jirō 岡部次郎

BIBLIOGRAPHY

China-coast newspapers are listed in the newspaper title index and have not been included in this bibliography. Several of the works cited herein are primarily on Chinese-language journalism, but have been listed because they provide marginal comments, characters, or dates for China-

coast newspapers.

Reprints and Collections from China-Coast Newspapers

Friend of China, Griffith John, The Chinese Rebellion.

-The Position of Affairs in China (Shanghai, 1863).

Hongkong Daily Press, Gideon Nye (pseud. EPU or E Pluribus Unum), Casual Papers upon the "Alabama" and Kindred Questions and, Incidentally, upon National Amenities (Hong Kong, n.d.). Articles from the Press, 1862-1865, with editorial comment included. The Harvard holding contains handwritten corrections by the author.

------Events in Hongkong and the Far East 1875-1884 (Hong Kong, 1885).

Hongkong Telegraph, Report of the Trial, Criminal Prosecution for Libel:

Regina vs. Robert Fraser-Smith (Hong Kong, 1883).

Lockhart, William, comp., "Clippings of Articles on China, 1847-1869."

MS in London Missionary Society Library.

North-China Herald, A Retrospect of Political and Commercial Affairs

in China during the Five Years 1868-1873 (Shanghai, n.d.).

-Peking Gazette (Shanghai, 1872-1899). Reprinted from the regular

issues of the North China Herald group.

-The Anti-Foreign Riots in China in 1891 (Shanghai, 1892).

-The Jubilee of Shanghai, 1843-1893: Shanghai Past and Present and a Full Account of the Proceedings on the 17th and 18th of November 1893 (Shanghai, 1893).

--R.C. Forsyth and E.H. Edward, Narrative of Massacres in Shansi

July, 1900 (Shanghai, 1900).

--A Refugee's Experiences at Peking and on the Route South (Shanghai,

1900).

-Tientsin Besieged and after the Siege, from 15th of June to the 16th

of July, 1900: A Daily Record by the Correspondent of the North-China Daily News (Shanghai, 1900).

------The Shanghai Sedition Trial, Popularly Known as the Supao Case, Heard

in the Mixed Court of Shanghai on December 3, 4, 5, 7, and 16, 1903 (Shanghai, 1904).

198

Peking Daily News. Actual clippings relating to events in China (1911-1912),

in the Harvard College Library.

Shanghai Evening Courier, The Tientsin Massacre, being Documents Published

in the "Shanghai Evening Courier" from June 16th to September 10th with Introductory Narrative (Shanghai, n.d.). narrative, approving direct forceful foreign action, and supporting

Anti-Burlingame the view that the massacre was premeditated, and resulted from pride, fear of the multitude, and kidnaping stories.

Shanghai Mercury, Shanghai:

Its Birth,

1843-1893. The Model Settlement: Its Youth, Its Jubilee (Shanghai, 1893). ------A.E. Moule, Personal Recollections of the Tai Ping Rebellion

(Shanghai, 1898).

-The Last Days of the Missionaries (Mostly English) Massacred at Taiyuenfu, Shansi, July 1900 (Shanghai, n.d.).

-Particulars Concerning the Last Hours of the Missionaries Massacred

at Taiku, Shansi, on 31st July, 1900 (Shanghai, n.d.).

-The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China

(Shanghai, 1901).

The Story of Russia and the Far East, Being a Series of Papers Contributed to the "Shanghai Mercury" during the Latter Part of the Year 1899, with Six Additional Chapters Added in 1902 (Shanghai, 1902). Includes a chronology of relations from earliest times.

Chinese Politics (Shanghai, 1906).

B. Representative Works of China-Coast Journalists

Balfour, Frederic Henry [pseud. Ross George Dering], Waifs and Strays from

the Far East (London, 1876; Shanghai, 1877). Reprints of newspaper articles.

-The Divine Classic of Nan Hua and Chuang (1881).

Idiomatic Dialogues in the Peking Colloquial (Shanghai, 1883).

-Taoist Texts (London, 1884).

-Leaves from My Chinese Scrapbook (London, 1887).

------The Undergraduate (London, 1891).

-Empirical Essays (Edinburgh, 1904).

------Austin and his Friends (1906).

Bell, H.T. Montague and Rev. Arthur C. Lane, Transvaal (Johannesburg, 1905).

-----and H.G.W. Woodhead, eds., China Year Book (Shanghai, 1912-1922).

In 1924 Bell was listed as "associate editor"; in subsequent editions available his name does not appear on the title page.

199

Black, John Reddie, Young Japan: Yokohama and Yedo (Yokohama, 1880). ------, ed., The Far East (Yokohama, 1861-1867?). An illustrated monthly

magazine.

Braga, J.P., Rights of Aliens in Hongkong (Hong Kong, 1895).

ed., Odds and Ends (Hong Kong, 1896-1899).

Chollot, J.J., Intérêts Industriels Francais de Chine (1905). Clark, John D., Sketches in and Around Shanghai (Shanghai: Shanghai Mercury,

1894).

Cowen, Thomas, The Russo-Japanese War from the Outbreak of Hostilities

to the Battle of Liaoyang (London, 1904).

Cowen, William Charles Baker, The History of the Motor Car.

-Road Book of Northumberland and Durham.

Cunningham, Alfred, History of the Szechuen Riots, May-June 1895

(Shanghai, 1895).

-Special Articles on Siberia (1899).

-The Chinese Soldier and Other Sketches with a Description of the

Capture of Manila (Hong Kong and London, 1902).

-The French in Tonkin and South China (Hong Kong, 1902). ------Scutator's Letters on the Unsanitary Conditions in Hong Kong. ------Today in Egypt (London, 1912).

ed., Review of the Far East (Hong Kong, 1906-[?]).

Dennys, Nicholas Belfield, An Account of the Cruise of St. George on the

North American and West Indian Station, 1861-1867 (London, 1862). -Notes for Tourists in the North of China (Hong Kong, 1866).

-A Short Vocabulary of the Mongolian Language (Hong Kong, 1866).

A Handbook of the Canton Vernacular (Hong Kong and London, 1874).

------China and Her Apologist (long Kong, 1876).

-The Folk-Lore of China and Its Affinities with That of the Aryan and Semitic Races (London and Hong Kong, 1876). Articles collected from the China Review.

--A Handbook of Malay Colloquial (London and Singapore, 1878).

A Descriptive Dictionary of British Malaya (London, 1894).

ed., W.G. Mayers and Charles H. King, The Treaty Ports of China and Japan (Hong Kong, 1867).

ed., Notes and Queries on China and Japan (Hong Kong, 1867-1869). ------, ed., The China Review (Hong Kong, 1872[?]).

201

200

Duncan, Chesney, All that Glitters is Not Gold (1882).

------Corea and the Powers, a Review of the Far Eastern Question

(Shanghai, 1889).

-Tse Tsan Tai 謝纜泰 His Political and Journalistic Career

(Shanghai, 1917?). Reprinted from W. Feldwick, Present Day Impressions of the Far East, and Prominent and Progressive Chinese at Home and Abroad (London, 1917).

ed., Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, The Truth About the Philippines. Ferguson, John C., An Examination of Chinese Bronzes (Washington, 1915).

Published in the Smithsonian Institution Annual Report Series for 1914.

--Outlines of Chinese Art (Chicago, 1919). Lectures given at the

University of Chicago.

--Survey of Chinese Art (Shanghai, 1940).

Fink, Carl, Der Kampf um die Ostmark, ein Beitrag zur Beurtheilung der

Polenfrage (Berlin, 1897).

ed., Der Ferne Osten (Shanghai, 1902-[?]).

Fraser, David Stewart, A Modern Campaign, or War and Wireless Telegraphy in

the Far East (London, 1905). A description of Kuroki's artillery.

-The Marches of Hindustan (London, 1907).

"The Strategic Position of Russia in Central Asia," Proceedings of the Central Asian Society (London, 1907).

Green, Owen Mortimer, Discovering China (London, 1938).

use of

------China's Struggles with the Dictators (London and Melbourne, 1941).

-The Foreigner in China (London, 1943).

------The Story of China's Revolution (London, 1945).

Gundry, Richard Simpson, China and Her Neighbors (London, 1893). ------China Present and Past (London, 1895).

Hamilton, A., Korea (London, 1904).

Jamieson, R. Alexander, Food (a lecture; Shanghai, 1875).

Hieroglyphic Character of the Chinese Written Language.

Kingsmill, Thomas William, "Inland Communications in China," Journal of

the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (1898).

Lang, Hugh, Shanghai Considered Socially (Shanghai, 1875).

, tr., Prosper Giguel, The Foochow Arsenal and Its Results, 1867-1874 (Shanghai Evening Courier, 1874).

Lemière, J. Emile, "A Biographical Preface to Chang Chih-tung," K'ien-hio

p'ien, tr. Jérome Tobar (Shanghai, 1898).

ed., Koang-Siu et Ts'e Hsi: Tobar (1900).

Décrets Impériaux 1898, tr. Jérome

Loureiro, Pedro, 100 Years' Anglo-Chinese Calendar (Shanghai, 1872).

McLeish, William, Diary of the Siege of Tientsin.

Maclellan, J.W., The Story of Shanghai from the Opening of the Port to

Foreign Trade (Shanghai, 1889).

Mayhew, Athol, The Emperor of Germany (London, 1887). ------A Forum of Punch (London, 1895).

------and Henry Mayhew, Mont Blanc (London, 1874).

Michie, Alexander, The Siberian Overland Route (London, 1864).

-------Missionaries in China (London, 1891).

------The Englishman in China, As Illustrated in the Career of Sir

Rutherford Alcock (Edinburgh, 1900).

Monestier, A., ed., Politique de Peking (post-1911).

Morrison, Robert, Chinese-English Dictionary (Canton, 1814). Mossman, Samuel, Narrative of the Shipwreck of the "Admella"

(Melbourne, 1859).

-China, a Brief Account of the Country, Its Inhabitants, and Their

Institutions (London, 1867).

-New Japan (London, 1873).

----The Mandarin's Daughter:

(London, 1880).

-Japan (London, 1880).

A Story of the Taiping Rebellion

--Dr. David Livingstone, the Missionary (Edinburgh, 1883).

-General Gordon's Private Diary of His Exploits in China Amplified

by S.M. (1885).

-The Gold Regions of Australia (London).

Navarra, Bruno R.A., China und die Chinesen (Shanghai, 1901).

--Chinesische Sinnsprüche (Heidelberg, 1904).

Newman, Charles L. Norris, With the Boers in Transvaal and Orange Free

State in 1880-1 (London, 1882).

Shuck, Rev. J. Lewis, Portfolio Chinensis or a Collection of Authentic

Chinese State Papers...with a Translation, Notes, and Introduction (Macao, 1840).

202

203

Sinnett, Alfred Percy, Our Policy in China (London, 1869).

-The Occult World (London, 1881).

-Begin (Allahabad, 1883).

-----Esoteric Buddhism (London, 1883).

------Collected Fruits of Occult Teaching (London, 1919).

Slade, John, British Trade to Canton (London, 1830).

--Narrative of the Late Proceedings and Events in China (Canton, 1839).

Tarrant, William, Digest and Index of All the Ordinances of the Hongkong

Government (Hong Kong, 1850).

------Canton to Hankow Overland (Canton, Whampoa, or Hong Kong, 1861).

A reprint of an account in the Friend of China, favorably reviewed by the rival China Mail (Jan. 30, 1862).

---Hongkong (Canton or Hong Kong, 1861). "A History of Hongkong,

1839-1844, by the controversial editor of the Friend of China"--from the China Mail's favorable review (Jan. 30, 1862). A republication of articles from the Friend of China.

------Ningpo to Shanghai in 1857 (Canton, 1862).

Tillot, Marcel, Notes Commerciales sur la Chine (1901).

------and Emile S. Fischer, Notes sur la Monnaie et les Métaux en Chine

(Shanghai, 1898).

謝纜泰

Tse Tsan Tai (Hsieh Tsan-t'ai), "Reform Manifesto to the

Emperor Kwang Hsu," published in Hong Kong newspapers May 30, 1894.

--The Creation; The Real Situation of Eden; and the Origin of the

Chinese (Hong Kong, 1914).

Vaughan Smith, Alice M., Children's Japan.

------Verdant Simple in Japan.

Wilson, Andrew, The "Ever-Victorious Army" (Edinburgh, 1868).

------The Abode of Snow (Edinburgh, 1875).

-----England's Policy in China. A pamphlet.

Wood, William W., Sketches of China (Philadelphia, 1830).

C. Other Sources

Anstey, T. Chisholm, The Case of Hongkong (London, 1859).

------Crime and Government in Hongkong (London, 1859).

Augur, Helen, Tall Ships to Cathay (Garden City, N.Y., 1951).

Avtonomoff, N.P., "V Zashchity Kharbina, ''malen'kovo gorodishki'" (In defense of Harbin, "the small town"), Kharbinskie Kommercheskie Uchilishcha Kit. Bost. Zhel. Dor. (Harbin Commercial Institute of the Chinese Eastern Railway), No. 7 (San Francisco, 1960).

Britton, R.S., The Chinese Periodical Press, 1800-1912 (Shanghai, 1933). Ceadel, M.E.B., "Far Eastern Collections in Libraries in Great Britain,

France, Holland, and Germany," Asia Major, ns. 3:213-222 (1950).

Chang Ching-lu 3k †† ♫♬ Chung-kuo ch'u-pan-shih-liao

史料 (A history of Chinese printing; Shanghai, 1957).

Chao, Thomas Ming-heng, The Foreign Press in China (Shanghai, 1931).

Chronicle and Directory for China, Corea, Japan, the Philippines, Cochin-

China, Annam, Tonquin, Siam, Borneo, Straits Settlements, Malay States, etc. (Hong Kong: Daily Press, 1889).

Clarke, Prescott, "The Development of the English-Language Press on

the China Coast, 1827-1881," M.A. thesis (University of London, 1961). Those who require more complete documentation should refer to this work.

Collins, Sir Charles, Public Administration in Hong Kong (London, 1952). Cooper, Thomas Thornville, Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce (London, 1871).

See under "Ports Cordier, H., Bibliotheca Sinica (Paris, 1878-1885).

Ouverts," col. 1043f; in 2nd ed., col. 2207f. ------"The European Press in China," London and China Express (Feb. 3, 1882).

-"La Presse Européene en Chine," Revue de l'Extrême Orient, 1:21

(Paris, 1882). Cordier's information, although not wholly reliable, is based on questionnaires he sent publishers; see, e.g., Preston- Duddell correspondence in Jardine Matheson archives (MSS II B/8/1). Couling, S., Encyclopedia Sinica (Shanghai, 1917).

Edkins, Jane, Chinese Scenes and People (London, 1863).

Eitel, E.J., Europe in China: The History of Hong Kong from the Beginning

to the Year 1882 (Hong Kong, 1895).

Endacott, George B., A History of Hong Kong (London, 1958). ------A Biographical Sketch-Book of Early Hong Kong (Singapore, 1962).

Works in Western

Fairbank, John K., "Bibliographical Guide to Modern China:

Languages," mimeo. for private distribution (Harvard University, 1948).

-Ch'ing Documents: An Introductory Syllabus, 3rd ed., 2 vols.

(Cambridge, Mass., 1965).

General Newspaper Catalogue and Advertisers Guide (Berlin, 1882).

།

204

205

Greenberg, Michael, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-42

(Cambridge, 1951).

Greenly's Guide to the Foreign Press (London, 1924).

Hervouet, Yves, "Les Bibliothèques Chinoises d'Europe Occidentale," Mélanges

Publiés par l'Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, 1:451-511 (Paris, 1957).

Hirth, Friedrich, "Die Chinesische Presse (1881)," Chinesische Studien (1890).

Hongkong Almanack and Directory for 1846 (Hong Kong: China Mail, 1846).

Hummel, Arthur W., ed., Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, 1644-1912,

2 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1943).

Hunter, William C., Bits of Old China (London, 1855).

-The Fan Kwae at Canton (London, 1882).

Imbault-Huart, C., "La presse Chinoise," La Nature, 630:61-62 (June 27, 1885).

-"Le journal et le journalisme en Chine," Bulletin de la Société

Géographie Commerciale de Paris, 15:37-65.

Japan Mail (Yokohama, 1875).

Jardine Matheson and Co. archives, especially "Hong Kong Times," MSS II

B/8/1, Vols. 1-3 (1874-1876). For further references see notes in Prescott Clarke's thesis, cited.

Jarrett (pseud. Old Colonial), "Newspapers in Old Hong Kong" (n.d.).

A series of articles from the South China Morning Post, typescript, bound.

Jeter, J.B., An American Woman in China (Boston, 1874). The woman referred

to is the wife of the Rev. J. Lewis Shuck.

Kerner, Robert J., Northeastern Asia, a Selected Bibliography, 2 vols.

(Berkeley, 1939).

Ko Kung-ch'en, Chung-kuo pao-hsueh shih

Chung-kuo pao-hsueh shih

(A history of Chinese journalism; Peking, 1955).

中國報學史

Leduc, Henri, "Liste des Publications Périodiques en Extrême-Orient,

T'oung Pao, 4:371-372 (Oct. 1893).

Leong, S.T., "Wang T'ao and the Movement for Self-Strengthening and Reform

in the Late Ch'ing Period," Papers On China, 17:101-130 (Harvard University, East Asian Research Center, 1963).

Liu, Kwang-Ching, Americans in China, A Historical Essay and a Bibliography

(Cambridge, Mass., 1963).

Loines, Elma, The China Trade Post-Bag (1953).

Lowenthal, Rudolf, "Western Literature on Chinese Journalism: a Bibliography,'

Nankai Social and Economic Quarterly, 9:1007-66 (Jan. 1937).

Macfarlane, W., Sketches in the Foreign Settlements and Native City of Shanghai (Shanghai, 1881). Reprinted from the Shanghai Mercury. Maybon, C.B. and Jean Fredet, Histoire de la Concession Francaise de

Changhai (Paris, 1929).

Men of Shanghai and North China; a Standard Biographical Work, 2nd ed.

(Shanghai, 1935).

Morrison, E., Memoirs of the Life and Labours of R. Morrison (London, 1839). Morse, Hosea B., Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China,

Vol. IV (Oxford, 1926).

Norton-Kyshe, J.W., The History of the Laws and Courts of Hong Kong

(Hong Kong, 1898).

Ostasiatischer Verein Hamburg-Bremen zum 60 Jährigen Bestchen (Hamburg,

1960).

Pall Mall Gazette (London, 1870).

Parsons, Henry S., Check List of Foreign Newspapers in the Library of Congress (Washington, 1929). No longer of use in the China-coast newspaper field. Patterson, Don D., "The Journalism of China," The University of Missouri

Bulletin, 23.24:1-89 (Dec. 1922). Almost entirely on the Chinese press.

Polevoi, S.A., Periodicheskaia pechat' v Kitaie (The periodical press in China), Izviestiia Vostochnago instituta, 1912-1913 Akademi cheskii god, t. 47 (Bulletin of the Oriental Institute, No. 47; Vladivostok, 1913).

Poma, Cesare, Il giornalismo nel Nord della Cina (Rome, 1903). An extract from the Bolletino Ufficiale del Ministero di Agricoltra, industria e commercio.

Pott, F.L. Hawks, A Short History of Shanghai (Shanghai, 1928). "Pressa," Russkii Golos (June 11, 1923). This article is signed by "N.G."

Russell and Co. papers, Baker Library, Harvard University.

Sayer, Geoffrey R., Hong Kong: Birth, Adolescence, and Coming of Age

(London, 1937).

Secker, Fritz, "Die Deutsche Presse in China," China-Dienst, 1:1

(Shanghai, Oct. 1, 1932).

Selle, Earle A., Donald of China (New York, 1948).

"Shanghai Daily Newspapers," Supreme Court and Consular Gazette

(Dec. 18, 1869).

Skachkov, P.E., Bibliografii Kitaia (Moscow, 1932).

206

Steward, James D., ed., et al., British Union-Catalogue of Periodicals,

4 vols. (London, 1955-1958). Weak on newspapers but useful for China-coast periodicals providing titles are known.

Teng, Yen-lin, "A Preliminary List of Periodicals and Serials in Western Languages Published in China," Quarterly Bulletin of Chinese Bibliography, 1:184-198 (Dec. 1934).

Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

The Times (1953).

Tiunin, M.S., Ukazatel' periodicheskikh i povremennykh izdanii vykhodivshikh

v Kharbine na russkom i drugikh evropeiskikh iazykakh po 1 ianvaria 1927 gz (A guide to the periodical publications issued in Harbin in Russian and other European languages on January 1, 1927; Harbin, 1927).

Who's Who in the Far East (Hong Kong: China Mail, 1906-1909).

Wood, William Maxwell, Fankwei (New York, 1859).

Woodhead, Henry George W., A Journalist in China (London, 1934). Wright, Arnold, ed., Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai

and the Other Treaty Ports of China (London, 1908).

Yen Chung-p'ing et al., Chung-kuo chin-tai ching-chi-shih

t'ung-chi tzu-liao hsuan-chi

49 4 ★ # # # (Selected statistical data for China's modern economic history; Peking, 1955).

INDEX

207

China-Coast Newspaper Titles:

Chronological*

1822

1.1 (A Abelha da China)

1823

1.1

1824

1.2 (Gazeta de Macau); 8.7 (The Oriental Herald and Colonial Review)

1825

1.2; 8.7

1826

1.2; 8.7

1827

2.1.1 (Canton Register and Price Current); 8.7

1828

1829

2.1.1 becomes 2.1.2 (Canton Register); 8.7

2.1.2; 8.7

1830

2.1.2

1831

1832

2.1.2, 2.2 (Chinese Courier and Canton Gazette)

2.1.2, 2.2

1833

2.1.2, 2.2

1834

1.3 (A Chronica de Macao); 2.1.2

1835

1836

1.3; 2.1.2, 2.3 (Canton Press and Price Current) 1.3, 1.4.1 (Macaista Imparcial); 2.1.2, 2.3

1837

1838

1839

1.3, 1.4.1 becomes 1.4.2 (Macaista Imparcial e Registe Mercantil); 2.1.2, 2.3

1.4.2, 1.5.1 (Boletim do Governo de Mação), 1.6 (0 Correio Macaense) 1.7 (0 Verdadeiro Patriota), 1.8 (0 Commercial); 2.1.2, 2.3

1.5.1, 1.5.2 (Gazeta is Maca Decomes 1.5.3 (0 Portuguêz na China), 1.6, 1.7, 1.8; 2.1.2, 2.3

1840

1.5.3, 1.8; 2.1.2, 2.3

1841

1.4.3 (0 Farol Macaense), 1.5.3, 1.8; 2.1.2, 2.3

1842

1.4.3, 1.5.3, 1.8; 2.1.2, 2.3, 2.4 see 3.1.1 (Friend of China), becomes 3.1.2 (Friend of China and Hongkong Gazette)

1843

1.4.4 (A Aurora Macaense), 1.5.3; 2.1.2, 2.3; 3.1.2, 3.2 (Eastern

(Hongkong [late Canton] Globe and Commercial Advertiser), 3.3.1 Register)

*Changes of title and mergers are noted only when they occur during the year. Newspapers are not listed for years in which their publication, as described in Section III, was doubtful.

208

209

1844

1.5.3 becomes 1.5.4 (0 Procurador dos Macaistas); 2.3; 3.1.2, 3.3.2 (Hongkong Register) becomes (Apr.-Sept. only) 3.3.3 (Hongkong Register and Government Gazette)

1860

1845

1.5.4 becomes 1.5.5 (0 Solitário na China); 3.1.2, 3.1.3 (Overland Friend of China), 3.3.2, 3.3.4 (Overland Register and Price Current) 3.4.1 (China Mail)

1861

1846

1847

3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.4.1; 4.1.1 (A Voz de Macaista) 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.4.1

2.4; 3.3.4 becomes (Jan.-June only) 3.3.6 (Overland China Chronicle), 3.3.5 (China Chronicle, Hongkong Register, and Eastern Advertiser) becomes 3.3.7 (Hongkong Register and Daily Advertiser), 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.7, 3.5.1, 3.5.3, 3.5.5; 4.1.6 (0 Portuguêz na China), 4.2; 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.6; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.4, 8.5

2.4; 3.3.4, 3.3.7, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.7, 3.5.1 becomes 3.5.2 (Hongkong Daily Press, Ships, Commerce and Colonies), 3.5.3; 4.2;

5.2.2 (Shanghai 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.6, 5.2.1 (Shanghai Daily Times Weekly Times); 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.4, 8.5

1848

1849

3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.2 (Overland China Mail) 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.2

1862

1850

3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.3 (Dixson's Hongkong Gazette) becomes 3.4.4 (Dixson's Hongkong Recorder); 5.1.1 (North-China Herald)

3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.7 becomes 3.4.8 (Evening Mail and Hongkong Shipping List), 3.5.2, 3.5.3; 4.2; 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.6 becomes 5.1.7 (Daily Shipping and Commercial News), 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.3.1 (Shanghai Recorder); 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.4, 8.5

1863

1851

2.5 (Daily Advertiser); 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.4; 5.1.1

1864

1852

1.20 becomes 4.1.2 (Verdade e Liberdade); 2.5; 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.4; 4.1.2; 5.1.1

1853

3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.3.8 (The Register's Advertiser), 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.4; 5.1.1

1865

1854

1855

1856

3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.3.8, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.4; 5.1.1

2.6 (Celestial Times); 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.4, 3.4.6 (Hongkong Shipping List); 5.1.1; 8.3.2 (Overland Mail)

3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.4, 3.4.6; 5.1.1, 5.1.6 (Daily Shipping News); 8.3.2

1866

1857

1858

3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.4, 3.4.6 becomes 3.4.7 (Hongkong Shipping List and Commercial Intelligencer), 3.5.1 (Daily Press, Ships, Commerce and Colonies), 3.5.3 (China Overland Trade Report) 3.5.5 (Hsiang-kang ch'uan-t'ou huo-chia chih); 5.1.1, 5.1.6; 8.3.2, 8.4 (Thacker's Overland News for India, China, and the Far East), 8.5 (Homeward Mail from India, China and the Far East)

3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.4, 3.4.7, 3.5.1 3.5.3, 3.5.5; 4.2 (0 Echo do Povo); 5.1.1, 5.1.2 (North-China and Japan Market Report), 5.1.6; 7.35 (Foo-chow-foo Courier); 8.1.1 (China Telegraph), 8.1.3 (China Express) 8.3.2, 8.4, 8.5

1867

1868

→

1859

3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.3.2, 3.3.4, 3.3.9 (Hongkong Register Daily Supplement), 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.4 becomes 3.4.5 (Hongkong Recorder) 3.4.7, 3.5.1, 3.5.3, 3.5.5; 4.2; 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.6; 7.35; 8.1.1 becomes 8.1.2 (London and China Telegraph), 8.1.3 becomes 8.1.4 (London and China Express, 8.3.2, 8.4, 8.5

1869

1.9.1 (Ta-Ssi-Yang-Kuo); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.9 (Evening Mail) 3.5.2, 3.5.3; 4.2, 4.3 (0 Movimento); 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.7, 5.3.1,

8.5 5.4.1 (Friend of China); 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.4, 1.9.1; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.9, 3.4.10 (Chin-shih pien-lu), 3.5.2, 3.5.3; 4.2; 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.7 becomes 5.1.8 (North-China Daily News), 5.3.1, 5.3.2 (Commercial Record), 5.3.3 (Daily Advertiser) 5.4.1; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.4, 8.5

1.9.1; 2.7 (Canton Observer); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.9; 3.5.2, 3.5.3; 4.2; 5.1.1, 5.1.2 becomes 5.1.3 (North-China Overland Herald and Market Report), 5.1.8, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.4.1; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2,

8.5

1.9.1; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.9. 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.6 (Hongkong Mercury and Shipping Gazette); 4.2; 5.1.1, 5.1.3, 5.1.8, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.4.1; 7.33.1 (Foochow Advertiser), 7.37 (Hankow Times); 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

1.9.2 (0 Independente); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.9, 3.5.2, 3.5.3; 4.2; 5.1.1 and 5.1.3 become 5.1.4 (North-China Herald and Market Report), 5.1.8, 5.3.1, 5.3.4 (Supreme Court and Consular Gazette), 5.4.1, 5.5 (Shanghai Evening Express), 5.7.1 (Shanghai News-Letter for California and the Atlantic States); 6.1 (0 Aquilão); 7.33.1, 7.37; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.2 (London and China Herald), 8.3.2, 8.5

1.9.2; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3; 4.2, 4.4 (0 Amigo do Progresso); 5.1.4, 5.1.8, 5.3.1, 5.3.4, 5.4.1, 5.5, 5.7.1, 5.7.3 (Shanghai Evening Courier); 6.1; 7.37; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.2, 8.3.2, 8.5

1.9.2

.2 (moves to 4.1.4), 1.9.3 (0 Oriente), 1.10 (0 Noticiario Macaense); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4 (Hongkong Weekly Press and China Overland Trade Report), 3.7.1 (Daily Advertiser); 4.1.4 (0 Independente), 4.2; 5.1.4, 5.1.8, 5.3.1, 5.3.4, 5.4.1 becomes 5.4.2 (Friend of China and Shipping Gazette), 5.5, 5.7.1, 5.7.3; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.2, 8.3.2, 8.5

•

210

211

1870

1871

1872

1.9.3, 1.10 (becomes 4.1.3); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.7.1; 4.1.3, 4.1.4; 5.1.4, 5.1.5 (North-China Herald and Supreme Court and Consular Gazette), 5.1.8, 5.5, 5.7.1, 5.7.3, 5.16 (Cycle); 6.4.1 (Le Nouvelliste de Changhai), 6.5 (Le Progrès); 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.2, 8.3.1 (European Mail [for the East]), 8.3.2, 8.3.3 (Overland Mail China), 8.5

3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.11 (Chung-wai hsin-wen ch'i-jih pao), 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.7.1, 3.7.2 (Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette); 4.1.4; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.5, 5.7.1 becomes 5.7.2 (Shanghai News-Letter), 5.7.3, 5.7.4 (Shanghai Budget and Weekly Courier), 5.16; 6.4.1, 6.5; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1.9.3, 1.9.4 (Gazeta de Macau e Timor); 2.8 (Canton Daily Shipping News); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.11, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.7.2; 4.1.4; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.6 (Shanghai General Advertiser), 5.7.2, 5.7.3, 5.7.4; 6.4.1, 6.5; 7.28.1 (Amoy Shipping Report); 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5, 8.6 (European Budget)

1880

1.9.2 (moves to 4.1.4)

1881

1882

1883

1884

1873

(4.1.4 moves to) 1.9.2 (0 Independente), 1.9.4, 1.11.1 (0 Imparcial); 2.8; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.7.2, 3.7.3 (Hongkong Times, Daily Advertiser, and Shipping Gazette) becomes 3.7.4 (Hongkong Times Mail Supplement); 4.1.4; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.2, 5.7.3, 5.7.4, 5.7.6 (Evening Gazette); 6.4.2 (Le Courrier de Changhai); 7.28.1, 7.33.2 (Foochow Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette), 7.33.3 (Foochow Herald), 7.33.4 (Foochow Daily Advertiser), 7.34 (Foochow Daily Echo); 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1885

1886

1874

1.9.2, 1.9.4; 2.8, 2.9 (Canton Press); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.7.3, 3.7.4; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.3, 5.7.5 (Shanghai Budget and Weekly News-Letter), 5.7.6, 5.7.7 (Morning Gazette and Advertiser), 5.7.8 (Celestial Empire); 7.28.1, 7.33.3, 7.33.4, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1887

1875

1.9.2, 1.9.5 (Jornal de Macão); 2.10 (Canton Daily Advertiser); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.7.3, 3.7.4; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.3 (merges with 5.7.6, becomes 5.7.9), 5.7.5, 5.7.6, 5.7.8, 5.7.9 (Shanghai Courier and China Gazette); 7.28.1, 7.33.3, 7.33.4, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1888

1876

1.9.2, 1.9.5; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.7.3, 3.7.4; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9; 7.28.1, 7.33.3, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1889

1877

1.9.2; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9; 7.28.1, 7.33.3, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1890

1878

1879

1.9.2; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.10.1 (Hongkong Catholic Register); 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9; 7.28.1 becomes 7.28.2 (Amoy Gazette and Shipping Report), 7.33.3, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1.9.2; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.10.1; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.7.10 (Shanghai Mercury); 7.28.2, 7.33.3, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1891

1.9.6 (A Verdade); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.10.1; 4.1.4 (0 Independente); 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.7.10; 7.28.2, 7.33.3, 7.34, 7.36

7.33.3, 7.34, 7.36 (Express and Shipping Gazette); 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.8 (Hongkong Telegraph), 3.10.2 (Catholic Register); 4.1.4; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.7.10; 7.28.2, 7.33.3, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

(4.1.4 moves to) 1.9.2 (0 Independente), 1.11.2 (0 Macaense), 1.12.1 (0 Correio de Macau); 2.11 (Canton Daily News); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.10.2; 4.1.4; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.7.10; 7.28.2, 7.33.3, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1.9.2, 1.11.2, 1.12.1 becomes 1.12.2 (0 Correio Macaense); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.10.2; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.7.10; 7.28.2, 7.33.3, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5 1.9.2, 1.11.2, 1.12.2; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.10.2; 4.5.1 (0 Echo da China); 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.7.10; 7.28.2, 7.33.3, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5 1.9.2, 1.11.2, 1.12.2; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.10.2; 4.5.1 becomes 4.5.2 (0 Extremo Oriente); 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.7.10, 5.8 (Cathay Post); 7.28.2, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1.9.2, 1.11.2, 1.12.2; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.10.2; 4.5.2; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.7.10; 6.6.1 (L'Echo de Changhai), 6.6.2 (Le Courrier de l'Extrême-Orient); 7.1 (Chinese Times), 7.28.2, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

(A Voz do Crente), 1.12.2; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 1.9.2, 1.11.2, 1.11.3 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.10.2; 4.5.2; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.7.10; 6.8.1 (Der Ostasiatische Lloyd); 7.1, 7.28.2, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1.9.2, 1.11.2, 1.11.3, 1.12.2; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.10.2(?); 4.5.2; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.7.10; 6.2 (0 Progresso), 6.8.1; 7.1, 7.28.2, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1.9.2, 1.11.2, 1.11.3, 1.12.2; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.5.2; 4.6 (0 Hongkong Alegre); 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.7.10; 6.2, 6.8.1; 7.1, 7.28.2, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5 1.9.2, 1.11.2, 1.11.3, 1.12.2 (?); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.5.2, 4.6; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.7.10; 6.8.1; 7.1, 7.28.2, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1.9.2, 1.11.2, 1.11.3, 1.12.2; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.5.2; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10; 6.8.1; 7.1, 7.28.2, 7.29 (Amoy Times and Mercantile Gazette), 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

212

1892

1.11.3, 1.14 (0 Oriente Portuguêz); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.5.2; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10; 6.8.1; 7.28.2, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1903

1893

1.9.2, 1.11.3, 1.11.4 (0 Echo Macaense), 1.14; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.5.2; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10; 6.8.1; 7.28.2, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1904

1894

1.9.2, 1.11.3, 1.11.4, 1.14; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.5.2; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9 (China Gazette); 6.8.1; 7.2 (Peking and Tientsin Times), 7.28.2, 7.31 (Chefoo Express), 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1895

1.9.2, 1.11.3, 1.11.4; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.5.2; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9; 6.8.1; 7.2, 7.28.2, 7.31, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1905

1896

1.9.2, 1.11.4, 1.13 (A Liberdade); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.5.2; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9; 6.8.1; 7.2, 7.28.2, 7.31, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1897

1.9.2, 1.11.4, 1.15 (becomes 4.1.5); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.1.5 (0 Porvir), 4.5.2; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.10.1 (Shanghai Daily Press); 6.7.1 (L' Echo de Chine), 6.8.1; 7.2, 7.28.2, 7.31, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1906

1898

1.9.2, 1.11.4, 1.16 (0 Lusitano); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.1.5, 4.5.2; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.10.1; 6.7.1, 6.8.1; 7.2, 7.3 (Bolletino Italiano dell'Estremo Oriente), 7.28.2, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.5

1907

1899

1900

1901

1902

1.11.4, 1.16, 1.17 (Jornal de Macau); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.1.5; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.10.1; 6.7.1, 6.8.1; 7.2, 7.3, 7.10 (Die Deutsch-Asiatische Warte), 7.28.2, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

1.17; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.1.5, 4.7 (0 Patriota); 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.10.1; 6.7.1, 6.8.1; 7.2, 7.3, 7.10, 7.20 (Novyi Krai), 7.28.2, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

1.17; 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.1.5, 4.7; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.10.1 becomes 5.10.2 (New Press), 5.11 (Shanghai Times); 6.7.1, 6.7.2 (L'Echo de Chine), 6.8.1; 7.2, 7.3, 7.10, 7.14 (China Times), 7.15 (Pekinger Deutsche Zeitung), 7.20, 7.28.2, 7.34, 7.40.1 (Wei-hai-wei Lyre) becomes 7.40.2 (Wei-hai-wei Gazette); 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8; 4.1.5, 4.7; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.10.2, 5.11; 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.8.1; 7.2, 7.3, 7.4.1 (China Times), 7.4.2 (Evening Express), 7.10, 7.20, 7.21 (Listok Ezhednevnykh Telegramm i Ob'yavlenii), 7.28.2, 7.31, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

1908

1909

213

3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.9 (South China Morning Post); 4.1.5, 4.7; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.10.2 becomes 5.10.3 (Daily Press), 5.11; 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.8.1; 7.2, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.7.1 (Le Courrier de Tientsin), 7.10, 7.20, 7.21, 7.22.2(?). (Man' chzhuriya), 7.23 (Kharbinskii Vestnik), 7.28.2, 7.34; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.9; 4.1.5, 4.7; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.10.3, 5.11; 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.8.1; 7.2, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.5 (Tageblatt für Nordchina), 7.7.1, 7.10, 7.11 (Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten), 7.12 (Die Welt des Ostens), 7.20, 7.23, 7.28.2, 7.30 (Chefoo Daily News), 7.34, 7.39 (Central China Post); 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.9; 4.1.5, 4.7; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.10.3, 5.11, 5.17 (South-China Daily Journal); 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.8.1; 7.2, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.5, 7.7.1, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.16 (L'Echo de Pekin), 7.20, 7.21, 7.22.2(?), 7.23, 7.28.2, 7.30, 7.34, 7.39; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

•

3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.9; 4.1.5, 4.7; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.11, 5.17; 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.8.1; 7.2, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.5, 7.6.1 (China Review), 7.7.1, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.16, 7.20, 7.23, 7.24 (Molodaya Rossiya), 7.28.2, 7.30, 7.34, 7.38 (Hankow Daily News), 7.39; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.9; 4.1.5, 4.7; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.11, 5.17(?); 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.8.1, 6.8.2 (Shanghaier Nachrichten), 6.8.3 (Handelsnachrichten); 7.2, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.5, 7.6.1, 7.7.1, 7.7.2 (Le Journal de Chine), 7.10, 7.11, 7.28.2, 7.30, 7.34, 7.12, 7.16, 7.20, 7.23, 7.25.1 (Vestnik Vostoka) and 7.25.2 (Devyatyi Val) become 7.25.3 (Novaia Zhizn 7.38, 7.39; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

•

1.18 (A Verdade); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.9; 4.7; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.11; 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.8.1, 6.8.2, 6.8.3; 7.2, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.5, 7.6.1, 7.7.1, 7.7.2, 7.10, 7.11, 7.13 (Kiautschou-Post), 7.16, 7.17.1 (Chinese Public Opinion), 7.20, 7.23, 7.25.3, 7.26 (Kharbin), 7.27 (Golos Man' chzhurii), 7.28.2, 7.32 (Chefoo Morning Post), 7.34, 7.38, 7.39; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5 1.18, 1.19 (Vida Nova); 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.9; 4.7; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.11, 5.12 (Shanghai Free Press), 5.13 (China Press), 5.14 (China Weekly); 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.8.1, 6.8.2, 6.8.3; 7.2, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.5, 7.6.1, 7.6.2 (China Critic), 7.7.1, 7.7.2, 7.8 (L'Echo de Tientsin), 7.9 (Ostasiatische Nachrichten), 7.10, 7.11, 7.13, 7.17.1, 7.17.2 (Peking Daily News 7.20, 7.23, 7.25.3, 7.28.2, 7.32, 7.34, 7.38, 7.39; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

214

215

1910

1911

1.18, 1.19; 3.4.1, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.9; 4.7; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.11, 5.13; 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.8.1, 6.8.2, 6.8.3; 7.2, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.5, 7.6.2, 7.7.1, 7.7.2, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, 7.13, 7.17.2, 7.18 (Le Journal de Pekin), 7.19 (Peking Post), 7.20, 7.23, 7.25.3, 7.28.2, 7.32, 7.34, 7.38, 7.39; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

1.18; 3.4.1, 3.5.2, 3.5.4, 3.8, 3.9; 4.7; 5.1.5, 5.1.8, 5.7.8, 5.7.10, 5.9, 5.11, 5.13, 5.15 (Republican Advocate of China); 6.3 (Rotunda), 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.8.1, 6.8.2, 6.8.3; 7.2, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.5, 7.6.2, 7.7.1, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, 7.13, 7.17.2, 7.20, 7.22.1 (Manchuria Daily News), 7.23, 7.25.3, 7.28.2, 7.32, 7.34, 7.38, 7.39; 8.1.2, 8.1.4, 8.3.2, 8.5

China-Coast Newspaper Titles:

Alphabetical

A China-coast periodical title not found below may be included in Appendix A, pp. 189-192. The editor has restricted the following list to titles of periodicals which we have classified as "newspapers.

A Abelha da China (Macao), 1882-1823 1.1; 16, 34, 143, 147, 165

O Amigo do Progresso (Hong Kong), fl. circa 1868 4.4; 75

Amoy Gazette and Shipping Report, 1878-1911 7.28.2; 104, 136 Amoy Shipping Report, 1872-1878 7.28.1; 104

Amoy Times and Mercantile Gazette, fl. 1891 7.29; 105, 111

O Aquilão (Shanghai), 1867-1868 6.1; 92, 122

A Aurora Macaense, 1843-1844 1.4

.4.4; 35, 119, 165

Boletim do Governo de Macão, 1838-1839 1.5.1; 33, 35, 122 Bolletino Italiano dell'Estremo Oriente (Tientsin), 1898-1902

100

7.3; 13,

Canton Daily Advertiser, 1875 2.10; 49

Canton Daily News, 1882 2.11; 49

Canton Daily Shipping News, 1872-1874

Canton Observer, 1865 2.7; 48

Canton Press, 1874 2.9; 49

2.8; 48

Canton Press and Price Current (Canton, then Macao), 1835-1844

16-19, 24, 46-48, 58, 126, 138, 168-169

2.3;

Canton Register (Canton, then Macao), 1828-1843 2.1.2; 7-8, 16-17, 19,

41-44, 45-47, 80, 131, 136-137, 138, 152, 160, 168 Canton Register and Price Current, 1827-1828

136-137, 168

Cathay Post (Shanghai), 1885 5.8; 89 Catholic Register (Hong Kong), 1881-1888 (?)

Celestial Empire (Shanghai), 1874-1911

112, 115, 134, 179

Celestial Times (Canton), Jan.-Mar. 1855

Central China Post, 1904-1911 7.39; 106

2.1.1; 15-16, 41-42, 44,

3.10.2; 74, 127-128, 174 5.7.8; 29-31, 32, 84-89, 97,

2.6; 48

216

217

Chefoo Daily News, 1904-1907 7.30;

Chefoo Express, 1894-1897, 1902-(?)

105, 134, 135

7.31; 105

Che foo Morning Post, 1908-1911 7.32; 105, 152

Chin-shih pien-lu (Hong Kong), 1864-(?) 3.4.10; 27-28, 57, 61

China Chronicle, Hong Kong Register and Eastern Advertiser, Jan.-June 1860

3.3.5; 25, 53-54, 57, 113, 135, 143, 154

China Critic (Tientsin), 1909-1911

China Express (London), 1858-1859

China Gazette (Shanghai), 1894(?)-1911

China Mail (Hong Kong), 1845-1911

7.6.2; 100-101, 141-142

8.1.3; 107, 183-184

5.9; 30, 89, 90, 142, 179

3.4.1; 1-4, 6, 8, 9, 20-29, 51, 54-55, 57-63, 66, 68, 72, 78, 81, 82, 91, 111, 112, 114, 116, 121-123, 129, 131, 133, 137, 139, 140, 143-147, 154, 159, 160, 171

China Overland Trade Report (Hong Kong), 1857-1888

China Press (Shanghai), 1909(?)-1911

China Review (Tientsin), 1906-1909

China Telegraph (London), 1858-1859

5.13; 90

3.5.3; 64, 173

7.6.1; 13, 100-101, 141-142

8.1.1; 4, 107, 183

China Times (Peking, then Tientsin), 1901-1911

113, 118-119, 182

China Weekly (Shanghai), 1909 5.14; 90

Chinese Courier and Canton Gazette, 1831-1833

45-46, 131, 144, 160, 168

Chinese Public Opinion (Peking), 1908-1909

117, 182

7.4.1, 7.14; 13, 100 102,

2.2; 16-17, 23, 43,

7.17.1; 12, 91, 102-103,

Chinese Times (Tientsin), 1886-1891 7.1; 13, 88, 98-99, 111, 124, 137, 181

A Chronica de Macão, 1834-1837 1.3; 34

Chung-wai hsin-wen ch'i-jih pao (Hong Kong), 1871-1872 3.4.11; 57, 172

O Commercial (Macao), 1838-1842 1.8; 36

Commercial Record (Shanghai), 1864-1866

O Correio de Macau, 1882-1883

O Correio Macaense, 1838-1839

5.3.2; 81-82, 178

1.12.1; 40, 147, 167

1.6; 36, 152, 165

O Correio Macaense, 1883-1889,

1890 (?)-1891(?)

1.12.2; 40, 151, 167

Daily Advertiser (Canton), 1851-1852

3.7.1; 27, 59, 68, 112, 132, 173

2.5; 48

Daily Advertiser (Hong Kong), 1869-1871 Daily Advertiser (Shanghai), 1864

5.3.3; 81-82

Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette (Hong Kong), 1871-1873

68, 112, 121, 173

3.7.2;

Daily Press (Shanghai), 1903-1905 5.10.3; 89, 128, 159 Daily Press, Ships, Commerce and Colonies (Hong Kong), 1857-1861

20, 25-28, 48, 60, 64, 111, 146, 172-173

3.5.1;

Daily Shipping and Commercial News (Shanghai), 1862-1864

31, 77-78, 177

5.1.7;

Daily Shipping News (Shanghai), 1856-1862

5.1.6; 77-78

7.10; 101, 144,

145, 182

Die Deutsch-Asiatische Warte (Tsingtao), 1899(?)-1911

Devyatyi Val (Harbin), Aug.-Nov. 1907 7.25.2; 104, 132 Dixson's Hongkong Gazette, 1850 3.4.3; 57, 59, 122, 172 Dixson's Hongkong Recorder, 1850-1859 3.4.4; 4, 21, 57, 59, 122, 172

Eastern Globe and Commercial Advertiser (Hong Kong), June-Dec. 1843

3.2; 20, 53

O Echo da China (Hong Kong), 1884-1885 4.5.1; 76, 92, 127 L'Echo de Changhai, 1886 6.6.1; 30, 93-94, 147

L'Echo de Chine (Shanghai), 1897-1911 6.7.1; 8, 13, 30, 94-96, 117,

133, 157, 180

L'Echo de Chine (weekly edition; Shanghai), 1901-1911

O Echo do Povo (Hong Kong), 1858-1869

6.7.2; 94, 138, 181

L'Echo de Pekin, 1905-1908 7.16; 102

L'Echo de Tientsin, 1909 (?)-1911 7.8; 101

4.2; 49, 75, 76,

175

O Echo Macaense, 1893-1899 1.11.4; 39, 113, 125, 167 European Budget (London), 1872-(?) 8.6; 108, 130-131

8.3.1; 108, 184 European Mail (for the East) (London), 1870-1898

7.4.2; 100, 118 Evening Express (Tientsin), 1902 (?)-1911 (?) Evening Gazette (Shanghai), June-Sept. 1873, 1874-1875

5.7.6; 84, 86,

112, 134, 178

57, 60

Le Courrier de Changhai, 1873

6.4.2; 30, 93, 159

Le Courrier de l'Extrême Orient (Shanghai), 1886 6.6.2; 30, 93-94, 180

Le Courrier de Tientsin, 1903-1911

7.7.1; 13, 101, 117, 133

Cycle (Shanghai), 1870-1871 5.16; 12, 30, 80, 91, 129, 146, 180

Evening Mail (Hong Kong), 1863-1867 3.4.9; Evening Mail and Hongkong Shipping List, 1862 Express and Shipping Gazette (Foochow), 1880

O Extremo Oriente (Hong Kong), 1885-1898

3.4.8; 27, 57, 60

7.36; 106

4.5.2; 76, 117, 127-128

218

219

O Farol Macaense, 1841-1842 1.4.3; 35, 119

Foo-chow-foo Courier, 1858-1859

7.35; 106

Foochow Advertiser, 1866-1867(?)

7.33.1; 105

Foochow Daily Advertiser, 1873-1875

7.33.4; 105

Foochow Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette, (?)-1873

Foochow Daily Echo, 1873-1911 7.34; 105, 145

Foochow Herald, 1873-1884 (?)

7.33.3; 105, 132, 135

Hongkong Register and Daily Advertiser, June 1860-1861

113, 116, 129, 133, 170

3.3.7; 53, 57,

Hongkong Register and Government Gazette, Apr.-Sept. 1844

3.3.3; 24, 51,

53-54, 170

Hongkong Register Daily Supplement,

1859

7.33.2; 105

3.3.9; 26-27, 53, 56 3.4.6; 21, 57, 59-60, 172

3.4.7; 27,

57, 59-60, 172

3.8; 9, 12, 25-27, 71-72, 74, 115-116, 119,

Friend of China (Macao, Canton, then Shanghai), 1842, 1860-1861, 1863-1869

2.4, 3.1.1, 5.4.1; 19, 24, 25, 29, 48, 48n, 49-50, 82-83, 130, 142-143, 149, 155-156, 159, 169, 178

Friend of China and Hongkong Gazette, 1842-1859 3.1.2; 3, 7-8, 11, 20-21, 49-53, 55, 59, 63, 65-66, 111, 116-117, 137, 140, 142-143, 146, 149, 155-156, 169

Friend of China and Shipping Gazette (Shanghai), 1869

130, 155-156

Gazeta de Macau, 1824-1826 1.2; 16, 34, 118, 165

Gazeta de Macau, Jan.-Aug. 1839 1.5.2; 35-36, 122, 165

Gazeta de Macau e Timor, 1872-1874

5.4.2; 82-83,

1.9.4; 33, 38, 113, 151, 153, 166

Golos Man'chzhurii (Harbin), 1908 7.28; 104

Handelsnachrichten (Shanghai), 1907-1911 6.8.3; 97, 181

Hankow Daily News, 1906-1911 7.38; 106, 111, 146

Hankow Times, 1866-1868 7.37; 106, 157

Homeward Mail from India, China and the Far East, and Official Gazette

(London), 1857-1911 8.5; 108, 184

O Hongkong Alegre, 1889 (?) -1890 4.6; 76, 145

Hongkong Catholic Register, 1878-1880

3.10.1; 74, 128, 174

Hongkong Daily Press, Ships, Commerce, and Colonies, 1861-1911

3.5.2;

6, 8-9, 25, 29, 38, 48, 60, 64-67, 107, 114, 119, 120, 123, 125, 129, 139, 148, 152, 153, 159, 160, 172-173

Hongkong (late Canton) Register, July-Dec. 1843

168, 170

3.3.1; 44, 53, 116,

Hongkong Mercury and Shipping Gazette, June-Dec. 1866

67, 112, 125, 173

3.6; 26. 61,

Hongkong Recorder, 1859 3.4.5; 57, 59-60, 122, 172 Hongkong Register, 1844-1859 3.3.2; 3, 20-22, 24, 25, 27, 51, 53-56,

57, 60, 62, 113, 114, 116, 120, 135, 137-138, 143, 144, 146, 154,

170

Hongkong Shipping List, 1855-1857 Hongkong Shipping List and Commercial Intelligencer, 1857-1862

Hongkong Telegraph, 1881-1911

124, 126, 129, 142, 144, 152, 153, 174 Hongkong Times, Daily Advertiser and Shipping Gazette, 1873-1876

3.7.3; 4, 8, 26, 31, 35, 68-71, 120, 123, 144, Hongkong Times Mail Supplement, 1873-1876(?)

174

3.7.4; 68, 174

Hongkong Weekly Press and China Overland Trade Report, 1869-1911

3.5.4; 64, 173

Hsiang-kang ch'uan-t'ou huo-chia chih, 1857(?)-1860

O Imparcial (Macao), 1873 1.11.1; 39, 113

3.5.5; 28, 64, 173

1867-1898

1.9.2, 4.1.4; 33, 37,

1.9.5; 33, 38, 41, 166

7.7.2; 101

O Independente (Macao and Hong Kong), 38, 74-75, 125, 149-150, 166, 175

Jornal de Macau (Macao, then Canton), 1875-1876 Jornal de Macau, 1899-1901 1.17; 40, 125, 150 Le Journal de Chine (Tientsin), 1907-1910 Le Journal de Pekin, fl. 1910 7.18; 103

7.26; 104 Kharbin, (?)-1908 Kharbinskii Vestnik, 1903-1911 Kiautschou-Post, 1908(?)-1911

A Liberdade (Macao), 1896-(?)

7.23; 104, 122, 183

7.13; 102, 132, 182

1.13; 40, 150,

167

Listok Ezhednevnykh Telegram i Ob'yavlenii (Harbin), 1902-1903,

Oct.-Nov. 1905 7.21; 103 London and China Express, 1859-1911 London and China Herald, 1867-1870(?)

114, 139, 141, 184

London and China Telegraph, 1859-1911

1.16; O Lusitano (Macao), 1898-1899

8.1.4; 70, 107, 184

8.2; 64-65, 67, 107-108,

8.1.2; 4, 107, 108, 183 40, 141, 158, 167

→

220

221

O Macaense, 1882-1892 (?) 1.11.2; 39, 113, 150, 166 Macaista Imparcial, 1836-1837 1.4.1; 34, 35, 119, 165 Macaista Imparcial e Registe Mercantil, 1837-1838 Manchuria Daily News (Dairen), 1911(?)

1.4

.4.2; 35, 36, 119,

165

7.22; 103

Man' chzhuriya (Harbin), 1903 or 1905 (?)

Molodaya Rossiya (Harbin), 1906-(?)

7.22.2; 103

7.24; 104

5.7.7; 84, 86

Morning Gazette and Advertiser (Shanghai), 1874

O Movimento (Hong Kong), 1863-(?) 4.3; 75

"New China Mail, Hongkong Monitor, and Philosophical Gazette," 1847 (?)

3.2; 53

New Press (Shanghai), 1901-1903 5.10.2; 89, 115, 119, 124, 128

North-China and Japan Market Report (Shanghai), 5.1.2; 76, 78

North-China Daily News (Shanghai), 1864-1911 5.1.8; 8, 29, 31, 77-79,

87-88, 114, 177-178

North-China Herald (Shanghai), 1850-1867 5.1.1; 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 12-13, 23,

28-31, 76-81, 82, 87-88, 91, 110, 118, 127, 128, 129-130, 132-135, 138, 139, 144, 148, 153, 157, 158, 161, 175-176

North-China Herald and Market Report (Shanghai), 1867-1870

77-78, 87, 176

5.1.4;

North-China Herald and Supreme Court and Consular Gazette (Shanghai),

1870-1911 5.1.5; 76-81, 87, 91, 112, 114, 176-177

North-China Overland Herald and Market Report (Shanghai), 1865-1867

5.1.3; 77-78, 176

O Noticiario Macaense (Macao, then Hong Kong), 1869-1870

38, 74, 150, 166

1.10, 4.1.3;

Le Nouvelliste de Changhai, 1870-1872 6.4.1; 30, 91, 92-93, 114, 133, 146

Novaia Zhizn' (Harbin), 1907-1911 7.25.3; 104, 117, 132, 133, 183

Novyi Krai (Port Arthur, then Harbin), 1900-1911

144,

183

7.20; 103, 111, 142,

Oriental Herald and Colonial Review (London), 1824-1829(?)

15, 109, 184

O Oriente (Macao), 1869-1870, Jan.-Oct. 1872

166

O Oriente Portuguêz (Macao), 1892-1894 1.14;

Der Ostasiatische Lloyd (Shanghai), 1887-1911

89, 96-97, 100, 125, 129, 134, 141, 147, 181

Ostasiatische Nachrichten (Tientsin), 1909-1911 7.9; 101, 127

Overland China Chronicle (Hong Kong), Jan.-June 1860 3.3.6; 53, 170

3.4.2; 20, 23, 57, 59, 60, Overland China Mail (Hong Kong), 1848-1909

171-172

Overland Friend of China (Hong Kong), 1845-1859 3.1.3; 49, 52, 169 Overland Mail (London), 1855-1911 8.3.2; 108, 184

Overland Mail, China (London), 1870 (?) - (?) 8.3.3; 108, 184

Overland Register and Price Current (Hong Kong), 1845-1859, July 1860-1861

3.3.4; 53, 170

O Patriota (Hong Kong), 1900-1911 4.7; 75, 76

Peking and Tientsin Times (Tientsin), 1894-1911

103, 114, 117, 126, 135, 145, 158, 182

7.2; 13, 98, 99, 102n,

Peking Daily News, 1909-1911 7.17.2; 12, 91, 99, 102-103, 133, 134, 182 Peking Post, Jan.-Feb. 1910 7.19; 103, 183

Pekinger Deutsche Zeitung, 1901-(?) 7.15; 102, 183

O Portuguêz na China (Macao, then Hong Kong), 1839-1843 (?), 1860-(?)

1.5.3, 4.1.6; 36, 75, 122, 165, 175

O Porvir (Macao [?], then Hong Kong), 1897-1907

117, 161, 175

1.15, 4.1.5; 40, 75, 76,

O Procurador dos Macaistas, 1844-1845 1.5.4; 36, 122, 165

Le Progrès, Journal de l'Extrême Orient (Shanghai), 1870 (?)-1872

6.5; 30, 93, 114, 133

O Progresso (Shanghai), 1888-1889 6.2; 92, 117

Register's Advertiser (Hong Kong), 1853-1854 (?) Republican Advocate of China (Shanghai), 1911 Rotunda (Shanghai), 1911 6.3; 92, 116

Shanghai Budget and Weekly Courier, 1871-1873

178

3.3.8; 21, 53, 56

5.15; 90

5.7.4; 32, 84-86, 132,

5.7.5; 32, 84-86, 112,

Shanghai Budget and Weekly News-Letter, 1874-1875

132, 178 Shanghai Courier and China Gazette, 1875-1890 5.7.9; 29, 84-87, 97,

112, 115, 123, 130, 137, 144-145, 157-158, Shanghai Daily Press, 1897-1901 5.10.1; 30, 89, 120, 124, 127, 128,

179

8.7;

1.9.3; 33, 37-38, 150-151,

40, 167

6.8.1; 8, 13, 30, 86,

131, 143

Shanghai Daily Times, 1861-1862

5.2.1; 28-29, 81, 153, 161

222

Shanghai Evening Courier, 1868-1875

5.7.3; 29, 84-87, 130, 132, 146, 178

5.5; 29, 83, 86, 130-131, 146

Shanghai Evening Express, 1867-1871 Shanghai Free Press, fl. 1909 5.12; 90, 111, 154

Shanghai General Advertiser, 1872 5.6; 84 Shanghai Mercury, 1879-1911

5.7.10; 8, 29-30, 84-87, 89, 97, 117, 120,

124, 125, 127, 131, 136, 141, 142, 145, 179 Shanghai News-Letter, 1871-1873 5.7.2; 29, 84, 87-88, 132, 178 Shanghai News-Letter for California and the Atlantic States, 1867-1871

5.7.1; 29, 84, 87, 157, 158, 178

Shanghai Recorder, 1862-1869 5.3.1; 6, 29, 81-82, 83, 111, 115, 123,

130-131, 153

Shanghai Times, 1901-1911 5.11; 13, 30, 89-90, 113, 117, 118, 124, 127,

136, 142, 154, 158, 179

Shanghae Weekly Times, 1861-1862 Shanghaier Nachrichten, 1907-1911

O Solitário na China (Macao), 1845

South-China Daily Journal (Shanghai),

5.2.2; 81

6.8.2; 97, 181

1.5.5; 36, 122, 165

1905-1907(?) 5.17; 91-92, 158, 180

South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), 1903-1911 3.9; 8, 12, 25-27, 72-74,

120, 129, 134, 142, 143, 158, 174

Supreme Court and Consular Gazette (Shanghai), 1868-1869

82, 123, 178

5.3.4; 78,

Ta-Ssi-Yang-Kuo (Macao), 1863-1866 1.9.1; 36-37, 149-150, 165 Tageblatt für Nordchina (Tientsin), 1904-1911 7.5; 13, 97, 100, 123,

125-126, 132, 136, 143, 182

Thacker's Overland News for India, China and the Far East (London),

1857-1864 8.4; 108, 184

Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten, 1904-1911

159, 182

7.11; 97, 101, 125-126, 132,

A Verdade (Macao), 1880-(?) 1.9.6; 38, 150, 159, 166

A Verdade (Macao), 1908-1911 1.18; 40-41, 149, 150, 167

Verdade e Liberdade (Canton, then Hong Kong), 1852-(?)

41, 74, 151

O Verdadeiro Patriota (Macao), 1838-1839

Vestnik Vostoka (Harbin), Feb.-Nov. 1907

1.7; 36

1.20, 4.1.2;

7.25.1; 104, 133

Vida Nova (Macao), 1909-1910 1.19; 41, 142, 150, 167

A Voz de Macaista (Hong Kong), 1846(?)-(?) 4.1.1; 36, 74, 122

A Voz do Crente (Macao), 1887-1895 1.11.3; 39, 113, 115, 166

Wei-hai-wei Gazette, 1901-(?) 7.40.2; 106, 183

Wei-hai-wei Lyre, (?)-1901 7.40.1; 106, 183

Die Welt des Ostens (Tsingtao), 1904-1907(?)

7.12; 101

223

미

224

225

General Index

Family names of China-coast editors and publishers appear in upper

case, and page references to their own biographies have been underlined. For page references to China-coast newspapers, see the alphabetical index

For other China-coast to China-coast newspaper titles (pp. 215-223 above). periodicals, see Appendix A (pp. 189-192 above).

Readers are reminded that, owing to the reference nature of this study, there may be several disconnected appearances of a subject on a

single page.

Absolutist Party (Macao), 34, 147 Advertising sheets, 3-4, 21, 26-27,

29, 56, 59-60, 68, 78, 82, 84. See also Price-currents; China-

coast newspapers, 2.5, 3.4.3-5, 3.7.1-2, 5.16, 5.3.3

AGABEG, A. L., 64, 111 Agabeg and Co. (Hong Kong), Agassiz, Arthur, 138

111

Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio, 124 Ah Lum, see Cheong Ah Lum Alcock, Sir Rutherford, 63, 67 ALLEN, W.J., 105, 111

Amaral, Chief Justice of Macao,

35, 147

American: citizens and interests,

6, 13, 27, 42-46, 49, 62, 64, 69, 84-88, 90, 99, 113, 124-126, 136, 137, 140, 146, 149, 153, 154, 157, 158, 160; holdings of China-coast newspapers, 168-183; libraries with China-coast news-

See also Chicago; papers, 164. New York; Oriental (San Francisco)

American Trading Co. (Shanghai),

113

Amherst Mission, 139

Amoy, 104-105, 111, 136, 137 ANDERSON, Alfred G., 90, 111 ANDREW, J., 106, 111

ANDREWS, Edward, 59, 111, 121

Anstey, T. Chisholm, 138, 156 Antung: Japanese-language

newspapers, 193

Arrow War, see Sino-British wars ARTEMEV, P.A., 103, 111 ASH, Arthur, 111

Ashmore, Edward, 108

Australia, 9, 114, 115, 117, 123, 131, 139, 144, 148-149, 158; newspapers: Argus (Melbourne),

123; National Advocate (Bathurst), 123; Sydney Daily Telegraph, 123; Sydney Herald, 131

D'AZEVEDO, Luiz, 49-50, 111-112, 116

BAIN, George Murray, 58-59, 67,

68-69, 112, 125, 132, 147 Bain and Dennys (Hong Kong), 112 BALFOUR, Frederic Henry, 77, 85-86, 88, 112, 134, 157 BALL, Frank B., 90, 113 Ballantyne, James, and Co., 148 Bangkok, 70, 75, 116, 143;

newspapers: Bangkok Times, 116;

Siam Observer, 143 Bank of Hindustan, 138 Bard, Eugène, 95

BASTOS, António Joaquim, 39, 113 BASTOS, Pinto, 37, 38, 113, 150,

151, 153

BATE, R., 100, 113

"Bee, The," see A Abelha da China

(1.1)

BEECHER, J.C., 54, 113 BEER, M., 30, 114, 133 Belgian: citizens and interests,

95, 101. See also Leberghe, Marcel van

BELL, Henry Thorburn Montague, 77,

114

BELL, William Harvey, 64-65, 114,

139, 153

Bell and Co. (Canton and Hong Kong),

114, 120, 153

BELLAMY BROWN, A., 58, 114 BELLINGHAM, A. William H., 99, 114 Berlin, 114, 125; newspaper:

Die Post, 125

BEVAN, William Frazer, 53, 56,

114-115 Beveridge, H., 70 Bianco, Lucien, 93n Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa,

33n, 164, 165-167, 175 BLACK, John Reddie, 85, 115 Boer War, 114, 126

Boletim Oficial do Governo da

Província de Macau (title varies), 33, 35, 150 Bombay, 75

BOND, C.A., 89,

115

Bonham, Sir George, 6, 55, 61, 154 BONNEY, N.B., 83, 115

Bonney, N.B. and Co., 83, 115, 131 Bonney, S.W., 63

BORGES, António, 39, 115

Bowen, Sir George F., 63, 71-72, 127 BOWKER, J.T.F., 82, 115

Bowring, Sir John, 25, 56, 62, 66,

78, 141, 148, 154, 156, 159 Boxer Uprising, 90, 96, 118-119, 124 Braga, J.M., 33n, 37, 72, 116 BRAGA, J.P., 71-72, 115-116 BREBNER, A.W., 71, 116

Bridges, Dr. W.T., 22, 25, 66,

155-156

Bridgman, E.C., 78

British Chamber of Commerce

(Canton), 43-44

British Museum:

holdings of China-

coast newspapers, 68, 163, 168-179, 181-184

British policy in China, 5, 18-19, 21, 25, 26, 44, 51, 63, 67, 159. See also East India Company, Free Trade; Sino-British wars BRITO, Francisco, 92, 116 Britton, R.S., 45

Brown, A. Bellamy, see Bellamy

Brown

BROWN, James Layton, 54, 116, 129 BULGIN, James, 58, 116, 127 Bund (Shanghai), 136 Burlingame Mission,

→

Cable, 4, 10, 70, 92, 99, 106, 158 Caine, Col. William, 22, 25, 51,

66, 117, 140-141

CAIRNS, John, 53-55, 116 Calcutta, 34, 62, 126, 147

Caldwell, D.W., 22, 25, 140-141, 156 California, 140, 149, 157, 164 Canadians, see McLeod; Shearman Canton, 15-21, 25-26, 33n, 34, 38,

41-49, 52, 60, 62, 70, 83, 118, 131, 136-140, 144, 147, 152, 153, 155-156, 168-169; Chamber of Commerce, 138

Canton Commercial List, 119 Cantonese language, 121

CARR, John, 49-51, 111, 116-117,

143, 155

CARVALHO, M. Fernandes, 75, 76, 92,

117, 128

Castro Cabral Albuquerque, Jeronimo

Osorio de, 37

Catholics, Roman, 15-16, 34, 42,

46, 72, 74, 80, 93, 95-96, 118, 127-128, 147, 174

Changchun, 103; Japanese-language

newspapers, 193

Chapman, King and Co. (Shanghai), 137 Chartered Bank of India, Australia,

and China, 135

Chau Siu-ni, 71n

Chaves, C.M., 75

Chefoo, 87, 105, 134, 135; Chefoo

Convention, 63

Cheong Ah Lum, 66, 155

CHERNJAVSKIJ, S.P., 104, 117 CHEVALIER, R., 101, 117

226

227

Chicago: Chicago Daily News, 158 Chien-tao: Japanese-language news-

papers, 193

Chihli, 99

China, fiscal problems, 62

China Association (London), 128

Chinese China-coast newspapers:

ownership, 12, 61, 71-73, 91-92, 99, 102-103, 115-117, 133, 134, 158; Chinese titles, 2, 32, 185-187; correspondents, 10, 26, 37, 52, 62-63, 70, 75, 78-79, 83, 87, 90, 92, 114, 121, 123, 124, 137, 158, 160; coverage, 10-14, 20-21, 26, 28-29, 42, 44, 51-52, 60-62, 80, 95-96, 98, 103, 107-109, 132, 138, 139, 148-149; editions, 4, 20-21, 26-27, 29, 44, 52, 56, 60-61, 78, 82, 86-87, 132; holdings, 162-184; market, 3-4, 16, 23, 26, 30-31, 44, 45, 59-60, 62, 70-71, 73, 79; policy, 4-5, 7-9, 12-19, 21-25, 29-31, 33, 34, 40, 44, 61-63, 65-67, 71-73, 75, 76, 79, 81, 88-92, 94-101, 122-124, 137-138, 140-142, 147, 149-150, 152, 154, 155, 159-160; reliability, 4-5, 8-9; staff, 3, 7, 8-11, 15-16, 26, 28, 69-71, 79, 110-161; sub- scribers, see China-coast news-

See also China- papers, market. coast newspaper title index, 215-223; Japanese-language news- papers published in China, 193-196 "China Mail" Co., 58, 59, 112-123.

See also China Mail (3.4) China Punch (Hong Kong), 61 China Review (Hong Kong), 121 Chinese: attitudes toward,

5-6, 7, 22, 23, 46, 56, 63, 66, 72, 73, 80, 91, 94-95, 107, 121-123, 126, 127, 129, 139, 148, 152, 155, 159 "Chinese Chronicle" (Malacca), 15 Chinese Daily Press, see Chung

Ngoi San Po

Chinese Eastern Railway, 104 Chinese government, 15, 19, 22, 47, 50, 52, 56, 63, 66, 67, 80, 94,

96, 98, 124, 135, 155, 158.

A RESEARCH GUIDE TO CHINA-COAST NEWSPAPERS | ་晚清西文報紙導要 | 1965