1920-1930
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
No. 1108.
HONGKONG.
REPORT FOR 1920.
(ABRIDGED.)
(For Report for 1919 scc No. 1071.)
LONDON:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY
HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.
To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: IMPERIAL HOUSE, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, and 28, Abingdon STREET,
LONDON, S.W.1;
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or from EASON & SON, LTD., 40 & 41, LOWER SACKVILLE STREET, DUBLIN.
1922.
Price 9d. Net.
1
2
2
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
No. 1108.
HONGKONG.
ANNUAL GENERAL REPORT FOR 1920.
PREFACE.
Hongkong is situated off the south-eastern coast of China be- tween 22° 9′ and 22° 17′ N. latitude and 114° 5' and 114° 18′ E. longitude. The island is an irregular ridge, stretching nearly east and west; its peaks rising to the height of nearly 2,000 feet above the sea level. Its length is about 11 miles, its breadth from 2 to 5 miles, its area about 32 square miles.
In 1898 an extension of Hongkong territory was agreed to by an area adjacent to British Kowloon, including Mirs Bay and Deep Bay, being leased for 99 years.
The Colony, then a desolate island, sparsely inhabited by fishermen, was ceded to Great Britain in January, 1841; the cession was confirmed by the Treaty of Nankin in August, 1842; and the charter bears date 5th April, 1843. The additions subsequently obtained on the mainland have been noted above.
Trade increased with the opening up of China to foreign trade. Large local banking, dock, steamboat, and insurance companies were established between 1865 and 1872, and the trade was greatly in- creased by the opening of the Suez Canal.
The city is the depôt for an incessant flow of Chinese emigration and immigration; excluding China ports.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
During the early part of the year trade was brisk and large profits were realised all round, owing principally to the relatively high sterling rates at which imports were laid down. A serious slump, however, followed later in the year. As a result of the prosperity of trade in 1919, many new firms had been established, especially in the piece goods business. By these enormous orders were placed in England and America during 1919. Owing chiefly to labour conditions, deliveries were delayed, with the result that many orders placed early in 1919 were not delivered until the Autumn of 1920. The result was an overstocked market, which, with a decline in prices, caused by the heavy fall in the price of cotton, and a drop of 50 per cent. in the value of the dollar compared with the rates prevailing when the orders were placed in 1919, led to a very serious financial position.`
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1920.
3
The rice business of the colony also passed through a severe crisis during the year, due to a great extent to the failure of certain San Francisco buyers to honour their contracts, on the ground that buyers in Cuba, as a result of a considerable amount of overbuying, were repudiating their contracts.
The trade position was further embarrassed by the unrest in the neighbouring provinces of Kwangtung and Kwangsi. The lawlessness which has, unfortunately, so long been a feature of the situation, and which during 1919 was chiefly due to the presence throughout the province of the unpaid and uncontrolled soldiery of both factions, continued throughout the year to the grave detriment of trade in the two provinces.
During the early portion of the year serious inconvenience was caused to business firms by the irregular arrivals of English mails. This was due to failure on several occasions to make the steamer connection at Nagapatam. The position was remedied later in the year by the provision of more fast vessels on the London-Bombay service and by an arrangement with the Straits Settlements Postal Administration for Hongkong letter mails to be sent by rail from Penang to Singapore.
The year was marked by a number of strikes among the workmen in various trades in the Colony. The most serious was the Fitters' strike in April, which was, however, amicably settled within 16 days. Other strikes were those of the Blackwood Furniture makers and the Chinese tailors' assistants.
A new valuation of the Colony was made during the year, by which the rateable value was increased from $17,408,959 to $18,696,660, an addition of 7-40 per cent.
1.-FINANCES.
The revenue for the year amounted to $14,689,672 being $625,128 less than the estimate and $1,835,303 less than the revenue for the previous year.
Compared with the returns for 1919 there were increases under every head with the exception of Licences and Interest.
The expenditure amounted to a total of $14,489,594 inclusive of a sum of $2,555,878 spent on Public Works Extraordinary.
The total expenditure brought to account amounted to $14,489,594 being $396,879 less than the estimate, and $3,426,331 less than the expenditure in 1919. Compared with the estimates there were in- creases under 15 heads as against 9 heads where there were decreases. The excess amounting to $742,979 under Miscellaneous Services was due to the grant of $1,000,000 to Kongkong University and $378,104 in the case of the Police and Prison Departments due to increase of staff and revision of salaries. Military expenditure was less than the estimate by $168,752 on account of the revenue for 1919 having been over-estimated. The item Charitable Services was responsible for an excess over the estimates of $104,339 due to a grant of $100,000 to the North China Famine Relief Fund. Decreases were mostly due to the sterling value of the dollar being higher than that on which the estimates were based, and to certain Public Works for which provision had been made not being proceeded with.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
The balance to the credit on the year's working was $200,078 and the assets and liabilities account showed on the 31st December a credit balance of $4,490,266.
The following is a statement of the revenue and expenditure of the Colony for the five years 1916-1920 :-
Revenue.
Expenditure.
$
$
1916
:
13,833,387
11,079,915
1917
15,058,105
14,090,828
1918
...
...
18,665,248
16,252,172
16,524,975
17,915,925
14,689,672
14,489,594
1919
1920
The amount of the consolidated loan stands at £1,485,733. Against this there is at credit of the Sinking Fund a sum of £338,687. The Local Loan under Ordinance No. 12 of 1916 amounts to $3,000,000 and there are the sums of $438,203 and £84,751 at credit of the Sinking Fund.
During the period 1911-1920 the assessment of the whole Colony has risen from $11,161,390 to $17,408,959, an increase in rateable value of $6,247,569.
The circulation on the 31st December of notes of the three Banks having authorised issues was as follows:-
Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation, Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China, Mercantile Bank of India, Limited,
...
$26,397,580
...
10,061,863
1,000,009
$37;459,452
The currency of the Colony consists, in addition to the notes of these Banks, of British, Hongkong, and Mexican Dollars and of sub- sidiary coin, which continued at par throughout the year.
The total issue of subsidiary coins less those demonetized now amounts to $20,764,370 nominal value, and they were up to the year 1905 readily absorbed at par, large quantities being taken by the neighbouring provinces of China. During 1916 ten cent pieces of the face value of $5,028,000 were shipped to Calcutta for purposes of demonetization. The discount which prevailed between 1905 and 1916 may be attributed to the immense quantity of similar coin which was minted at Canton as well as to the amount of Hongkong coin minted largely in excess of the needs of the Colony by itself. In 1905 the Hongkong Government ceased to issue any subsidiary coin and in 1906 it began a policy of demonetising all its subsidiary coin received as revenue. This policy was continuously followed till 1918 except during a brief period in 1911. Coin to the face value of $23,235,459 has thus been redeemed. The total issue by the Hongkong Govern- ment was of the face value of about $44,000,000.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1920.
II. SHIPPING AND TRADE, INDUSTRIES, FISHERIES, AGRICULTURE, AND LAND.
(a.)-SHIPPING.
5
The total of the Shipping entering and clearing at Ports in the Colony during the year 1920 amounted to 683,497 vessels of 40,122,527 tons, which, compared with the figures for 1919, shows an increase of 34,329 vessels, with an increase of 4,507,358 tons.
Of the above, 43,364 vessels of 24,194,022 tons were engaged in Foreign Trade, as compared with 41,985 vessels of 21,072,129 tons in 1919, and were distributed as follows:-
1919. 1920. 1919. 1920. Numbers. Numbers. Tonnage. Tonnage
%
%
%
%
British Ocean-going Ships
9.2
9.6
32.4
34.5
Foreign Ocean-going Ships..
12.6
12.5
36.2
38.1
British River Steamers
13.2
11.9
15:4
13.5
..
Foreign River Steamers
3.8
4:0
2.9
2.4
Steam Launches (under 60
tons)
11.9
11.6
0.8
0.7
Trading Junks
49.3
50.4
12.3
10.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
N.B.-The movements of Fishing Junks are not included in this Table.
Of vessels of European construction, 4,807 Ocean Steamers, 3,441 River Steamers, and 2,498 Steamships not exceeding 60 tons entered. during the year, giving a daily average of 29-4 ships, as compared with 29.1 in 1919 and 27-3 in 1918.
The average tonnage of individual Ocean Vessels entering the Port has increased from 1,583.1 tons to 1,831-0 tons, that of British ships has increased from 1,722-6 tons to 2,002-3 tons, while that of Foreign ships has also increased from 1,449.2 tons to 1,699.2 tons.
The average tonnage of individual River Steamers entering during the year has decreased from 448.8 tons to 425-8 tons.
That of British River Steamers has decreased from 529-8 tons to 516.1 tons, and that of Foreign River Steamers has decreased from 336.6.tons to 324·3 tons.
There was an increase in British Ocean-going shipping of 308 ships or 7.9 per cent. and an increase of 1,509,060 tons or 22-0 per cent.
This is due to vessels which were under Government control being released, and to newly-built ships and Enemy ships which were sold or transferred to British ship-owners being put on the Eastern trade.
British River Steamers have decreased by 364 ships with an increase. in tonnage of 3,204 tons or 6-6 per cent. in numbers and 0.1 per cent. in tonnage.
The decrease in ships is due to the s.s. "Chuen Chow" being laid up during the latter part of the year and to the s.s. "Hoi Ming "being transferred to the Chinese flag. The decrease in tonnage is due to the alteration in tonnage of the s.s. "Fatshan,' Kinshan" and "Heung-
shan."
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6
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL,
Foreign Ocean-going vessels have increased by 144 ships with an increase of 1,597,729 tons or 2·7 per cent. in numbers and 20.9 per cent. in tonnage. This is due to the large amount of American vessels frequenting the port. Enemy vessels being sold or transferred to Foreign ship-owners and also to several newly-built Chinese and Norwegian vessels being put on the Coastal trade.
Foreign River Steamers show an increase of 142 ships with a decrease in tonnage of 14,409 tons or 8.9 per cent. in numbers and 2·4 per cent. in tonnage. This is due to the s.s. "Hoi Ming," formerly British-owned, being transferred to the Chinese flag being now named the s.s.
Tung Sing," also to two newly-built steamers, the s.s. "Leung Kwong" and "Kong Chow," being put on the West River run.
พ
The decrease in tonnage is due to the s.s. "Tin Sing" being seized by the Cantonese Government and a number of Chinese vessels being unable to run frequently owing to Hostilities in the West River waters.
In steamships not exceeding 60 tons employed in Foreign Trade, there is a decrease of 7 ships with an increase in tonnage of 5,559 tons or 0.1 per cent. in numbers and 3-4 per cent. in tonnage. The increase is most prominent in vessels trading to Macao due to the Steam- launches" Hau Hoi 1" and "On Chai" running regularly for the best part of the year.
Junks in Foreign Trade show an increase of 1,156 vessels and an increase of 20,750 tons or 5-6 per cent. in numbers and 0.8 per cent. in tonnage. This is due to more junks of smaller tonnage visiting this Pórt.
In Local Trade, (i.e., between places within the waters of the Colony) there is an increase in Steam-launches of 32,880 and an increase of 1,270,246 tons or 5.6 per cent. in numbers and 9.5 per cent. in tonnage.
This is due to the decreasing cost of coal; Launches which had been laid up, were again employed.
Junks in Local Trade show an increase of 70 vessels and an increase of 115,219 tons or 0.3 per cent. in numbers and 9.8 per cent. in tonnage. This is due to a great number of junks being employed on reclamation work.
TRADE.
Detailed and accurate statistics of imports and exports are now collected and published by the Imports and Exports Department.
IMPORTS.
The number and tonnage of ships of European type construction carrying cargo for import and transit, compared with 1919, were as follows:-
1919.
1920.
Increase.
Decrease.
No.
Tonnage. No.
Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No.
Tonnage.
Steamers
4,571
River Steamers
3,550
Sailing Vessels.
4
7,237,333 | 4,807 8,801,620 236 1,917,236 | 3,441 1,918,064
5,356
1,564,287
828 109
5,356
Total
8,125
9,159,925 | 8,248 |10,719,684 236
Net Increase
123
1,565,115 113
1,559,759
5,356
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1920.
EXPORTS.
7
7
The corresponding figures relating to ships of European type of construction shipping bunker coal are as follows:-
1919.
1920.
Increase.
Decrease.
No.
Tonnage. No
Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
No. Tonnage.
•
Steamers
4,560
River Steamers
3,551
7,219,802 4,784 8,773,016 224 1,553,214
1,928,221 | 3,438 1,916,191
13
12,030
Sailing Vessels
4
5,356
4
5,356
Total
8,115 9,153,379 | 8,115 10,689,207 224 1,553,214
17
17,386
Net Increase
207
1,535,828
1
1919.
1920.
Increase.
Decrease.
No.
Bunker Coal.
No.
Bunker Coal.
No.
Bunker Coal.
No.
Bunker Coal.
Steamers
4,560
River Steamers
3,551
850,386 4,784
53,439❘ 3,438
464,707 224
63,486
385,679
10,047 13
Total
8,111
903,825 | 8,222 528,193 224
10,047 13
385,679
Net Increase
211
375,632
The River Trade, compared with 1919, is shown in the following Table:-
1919
1920
Year..
Imports.
Exports.
Passengers.
Tons. 323,536
Tons. 328,369
1,373,947
345,514
317,512
1,686,306
The following Table shows the Junk Trade of the Colony for the years 1919 and 1920 :-
Imported 569,888 tons as under :-
Tons.
Cattle, 1,914 head
224
Swine, 18,397 head
1,082
General
547,747
Earth and Stones
20,835
Total
569,888
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
8
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
Exported 709,761 tons as under :-
Kerosine, 1,128,477 cases
Rice and Padi
Coal General
··
Total
OPIUM.
:
:
Tons.
40,604
59,769
236,799
372,589
709,761
Five hundred and twelve and a half (5121) chests of Persian Opium and 112 chests of Turkish Opium were imported during the year; 2 chests of Persian Opium were exported to London, 510 chests to Formosa, and 109 chests of Turkish Opium to Formosa; 3 chests used for Medical purposes by A. S. Watson & Co., Ltd., of Hongkong.
Nine hundred and one (901) chests of uncertificated Indian Opium were imported; 576 chests for the Macao Opium Farmer, of which 226 chests exported by Tai Seng, the Old Farmer, and 350 chests by Lee Sing, the New Farmer, from July to December, 1920; 100 chests for Kobe; and the remaining 225 chests for the Government Opium Monopoly.
The table below shows the total imports and exports since 1912 :-
Stock in hand on
1st January.
Imported during
1,5251
1920. 1919. 1918. 1917. 1916. Chests. Chests. Chests. Chests. Chests.
329
253 7991 977} 1,3031
1,290
1,259 1,657 1,706
· 1915. 1914. 1913. 1912. Chests. Chests. Chests. Chests.
2,2561 4,580) 5,560 7,587
1,873 3,059)
9,1081 [12,3611
the year.
Total
1,854
1,543
2,0581
2,6341 3,009 4,129
7,640
|14,668} |19,9481
Boiled by Opium
36
667 1,113
Farmer.
Boiled by Govern-
225
377
539
352
365
340
413
ment.
Spurious Opium
13
17
19
2.
destroyed.
Used locally
3
Missing or stolen
1
4
2
9
Exported during
1,2971
837 1,2651
1,469 1,667
2,469
4,9111
9,419 13,264}
the year.
Stock remaining on
Total
31st December
1,525)
1,214 1,8051
1,835 2,032 2,826
5,383) |10,088 [14,388)
329
329
253
7991 977} 1,303) 2,2561 4,5801 5,560
Emigration and Immigration.
One hundred and five thousand two hundred and fifty-eight (105,258) emigrants left Hongkong for various places during the year 1020, (59,969 in 1919). Of these, 70,234 were carried in British ships and 35,024 in Foreign ships.
One hundred and twenty-two thousand four hundred and thirty-. eight (122,438) returning emigrants were reported to have been brought to Hongkong from the several places to which they had emigrated either from this Colony or from Coast Ports, as against 136,020 in 1919.. Of these, 87,766 arrived in British ships and 34,672 in Foreign ships.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1920.
(b).-INDUSTRIES.
(i).-Under European Management.
9
9
Engineering and Shipbuilding.-The figures are as follows for the year :-
Hongkong and Whampoa Dock Co., Ltd.
Taikoo Dockyard and Eng. Co., Ltd.
W. S. Bailey & Co., Ltd.
Kwong Hip Lung Co., Ltd.
Kwong Fat & Co.
Kwong Sang Loong Hung Fat
A King
5 vessels of 37,935 gross tons and11,500 I.H.P.
5
""
.22
"
13,660
1,197
"
"
9,700
19
"
11
1,336
1
50
n
"7
""
1
356
30
"
""
""
1
""
1,374
85
"T
"
2
7
"
17
25
77
48
276
"
""
Total
.62 vessels of 54,656 gross tons and 22,975 I.H.P.
Sugar Refineries.--1920 was a phenomenal year. Prices of Raw Sugar fluctuated but very little during the first few months of the year, but in April news was received of a very large reduction in the estimate of the Cuban Crop, which caused a rapid rise in prices the world over, raws in Java rising from 40 to 75 Guilders per picul between April and May, whilst Cubans which were quoted at about 9 cents previous to the revised estimate reached over 21 cents. After large quantities of Sugar had passed hands at these exceptional rates a slump took place, which was largely brought about by the over-anxiety of America to fill her shortages and prices fell away equally rapidly, the actual difference between the highest and lowest prices touched between the middle of May and December being 61 Guilders a picul.
The Refined markets follow the upward trend of prices to a certain extent in April and May and satisfactory sales were made to India, America and Europe, both for prompt and forward deliveries.
Demand from China was consistent throughout the year but for the first six months prices were disappointing.
Yarn. The Yarn trade during 1920 was very unsatisfactory and resulted in severe losses to native dealers, some of the smaller ones being forced to close down.
Trade was brisk until March but the Japanese financial crisis and the raising of the embargo on Japanese Yarn exports brought down prices with a run and so far there has not been any reasonable reaction from this collapse.
The total quantity of Indian Yarn imported into the Colony during the Year amounted to 120,000 bales and 17,000 bales were brought forward from the previous year.
Clearances totalled 112,000 bales, leaving a carry-over of 25,000
bales.
Cotton. Middling American Cotton in Liverpool was quoted in January at 28-50d. for spot, it declined to 27-38d. at the end of January, but then rose until on the 18th February it reached the phenomenal height of 31-16d. It has since gradually fallen away, with an occasional setback, to 8.65d. at the end of the year (lowest since August, 1916).
The year opened with Exchange at 4/11 T/T. It advanced rapidly and reached its topmost height of 6/2 T/T. on 10th February. It then reacted and declined steadily with one or two small setbacks until the close of the year, when T/Ts. on London were quoted at 3/2.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
Rope-Making, 1920.-The demand for Manila Cordage was not so good and the total turnover showed a falling-off from that of the previous twelve months. The high rate of exchange which ruled throughout the year adversely affected our business with gold standard countries to a large extent.
Cement Manufacture.-Although exchange ruled very high through- out the year, there developed a very good demand from all markets and prices rose all round. The turnover was a record one.
(ii.)-Under Chinese Management.
Tin.-During the year under review the volume of business. transacted was large (about twice that of 1919) but, although the sterling price was as high as £421 10s. in the early part of the year and as low as £205 10s. towards the close, there was little variation in local prices over the whole year owing entirely to the vagaries in exchange.
Imports and Exports for the year, in round figures, were :-
From Straits
Imports.
Exports.
300 Tons.
To United Kingdom 3,600 Tons.
China..
100
United States... 5,300
"
""
""
Neth. Indies
300
""
"
"
Sundry Ports
300
"
""
Yunnan... Kwangsi
..10,100
China..
"
22
400
Japan
2,900 1,500
""
"
13,600 Tons.
11,200 Tons.
Rattan and Fibre Furniture.-In sympathy with practically all lines, 1920 was a bad year for these commodities. The value of Rattan and Fibre Furniture exported was about half of 1919. Seagrass declined to about the same percentage whilst Rattan core was worse, about 25 per cent. of 1919.
Native Tobacco.-Only a very small business was transacted during 1920, with declining prices.
Leather and Hides.-These showed a considerable decline; most dealers have lost money and are holding fairly large stocks.
Ginger and Preserves.-This trade was one of the worst during 1920; exports decreased about 70 per cent. in comparison with 1919.
Soy. Only a small business was done and in small lots to regular centres.
:
Paper. Those interested in this line and who had stocks had a good year as prices rose about 25 per cent. in the beginning of this year, due to non-arrival of many orders. During the latter part of the year the market was plentifully stocked at lower prices, but, owing to exchange, local prices remained at the same high level with very little business.
Vermilion.-Very little done and much less than 1919.
Lard. The anticipated demand for 1920 did not materialise and business was bad-a great falling-off compared with 1919, although, at one time, the trade looked like reviving owing to heavy purchase from a new source.
Tinned Goods.-Trade was not as good as 1919.
Shamshoo and Vinegar.-The same remarks as above apply.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1920.
11
Knitted Vests and Socks.-These industries are progressing and with the addition of improved machinery will, in time, practically control the Eastern trade. A good business, considering the general slackness, was done; practically the same as in 1919 but the value for 1920 was about $2,500,000 as compared with $3,000,000 in 1919, the shrinkage being due to lower values.
(c.)-FISHERIES.
A considerable proportion of the boat population of Hongkong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shaukiwan, and also many in the New Territories, are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is imported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable value in Deep Bay.
(d.)-LAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE OF LAND.
The net amount of premiun received from sales of Crown Land and Pier Rights for the year 1920 was $322,615-02 an increase of $72,255 on the preceding year and $89,070 more than the average for the past five years.
The principal items were $37,500 for Kowloon Inland Lot No. 1402, $33,507 for extensions to Kowloon Marine Lots Nos. 26 and 28, $34,700 for Inland Lot No. 2302 and $21,000 for Inland Lot No. 2278.
In the New Territories the net amount received for premium on sales of land was $230,449-05 the principal item being $150,660 for New Kowloon Marine Lots Nos. 6 and 7. New Kowloon Marine Lot No. 8 was sold for $51,418 so that the figure for land sales in this part of the Colony was abnormal being over $218,000 in excess of the preceding year.
The number of Deeds registered in the Land Office was 3,405 and exceeded the total of any previous year by 384, the aggregate consideration set out in deeds registered was $67,493,394 as against $60,152,735-07 in 1919.
The Government resumed a large number of small areas for street improvements in the course of the year and Farm Lots Nos. 8, 22, 40 and 50 were surrendered, new areas being sold in lieu thereof for building purposes.
Development at Shamshuipo continues, sixty-one new lots were placed on the Rent Rolls in the course of the year.
The total area of land sold or granted during the year was 277a. Or. 62. of which 207a. 3r. 20p. were dealt with by the District Officers. The total area of land resumed was 75a. 2r. 301⁄23þ.
In the New Territories the demand for land was steady.
III.-LEGISLATION.
Seventeen (17) Ordinances were passed during 1920 of which seven were amendments of previous Ordinances.
The most important of these Ordinances were
The Treaty of Peace Order, 1919 (No. 3).
The Treaty of Peace (Amendment) Order, 1920 (No. 15). The Treaty of Peace (Austria) Order 1920 (No. 16). The Treaty of Peace (Bulgaria) Order, 1920 (No. 17).
11
12
12
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
These Ordinances were for the purpose of modifying certain provisions of the various Orders in Council, and of adapting the provisions of the said Orders to the circumstances of the Colony.
The Foreign Corporations (Execution, of Instruments under Seal) (No. 1)-a measure for validating all instruments which have been executed, or will be executed by the agent of a foreign corporation whose authority is not required to be under seal according to the laws of the State under which such corporation is incorporated.
The Volunteer (No. 2)-the object being to provide for the establish- ment of a new Volunteer Force to take the place of the existing Volunteer Corps and Volunteer Reserve.
The Societies (No. 8)-The object of this Ordinance was to repeal the Societies Ordinance, 1911, which had not proved satisfactory in practice, and to substitute a simpler system based on the Triad and Unlawful Societies Ordinance, 1887.
The Plants (No. 11)-the object of which is to enable the Governor in Council to make regulations for protecting trees, shrubs, and other plants from destruction, injury or removal. Its primary object was to protect the plant known as Azalea."
CC
The Criminal Intimidation (No. 13)-This enactment was passed with a view to restrain a person from using threats of violence towards another person.
IV.-EDUCATION.
No important changes have taken place in the Education Depart- ment during the year under review. The Staff has been depleted by causes due to the War, but the deficiency has been met in part by the appointment of Mistresses resident in the Colony.
The total number of pupils at schools in the Colony, excluding the Police School and the uncontrolled schools in the New Terri- tories, are :-
Number of Pupils.
Total.
English
Schools.
Vernacular-
Schools.
Government Schools ..
2,929
2,929
Military Schools
145
145
Excluded Private Schools
121
26
147
Grant Schools
2,330
3,409
5,739
Controlled Private Schools
3,679
13,719
17,398
Controlled Private Schools,
1,761
1,761
New Territories.
Technical Institute
588
588
Total
9,792
18,915
28,707
The most important schools, apart from the excluded schools, are Queen's College for Chinese, four District Schools its feeders, and the Belilios Public School for Chinese girls. There is an Indian
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1920..
13
School of growing importance now housed in a new building pre- sented to the Colony by Sir Ellis Kadoorie. Kowloon School and Victoria School for children of British parentage have an average attendance of 124. There is also a school for the children of the Peak District with an average attendance of 49. The Diocesan School and Orphanage and St. Joseph's College are important boys' schools in receipt of an annual grant. The Italian, French, and St. Mary's Convents, and the Diocesan Girls' School, are the most important of the English Grant Schools for girls.
The Hongkong Technical Institute affords an opportunity for higher education of students who have left school. Instruction was given in 1920 in Mathematics, Machine Drawing, Architectural Design, and Building Construction; in Chemistry and Physics; in Commercial English, Logic, and Political Economy; and in French, Shorthand, and Book-keeping. Classes in Sanitation (Public Hygiene) are also held, the examinations being conducted under the auspices of the Royal Sanitary Institute, London. Classes for Men and Women Teachers, both "English" and Vernacular are a feature of the Institute.
"
"
The Lecturers are recruited from the members of the Medical and Educational faculties of the Colony, and from the Department of Public Works, and receive fees for their services. The Institute is furnished with a well equipped Chemical Laboratory and excellent Physical apparatus.
The University of Hongkong is an institution that arose from the joint enterprise of British and Chinese subscribers. It was founded with funds representing about equal proportions of Chinese and British money.
At the end of the year the number of students was 225; 77 of whom were taking the Engineering Course, 75 Medicine, and 73 Arts. While most of the students have studied in Hongkong schools, a number come from Canton, the Coast Ports of China, the Straits Settlements, Siam, and Japan. There are numerous scholarships, including those founded in honour of King Edward VII, the President -of the Republic of China, and by various Provincial Governments.
The idea of the University is to provide, close to China, education for Chinese similar to that given in the British Universities, but at a much cheaper cost; for if a Chinese goes abroad to be educated he has to pay, besides travelling expenses, some $2,500 per annum ; whereas at Hongkong the expenses of the University are $540 per annum for board and tuition, or, including extras, about a minimum of $1,000 per annum.
The founders of the University took into consideration the fact that Chinese students being educated abroad have usually to make their own arrangements for board and lodging. Consequently some- times they contract irregular habits. All students educated at the Hongkong University are required to become boarders, and thus their whole lives are under supervision whilst they are there. Ample provision is made for indoor and outdoor recreation, and in this con- nection it is interesting to note that the Chinese residents of Hongkong subscribed a large sum for levelling a new playing field for cricket, tennis, etc. There is also a University Union building for social purposes.
13
14
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
The University is composed of three Faculties: 1.-Medical, which offers ample facilities for the practice of medicine. The medical laboratories were the gifts of various Hongkong Chinese residents. There is a large staff of instructors in medicine and all the principal medical practitioners in Hongkong give lectures at the University. Clinical work is carried on at the Government Civil and Tung Wah Hospitals. The degrees are recognised for registration in Great Britain by the General Medical Council. 2.-Arts. The establishment of this Faculty was largely due to the munificence of a Chinese gentleman in the Straits Settlements (Mr. Cheung Pat-sze.) Its special object is to provide training suitable to those who desire to enter the public service or the higher branches of mercantile life, The course of instruction comprises English and Chinese literature. political and constitutional history, political economy, jurisprudence. international and commercial law, psychology, the school practice of education and history of educational theories. 3.-Engineering. This Faculty is divided into three branches-Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical. The University has an exceptionally large equipment of machinery and apparatus, and has a number of laboratories and workshops. There is practically no place in China where students have such an opportunity of seeing all kinds of machinery in actual working and of learning their practical management. Several graduates have obtained an Honour's Degree awarded by the Examiners of the London University.
The University insists upon all students having a proper know- ledge of their own language although instruction at the University is carried out in English. Students are required to pass an examina- tion in written Chinese before entering, and two Chinese Professors, both Hanlin graduates, give lectures on the classics and history of. China.
V.-PUBLIC WORKS.
The Central Police Station and the Harbour Office extensions were completed, and a commencement was made with the erection of two large blocks of Quarters for Scavenging Coolies, one block being situated in Belcher's Street and the other in Taipingshan.
Good progress was made with two blocks of Quarters for Govern- ment Servants at Happy Valley each containing six houses. A block of flats in Caine Road for married Police Officers, and three houses at the Peak designed for Quarters for Senior Officers were all well in hand at the close of the year.
A start was also made with the erection of two other houses at the Peak for the Puisne Judge and Mr. John Duncan respectively. The former is being built under arrangement with Messrs. Denison, Ram & Gibbs, the latter being designed and constructed by Mr. Duncan. personally.
In addition to these, two blocks of four houses each were under construction at Leighton Hill, and a scheme was approved for the erection of five detached, and one block of semi-detached houses, and a block containing six flats on the area known as the "Homestead Site," at the Peak; both of these works were placed in the hands of local
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1920.
15
firms of architects, the Leighton Hill houses being carried out by Messrs. Denison, Ram & Gibbs, whilst the work at the "Homestead Site" was entrusted to Messrs. Little, Adams & Wood.
Plans were also prepared by the Public Works Department for a large block of buildings on the area opposite the Central Market, comprising a new Fire Station, Offices for the Imports and Exports and Medical Departments and the Secretariat for Chinese Affairs. In Kowloon, a Fire Station was completed in Salisbury Road, and other minor works were in progress.
With regard to communications in Hongkong, the following roads were completed :-Road from Gap Road to Bowen Road, and from Bowen Road to Wanchai Gap, also the Findlay Road extension.
Works commenced and in progress during the year were:-the first section of the road from Taitam Gap to Shek O, the road from Wanchai Gap to Magazine Gap, the road connecting Pokfulam and Victoria Roads contouring the Western side of Mount Davis, and the extension of Lugard Road, whilst extensive widening improvements were carried out to the Shaukiwan Road.
In Kowloon, considerable progress was made with the extension of Coronation Road, also with the Road connecting Mongkoktsui with Kowloon City; and the road from the Kowloon City Road to the China Light & Power Company's new Station and the Hongkong & Whampoa Dock Company's new houses at Tai Wan Bay was completed.
Advantage was taken of the large amount of filling obtained from the extension of the Coronation Road referred to above to level up portions of the low-lying areas east of Shanghai Street near this point.
In the New Territories, the extensive improvements to that portion of the Taipo Road between the 9th and 18th milestones were nearly completed, whilst further improvements to this road between the 3rd and 5th milestones were begun. A considerable portion of the road between Castle Peak and Fanling was macadamized, the surface being finished with asphaltum.
Progress was made with the necessary resumptions of property required for widening Wanchai Road and Queen's Road East, and a considerable number of houses were, either by partial or complete re-erection, set back to the new alignment.
A commencement was made with a further section of the Sham- shuipo Reclamation Scheme, and extensive building activity prevailed on the portion already reclaimed. The Kai Tak Land Investment Company made substantial progress with the reclamation of an extensive area of foreshore in Kowloon City, as did also the Standard Oil Company of New York in extending their reclamation at Laichikok. Upwards of 4,700 lineal feet of nullah were trained on the Island and mainland.
Plans were prepared for the construction of Filter Beds at the Eastern end of Bowen Road, and a portion of the 18 in. main, which will eventually connect these Filter Beds with the City, was laid from Wong Nei Chong Village to Morrison Gap Road. Plans were also prepared for additional Filter Beds at the Kowloon Water Works.
The laying of the new 18 in. supply main from the Kowloon Filter Beds to Yaumati was practically completed, and a general improve- ment was made to the distribution system of Kowloon by replacing the existing subsidiary mains with larger ones.
15
16
:
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
Small supply systems for Repulse Bay and Fanling Districts were started.
A reinforced concrete pier opposite Queen Victoria Street for the Ferry Service was in progress, being the first of a series it is proposed to erect for the improvement of the Ferry service of the Colony.
The Hongkong & Whampoa Dock Company, Ltd., made con- siderable extensions to their Dockyard at Hunghom by laying down additional slipways, extending workshops, and providing houses for
their staff.
The total amount expended on Public Works Extraordinary was $2,555,877-69, and on annually recurrent works $825,493.70.
Railway.
The steelwork and roofing material for the platform awnings at Kowloon arrived early in the year, when a Contract for the erection, including drainage, was entered into, and the work is now completed. The lighting arrangements for the platforms were carried out by the Public Works Department. The platform awnings are of steel frame construction, roofed with corrugated asbestos cement sheeting, and provide a very necessary shelter from the sun and rain to a considerable portion of the platforms, as well as to the east side of the concourse.
Good progress was made in the construction of the new wharf for Kowloon Station Yard which is built of reinforced concrete, the longest piles being 55 ft. long. The wharf is 150 ft. long and projects 50 ft. from the sea-wall.
There are six tiers of stairs which facilitate
the transfer of cargo to and from local craft at any state of the tide.
With the exception of the cast-iron stair treads, the wharf was completed at the end of the year.
The Electric Turret Clock for Kowloon Station Clock Tower arrived in the autumn and the work of installing was at once begun. Unfortunately, however, progress has been seriously delayed owing to the non-arrival of necessary drawings and instructions from the makers.
The repairing of Government Motor Cars and Motor Fire Engines is now undertaken by this department, and a brick building has been erected in the Locomotive Yard to serve as a workshop for this purpose.
An iron building has also been erected near the workshops to accommodate the newly acquired electric welding plant which must necessarily be outside the workshops proper.
Owing to the gradual growth of Yaumati and neighbourhood, the question of a wide-span road bridge, where the road will pass under the railway north of Yaumati Station was again considered. Drawings were submitted to the Consulting Engineers who have since approved the general design and steelwork details and working drawings are now in preparation.
It had been observed for some time past that the rails in Beacon Hill Tunnel were rapidly wearing down, and early in the year a fractured rail was discovered.
After a careful examination of the track throughout the tunnel, it was decided to relay with new rails, and reserve those taken out for sidings. Sufficient rails and fastenings for this work were ordered through the Crown Agents and are now in the Colony.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1920.
17
On April the 3rd, the fitters and turners of the Colony came out on strike, and the railway fitters were compelled by their guild to join the strikers; 16 days later the drivers and firemen were obliged to stand off in sympathy with the fitters and turners. On April the 19th, however, the strike was settled by a commission appointed by the Government of which the Honourable Mr. John Johnstone was chairman.
During the absence of the Chinese drivers, men from the Navy and Army were lent by the Authorities, and greatly assisted in maintaining the train service during the period of the strike.
On August the 1st, a washout occurred on the Chinese section near Nam Kong, which necessitated the cancelling of both the down morning express, and the up afternoon express for five days. A temporary footbridge was erected, and the train service partly maintained by the transfer of passengers at this point until August the 8th when the repairs were completed.
Shortly afterwards, owing to internal trouble in the Kwong Tung Province, through traffic was again seriously interrupted. Fighting occurred in Chinese territory on September 16th near Nga Yeo (261 miles from Canton). The up afternoon and down morning through expresses were cancelled that day and, from the 17th to 20th, with the exception of the up afternoon express on the 20th, the through and joint sectional trains were suspended between Canton and Sheklung in Chinese territory.
Fighting recommenced in October, resulting in further trouble in the Chinese territory; some rails were removed from the track near Shek- lung on October the 6th and a railway bridge between Sheklung and Shek Ha was damaged four days later; also on the 14th the track was broken in the neighbourhood of Shek Ha, and, as the unsettled con- ditions continued until the end of October, the morning down and the afternoon up through expresses did not run from October the 6th until the 2nd November; and the afternoon down and the morning up expresses were cancelled between the 24th of October and the 1st of November.
The running of the two slow through trains had to be discontinued. for 10 days during this period; and it was not until the 2nd November, that the full train service was resumed.
The Local Traffic Earnings have improved. The receipts amounted to $194,041.14 against $179,434-14 or $14,607.00 more than the previous year, the increase being under passenger receipts. In May, it was decided that the railway should discontinue its custom of debiting other departments for the transport of Government passengers travelling on duty and other services rendered, and accordingly the sum of $4,577.77 is not included in the Railway earnings.
Through and Joint Sectional Traffic Receipts were $318,345.37, increase of $16,017-63 when compared with 1919.
an.
The Gross Receipts for the year were $520,176-10 as against
$490,092.77 for 1919, an increase of $30,083.33.
The balance after paying working expenses stands at $33,032-06.
VI.-GOVERNMENT AND
AND AIDED INSTITUTIONS. (a.)-HOSPITALS.
Government Hospitals consist of the Civil Hospital, to which is attached an isolated Maternity Hospital, the Victoria Hospital for Women and Children, and the Kennedy Town Infectious Diseases-
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
Hospital. There is an Observation Station capable of accommodating 1,500 persons in the event of an outbreak of infectious disease on board a ship arriving in the harbour.
The Civil Hospital contains 168 beds in 21 wards. 4,701 in- patients and 31,196 out-patients were treated during 1920 as against 3,926 and 22,446 respectively in 1919. 243 cases of malarial fever were admitted, as against 218 in 1919 and 211 in 1918. The total cases of malaria for all Government Hospitals and the Tung Wa Hospital shows an increase of 246 cases as compared with the year 1918. The Maternity Hospital contains 9 beds for Europeans and S for Asiatics. 502 confinements occurred during the year as against 460 in 1919. The Victoria Hospital at the Peak contains 41 beds, and during 1919 206 patients were under treatment there. At Kennedy Town Hospital, which contains 26 beds, 54 cases were treated in 1919, all being infectious.
(6.)-LUNATIC ASYLUM.
The Asylum is under the direction of the Superintendent of the Civil Hospital. European and Chinese patients are separated, the European portion containing 14 beds in separate wards and the Chinese portion 16 beds. 224 patients of all races were treated during 1920 and there were 3 deaths.
(c.)-THE TUNG WA AND OTHER CHINESE HOSPITALS.
·
The Tung Wa Hospital, opened in 1872, is mainly supported by the voluntary subscriptions of Chinese, but receives an annual grant of $8,000 from the Government. Only Chinese are treated in this institution. Various other services not appertaining to a hospital are performed by the institution, such as the free burial of the poor, the repatriation of destitutes, the maintenance of free vernacular schools and the organisation of charitable relief in emergencies. Chinese as well as European methods of treatment are employed in accordance with the wishes expressed by the patients or their friends. Over half the number are now treated by Western methods. The hospital is managed by a committee of Chinese gentle- men annually elected, their appointment being submitted to the Governor for confirmation. It is under the supervision of a visiting physician, who is a member of the Medical Department, whilst two Chinese house surgeons, trained in Western medicinè, are members of the hospital staff. There are 330 beds in the buildings and 7,391 patients were accommodated during 1920.
The Tung Wa also maintain a branch hospital for small-pox cases (Chinese only) at Kennedy Town. It contains 60 beds and during 1920 6 cases were treated.
The Alice Memorial and Affiliated Hospitals are managed and controlled by the missionaries resident in Hongkong, agents of the London Missionary Society, and consist of the Alice Memorial Hospital opened in 1887, the Nethersole Hospital opened in 1893, the Alice Memorial Maternity Hospital opened in 1904, and the Ho Miu Ling Hospital opened in 1906. The number of in-patients in 1920 was 1,740 and the expenditure $24,475·50. The number of labours in
the Maternity Hospital was 447. The Government makes a grant of $300 per annum to these Hospitals.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1920.
19
To avoid the complete seclusion from friends and relatives, which removal of Chinese plague patients to the Kennedy Town Infectious Diseases Hospital entailed, four District Plague Hospitals are now maintained by the Chinese in various parts of the Colony. These Hospitals are under the management of the Chinese Public Dispensaries Committee.
The Kwong Wa Hospital for Chinese in the Kowloon Peninsula was opened on the 9th October, 1911. It occupies a site having an area of three acres and provides accommodation for 210 patients. The existing buildings contain 70 beds and 4,067 patients were -accommodated during 1920. The collection of subscriptions and the supervision of the building were undertaken by a special committee under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs. The hospital receives a grant of $8,500 per annum from the Government.. As will be noticed from the remarks made under the heading Education the Hongkong University is also an Aided Institution.
VII.-INSTITUTIONS NOT SUPPORTED BY GOVERNMENT.
One of the most important institutions in the Colony not sup- ported by the Government is the Matilda Hospital, which stands on a commanding site of nearly three acres at Mount Kellet in the Hill District. An account of this hospital will be found in the report for 1917.
Among institutions recognised and encouraged, but not to any considerable extent supported by Government, may be mentioned the Pó Leung Kuk, the Eyre Refuge, the City Hall, and the Chinese Public Dispensaries.
The Pó Leung Kuk is a Chinese Society founded in 1878 for the suppression of kidnapping and traffic in human beings. It was. incorporated in 1893 and is presided over by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs and not more than nine directors nominated by the Governor. The actual management is entrusted to a committee elected annually by the members of the Society. The Society's buildings have been declared a Refuge under the Women and Girls Protection Ordinance, and almost all women and girls detained by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs under that Ordinance are sent to the Pó Leung Kuk. During 1920 the number of persons admitted was 405 and at the close of year 47 remained under the care of the Society. The inmates are under the immediate charge of a Chinese matron, and instruction is given them by the matron and a Chinese teacher in elementary subjects and in needlework.
The Eyre Diocesan Refuge is an institution under mission auspices, founded for rescue work among the Chinese. It was housed in the Belilios Reformatory up to the outbreak of war, but the work is at present carried on at Kowloon City. A small grant is made by the Government.
The City Hall receives an annual grant of $1,200 from Government. It contains a theatre, some large rooms which are used for balls, meetings, concerts, etc., a museum in which are some very fair specimens and a large reference and lending library, to which new volumes are added from time to time, as funds will allow. The building was erected in 1866-9 by subscription.
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20
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
Small grants are also given to the Italian Convent, the French Convent (both of which take in and tend abandoned or sick infants), the West Point Orphanage, the Seamen's Hospital, and other charitable institutions.
The Chinese Public Dispensaries are institutions maintained in order to provide the Chinese with the services of doctors, whose certificates will be accepted by the Registrar of Deaths, and with the services of interpreters, who can assist the inmates of houses, where a case of infectious disease has occurred. Coolies are engaged and ambulances and dead vans provided in order to remove cases of infectious disease to the Infectious Diseases Hospital and dead bodies. to the Mortuary. The Dispensaries receive sick infants and send them to one or other of the Convents and arrange for the burial of dead infants. Free advice and medicine are given and patients are attended at their houses. There are eight Dispensaries in existence. The total cost of maintenance was $37,293 for the year 1920. The Government makes an annual grant of $7,000, and the rest of the cost is defrayed by voluntary subscription. The Dispensaries are conducted by committees under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.
VIII.-VITAL STATISTICS.
(a)-POPULATION.
The civil population of the Colony, according to the Census taken on May 20th, 1911, was 456,739, of whom 104,287 reside in the New Territories and in New Kowloon; at the Census taken in 1906 it was 301,967 exclusive of the New Territories and of New Kowloon. The estimated total population at the middle of the year under review was 648,150, but this includes the New Territories; and as the birth and death figures given below do not include those from this area (with the exception of New Kowloon), the population for the purposes of calculating these rates is estimated at 547,350, of whom 14,000 were Non-Chinese.
The distribution of population estimated to the middle of 1920 was as follows :-
Non-Chinese Civil Community Chinese Population-
14,000
City of Victoria (including Peak)
342,000
Villages of Hongkong
18,050
Kowloon (including New Kowloon)
104,000
New Territories
100,800
Population afloat
69,300
Total Chinese Population
634,150
Total Civil Population
648,150
(6)-PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION.
The activity in building operations, which has been so notice-- able a feature since 1912, has not abated, and the demand for housing accommodation by the Chinese continued to be greatly in excess. of the supply, as many of those who fled with their families to Hong- kong during 1911, 1912, and 1913 elected to remain in the Colony.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1920.
21
The birth-rate for the year was 3-96* per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 21.9 per 1,000 among the Non-Chinese community, as compared with 3.9 and 20.6 for 1919.
The death-rate for the year was 22.78 per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 17.9 among the Non-Chinese civil community, as compared with 23-3 and 21-9 for 1919.
The number of deaths from malaria (332) shows an increase on the previous year (319). The deaths of Chinese from this cause in the City of Victoria numbered 124 out of a population of 342,000 or a rate of 0.36 per 1,000 per annum.
The deaths from plague numbered 120 as compared with 426 in 1919.
Small-pox deaths numbered 21, all Chinese.
There were 3,834 deaths from respiratory diseases, other than Pulmonary Tuberculosis, as compared with 3,049 in 1918, and 45 of these were among the Non-Chinese community. Pulmonary Tuber- culosis claimed 1,380 Chinese and 21 Non-Chinese victims, whilst other forms of Tuberculosis represent an additional 681 deaths, making a total of 2,082 or 16.7 per cent. of the total deaths among the_community.
Beri-beri was responsible for 361 deaths, as compared with 555 during 1919 and 804 in 1918. During the past few years circulars have been distributed to all large employers of coolie labour calling their attention to the fact that Beri-beri is produced by the consumption of white rice as the staple article of diet without a sufficiency of other foods, and advising that beans should be supplied with the rice, when fresh meat or fresh fish cannot be afforded.
A tabular statement of the principal causes of death is appended.†
(c)-CLIMATE.
The principal features of the weather in 1920 were :-
(a) Barometric pressure below normal from the beginning of May to the beginning of August.
(b) Rainfall much above normal in May and July.
Barometric pressure was considerably below normal in May, June, July, November and December, and moderately above in January. The mean pressure for the year at station level was 29.814 ins. as against 29.842 ins. in 1919 and 29-843 ins. for the past 37 years. The highest pressure was 30-374 ins. on January 4th as against 30-398 ins. in 1919 and 30.509 ins. for the past 37 years. The lowest pressure was 29-208 ins. on July 19th as against 29-287 ins. in 1919 and 28.735 ins. for the past 37 years.
The temperature of the air was moderately below normal in April and considerably above normal in November and December. The mean temperature for the year was 72°·0 as against 72°-2 in 1919 and 71°.8 for the past 37 years. The highest temperature was 93°.1 on July 25th as against 92°-2 in 1919 and 97°.0 for the past 37 years. The lowest temperature was 45° 1 on January 5th as against 39°.4 in 1919 and 32°-0 for the past 37 years.
The rainfall was considerably above normal in May, July and November. The total for the year was 107.880 ins. as against 76·140 ins. in 1919, and 84.276 ins. for the past 37 years. The greatest fall in one civil day was 8.235 ins. on July 19th and the greatest in one hour was 1.435 ins. between 8.30 p.m. and 9.30 p.m. on September 12th.
This figure is wholly misleading as it is impossible to register more than a portion of the births. † See Appendix.
21
22
22
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
The wind velocity was considerably below normal in January and October, and moderately below in February, July and September. It was moderately above normal in May and July. The mean velocity for the year was 12.0 m.p.h. as against 11.4 m.p.h. in 1919 and 12-7 m.p.h. for the past 37 years. The maximum velocity for one hour as recorded by the Beckley Anemograph was 51 miles at 2 p.m. on July 31st as against 60 miles in 1919 and 108 for the past 37 years. The maximum squall velocity, as recorded by the Dines-Baxendell Anemo- graph, was at the rate of 61 m.p.h. at 10 h. 58 m. p.m. on July 30th as against 84 m.p.h. in 1919 and 105 m.p.h. for the past 11 years.
The climate of Hongkong is similar in its broad features to that of Kowloon and the New Territories, but at the higher levels, from 1,400 to 1,800 feet above sea level the temperature is usually from 3° to 6° lower than at the Observatory, Kowloon. The humidity is usually greater than in Kowloon and approaches saturation for several days at a time during March and April when mist is very prevalent. In summer the city of Victoria, and the rising terraces behind it, derive little or no benefit from the SW monsoon, being sheltered by steep hills from SE to SW. In winter it is exposed to the NE monsoon, which occasionally blows along the harbour through Lyemun Pass with considerable violence. On the other hand the South-west side of the Island is protected from the NE monsoon in winter and enjoys the benefit of the SW monsoon in summer.
X.-POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.
The total revenue from the Postal Service in 1920 amounted to $526,122-08, being $76,065-33 more than that collected in 1919. The net expenditure amounted to $229,378-70. The balance of revenue over expenditure amounted to $296,743.38.
The revenue collected in 1920 from radio-telegrams amounted to $14,591-73, being $4,241.70 more than that collected in 1919. Advices of vessels signalled at the Lighthouses yielded $581-20 making a total of $15,172-93 for the Telegraph Service. The expenditure amounted to $39,335-15. The number of radio- telegrams forwarded during the year was 1,965 consisting of 25,221 words, and 5,306 received consisting of 75,007 words.
CLAUD SEVERN,
Colonial Secretary.
28th October, 1921.
APPENDIX.
DEATHS
REGISTERED IN
THE COLONY
OF HONGKONG DURING 1920.
Typhus Fever.
Haemoglobinuric Fever.
Paratyphoid Fever.
Influenza.
Small-pox.
Measles.
Typhoid Fever.
Diphtheria. Cerebro-spinal
Meningitis.
Dysentery.
Plague.
Malarial Fever.
Cholera.
Puerperal Fever.
Septic Infections.
Syphilis.
Poisoning.
Injuries.
Developmental
Diseases.
Old Age.
General Tuberculosis.
Beri-beri.
Cancer.
Paralysis and Convulsions.
Heart Diseases,
Pneumonia.
Phthisis & Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Enteritis and Gastro- Enteritis.
Cirrhosis of Liver.
Peritonitis.
Nephritis.
1 1 1 27
2
1
-
-
10 3 4
10
4
9
1
J
2
17 3 3
4
4 8
2 7
35
21
7
1
6
Other Causes.
Unknown.
All Causes.
71
1
268
8
186 415 36 19 57 142 105 124 4 6 47
26 388 9170 315 213 297 238 46 159 | 121 | 1,565 4 26 3 60 2 4 2 5 1
7
8 101 15 49 6
4
5
=
27615 7 13 5 34
77 ||
477-
26 34
1 64 25 243
74
48 17
12 47
280 | 24 | 17 | 176 | 2,514
28 4 1 20
308 191 10 5 79
39 8,192
75
006
80 2,728
5
2
2
3 - 13
I
2
6
4 15 12
17 | 4 |
2
20
7
3-
2
39
2❘ 208
1 4 38
116
1
3-
1
6
17
1
-
2
95
11
5
2
1
2
1
5
28
1 542 21 23
67 28 103 259 | 120 | 332
2 449 15
6
26
611
= 9
57 431 11 304 355 | 596 | 403 | 361 |81|178 184 2,179 1,401
85 36 204178 426 319 42 15 126 208 10 256 432 522 539 | 555|53| 168 124 2,043 1,006
888
514 41 24
287 3,299 198 12,419
824
805 47 31
227 2,258 460 11,647
1988
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1920.
23
223
23
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
No. 1139.
HONGKONG.
REPORT FOR 1921.
(ABRIDGED.)
(For Report for 1920 see No. 1108.)
Wieu et?
mon-droi
25
LONDON:
PRINTED & PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: Imperial House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, and 28 Abingdon Street, London, S.W.1; 37 Peter Street, Manchester;
1 St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff; or 23 Forth Street,
Edinburgh.
1922.
Price Is. Od. Net.
26
2
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
No. 1139.
HONGKONG.
ANNUAL GENERAL REPORT FOR 1921.
PREFACE.
The Colony of Hongkong is situated off the south-eastern coast of China between latitude 22° 9′ and 22° 17′ N. and longitude 114° 5′ and 114° 18′ E. The island is about 11 miles long and about 2 to 5 miles in breadth, its circumference being about 27 miles and its area about 32 square miles. It consists of an irregular ridge of lofty hills rising to a height of nearly 2,000 feet above sea level, stretching nearly east and west, with few valleys of any extent and little ground available for cultivation.
The island, then desolate and sparsely inhabitated by fishernien, was ceded to Great Britain in January, 1841; the cession being confirmed by the Treaty of Nankin in August, 1842; and the charter bears the date 5th April, 1843. All that part of Kowloon peninsula lying South of Kowloon Fort to the northernmost point of Stone- cutter's Island together with that island was ceded to Great Britain under the Convention signed at Peking in October, 1860, and under the Convention signed at Peking in June, 1898, the area known as the New Territories including Mirs Bay and Deep Bay was leased to Great Britain by the Government of China for 99 years.
Trade gradually developed as China became accustomed to foreign intercourse and it increased greatly owing to the opening of the Suez Canal. It now stands at about 200 million pounds sterling per annum.
Large local banking, dock, steamboat, and insurance companies were established between 1865 and 1872, and their numbers. are being continually added to.
The Colony is the centre of an incessant flow of Chinese emigration and immigration.:
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
Trade was throughout the year in a depressed state, largely owing to the overstocked condition of the market which prevailed in the autumn of 1920.
The rice trade was on the whole unsatisfactory. The Cuban market, which is one of the main outlets, was closed to Hongkong until the end of June, when the lifting of the embargo on the importation of
(8050) Wt. 19647/1017 625 11/22 Harrow G. 75/2.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
27
3
rice into Cuba brought temporary relief. The improvement was, however, short-lived in consequence of competition from Germany where considerable stocks of rice had been accumulated, which on account of the depreciation of the mark could be re-exported at prices considerably lower than those prevailing in the East.
Pilferage of cargo in transit which had caused the greatest anxiety to the commercial community in all parts of the world showed a distinct diminution towards the end of the year, largely owing to increased Police patrol services and to more efficient control exercised by the various steamship owners, by wharf companies, and by other interests involved.
Considerable improvement was shown during the year in the mail service between Great Britain and the Far East and the delays in the transmission of telegrams which had prevailed since the War were substantially reduced by the completion of a new cable from London to Singapore.
The year was marked by further strikes affecting mechanics and skilled labour generally, resulting in advances of wages by some 30 per cent.
The year opened with Exchange at 3/2. A rapid fall was registered until on March 7th the rate was 2/2, the lowest for the year. Silver then reacted with the result that Exchange gradually advanced with one or two setbacks until the figure of 2/11 was reached in the early part of October. Later a steady decline set in until on December 31st the rate was quoted at 2/7 for T/T. on London.
During recent years great and rapid development has taken place on the Kowloon Peninsula.. Extensive garden lots have been converted into building sites and rapidly built over; low-lying areas have been filled in by the spoil from the levelling of other parts and expansion has therefore been possible over both; while the area available for building purposes is being extended by large reclama- tions on the sea front. The increase in popularity of this district is markedly shown in the latest census statistics; during the last ten years, the population of Kowloon has increased by 55,951 or 82.96 per cent., a phenomenal increase for a district which in 1881 numbered only 9,021 inhabitants.
The decennial census of the civil population of the Colony was taken in the Island of Hongkong and Kowloon on the night of April 24th and in the New Territories between March 24th and April 24th, the floating population being enumerated between April 23rd and 26th. The total population was found to be 625,166, an increase of 168,427 or 36 87 per cent. on the figures for 1911.
•
I.-FINANCES.
The revenue for the year amounted to $17,728,132 being $2,391,782 more than the estimate and $3,038,460 more than the revenue for the previous year.
Compared with the returns for 1920 there were increases under every head.
28
4
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
The expenditure, inclusive of a sum of $3,053,525 spent on Public Works Extraordinary, amounted to $15,739,652 being $1,609,498 less than the estimate, and $1,250,058 more than the expenditure in 1920. Compared with the estimates there were increases under 18 heads as against 8 heads where there were decreases. The excess amounting to $196,971 under Miscellaneous Services was due to transport of Government servants, and $210,530 in the case of Kowloon-Canton Railway due to two motor coaches and motor trailer. Military ex- penditure was less than the estimate by $202,100 due to recovery of amount overpaid in 1920. Imports and Exports Department shows a saving of $254,086 due to less purchase of Opium, and Public Works Extraordinary was less by $1,913,874 than the amount estimated. The item Charge on account of Public Debt was responsible for an excess over the estimates of $108,244 due to lower exchange.
The balance to the credit on the year's working was $1,988,480 and the assets and liabilities account showed on the 31st December a credit balance of $6,478,746. .
The following is a statement of the revenue and expenditure of the Colony for the five years 1917-1921 :-
Expenditure. $
Revenue.
$
1917
15,058,105
14,090,828
1918
...
18,665,248
16,252,172
1919
16,524,975
17,915,925
1920
...
14,689,672
14,489,594
1921
17,728,132
15,739,652
The amount of the consolidated loan stands at £1,485,733. Against this there is at credit of the Sinking Fund a sum of £368,403. The Local Loan under Ordinance No. 12 of 1916 amounts to $3,000,000 and there are the sums of $664,495 and £89,093 at credit of the Sinking Fund.
During the period 1912-1921 the assessment of the whole Colony has risen from $12,312,306 to $18,696,660, an increase in rateable value of $6,384,354.
The circulation on the 31st December of notes of the three Banks having authorised issues was as follows :-
Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China Mercantile Bank of India, Limited
...
...
$40,395,225
...
9,074,137
1,321,503
$50,790,865-
The currency of the Colony consists, in addition to the notes of these Banks, of British, Hongkong, and Mexican dollars and of sub- sidiary coin, which continued at par throughout the year.
The total issue of subsidiary coins less those demonetised now amounts to $20,789,370 nominal value, and they were up to the year 1905 readily absorbed at par, large quantities being taken by the neighbouring provinces of China. During 1916 ten cent pieces of the
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
29
5
face value of $5,028,000 were shipped to Calcutta for purposes of demonetisation. The discount which prevailed between 1905 and 1916 may be attributed to the immense quantity of similar coin which was minted at Canton as well as to the amount of Hongkong coin minted largely in excess of the needs of the Colony by itself. In 1905 the Hongkong Government ceased to issue any subsidiary coin and in 1906 it began a policy of demonetising all its subsidiary coin received as revenue. This policy was continuously followed till 1918 except during a brief period in 1911. Coin to the face value of $23,235,459 has thus been redeemed. The total issue by the Hongkong Govern- ment was of the face value of about $44,000,000.
II.-SHIPPING AND TRADE, INDUSTRIES, FISHERIES, AGRICULTURE, AND LAND.
(a.)-SHIPPING.
The total of the Shipping entering and clearing at Ports in the Colony during the year 1921 amounted to 672,680 vessels of 43,420,970 tons, which, compared with the figures for 1920, shows a decrease of 10,816 vessels, with an increase of 3,298,443 tons.
Of the above, 52,222 vessels of 27,852,616 tons were engaged in Foreign Trade, as compared with 43,364 vessels of 24,194,022 tons in 1920, and were distributed as follows:-
1921.
1920. 1921.
1920. Numbers. Numbers. Tonnage Tonnage.
%
%
%
%
British Ocean-going Ships
9.6
8.9
34.5
33.3
Foreign Ocean-going Ships.
12.5
11.1
38.1
38.8
British River Steamers
11.9
11.0
13.5
12.6
Foreign River Steamers
4.0
3.5
2.4
2.1
Steam Launches (under 60
tons)
11.6
12.8
0.7
0.7
Trading Junks
50.4
52.7
10.8
12.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
N.B.-The movements of Fishing Junks are not included in this Table.
Of vessels of European construction, 5,226 Ocean Steamers, 3,775 River Steamers, and 3,336 Steamships not exceeding 60 tons entered during the year, giving a daily average of 33-8 ships, as compared with 29.4 ships in 1920 and 29-1 ships in 1919.
The average tonnage of individual ocean vessels entering the port has increased from 1,831-0 to 1,919-8 tons, that of British ships has decreased from 2,002-3 to 1,997-5 tons, while that of foreign ships has increased from 1,699-2 to 1,857-9 tons.
The average tonnage of individual river steamers entering during the year has increased from 425-8 to 460-5 tons.
That of British river steamers has increased from 516.1 to 570-5 tons, and that of foreign river steamers has decreased from 324-3 to 316.7 tons.
30
6
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNual.
In steamships not exceeding 60 tons employed in foreign trade, there is an increase of 1,659 ships with an increase in tonnage of 28,479 tons or 33.0 per cent. in numbers and 17.0 per cent. in tonnage. This is due to 19 newly licensed launches plying in 1921.
Junks in foreign trade show an increase of 5,659 vessels and an increase of 873,853 tons or 25.9 per cent. in numbers and 33-4 per cent. in tonnage.
In local trade (ie., between places within the waters of the Colony), there is a decrease in steam-launches of 21,682 and a decrease of 462,528 tons or 3.5 per cent. in numbers and 3.2 per cent. in tonnage. This is due to bigger launches being employed in local ferry services, making fewer trips.
Junks in local trade show an increase of 2,007 vessels and an increase of 102,377 tons or 9.5 per cent. in numbers. and 7.9 per cent. in tonnage. This is due to more junks being employed on reclamation.
There was an increase in British ocean-going shipping of 457 ships or 10.9 per cent. and an increase of 896,114 tons or 10-7 per cent. This increase is due to newly-built ships and enemy ships transferred to the British flag and various steamship lines running their eastern trade which were elsewhere employed during war times.
British river steamers have increased by 605 ships with an increase in tonnage of 262,309 tons or 11.7 per cent. in numbers and 8.0 per cent..in tonnage. This increase is due to the s.s. "Chuen Chow,' which was laid up, being again put on the Macao run.
Foreign ocean-going vessels have increased by 409 ships, with an increase of 1,593,861 tons or 7.5 per cent. in numbers and 17.2 per cent. in tonnage. This increase is due to the large amount of new American, Norwegian and Chinese vessels frequenting the port and enemy vessels being transferred to other nationalities.
Foreign river steamers show an increase of 69 ships, with an increase in tonnage of 2,878 tons or 3.8 per cent. in numbers and 0.5 per cent. in tonnage. This increase is due to two Chinese ships which were added to the Wuchow service at the end of last year making regular trips throughout the year.
The actual number of individual ocean-going vessels of European construction during the year 1921 was 988, of which 343 were British and 645 foreign. In 1920 the corresponding figures were 927, of which 330 were British and 597 foreign.
These 988 ships measured 2,713,098 tons. They entered 5,232 times and gave a collective tonnage of 10,044,422 tons.
Thus 61 more ships entered 425 more times and gave a collective tonnage greater by 1,242,802 tons, an average of 2,924.2 tons per entry.
TRADE.
Detailed and accurate statistics of imports and exports are collected and published by the Imports and Exports Department.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
OPIUM.
31
7
Two hundred and twenty-three (223) chests of Persian opium were imported during the year. 223 chests were exported to Formosa.
Four hundred and thirty-five (435) chests of uncertificated Indian opium were imported; 325 chests for the Macao opium farmer, and the remaining 120 chests for the Government opium monopoly.
The table below shows the total imports and exports since 1913 :-
1921. 1920. 1919. Chests. Chests. Chests.
1918. 1917. Chests. Chests.
1916. 1915. 1914. 1913. Chests. Chests. Chests. Chests.
Stock in hand on
1st January.
329.
Imported during
the year.
658
329
1,525)
253
1,290
Total
987
1,854) 1,543
2,634)
7991 977 1,303) 2,256)
1,259 1,657 1,706 1,873
2,058)
3,009 4,129)
4,580 5,560
3,0591 9,1081
7,640 [14,668}
Boiled by Opium
Farmer.
D
36
667
-
Boiled by Govern-
ment.
2001
225
377
539
352
365
340
413
Spurious Opium
destroyed.
1
13
Used locally
3
Missing or stolen
11
1
111
17
99
19
4
2
Sold to Govern-
ment.
12
Exported during
the year.
548
Total
7601
1,297)
1,5251 1,214
837
1,265) 1,469 1,667 2,469
1,805) 1,835 2,032 2,826
4,9111 9,419
5,383 10,088
Stock remaining on
31st December
2261
329
329
253
799} 9771
1,3031
2,256) 4,580
Emigration and Immigration.
One hundred and fifty-six thousand and eleven (156,011) emigrants left Hongkong for various places during the year 1921, (105,258 in 1920). Of these, 98,382 were carried in British ships and 57,629 in foreign ships.
One hundred and fifty-nine thousand and sixty-four (159,064) returning emigrants were reported to have been brought to Hongkong from the several places to which they had emigrated either from this Colony or from coast ports, as against 122,438 in 1920. Of these, 107,301 arrived in British ships and 51,763 in foreign ships.
(6.)-INDUSTRIES.
(i.)-Under European Management.
Engineering and Shipbuilding.-The figures are as follows for the
year:
Taikoo Dockyard & Eng. Co., Ltd.
Honghonk & Whampoa Dock Co., Ltd.
W. S. Bailey & Co., Ltd.
Kwong Fook Cheong
9 vessels of 7,725 gross tons and 6,900 I.H.P.
6
"
.20
"
1
"
26,637 3,387 200
17,700
11
"}
2,192
#1
密
"
280
Total
...36 vessels of 37,949 gross tons and 27,072 I.H.P.
32
8
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
̈.COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
Sugar Refineries.-The year 1921 saw the gradual adjustment of prices to a normal level and although sellers were successful in maintaining prices until May, they eventually dropped to about Guilders 10. A period of adjustment was unavoidable after the very high prices ruling in 1920 and the dislocation of stocks resulting, but a more satisfactory state of affairs may be looked for on the return of normal production and consumption.
Yarn. The yarn trade during 1921 was not unsatisfactory, and the few native dealers who survived the collapse of the previous year closed the period profitably.
The total quantity of Indian yarn imported into the Colony during the year amounted to 110,000 bales, and 25,000 bales were brought forward from the previous year. -
Clearances totalled 121,000 bales, leaving a carry-over of 14,000
bales.
Cotton-Middling American cotton was quoted in Liverpool on 1st January at 8.65d. for spot. It advanced until the 17th idem, when 10.69d. was reached, then slumped to its lowest point for the period under review, viz., 6·38d. on 28th February.
A fairly even position was maintained between 7d. and 8d. for four months, until the end of August, when the U.S.A. Cotton Bureau estimates reported a shortage in crop which brought in heavy buyers, with the result that on 29th September 15.70d. was registered. Later it became apparent that the bureau's figures were incorrect and the rate gradually sagged away until on 31st December the quotation was 11·36d.
Rope Making-Trade during 1921 was very much the same as in 1920. Exchange ruled more favourably and bigger business should have resulted had it not been for increased competition with lower quality rope in some of the markets.
Cement Manufacture. The demand for cement continued unabated for the first eight months of the year, but there was a material falling off in exports to India, Java, etc., during the last four months, due chiefly to the importation there of large quantities of cheap cement principally from Belgium, Germany and Italy. The total turnover, however, was almost exactly the same as that of the previous year.
(ii)-Under Chinese Management.
Tin.-This line of business was not nearly as good as 1920, chiefly owing to the unsettled state of affairs in the interior of China, especially in the Kwangsi Province; also lack of demand from both Europe and America. Therefore, the local prices only varied from $5 to $7 per picul for the whole year round, in spite of a fair quantity having been seized by the Kwangtung military authorities from Fu-Roo of the Kwangsi Province after the civil war between the two provinces, and being offered to be disposed of at a cheap rate. At the beginning of the year prices seemed to be very much stronger.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
Imports and exports for the year, in approximate figures, were:-
From Straits
Imports.
Exports.
700 Tons.
To United Kingdom 2,000 Tons.
China...
"}
Yunnan
50 8,000
United States... 1,000
"
""
"
China..
2,100
""
""
"
Kwangsi
200
"
Japan
1,000
33
9
33
8,950 Tons.
6,100 Tons.
Native Tobacco.-Practically nothing was done during the whole year. Prices were down more than 50 per cent. and all houses lost heavily.
Leather and Hides.-Some improvements had been made in these lines and dealers made some money with a fair amount of business transacted, but imports of hides from Kwangsi were scarce on account of the trouble in the interior of China.
Ginger and Preserves.-The export of these commodities increased a good deal and dealers made money on account of cheap prices of ginger and sugar.
Soy. There was not much change in this line on that of the previous year.
Paper. Owing to heavy stocks and small demand losses are reported.
Vermilion. Very little business was done and was worse than
1920.
Lard. This line of business was very much behind 1920, owing to lack of demand from foreign countries.
Tinned Goods.-General improvement has been made in these lines, as cost of tin-plates, sugar and raw materials was less.
Shamshoo.-Spirit of wine and sugar were cheaper, therefore profits to native brewers were better, but exportation was about the same as the previous year.
Vinegar.-Molasses were low in price and good business was
done.
Knitted Vests and Socks.-Up to date machinery is now being used, and these industries are progressing day by day. Great demand was made from the interior and from Australia, and profitable business resulted.
Rattan and Fibre Furniture.-There was not much improvement on the previous year. Local prices advanced 5 per cent. only on account of labour. Seagrass and rattan core were also slack.
(c.)-FISHERIES.
A considerable proportion of the boat population of Hongkong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shaukiwan, and also many in the New Territories, are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is imported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable value in Deep Bay.
34
10
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
(d.)-FORESTRY, Agriculture, and Botany.
At Kowloon Tsai, 2,500 one year old trees of Pinus massoniana were planted.
On the hills between Cheung Sha Wan and the Taipo Road, 50,000 sites were sown with pine seeds.
All sites in which seeds had failed to germinate at Cheung Chau and Fan Ling were resown with pine seeds; altogether 45 pounds of pine seeds were used.
Two hundred and ninety-four pounds of pine seed was sown broadcast on grass banks above and below roads at the following places, Taipo Road, Tsin Wan Road, Chai Wan gap to Tytam, Tytam to Stanley, Stanley Road, Findlay Road, Lugard Road, Sai Kung gap to Ha Chan gap and roads on Cheung Chau.
On the grass slopes below Severn Road 394 one year old trees of Pinus massoniana were planted.
Broad-leaved trees planted.
In the vicinity of Aberdeen reservoir, 186 young trees of "Jak" (Artocarpus integrifolea) were planted.
One hundred and eighty-five tristanias and 45 eucalyptus were planted on grass banks below Severn Road.
The trees used for roadside planting were principally camphor, tristania, albizzia, melaleuca, poinciana, ficus, aleurites and bauhinia; these were used at the following places, Tytam Road 20, Shaukiwan 12, Shaukiwan to Tytam 59, Bowen Road 2, Pokfulam Road 2, Barker Road 6, Plantation Road 13, Conduit Road 2, Albany Road 2, Nathan Road 46, Mody Road 3, Taipo Road 422, Tsin Wan Road 738 and 24 near the market on the Sham Shui Po reclamation.
Trees removed.
In connection with general improvements to and widening of roads in various parts of the Colony, large shade trees had to be felled at the following places, Queen's Road East 9, Arsenal Street 2, Caine Road 4, Eastern Street 2, Pokfulam Road 1.
At Taipo police station a number of large specimens of tristania which were entirely shutting out the view of the railway station and the adjoining public road were removed.
In connection with extensions at Kowloon and Yaumati reservoirs and the formation of the site for new cemeteries at Fo Pang Hang, numbers of Pinus massoniana had to be removed from adjoining plantations.
At the top of earth banks at the back of the reclamation at Aplichau, a large number of camphors, pines and tristanias had to be felled to allow for the removal of earth and to prevent landslides. A very large number of pine and other trees were removed from building sites in all parts of the Colony.
Insect pests were much less troublesome than during the preceding year; the pine tree caterpillar made its appearance in small numbers Lonly at Fan Ling; these were immediately collected and destroyed..
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
11
Creepers on pine trees in Hongkong and the New Territories were continually cut and removed.
Pine seedlings in pits, which are raised from seed sown in sufficient numbers to allow of the germination of five seeds to one pit, were regularly inspected, and where found to be thick the weakest were cut out.
Clearing of undergrowth in connection with anti-malarial measures was maintained throughout the whole year; the total area cleared amounted to 3,400,000 sq. feet.
The total area cleared for surveys by the Public Works Department amounted to 3,990,000 sq. feet.
Vegetables and native fruits were grown in the experimental garden at Fan Ling for demonstration purposes.
The first and second rice crops were very good, pea nuts fair, and sugar-cane and pineapples very good.
Nine thousand, eight hundred and thirty-five cases containing 951,605 bulbs of Narcissus tazetta were inspected and certified as apparently free from insect pests and fungoid diseases.
Seven hundred and ninety-seven plant specimens were mounted during the year, of these 641 were from Kwong Tung Province, 54 from Kwai Chau, and 102 from Australia.
One hundred Australian specimens were presented by Mr. H. M. Maiden, I.S.O., F.R.S., F.L.S., of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
(e.)-LAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE OF LAND.
The net amount of premium received from sales of crown land and pier rights, New Territories excepted, for the year 1921 was $1,591,308-26, an increase of $1,268,693 on the preceding year and $1,035,148 more than the average for the previous five years (1916-1920); the year's result however is abnormal; one item alone exceeds the total of any of the years included for the purpose of comparison.
The principal items were $563,000 for Marine Lots Nos. 430 and 431, (North Point), $124,000 (part premium) for Inland Lots Nos. 2316 and 2319, (Queen's Road Central and Pedder Street sites), $94,000 (part premium) for Inland Lots Nos. 2317 and 2318 (Queen's Road Central and Pedder Street sites), $71,000 for Kow- loon Inland Lot No. 1432, $41,000 for Kowloon Inland Lot No. 1439, $8,370 for Pier No. 6 and $1,067 for Pier No. 51.
In the New Territories the net amount received for premium on sales of land was $85,591.01, the principal items being $9,295.70 for New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 317 and $6,550 for New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 339, being $144,858.04 less than the. year 1920, in which year New Kowloon Marine Lots Nos. 6 and 7 sold for $150,660 and New Kowloon Marine Lot No. 8 for $51,418.
The number of deeds and documents registered in the Land Office was 4,466 and exceeded the total of any previous year by 1061; the aggregate consideration set out in deeds registered was $107,855,703-10 as against $67,493,394 in 1920.
Resumptions include portion of Marine Lot No. 65 (Praya East), Inland Lot No. 358 (Caroline Hill) and Kowloon Farm Lot No. 9.-
35
36
12
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
Development at Shamshuipo continues.
With one exception agreements relating to the Praya East Reclamation were entered into by all entitled to participate.
The total area of land sold or granted during the year was 564a. 3r. 7·91p., of which 523a. Or. 78p. (including 361 acres for camphor growing) were dealt with by the District Officers. The total area of land resurned was 116a. 1r. 18.74p.
In the New Territories the demand for land was steady with upward tendency.
III.-LEGISLATION.
Thirty-two (32) ordinances were passed during 1921, of which fifteen were amendments of previous ordinances.
The most important of these ordinances were :-
The Treaty of Peace (Amendment) (No. 2) Order, 1920 (No. 7). The Treaty of Peace (Hungary) Order, 1921 (No. 29).
These two ordinances were for the purpose of modifying certain provisions of the Orders in Council, and of adapting the provisions of the said Orders to the circumstances of the Colony.
The Holts Wharf (No. 3).
The Mercantile Bank note issue (No. 26).
The St. Joseph's College incorporation (No. 27).
These are private enactments. The object of the first one was to give the Governor in Council power to make by-laws for the maintenance of order and safety in the conduct of the business carried on at Holts Wharf, while the second one was passed to extend the period in which the Mercantile Bank of India was empowered to make, issue, re-issue and circulate bank notes. The object of the third was to incorporate the Christian Brothers School in Hongkong known as St. Joseph's College.
The Custodian (No. 6)-The object of which was to make it clear that property, rights and powers vested in, or conferred upon, any holder of the office of custodian passed to his successors in office.
The Stamp (No. 8)-The objects of this ordinance were (a) to increase the revenue from stamp duties, (b) to facilitate the collection of these duties and prevent evasion, and (c) to correct various defects in the law which had long been known to exist.
The Maintenance Orders (Facilities for Enforcement) (No. 9) -The object being to facilitate the enforcement in the Colony of maintenance orders made in England or Ireland and vice versa.
The Criminal Procedure (No. 10)-The object of this ordinance was to effect several improvements in the criminal procedure of the Supreme Court.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
13
The Non-Ferrous Metal Industry (No. 11)-This was to repeal the Non-Ferrous Metal Industry Ordinance, 1919. It was recognised that the licence system introduced was of no practical use in Hongkong, which, as regards the metal industry, was a transhipping centre and not a producing country.
The Companies (No. 12)-The object of this ordinance was to introduce into the Companies Ordinances, 1911-1915, some amend- ments which experience had shown to be advisable, and to bring the law of the Colony into conformity with the China (Companies) Amendment Order in Council, 1919.
37
The Rents (No. 13)-The object of this ordinance was to protect the tenants of domestic tenements from unreasonable increase in rental and from arbitrary termination of their tenancies.
The Praya East Reclamation (No. 17)-The object of this ordinance was to legalise and to provide for the reclamation of the eastern praya.
The Judgments (Facilities for Enforcement) (No. 32)-This ordinance was passed with a view to provide for the reciprocal enforcement of judgments and awards in the Colony and other parts of His Majesty's dominions and in territories under His Majesty's protection.
IV.-EDUCATION.
No important changes have taken place in the Education Depart- ment during the year under review. The staff, depleted by causes due to the War, is being gradually brought up to normal strength again.
The total number of pupils at schools in the Colony, excluding the police school and the uncontrolled schools in the New Terri- tories, are :--
Number of Pupils.
English
Schools.
Total.
Vernacular Schools.
Government Schools ..
3,386
19
3,405
Military Schools
140
140
Excluded Private Schools
281
12
293
Grant Schools
2,401
3,736
6,137
Controlled Private Schools
4,882
15,854.
20,736
Controlled Private Schools,
New Territories.
3,989
3,989
Technical Institute
582
582
Total
11,672
23,610
35,282
The most important schools, apart from the excluded schools, are Queen's College for Chinese, four District Schools its feeders, and the Belilios Public School for Chinese girls. There is an Indian School of growing importance now housed in a new building
38
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-Annual.
presented to the Colony by Sir Ellis Kadoorie. Kowloon School and Victoria School for children of British parentage have an average attendance of 171. There is also a school for the children of the Peak District, with an average attendance of 38. The Diocesan School and Orphanage and St. Joseph's College are important boys' schools in receipt of an annual grant. The Italian, French, and St. Mary's Convents, and the Diocesan Girls' School, are the most important of the English Grant Schools for girls.
The Hongkong Technical Institute affords an opportunity for higher education of students who have left school. Instruction was given in 1921 in building construction, chemistry (practical and theoretical), physics, electricity, commercial English, French, short- hand, book-keeping, cookery and translation. Classes in sanitation (public hygiene) are also held, the examinations being conducted under the auspices of the Royal Sanitary Institute, London. Classes for men and women teachers, both "English and "Vernacular are a feature of the Institute.
"
The lecturers are recruited from the members of the medical and educational faculties of the Colony, and from the Department of Public Works, and receive fees for their services. The Institute is furnished with a well equipped chemical laboratory and excellent physical apparatus.
The University of Hongkong, incorporated under the local University Ordinance, 1911, and opened in 1912, is a residential University for students of both sexes, the object of which is declared by the said ordinance to be "the promotion of Arts, Science and Learning, the provision of higher education, the conferring of degrees, the development and formation of the character of students of all races, nationalities, and creeds, and the maintenance of the good understanding with the neighbouring country of China.'
""
The inception of the University was primarily due to the initiative of Sir Frederick Lugard, Governor of the Colony from 1907 to 1912, and to the liberality of benefactors of varied nationality and domicile, first amongst whom should be mentioned the late Sir Hormusjee Mody, by whom the entire expense of the erection of the main building was borne.
The University includes the three Faculties of Medicine, Engineering and Arts. Admission to all faculties is conditional upon passing the matriculation examination of the University or some examination recognised as equivalent thereto.
The Faculty of Medicine provides a five-year course of study in the usual pre-medical and medical sciences, supplemented by clinical work in the Government Civil and Tung Wah Hospitals, leading to the degree of M.B., B.S. The degrees of M.D., and M.S., may be obtained for post-graduate work. The degrees above-mentioned are recognised by the General Medical Council for registration in Great Britain.
The Faculty of Engineering provides a four-year course in practical and theoretical engineering, leading to the degree of B.Sc. (Eng.). Fourth year students specialise in civil, in mechanical or in electrical engineering. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.Sc. (Eng.).
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
15
The Faculty of Arts includes departments of pure arts and science, education (including practical teaching) and commerce. The course is in all cases one of four years and leads to the degree of B.A. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.A.
With a view to better securing the maintenance of the desired standard-which in the Faculty of Medicine is that of an English University degree and in the Faculty of Engineering that of the corresponding degree in the University of London-external examiners are, in all faculties, associated with the internal examiners in all annual and final examinations. In the Faculty of Engineering, but not in other faculties, degrees with honours are granted, the standard being assessed by special examiners chosen from amongst the external examiners in the University of London.
The degree of LL.D. is also granted, honoris causa.
39
The site of the University was given gratuitously by the Colonial Government. As subsequently enlarged by minor grants and by purchase, it includes an area of some 25 acres, looking out upon the harbour over the City of Victoria.
The main buildings, as already stated, were the gift of the late Sir H. Mody. In them are housed the chemical, physical and biological laboratories, the University library and portions of the engineering laboratories. They further include a Great Hall, a Senate Room and the lecture and class rooms used by the Faculty of Arts and for general purposes.
:
Special medical buildings include schools of anatomy, physiology, pathology and tropical medicine, erected at the cost of Chinese gentlemen resident in the Colony. In the case of each of the three schools last mentioned a larger or smaller sum still remains available for further equipment.
Special engineering buildings include:-
(a) A power station, generating light and power for the estate, energy being supplied by internal combustion engines of varied types which are available for instructional purposes;
(b) A prime movers (steam) and hydraulics laboratory, at present housed in a converted pumping station, formerly the property of the Government; and
(c) A workshop, including a small machine-shop, smithy and
carpenter's shop.
Electrical machinery (other than the main generating plant), electrical technology, the testing of materials and experimental mechanics are dealt with in the main building.
The larger part of the engineering equipment was the gift of British enginee:ing firms.
Other buildings upon the estate include :-
(a) The Vice-Chancellor's Lodge.
(b) Staff-Quarters.
(c) The Residential Hostels, and
(d) The University Union Building.
40
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
·COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
The cost of the building last mentioned (some $62,000) was met in approximately equal shares from University moneys and from public subscriptions, the entire cost of furnishing being met out of further subscriptions.
Unless exempted from residence (such exemption being ordinarily granted on the ground that the student's "manner of life is not such as is catered for in the hostels"), every matriculated student is required to reside either in a University, or in a recognised hostel.
The University hostels are three in number-Lugard Hall, Eliot Hall, and May Hall.
Recognised hostels are at present two in number-Morrison Hall, situate immediately above the University grounds and con- ducted by the London Missionary Society, and St. John's Hall, immediately opposite the front of the University, conducted by the Church Missionary Society.
Each student occupies a separate room or cubicle, and there are the usual common rooms: Each University hostel is in charge of a member of the staff, as resident Warden.
No University hostel at present exists for women students- whose right to admission to the University was first recognised in 1921; but by the courtesy of the school authorities, arrangements have been made for their lodging in connection with St. Stephen's Girls' College.
University fees for tuition and board amount to $550 per annum, enabling a student who lives carefully to meet the whole of his expenses with a sum of $1,000 per annum, as compared with a minimum sum of $2,500 per annum, besides travelling expenses, in the case of a Chinese student going abroad for his education.
The number of students attending lectures at the beginning of 1922 was 251, made up of 86 in the Medical Faculty, 48 in the Faculty of Engineering and 117 in the Faculty of Arts.
Numerous scholarships are available, including the King Edward VII Scholarships founded by His Majesty's Government, the President's Scholarships founded by His Excellency the President of China, together with Scholarships (some of which are in the nature of bursaries) given by the Hongkong Government, the Chinese Govern- ment, the Metropolitan District of Peking, the Provincial Governments of Canton, Chihli, Yunnan and Hupeh, the Governments of the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States, the Government of Kedah and the Siamese Government. Students are also drawn from the Philippines, French Indo-China and Australasia.
Noteworthy events in 1921 were the appointment of Sir William Brunyate, K.Č.M.G., as Vice-Chancellor in succession to Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G., C.B., who resigned upon appointment as His Majesty's Ambassador at Tokio; the creation of a four-year course in Commerce, for which purpose a sum of $12,000 for five years was promised by the General Chamber of Commerce of Hongkong; the increase of the Government subsidy from $20,000 to $50,000 a year, and the completion of a grant from the Colonial Government of $1,000,000 as additional endowment together with a further sum of $700,000 to pay off an accumulated deficit and to make good a portion of the sum spent on buildings and equipment; a gift of $100,000 from Messrs. John Swire and Sons, Ltd., for the purposes of the Engineering
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
17
Faculty; a promise of $100,000 by four half-yearly instalments from Sir Robert Ho Tung, for the building and equipment of an Engineering Workshop; a promise of $100,000 by four half-yearly instalments from Mr. H. M. H. Nemazee for general purposes; a promise of $50,000 spread over ten years, from Mr. Kwok Chung Yung; and negotiations with the Rockefeller Foundation of New York, which, since the end of the year, have resulted in the offer of the sum of $750,000 for the foundation of three full-time chairs in the Faculty of Medicine.
The total cost of the land, buildings and equipment of the University may be placed at approximately $1,750,000 and. their replacement value at not less than $2,500,000. The invested endow- ments exceed $2,500,000, excluding sums promised and not yet received.
41
V.-PUBLIC WORKS.
BUILDINGS.
The erection of the following houses for senior officers was completed :-Two blocks each of four houses at Leighton Hill, three houses on Severn Road, one house for the Puisne Judge, and one house for a senior engineer, and, in addition, two contracts were let for two additional blocks of three houses each at Leighton Hill, and for one block containing six flats and four detached houses on the Homestead site, respectively.
All the houses at Leighton Hill are being constructed by Messrs. Denison, Ram and Gibbs, and those on the Homestead site by Messrs. Little, Adams and Wood.
In addition, twelve houses at Happy Valley were completed for subordinate officers early in the year.
Good progress was made with the new police married quarters, containing six flats, in Caine Road.
Alterations were carried out to the kitchen block at Govern- ment House, and a new garage block was commenced which includes quarters for the custodian and two rooms for guests, for whom accommodation cannot be found in the main building.
The quarters for scavenging coolies at Hospital Road were completed towards the end of the year, and good progress was made with similar quarters in Belchers Street.
Foundations were commenced for the large building (new fire brigade station) opposite the Central Market, the details of the accommodation of which were given in last year's report. A temporary fire station was completed in Wanchai.
42
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLÒNIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
A contract was let, and work commenced, for a maternity section next to the Victoria Hospital, Barker Road, the Peak, and plans were prepared for the alteration to the main hospital block and to the nurses' quarters; also, an outpatients' block was commenced at the civil hospital.
In Kowloon, quarters for the Royal Observatory staff were com- pleted, and an extension to the pig lairage at Ma-tau-kok was made. The preparation of the site for the Kowloon hospital was in progress.
Drawings were prepared for the new police station at Yaumati and Mong-kok-tsui, and for an extension to the fire brigade station at Kowloon.
Other works of a minor nature were carried out.
In the New Territories, work was proceeding in connection with the rebuilding of four of the prison sheds at the Lai-chi-kok branch prison.
Good progress was made with the new clerks' quarters at Taipo, and the land bailiff's quarters at Pingshan.
COMMUNICATIONS.
The following motor roads were in hand :-
A road contouring the south side of Mt. Davis and linking Pokfulam Road with the Victoria Road was completed, as was also the extension of Lugard Road; the first section of the road from Taitam Gap to Shek O, about one mile in length was also completed, and good progress was made with the second section thereof, and a contract for the third section was let; the two latter sections are also each about a mile in length.
A twenty-foot road from Wanchai Gap to Magazine Gap and from thence to Chamberlain Road was under construction; one, from Bowen Road to Wongneichong Gap-being the first part of the new road to Repulse Bay-was completed; and good progress was also made with the twenty-foot road from Bowen Road, con- touring the hill towards Sookunpoo Valley, passing over the ridge. where it will be joined by Broadwood Road.
A further section of the scheme for widening Kennedy Road was completed, and progress was also made with the scheme for widening Queen's Road, East, as opportunity afforded, though there still remains a considerable portion to be dealt with before the widening can be accomplished. Work on the scheme for the diversion of a certain portion of the Shaukiwan Road through Quarry Bay Village and the improvement of the alignment and levels of a considerable section of the same road on either side of the diversion was commenced.
In Kowloon, further progress was attained with the extension of the Coronation Road to the north west of Mong-kok village.
The section of the Kowloon City-Mong-kok-tsui Road east of the railway was nearing completion, and the section west of the railway was making good progress. The excavation from the hills to form the above-mentioned roads was being utilised to fill in the low-lying areas to the south of the Old Kowloon boundary line.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
43
19
Extensive widenings of existing roads were carried out as follows:-
"R
Kowloon City Road, between K.I.L. 1150 and the bridge over the stream course west of the Hill of the King of the Sung"; from this latter point a sixty-foot width of roadway was constructed on a new alignment to the New Kowloon City-Mong-kok-tsui Road.
Salisbury Road, between Nathan and Chatham Roads. Hankow Road, between Salisbury and Peking Roads.. Argyle Street, between Coronation Road and Ho-mun-tin.
The improvements to the Taipo Road, between the third and fifth milestones, and the section of this road-and the construction of a bridge-at Ma-nin-shui were completed.
A road extension, ten feet wide, was made from the Fanling- Sheung Shui Road to the Sheung Shui police station.
A considerable amount of surfacing of the hilly portions of the Lai-chi-kok-Castle Peak, Mong-kok-tsui-Taipo, and Taipo-Fanling Roads was done.
DRAINAGE.
The construction of a nullah at Mong-kok-tsui between the Taipo Road and the Old Kowloon boundary line near Kau-lung-tong was in progress. A beginning was made with the training and diversion of the large stream course to the east of Lai-chi-kok.
WATER WORKS.
Drawings and specifications were completed and tenders invited for the large scheme of filter beds to be constructed at the eastern end of Bowen Road; the contract had not, however, been awarded at the end of the year.
An additional rising main was laid to the Peak to enable more water to be pumped up to this district, and the laying of a new 8-inch main was commenced in order to connect Shaukiwan village with the city supply system; this latter work had to be suspended for a time on account of the alterations to the Shaukiwan Road. As a temporary measure, however, a 3-inch main was put through in order to obviate any difficulties which might arise until the larger pipe could be laid.
For the supply of an additional engine and boiler, required for the Pokfulam Road pumping station, the tender of Messrs. Tangye was accepted, and the foundation plans were received at the end of the year thus enabling a commencement to be made with the extension of the station so as to provide the necessary accommodation.
Tenders were considered for an additional steam pumping set for the Taitam Tuk pumping station, but in view of the excessive price quoted as compared with an electrically driven plant, the matter was again referred home for consideration by the consulting engineers.
The laying of a 3-inch main from the Wong-nei-chong reservoir to a service tank at Repulse Bay was completed and in service early in the year.
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20
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
The work of substituting an 18-inch water main for the existing one of 12-inch from the Kowloon filter beds to Yaumati was com- pleted, except for a short section beyond the third milestone on the Taipo Road where the road requires to be diverted. The replacing of the existing water mains in the Kowloon distribution system by larger ones was continued.
At the Kowloon filter beds, adjoining the Taipo Road, two new beds are in course of construction.
The taking over and the reconstruction of the existing water works supplying the Fanling Golf Club houses and a few other residences in that neighbourhood was completed.
Plans were prepared for a water supply at Taipo.
RECLAMATIONS.
At Aplichau, the reclamation under construction was nearly completed by the end of the year. It will provide a considerable area upon which it is hoped to be able to accommodate some of the old village lot-holders so that this insanitary area may be improved as opportunity arises.
Satisfactory progress was made with the filling in of the tidal flat and the cutting down of the hill between Tai-kok-tsui and Fuk-tsun-heung.
The work on the Shamshuipo reclamation scheme progressed satisfactorily, the rubble mound and the cement concrete blocks for the section under construction having been completed.
A commencement was made with a reclamation scheme at Cheung Sha Wan in conjunction with the tipping of the refuse collected from the Kowloon Peninsula and Hongkong.
The Kai Tak Land Investment Company made but little progress with their reclamation at Kowloon Bay. The sea-wall of that portion of it acquired by the Government as the site for the new gaol was completed and the entire area filled in to coping level.
The reclamation work which is being carried out by the Standard Oil Company of New York at Lai-chi-kok made good progress.
The marine lot-holders fronting Praya East having in May, 1920, agreed to the terms and apportionment of the reclamation to be carried out by the Government at Wanchai Bay and known as the Praya East Reclamation Scheme, the preparation of the necessary plans and documents was commenced forthwith, and an Ordinance (No. 17 of 1921) to give legal effect to this project became law on the 9th September, 1921. Tenders were invited on the 15th June, 1921, and the lowest one-that of Messrs. Sang Lee & Co.- amounting to $2,766,899-70 having been accepted, an order to begin work was served on them on the 1st November, 1921. The total cost of the scheme to those entitled to participate is estimated at $3,744,319-50.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
PIERS.
45
21
The Queen Victoria Street ferry pier was practically completed by the close of the year. A contract was let in September for the construction in reinforced concrete of the Public Square Street ferry pier at Yaumati, and another contract was awarded in October for the construction-also in reinforced concrete-of the pier opposite Queen's Statue Square.
A reinforced concrete pier at Cheung Chau (Dumb-bell Island) was completed and opened to traffic.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Two small foot-bridges were constructed, one at Siu Hang near Fanling and the other at Siu Lek Un near Shatin.
CC
Aga" light towers were erected at the following places :-
Lam Tong Island, Channel Rocks, and Tong Ku Island. Plans were prepared in connection with the installation of a Wireless Station at Gap Rock, machinery and plant was obtained, and the work of erecting the mast, etc., commenced.
Plans were also prepared for the construction of a water-boat dock to the East of Lai-chi-kok, but the contract for its construction had not been awarded by the end of the year under review.
Considerable progress was made with the hydrographic surveys required by the consulting engineers in connection with the report they are preparing on the development of the harbour.
.
The total amount expended on Public Works Extraordinary was $3,053,525-11 and on annually recurrent works $938,582.38.
RAILWAY.
The installation of the electric turret clock and 1-ton hour bell was completed in March and the clock started on the 22nd, since when perfect time has been kept.
Three more sidings were laid at Kowloon station as laybys, but these have not yet been connected to the signal cabin.
The old temporary station building at Hung Hom was condemned, and an operating cabin of brickwork substituted, which provides only accommodation for the point levers for the sidings, and living rooms for the staff. This station is closed as a passenger station now but the marshalling sidings remain.
A brick building was erected at the workshops for the installation of three rotary converters and the necessary switchboards, for con- verting high tension alternating current from the China Light & Power Co.'s supply, to direct current for the workshops motors, etc. The machinery for this purpose was taken over from the company on its vacating its premises adjacent to the locomotive yard and removing to a new site about a mile away. The rotary converters are not, however, of the most economical type and may have to be replaced.
46
22
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
In preparation for the building of the new overbridge to the north of Yaumati station, the embankment was widened and ballast laid later for carrying the necessary railway deviation round the site of the new bridge during construction.
Early in the year new rails were laid through Beacon Hill tunnel (2,403 yards). The time occupied by this work was 30 nights, seven lengths of 36 feet each being renewed each night.
The siding at Shatin station was connected to the loop line at the far end and now forms a second loop which has proved very useful. A low temporary wooden platform of old sleepers was erected between the main line and No. 1 loop.
At Taipo Market station a small open shelter consisting of a tiled roof on reinforced concrete columns has been provided for the convenience of consignors of live pigs and fresh fish while waiting for trains.
At Fanling station the road approach to the goods yard was completed.
Since the train service has necessitated a train being stabled each night at Lowu to form the first inward train in the morning, it has become necessary to provide siding and stabling accommoda- tion at this point. During the year spoil was tipped to form an area for yard and sidings, and work was commenced on a single line running shed 150 feet long of brickwork with a tiled roof. The work, however, was not completed at the end of the year.
The 8-foot span bridge at mile 161, referred to in my last report, was doubled as proposed, and no fear of further flooding at this point need be anticipated.
The road bed at mile 16 where passing over a band of clay was taken up, drained and reballasted by night work. This place has given much trouble each year, owing to the moist nature of the subsoil during the rainy season.
Many of the steel bridges were given their periodical repainting; the steelwork of the workshop buildings was also gone over, repaired where necessary and painted.
Experiments were made with tar and asphalt surfacing on portions of the Kowloon platforms, and as these have proved successful so far, it is intended to asphalt the whole of the platforms and concourse
area.
The rainfall for the year was above the average, a very large pro- portion occurring in the months of May and June; in fact 43 inches, out of a total for the year of 971⁄2 inches, fell in May; the heaviest fall per hour recorded being 3.25 inches. The railway, however, suffered very little damage, which is no small reward for previous expenditure in combating the rainstorms frequently experienced in this country.
There were two or three occasions on which typhoon blows occurred but fortunately none was serious.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
47
23
A halt station was opened at Ho Mun Tin, mile 21, where the local morning and evening trains call for the convenience of a new community which has lately settled at this point, and a temporary platform, built of old sleepers, was provided. This is not an ideal site for a station and will probably not be required when the road trams serve the neighbourhood, as is anticipated will be the case in the near future.
The gross receipts for the year were $603,980-77, as against $520,176-10 for 1920, an increase of $83,804 67, and the balance after paying working expenses stands at $75,989-71.
VI.-GOVERNMENT
AND AIDED
(a)-HOSPITALS.
INSTITUTIONS.
Government hospitals consist of the Civil Hospital, to which is attached an isolated Maternity Hospital, the Victoria Hospital for Women and Children, and the Kennedy Town Infectious Diseases Hospital. There is an Observation Station capable of accommodating 1,500 persons in the event of an outbreak of infectious disease on board a ship arriving in the harbour.
The Civil Hospital contains 170 beds in 21 wards. 4,815 in- patients and 27,322 out-patients were treated during 1921, as against 4,701 and 31,926 respectively in 1920. 399 cases of malarial fever were admitted, as against 243 in 1920 and 218 in 1919. The total cases of malaria for all Government hospitals and the Tung Wa Hospital shows an increase of 339 cases, as compared with the year 1920. The Maternity Hospital contains nine beds for Europeans and eight for Asiatics. 610 confinements occurred during the year, as against 496 in 1920. The Victoria Hospital at the Peak contains 41 beds, and during 1920 213 patients were under treatment there. At Kennedy Town Hospital, which contains 26 beds, 70 cases were treated in 1920, all being infectious.
(b)-LUNATIC ASYLUM.
The Asylum is under the direction of the Superintendent of the Civil Hospital. European and Chinese patients are separated, the European portion containing 14 beds in separate wards and the Chinese portion 16 beds. 300 patients of all races were treated during 1921 and there were eight deaths.
(c) THE TUNG WA AND OTHER CHINESE HOSPITALS.
The Tung Wa Hospital, opened in 1872, is mainly supported by the voluntary subscriptions of Chinese, but receives an annual grant of $8,000 from the Government. Only Chinese are treated in this institution. Various other services not appertaining to a hospital are performed by the institution, such as the free burial of the poor, the repatriation of destitutes, the maintenance of free vernacular schools and the organisation of charitable relief in emergencies. Chinese as well as European methods of treatment employed in accordance with the wishes expressed by the patients. or their friends.. Over half the number are now. treated by Western.
are
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24
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS- -ANNUAL.
methods. The hospital is managed by a committee of Chinese gentle- men annually elected, their appointment being submitted to the Governor for confirmation. It is under the supervision of a visiting physician, who is a member of the Medical Department, whilst two Chinese house surgeons, trained in Western medicine, are members of the hospital staff. There are 330 beds in the buildings and 7,211 patients were accommodated during 1921.
The Tung Wa also maintain a branch hospital for small-pox cases (Chinese only) at Kennedy Town. It contains 60 beds and during 1921 32 cases were treated.
The Alice Memorial and Affiliated Hospitals are managed and controlled by the missionaries resident in Hongkong, agents of the London Missionary Society, and consist of the Alice Memorial Hospital opened in 1887, the Nethersole Hospital opened in 1893, the Alice Memorial Maternity Hospital opened in 1904, and the Ho Miu Ling Hospital opened in 1906. The number of in-patients in 1921 was 1,681 and the expenditure $52,252·03. The number of labours in
the Maternity Hospital was 450. The Government makes a grant of $300 per annum to these hospitals.
To avoid the complete seclusion from friends and relatives, which removal of Chinese plague patients to the Kennedy Town Infectious Diseases Hospital entailed, four district plague hospitals are now maintained by the Chinese in various parts of the Colony. These hospitals are under the management of the Chinese Public Dispensaries Committee.
The Kwong Wa Hospital for Chinese in the Kowloon peninsula was opened on the 9th October, 1911. It occupies a site having an area of three acres and provides accommodation for 210 patients. The existing buildings contain 70 beds and 4,486 patients were accommodated during 1921. The collection of subscriptions and the supervision of the building were undertaken by a special committee under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs. The hospital receives a grant of $8,500 per annum from the Government.
As will be noticed from the remarks made under the heading Education, the Hongkong University is also an aided institution.
VII.-INSTITUTIONS NOT SUPPORTED BY GOVERNMENT.
One of the most important institutions in the Colony not sup- ported by the Government is the Matilda Hospital, which stands on a commanding site of nearly three acres at Mount Kellet in the Hill District. An account of this hospital will be found in the report for 1917.
Among institutions recognised and encouraged, but not to any considerable extent supported by Government, may be mentioned the Pó Leung Kuk, the Eyre Refuge, the City Hall, and the Chinese public dispensaries.
The Pó Leung Kuk is a Chinese Society founded in 1878 for the suppression of kidnapping and traffic in human beings. It was incorporated in 1893 and is presided over by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs and not more than nine directors nominated by the Governor.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
25
49
The actual management is entrusted to a committee elected annually by the members of the society. The society's buildings have been declared a Refuge under the Women and Girls Protection Ordinance, and almost all women and girls detained by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs under that Ordinance are sent to the Pó Leung Kuk. During 1921 the number of persons admitted was 355 and at the close of year 42 remained under the care of the society. The inmates are under the immediate charge of a Chinese matron, and instruction is given them by the matron and a Chinese teacher in elementary subjects and in needlework.
The Eyre Diocesan Refuge is an institution under mission auspices, founded for rescue work among the Chinese. It was housed in the Belilios Reformatory up to the outbreak of war, but the work is at present carried on at Kowloon. City. A small grant is made by the Government.
The City Hall receives an annual grant of $1,200 from Government. It contains a theatre, some large rooms which are used for balls, meetings, concerts, etc., a museum in which are some very fair specimens and a large reference and lending library, to which new volumes are added from time to time, as funds will allow. The building was erected in 1866-9 by subscription.
Small grants are also given to the Italian Convent, the French Convent (both of which take in and tend abandoned or sick infants), the West Point Orphanage, the Seamen's Hospital, and other charitable institutions.
The Chinese Public Dispensaries are institutions maintained in order to provide the Chinese with the services of doctors, whose certificates will be accepted by the Registrar of Deaths, and with the services of interpreters, who can assist the inmates of houses, where a case of infectious disease has occurred. Coolies are engaged and ambulances and dead vans provided in order to remove cases of infectious disease to the Infectious Diseases Hospital and dead bodies to the mortuary. The dispensaries receive sick infants and send them to one or other of the convents and arrange for the burial of dead infants. Free advice and medicine are given and patients are attended at their houses. There are eight dispensaries in existence. total cost of maintenance was $39,505 for the year 1920. Government makes an annual grant of $7,000, and the rest of the cost is defrayed by voluntary subscription. The Dispensaries are conducted by committees under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.
The
The
VIII.-VITAL STATISTICS.
(a)-POPULATION.
The civil population of the Colony, according to the census taken on April 24th, 1921, was 625,166, of whom 83,163 reside in the New Territories and in New Kowloon; at the census taken in 1911 it was 456,739 with 104,287 as the figure for the New Territories and New Kowloon. The estimated total population at the middle of the year under review was 686,680, but this includes the New Territories; -and as the birth and death figures given below do not include those from
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
this area (with the exception of New Kowloon), the population for the purposes of calculating these rates is estimated at 585,880, of whom 14,100 were non-Chinese.
The distribution of population estimated to the middle of 1921 was as follows:
Non-Chinese Civil Community
14,100
Chinese Population-
City of Victoria (including Peak)
360,000
Villages of Hongkong
18,360
Kowloon (including New Kowloon)
120,000
New Territories
100,800
Population afloat
73,420
Total Chinese Population
672,580
Total Civil Population
686,680
(b)-PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION.
The activity in building operations, which has been so noticeable a feature since 1912, has not abated, and the demand for housing accommodation by the Chinese continued to be greatly in excess of the supply, as many of those who fled with their families to Hongkong during 1911, 1912, and 1913 elected to remain in the Colony.
The birth-rate for the year was 5-68* per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 25.88 per 1,000 among the non-Chinese community, as compared with 3.96 and 19.78 for 1920.
The death-rate for the year was 20-29 per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 18.08 among the non-Chinese civil community, as compared with 22-78 and 17.9 for 1920.
The number of deaths from malaria (332) was the same as for 1920. The deaths of Chinese from this cause in the City of Victoria numbered 142 out of a population of 360,000, or a rate of 0.39 per 1,000 per
annum.
The deaths from plague numbered 130 as compared with 120 in 1920.
Small-pox deaths numbered 162; all but two were Chinese.
There were 3,832 deaths from respiratory diseases other than pulmonary tuberculosis, as compared with 3,834 in 1920, and 80 of these were among the non-Chinese community. Pulmonary tuber- culosis claimed 1,318 Chinese and 25 non-Chinese victims, whilst other forms of tuberculosis represent an additional 576 deaths, making a total of 1,894, or 15.9 per cent. of the total deaths among the community.
Beri-beri was responsible for 526 deaths, as compared with 361 during 1920 and 555 in 1919. During the past few years circulars have been distributed to all large employers of coolie labour calling their attention to the fact that beri-beri is produced by the consumption of white rice as the staple article of diet without a sufficiency of other foods, and advising that beans should be supplied with the rice, when fresh meat or fresh fish cannot be afforded.
* This figure is wholly misleading, as it is impossible to register more than a portion of the births.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1921.
(c)--CLIMATE.
The principal features of the weather in 1921 were :-
51
27
(a) Heavy rainfall from April 27th to July 6th, during which period 59 inches of rain fell on 59 days; and a drought
from September 9th to the end of the year, when only 1 inch of rain fell.
(b) Abnormally low wind velocity in March, increasing gradually
to normal in July.
as
Barometric pressure was considerably above normal in January,. July and October, and considerably below in May, June and August. The mean pressure for the year at station level was 29.848 ins., against 29.814 ins. in 1920 and 29.843 ins. for the past 38 years. The highest pressure was 30-323 ins. on January 14th, as against 30-374 ins. in 1920 and 30-509 ins. for the past 38 years. The lowest pressure was 29-319 ins. on July 24th, as against 29-208 ins. in 1920 and 28.735 ins. for the past 38 years.
•
The temperature of the air was moderately above normal in February, March, April, August and December and moderately below in January. The mean temperature for the year was 72° 2, as against 72°.0 in 1920 and 71°-8 for the past 38 years. The highest temperature was 92°·2 on August 22nd as against 93°.1 in 1920 and 97.0 for the past 38 years. The lowest temperature was 44°.0 on February 4th, as against 45°·1 in 1920 and 32o·0 for the past 38 years.
The rainfall was very considerably above normal in May, and moderately above normal in March, August and September. It was considerably below normal in April, October, November and December. The total for the year was 97.340 ins., as against 107.880 ins. in 1920 and 84-620 ins. for the past 38 years. The greatest fall in one civil day was 6.060 ins. on September 3rd and the greatest in one hour was 3.250 ins. between 1.30 p.m. and 2.30 p.m. on May 31st.
The wind velocity was considerably below normal in January, March, April, May and October. In July it was normal and in the remaining months it was slightly below normal. The mean velocity for the year was 10.7 m.p.h., as against 12.0 m.p.h. in 1920 and 12.7 m.p.h. for the past 38 years. The maximum velocity for one hour as recorded by the Beckley Anemograph was 51 miles at 11 a.m. on July 24th, as against 51 miles in 1920 and 108 for the past 38 years. The maximum squall velocity, as recorded by the Dines-Baxendell Anemograph, was at the rate of 69 m.p.h. at 5 h. 53 m. a.m. on September 3rd, as against 61 m.p.h. in 1920 and 105 m.p.h. for the past 12 years.
The climate of Hongkong is similar in its broad features to that of Kowloon and the New Territories, but at the higher levels, from 1,400 to 1,800 feet above sea level the temperature is usually from 3° to 8° lower than at the Observatory, Kowloon. The humidity is usually greater than in Kowloon and approaches saturation for several days at a time during March and April when mist is very prevalent. In summer the city of Victoria, and the rising terraces behind it, derive little or no benefit from the S.W. monsoon, being sheltered by steep hills from S.E. to S.W. In winter it is exposed to the N.E. monsoon which occasionally blows along the harbour through Lyemun Pass with considerable violence. On the other hand the S.W. side of the Island is protected from the N.E. monsoon in winter and enjoys the benefit of the S.W. monsoon in summer.
52
28
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
IX. POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.
The total revenue from the Postal Service in 1921 amounted to $644,157.54, being $118,035.46 more than that collected in 1920. The net expenditure amounted to $261,077-84. The balance of revenue over expenditure amounted to $383,079-70.
The revenue collected in 1921 from radio-telegrams amounted to $19,082-98, being $4,491-25 more than that collected in 1920. Advices of vessels signalled at the lighthouses yielded $670.60, and semaphore messages $3.30, making a total of $19,756.88 for the telegraph service. The expenditure amounted to $45,592.19. The number of radio-telegrams forwarded during the year was 2,235 consisting of 30,239 words, and 6,182 received consisting of 82,513 words..
The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Co.'s contract mail service between the United Kingdom and the Far East was resumed with the despatch of the s.s. "Nellore" from Hongkong on the 21st December, 1921.
A. G. M. FLETCHER,
Colonial Secretary.
8th August, 1922.
1920-1930
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
No. 1203.
HONGKONG.
REPORT FOR 1922.
(ABRIDGED.)
(For Report for 1921 see No. 1139.)
53
LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.
To be purchased directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: Imperial House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, and 28, Abingdon Street, London, S.W.1; York Street, Manchester; 1, St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff;
or 120, George Street, Edinburgh;
or through any Bookseller.
1924.
Price 1- Net.
54
2
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL
No. 1203
HONGKONG.
ANNUAL GENERAL REPORT FOR 1922.
PREFACE.
The Colony of Hongkong is situated off the south-eastern coast of China between latitude 22° 9′ and 22° 17′ N. and longitude 114° 5' and 114° 18′ E. The island is about 11 miles long and 2 to 5 miles in breadth, its circumference being about 27 miles and its area 28 square miles. It consists of an irregular ridge of lofty hills rising to a height of nearly 2,000 feet above sea level, stretching nearly east and west, with few valleys of any extent and little ground available for cultivation.
The island, then desolate and sparsely inhabited by fishermen, was ceded to Great Britain in January, 1841; the cession being confirmed by the Treaty of Nankin in August, 1842; and the charter bears the date 5th April, 1843. All that part of Kowloon peninsula lying South of Kowloon Fort to the northernmost point of Stonecutter's Island together with that island was ceded to Great Britain under the Convention signed at Peking in October, 1860, and under the Convention signed at Peking in June, 1898, the area known as the New Territories including Mirs Bay and Deep Bay was leased to Great Britain by the Government of China for 99 years. The area of the New Territories and Islands is about 345 square miles.
Trade gradually developed as China became accustomed to foreign intercourse and it increased greatly owing to the opening of the Suez Canal. It now stands at about 200 million pounds sterling per annum.
Large local banking, dock, steamboat, and insurance companies were established between 1865 and 1872, and their numbers are being continually added to.
The Colony is the centre of an incessant flow of Chinese emigration and immigration.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
An important incident of the year was the visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales who arrived in the Colony in H.M.S. Renown on the 6th April. The residents of the Colony of all
"
"}
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
3
nationalities lent their assistance in giving His Royal Highness a hearty welcome, and various forms of entertainment had been prepared. The weather, however, was disappointing and the Colony, whose beauty lies in her rugged hills, was enveloped in mist the whole period of the visit, and the Peak and surrounding hills were invisible. Notwithstanding the inclement weather His Royal Highness made the most of the time at his disposal and visited all the principal institutions of the Colony.
In the early part of the year difficulties occurred in the Shipping Trade owing to dissatisfaction among the Chinese seamen who put forward a demand for an increase in wages which the shipowners were disinclined to agree to. This resulted in a general strike of all classes of seamen and for some time paralysed the shipping of the port. The strike extended to many other branches of labour and intimidation of those willing to work was resorted to by certain unions. Some inconvenience was caused to the European population by the house servants leaving their employ- ment. After several conferences had been held between the shipowners and the seamen's representatives a settlement was reached by which the conditions of the employment of seamen were put on a more satisfactory basis, and the strike which had lasted for nearly two months came to an end.
Trade generally remained in a depressed state owing to the feeling of unrest which prevailed in the adjacent provinces of South China. Shipments of rice, in particular, which have been an important item in the trade of the Colony, were considerably reduced through facilities being opened up in Siam and Saigon for direct export to the United States of America.
Exchange during the year continued falling. The dollar, which on 1st January stood at 2s. 71d., at the close of the year had fallen to 2s. 23d.
The development of the Colony during the year still continued and the influx of capital from South China resulted in numerous sales of land for building purposes, and unduly inflated the value of property. So long as China remains in the present unsettled state it is to be expected that the Colony will be made the temporary home of many of the merchants of Canton and other parts of South China.
A serious case of piracy occurred on 19th November on board the s.s. "Sui An" which runs between Hongkong and Macao. On her return journey from Macao a number of Chinese, who had embarked as passengers, held up the steamer, killing two of the Indian guards and wounding the captain and several others. The steamer was taken to Bias Bay, in Chinese territory, where the pirates landed in junks which appeared to be waiting, taking with them a quantity of loot. After they had left the steamer it was brought back to Hongkong by the first officer.
55
56
4
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
During the year the Governor, Sir Edward Stubbs, K.C.M.G.. was away from the Colony from 15th June to 18th November, during which time the Government was administered by Mr, Claud Severn, C.M.G.
I.-FINANCES.
The revenue for the year amounted to $22,291,065, being $5,014,805 more than the estimate and $4,562,933 more than the revenue for the previous year.
Compared with the returns for 1921 there were increases under all the heads except Rent of Government Property.
The expenditure, inclusive of a sum of $3,575,635 spent on Public Works Extraordinary, amounted to $18,563,003, being $1,635,977 less than the estimate and $2,823,351 more than the expenditure in 1921. Compared with the estimates there were increases under 13 heads as against 14 heads where there were decreases. The excess, amounting to $1,099,859, under Miscellaneous Services was due to:-
University
$ C. 200,000.00
Transport of Government Servants
119,891.97
Visit of H.R.H. Prince of Wales
127,105.10
Expenses of Strike
59,394.37
Food Control Expenses
55,371.98
Loss on Subsidiary Coins
393,818.26
$955,581.68
Military Expenditure exceeded the estimate by $355,260, due to increase in revenue. Imports and Exports Department shows a saving of $80,044, due to less purchase of Opium, and Public Works Extraordinary was less by $3,035,664 than the amount estimated.
The balance to the credit on the year's working was $3,728,062, and the assets and liabilities account showed on 31st December a credit balance of $12,658,642.
The following is a statement of the revenue and expenditure of the Colony for the five years 1918-1922 :-
Expenditure. $
Revenue.
$
1918
18,665,248
16,252,172
1919
16,524,975
17,915,925
·
1920
14,689,672
14,489,594
•
1921
·
17,728,132
15,739,652
1922
22,291,065
18,563,003
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
57
5
The amount of the consolidated loan stands at £1,485,733. Against this there is at credit of the Sinking Fund a sum of £399,591. The Local Loan under Ordinance No. 12 of 1916 amounts to $3,000,000, and there are the sums of $906,699 and £93,657 at credit of the Sinking Fund.
During the period 1913-1922 the assessment of the whole Colony has risen from $12,435,812 to $19,805,929, an increase in rateable value of $7,370,117.
The circulation on the 31st December of notes of the three Banks having authorised issues was as follows:-
Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Cor-
poration
Chartered Bank of India, Australia, &
China
Mercantile Bank of India, Limited
$34,974,774
11,239,602
1,364,413
$47,578,789
The currency of the Colony consists, in addition to the notes of these Banks, of British, Hongkong, and Mexican Dollars and of subsidiary coin, which continued at par throughout the year.
The total issue of subsidiary coins less those demonetized now amounts to $18,789,370 nominal value, and they were up to the year 1905 readily absorbed at par, large quantities being taken by the neighbouring provinces of China. During 1916 10 cent pieces of the face value of $5,028,000 were shipped to Calcutta for purposes of demonetization. The discount which prevailed between 1905 and 1916 may be attributed to the immense quantity of similar coin which was minted at Canton as well as to the amount of Hongkong coin minted largely in excess of the needs of the Colony by itself. In 1905 the Hongkong Government ceased to issue any subsidiary coin and in 1906 it began a policy of demonetizing all its subsidiary coin received as revenue. This policy was continuously followed till 1918 except during a brief period in 1911. Coin to the face value of $21,235,459 has thus been redeemed. The total issue by the Hongkong Government was of the face value of about $44,000,000.
II.-SHIPPING AND TRADE, INDUSTRIES, FISHERIES, AGRICULTURE, AND LAND.
(a.)-SHIPPING.
The total of the shipping entering and clearing at ports in the Colony during the year 1922 amounted to 708,244 vessels of 46,566,764 tons, which, compared with the figures for 1921, shows an increase of 35,564 vessels, with an increase of 3,145,994 tons. Of the above, 50,427 vessels of 29,543,564 tons were engaged in foreign trade, as compared with 52,222 vessels of 27,852,616
tons in 1921.
58
6
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL
Of vessels of European construction, 5,318 ocean steamers, 3,552 river steamers, and 3,243 steamships not exceeding 60 tons, entered during the year, giving a daily average of 33.2 ships, as compared with 33-8 ships in 1921 and 29.4 ships in 1920.
The average tonnage of individual ocean vessels entering the Port has increased from 1,919.8 to 2,06S 6 tons, that of British ships has increased from 1,997-5 to 2,131-0 tons, while that of foreign ships has increased from 1,857-9 to 1,957·7 tons.
The average tonnage of individual river steamers entering during the year has increased from 460.5 to 598.8 tons.
That of British river steamers has increased from 570.5 to 822-8 tons, and that of foreign river steamers has increased from 316-7 to 318-9 tons.
In steamships not exceeding 60 tons employed in foreign trade, there is a decrease of 167 ships, with an increase in tonnage of 4,636 tons or 12.9 per cent. in numbers and 0.6 per cent. in tonnage. This is due to larger launches employed in Foreign trading and a number of small launches being laid up owing to the unsettled state of Canton where many small launches were commandeered by the armies.
Junks in foreign trade show a decrease of 1,370 vessels and a decrease of 583,639 tons or 51.9 per cent. in numbers and 9.9 per cent. in tonnage. This is due to a number of junks being held up during the Seamen's Strike.
In local trade (i.e., between places within the waters of the Colony) there is an increase in steam-launches of 42,168 and an increase of 1,729,438 tons or 7-1 per cent. in numbers and 12-2 per cent. in tonnage. This is due to a greater number of launches being employed in towing and transporting workmen and material for reclamation work.
Junks in local trade show a decrease of 4,809 vessels and a decrease of 274,592 tons or 12.6 per cent. in numbers and 2.5 per cent. in tonnage. This is due to a number of junks being laid up during the Seamen's Strike.
•
There was a decrease in British ocean-going shipping of S3 ships or 9.0 per cent. and an increase of 441,694 tons or 32 Sper cent. This decrease in ships is due to the number of ships being laid up during the Seamen's Strike. The increase in tonnage is due to large vessels frequenting the Port, also to new locally-built vessels.
British river steamers have decreased by 876 ships with an increase in tonnage of 211,933 tons or 9.7 per cent. in numbers and 12.6 per cent. in tonnage. This decrease in ships is due to ships being laid up during the Seamen's Strike. The increase in tonnage is due to the "Wah Kuei" and "Tin Sing" which were laid up, being again put on the run, and the 'tweendeck space measurement being included in the tonnage.
Foreign ocean-going vessels have increased by 266 ships with an increase of 1,463,698 tons or 12.1 per cent. in numbers and 41.6
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
59
7
per cent. in tonnage. This increase is due to more and larger American vessels, also German vessels, now visiting the Port.
Foreign river steamers show an increase of 434 ships with an increase in tonnage of 152,627 tons or 4.4 per cent. in numbers and 2.5 per cent. in tonnage: This increase is due to the "Hui Hoi," "Taion," and "Wo Fu," which were originally steam lighters being converted into river steamers. The increase in tonnage is due to the above-mentioned vessels and the 'tween deck space measurements being included in the tonnage.
The actual number of individual ocean-going vessels of European construction during the year 1922 was 1,092, of which 410 were British and 682 foreign. In 1921 the corresponding figures were 988, of which 343 were British and 645 foreign.
These 1,092 ships measured 3,202,516 tons. They entered 5,318 times and gave a collective tonnage of 11,000,748 tons.
Thus 104 more ships entered 86 more times and gave a collective tonnage greater by 956,326 tons, an average of 11,120.0 tons per entry.
TRADE.
Detailed and accurate statistics of imports and exports are collected and published by the Imports and Exports Department.
OPIUM.
Four hundred and seventy-one (471) chests of Persian opium were imported during the year; 471 chests were exported to Formosa.
Six hundred and five (605) chests of uncertificated Indian opium were imported; 475 chests for the Macao opium farmer, and the remaining 130 chests for the Government opium monopoly.
The table below shows the total imports and exports since 1914 :-
1922. Chests.
1921. 1920. Chests. Chests.
1919. 1918. Chests. Chests.
1917. 1916. 1915. 1914. Chests. Chests. Chests. Chests.
Stock in band on
1st January
226)
Imported during
the year
1,076
ment
Total
Boiled by Opium
Farmer Boiled by Govern-
ment
Spurious Opium
destroyed
Used locally
Missing or stolen
Sold to Govern-
Exported during
·
329
658
1,302} 987
329
253
7991 9771 1,303) 2,2561 4,580
1,525) 1,290 1,259 1,657 1,706 1,873 3,0591
1,854} 1,543 2,058} | 2,634} 3,0091 4,129)
7,640
36
xxxv
3111
2001 225
377
539
352
365
340
413
3
111
13
17
19
4
12
I
-
|
the year
946
548
Total
Stock remaining on
31st December
{1,257}
1,2971 837 1,265) 1,469 1,667
7601 1,525) 1,214 1,6051 1,835 2,032 2,626
2,469
4,9111
5,383+
45
226) 329
329
253
799+ 977} 1,303}
2,256}
60
8
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
Emigration and Immigration.
Ninety-eight thousand three hundred and ninety-three (98,393) emigrants left Hongkong for various places during the year 1922 (156,011 in 1921). Of these, 52,638 were carried in British ships and 45,755 in foreign ships.
One hundred and forty-three thousand five hundred and forty- seven (143,547) returning emigrants were reported to have been brought to Hongkong from the several places to which they had emigrated either from this Colony or from coast ports, as against 159,064 in 1921. Of these, S5,057 arrived in British ships and 58,490 in foreign ships.
(b.)-INDUSTRIES.
(i.)-Under European Management.
Engineering and Shipbuilding.-The figures are as follows for the year 1922:-
H.K. & Whampoa Dock Co., Ld.
Taikoo Dockyard & Eng. Co., Ld. W. S. Bailey & Co., Ld.
Kwong Hip Lung Co., Ld.
A King Kung Tuck Cheong Tong Lee
6 vessels of 11,812 gross tons and 7,300 i.h.p.
11
3
#
11,087 174
"
"
8,550 340
"
"
"
"
48
144
27
"
"
29
260
"
J
"
"
88
J1
41
400 80
""
*
"
"
Total
22 vessels of 23,309 gross tons and 17,074 i.h.p.
Sugar. The year 1922 saw many fluctuations in price, but on the whole was an uninteresting period. We still look for a more satisfactory state of affairs when normal production and consump- tion definitely returns. Trade in China was bad owing to the political unrest.
Yarn.-The yarn trade during 1922 was very unsatisfactory from the point of view of importers, but the local dealers are said to have closed the year on a profitable basis.
The total quantity of yarn imported into the colony during the year amounted to 120,000 bales and 14,000 bales were brought forward from the previous year.
Clearances totalled 110,000 bales and the carry over for 1923 amounted to 24,000 bales.
Cotton. Middling American cotton was quoted in Liverpool at the commencement of the year at 11.69d. The rate declined gradually, reaching lowest point for the year on 6th February, 9-6d. A reaction set in and advances were reported until 13-60d. was reached on 16th June. During the latter half of June, July, August, September it fluctuated between that figure and 12-20d., which was reached on 29th September.
The official reports issued at the commencement of October indicated a prospective shortage and prices advanced rapidly until 15.60d. was reached on the 10th November. A slight drop was then registered, and during the last six weeks various rates were quoted between that figure at 14.56d. with 15.29d. as the final rate for the year.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
61
9
Rope Making.-For the first part of the year the demand was fairly good and prices for raw material were low, but towards the close of the year the Manila hemp market steadily advanced and prices for rope were correspondingly increased and the demand was checked. The prospects of business for the new year are therefore rather unfavourable, but, on the other hand, the fall in the sterling value of the dollar will to some extent offset the increased cost as far as exports to gold-using countries are concerned.
Cement Manufacture.-There was a strong demand for cement throughout the year, but very severe competition was experienced in all markets, due to the importation of cheap cement from Europe, which necessitated prices being reduced to an absolute minimum. The actual turnover locally was much the same as last year.
(ii.)-Under Chinese Management.
Tin.-Business was fairly good and United States bought freely and dealers were given an opportunity of clearing somewhat large surplus stocks carried over from 1921. The comparative table is as follows:-
Exports.
Imports.
1921. 1922.
Tons Tons
1921. 1922. Tons Tons
From Straits
700 47
To United
Kingdom 2,000 863
China
8,250 8,566
United States
1,000 7,043
China..
2,100 2,878
""
Japan
1,000 1,271
Total
8,950 8,613
Total
..
6,100 12,055
Native Tobacco.-Very little business done during the year and total exports are estimated at £471,252, as compared with £513,478 in 1921.
Leather and Hides.-Returns in these lines are as follows:-
For 1922.
Buffalo-piculs 6,714
For 1921.
Buffalo-piculs 11,243
Cow
54,911
23
Goat
6,254
"
Sheep
32
Cow
Goat
Sheep
58,642
"
2,126
1,388
"
615
Very few hides arrived from Kwangsi on account of continued trouble in the interior.
Ginger and Preserves.-A considerable increase in this line is reported, exports for 1922 being £206,099 as compared with £149,093 for 1921.
Soy. An increase is also reported in this line, returns showing £61,447 as against £50,639 for 1921.
62
10
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
Chinese Paper.-A decrease took place, exports being put at 48,058 piculs, whereas in 1921 61,725 piculs were done.
Vermilion.-Very little business done. in 1922 as against £124,410 for 1920.
£110,063 were done
Lard.-Demand from abroad very poor, and returns show decrease, being piculs 61,208 as compared with 80,223 for 1921.
Tinned Goods.-Business remains about same as previous year. Shamshoo.-Returns show decrease on year's trading. £112,215 were done in 1921, current year is estimated at £85,371.
Vinegar. About same as previous year.
Knitted Vests and Socks.-Some export business done, but the interior troubles hit this trade badly and one or two factories suspended business.
Rattan and Fibre Furniture.-Returns show an improvement on 1921 when £142,107 was done, whereas current year figures is estimated at £165,846.
(c.)-FISHERIES.
A considerable proportion of the boat population of Hongkong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shaukiwan, and also many in the New Territories, are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh- water fish is imported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable value in Deep Bay.
(d.)-FORESTRY, AGRICULTURE, AND BOTANY.
Formation of Pine Tree Plantations.
On the hills adjoining Tai Wo Po, 5,000 one year old trees of Pinus massoniana were planted.
Pine seeds were sown in situ at the following places-16,590 at Little Hongkong, 3,470 at Mount Davis, 59,725 at Ngau Chi Wan and 49,670 at Tytam Tuk. Failures of seeds sown in situ at Cheung Chau and Fanling were replaced.
On the turfed banks below Taipo and Tsin Wan Roads, 40 lb. of Pine seeds were sown broadcast.
One hundred and sixty-seven trees, one year old, of Pinus massoniana were added to the small plantation at the Water Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
Broad-leaved Trees Planted.
Shade and flowering trees used for roadside planting were Melia azedarach, Bischofia javanica, Ficus infectoria, Cassia fistula, Tristania conferta, Aleurites triloba, Albizzia lebbek, Poinciana
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
11
regia, Erythrina indica, Bauhinia variegata, Paulownia fortunei, Celtis sinensis, Melaleuca leucadendron and Cinnamomum camphora. These were made use of in the following positions: Wongneichung Gap Road 233, Wongneichung Gap to Deep Water Bay 358, Magazine Gap Road 247, Wanchai Gap Road 571, Severn Road 32, Lugard Road 47, Garden Road 3, Peace Avenue, Ho Mun Tin 72, Argyle Street 72, Jordan Road 45, Gascoigne Road 97, Chatham Road 106, Lai Chi Kok Road 30, Nathan Road 3, Reclamation Street 7, Taipo Road 290, Fanling Road 8, Autau Road 87, and in the vicinity of Shum Shui Po Market 22.
A number of trees of Aleurites montana were tried for the first time as a shade tree in Salisbury Road, Kowloon.
Seventy-nine trees, one year old, of "Jak" (Artocarpus integrifolia) were planted in the vicinity of Aberdeen Reservoir.
Care of Trees in Plantations.
A regular inspection of all planted and native trees was carried out throughout the year.
Pine tree caterpillars made their appearance, fortunately in very small numbers, on the island and in Kowloon; one plantation adjoining Fanling Golf Course was badly infested with these pests, and as soon as they could be detected all were collected and destroyed, the total weight of those dealt with being 4,667 lb.
Loranthus and creepers were regularly removed from trees on roadsides and in plantations.
Camphor trees, a large percentage of which are regularly attacked by white ants during the dry season, were treated with carbolineum.
Twenty miles of fire barriers were cleared in the mainland and 17 on the island; these barriers on many occasions proved most useful in checking large fires.
Removal of Trees.
In connection with the sale of building lots, formation of new and widening of existing roads, reclamations and other public works, very large numbers of Pine and wild trees and a small number of large roadside trees were removed.
A number of very fine specimens of Pinus massoniana, probably the largest on the island, were removed from the site of the new Queen's College at Sokonpo.
Trees were removed from Bonham Road, Victoria Road, Kennedy Road, Pokfulam Road, Repulse Bay Road, Deep Water Bay Road, Queen's Road East and Central, Taipo Road and Wongneichung Road.
At Lai Chi Kok and Fo Pang Hang large numbers of Pinus massoniana were removed to allow for the removal of soil for reclamation work and for the formation of a cemetery.
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The most noticeable tree-felling on the island has been that on Morrison Hill, where large sections of native trees have been removed to allow for the removal of rocks and soil in connection with harbour reclamation work.
Clearing of undergrowth in connection with anti-malarial measures was maintained throughout the whole year, the total area cleared amounted to 8,340,610 sq. ft., while the total area cleared for surveys by P. W. D. was 3,990,000 sq. ft.
Nurseries, Agriculture, etc.
Five thousand Camphor trees were raised in the new nursery at Little Hongkong. These will be used for replanting on the site of the adjoining old forest, which is composed of trees of little value and which are now being felled and removed.
Three hundred pounds of seed of Pinus massoniana and 65 lb. of Camphor seed were collected during the year.
The first rice crop was very good, the second crop and peanuts were fair, and sugar-cane and pineapples very good.
Vegetables and native fruits were grown in the experimental garden at Fanling for demonstration purposes.
Six thousand nine hundred and ninety-six packages, containing 885,000 bulbs of Narcissus tazetta, were inspected and certified for export.
A hundred sheets of new Australian specimens and a small number collected locally were mounted.
Specimens of local plants were identified when brought in by visitors to the Colony or local collectors.
A large number of specimens of Chinese medicinal herbs were forwarded by the Department of Agriculture, Vancouver. These were all identified and named and all available information concerning the specimens forwarded to the Department.
(e.)-LAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE OF LAND.
The net amount of premium received from sales of Crown land and pier rights, New Territories excepted, for the year 1922 was $2,544,225.53, an increase of $952,917.27 on the preceding year, and $2,033,067 more than the average for the previous five years (1917-1921). This result is due not so much to one or two large items like last year, though large figures have been realized in one or two instances, as to a keen competition amongst the Chinese for most of the lots sold.
The principal items were $206,000 for Inland Lot No. 2366, $110,000 for Inland Lot No. 2409, $108,600 for Inland Lot No. 2407, $91,500 for Inland Lot No. 2382, $50,000 for Kowloon Inland Lot No. 1462, $33,700 for Kowloon Inland Lot No. 1441, $33,470 for Kowloon Inland Lot No. 1483 and $30,000 for Rural Building Lot No. 200.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
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3:
13
In the New Territories the net amount received for premium on sales of land was $173,054.79, the principal items being $70,000 for New Kowloon Inland Lots Nos. 370 and 371, $12,100 for New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 350, and $11,603 for New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 364, being $87,463.78 more than the year
1921.
The number of deeds and documents registered in the Land Office was 4,146, rather less than last year which was a record year; the aggregate consideration set out in deeds registered was $107,392,435.38 as against $107,855,703.10 in 1921.
Resumptions include Kowloon Farm Lots Nos. 49 and 51 and a number of Agricultural Lots at Kau Pui Shek, all of which were required for development purposes.
Development at Shamshuipoo continues.
The total area of land sold or granted during the year was 243a. 2r. 263p., of which 152a. 2r. Op. were dealt with by the District Officers. The total area of land resumed was 102a. 3r. 17p.
In the New Territories, although the acreage disposed of was considerably less than during 1921, the prices realized showed an upward tendency in both Districts, the chief feature in the Northern District being the high prices paid for building sites on the reclamation at Taipo Market which realized from 50c. to $1 per square foot, whilst in the Southern District some big prices were paid for Inland lots at New Kowloon.
III.-LEGISLATION.
Twenty-five (25) Ordinances were passed during 1922, of which 12 were amendments of previous Ordinances.
The most important matters with which these Ordinances dealt were:-
The Treaty of Peace (No. 1)-The object of which was to modify certain provisions of the Treaty of Peace Order, 1919, the Treaty of Peace (Austria) Order, 1920, the Treaty of Peace (Bulgaria) Order, 1920, and the Treaty of Peace (Hungary) Order, 1921, as amended, for the purpose of adapting the provisions of the said Orders to the circumstances of the Colony.
The Police Supervision (No. 4)-The object of this Ordinance was to provide for police supervision of certain persons. It was found desirable that, with a view to preventing crime, the police should be empowered to supervise persons convicted of serious offences and also of persons believed to be bad characters.
The Emergency Regulations (No. 5)-This Ordinance was passed with a view to giving the Governor in Council, in case of emergency or public danger, power to make such regulations as may appear desirable in the public interest.
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The Supreme Court (Original Jurisdiction) Emergency (No. 7) -This was to empower the Chief Justice, as necessity may require, to appoint temporarily solicitors to conduct cases in the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
The Registration of Imports and Exports (No. 12)-The object of this Ordinance was to simplify the collection of trade statistics, and at the same time to remove some of the formalities which inconvenienced the import and export trade.
The Rents (No. 14)-This Ordinance was passed in order to extend temporarily the provisions of the Rents Ordinance, 1921, with certain amendments.
The Industrial Employment of Children (No. 22)-The object of which was to carry out, so far as possible, the recommendation of the Commission on the Industrial Employment of Children which was appointed by H.E. the Governor on the 24th March, 1921.
IV.-EDUCATION
No important changes have taken place in the Education Department during the year under review. The staff, depleted by causes due to the war, is being gradually brought up to normal strength again.
The total number of pupils at schools in the Colony, excluding the Police School and the uncontrolled schools in the New Territories are :-
Number of Pupils.
Total.
English
Vernacular
Schools.
Schools.
Government Schools.
3,582
19
3,601
Military Schools
131
131
Excluded Private Schools
345
12
357
Grant Schools
2,770
948
3,718
Controlled Private Schools
6,407
20,120
26,527
Controlled Private Schools,
New Territories.
4,385
4,385
Technical Institute
495
495
Total
13,730
25,484
39,214
The most important schools, apart from the excluded schools, are Queen's College for Chinese, four District Schools its feeders, and the Belilios Public School for Chinese girls. There is an Indian School of growing importance now housed in a new building presented to the Colony by Sir Ellis Kadoorie. Kowloon School and Kowloon Junior and Victoria Schools for children of British parentage have an average attendance of 183. There is also a
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
15
school for the children of the Peak District with an average attendance of 50. The Diocesan School and Orphanage and St. Joseph's College are important boys' schools in receipt of an annual grant. The Italian, French, and St. Mary's Convents, and the Diocesan Girls' School, are the most important of the English Grant Schools for girls.
The Hongkong Technical Institute affords an opportunity for higher education of students who have left school. Instruction was given in 1922 in Building Construction, Machine Drawing, Mechanics, Chemistry
Chemistry (Practical and Theoretical), Physics, Electricity, Commercial English, French, Shorthand, Book- keeping. Classes for men and women teachers, both "English" and "Vernacular," are a feature of the Institute.
The lecturers are recruited from the members of the Medical and Educational faculties of the Colony, and from the Department of Public Works, and receive fees for their services. The Institute is furnished with a well-equipped Chemical Laboratory and excellent Physical apparatus.
The University of Hongkong, incorporated under the local University Ordinance, 1911, and opened in 1912, is a residential University for students of both sexes for the promotion of Arts, Science and Learning, the provision of higher education, the development and formation of the character of students of all races, nationalities, and creeds.
The late Sir Hormusjee Mody bore the entire expense of the erection of the main building, and additions have been made through the liberality of benefactors of varied nationality and domicile.
The University includes the three Faculties of Medicine, Engineering and Arts. Admission to all faculties is conditional upon passing the matriculation examination of the University or some examination recognised as equivalent thereto.
The Faculty of Medicine provides a five-year course of study in the usual pre-medical and medical sciences, supplemented by clinical work in the Government Civil and Tung Wah Hospitals, leading to the degree of M.B., B.S. The degrees of M.D. and M.S. may be obtained for post-graduate work. The degrees above-mentioned are recognised by the General Medical Council for registration in Great Britain.
The Faculty of Engineering provides a four-year course in practical and theoretical engineering, leading to the degree of B.Sc. (Eng.). Fourth-year students specialize in civil, in mechanical or in electrical engineering. The degree for post- graduate work is that of M.Sc. (Eng.).
The Faculty of Arts includes departments of pure Arts and Science, Education (including practical teaching) and Commerce. The course is in all cases one of four years, and leads to the degree of B.A. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.A.
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With a view to better securing the maintenance of the desired standard-which in the Faculty of Medicine is that of an English University degree and in the Faculty of Engineering that of the corresponding degree in the University of London-external examiners are, in all Faculties, associated with the internal examiners in all annual and final examinations. In the Faculty of Engineering, but not in other Faculties, degrees with honours are granted, the standard being assessed by special examiners chosen from amongst the external examiners in the University of London.
The degree of LL.D. is also granted, honoris causa.
The site of the University was given gratuitously by the Colonial Government. As subsequently enlarged by minor grants and by purchase, it includes an area of some 25 acres, looking out upon the harbour over the City of Victoria.
In the main buildings are housed the Chemical, Physical and Biological Laboratories, the University Library and portions of the Engineering Laboratories. They further include a Great Hall, a Senate Room and the Lecture and Class Rooms used by the Faculty of Arts and for general purposes.
Special medical buildings include schools of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Tropical Medicine, erected at the cost of Chinese gentlemen resident in the Colony. In the case of each of the three schools last mentioned a larger or smaller sum still remains available for further equipment.
Special engineering buildings include:--
(a) a Power Station, generating light and power for the estate, energy being supplied by internal combustion engines of varied types which are available for instructional purposes;
(b) a Prime Movers (steam) and Hydraulics Laboratory, at present housed in a converted Pumping Station, formerly the property of the Government; and
(c) a Workshop, including a small machine-shop, smithy
and carpenter's shop.
Electrical machinery (other than the main generating plant), electrical technology, the testing of materials and experimental mechanics are dealt with in the main building.
The larger part of the engineering equipment was the gift of British engineering firms.
Other buildings upon the estate include :-
(a) the Vice-Chancellor's Lodge,
(b) Staff-Quarters,
(c) the residential Hostels, and
(d) ́the University Union Building.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
"4
17
Unless exempted from residence (such exemption being ordinarily granted on the ground that the student's manner of life is not such as is catered for in the hostels), every matriculated student is required to reside either in a University or in a recognised Hostel.
:
The University Hostels are three in number-Lugard Hall, Eliot Hall, and May Hall.
Recognised Hostels are at present two in number-Morrison Hall, situate immediately above the University grounds and conducted by the London Missionary Society, and St. John's Hall, immediately opposite the front of the University, conducted by the Church Missionary Society.
Each student occupies a separate room or cubicle, and there are the usual Common rooms. Each University Hostel is in charge of a member of the staff, as resident Warden.
No University Hostel at present exists for women students- whose right to admission to the University was first recognised in 1921-but, by the courtesy of the school authorities, arrangements have been made for their lodging in connection with St. Stephen's Girls' College.
University fees for tuition and board amount to $550 per annum, enabling a student who lives carefully to meet the whole of his expenses with a sum of $1,000 per annum, as compared with a minimum sum of $2,500 per annum, besides travelling expenses, in the case of a Chinese student going abroad for his education.
Numerous scholarships are available, including the King Edward VII Scholarships founded by His Majesty's Government, the President's Scholarships founded by His Excellency the President of China, together with Scholarships (some of which are in the nature of bursaries) given by the Hongkong Government, the Chinese Government, the Metropolitan District of Peking, the Provincial Governments of Canton, Chihli, Yunnan and Hupeh, the Governments of the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States, the Government of Kedah and the Siamese Government. Students are also drawn from the Philippines, French Indo-China and Australasia.
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During 1922 honorary degrees were conferred upon His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, Sir Charles Addis, K.C.M.G., and the late Mr. E. H. Sharp, K.C., a member of the Governor's Executive Council. A benefaction of $500,000 was received from the Rockefeller Foundation for the foundation of full-time Chairs in Medicine and Surgery. The complete scheme includes a grant of a further sum of $250,000 for a full-time Chair of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and provides for the creation of complete medical units for the teaching of the three subjects in the Government Civil Hospital. The University is to make provision out of its own funds for assistants to the professors of Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, and it is desired to erect
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a Hostel for medical students in proximity to the hospital. Eight scholarships of $200 each were founded by the China Medical Board for medical students who shall have carried out their pre-medical studies at the Canton Christian College, the University undertaking to remit fees to the extent of $100 a year. A sum of $10,000 was presented to the University Union by the Hon. Sir C. Paul Chater, Kt., C.M.G., for the foundation of a Library in memory of the late Dr. Jordan, formerly Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Acting Vice-Chancellor in the University. A sum of $5,000 was collected for the extension and partial re-turfing of the Athletic Ground. An appeal was issued in the course of the year asking for a sum of from four million to five million dollars for the general purposes of the University.
The total cost of the land, buildings, and equipment of the University may be placed at approximately $1,750,000 and their replacement value at not less than $2,500,000, while the invested endowments exceed $3,000,000.
V.-PUBLIC WORKS.
BUILDINGS.
During the year under review the following works made fair progress: The Senior Officers' Quarters on the Homestead Site at the Peak, and at Leighton Hill, the former under Messrs. Little, Adams and Wood, and the latter under Messrs. Denison, Ram and Gibbs; and the new offices for the Public Works Department. Good progress was made with the following works: In Hongkong-foundations of the new Fire Brigade Station, opposite the Central Market; Maternity Block and alterations to the Sister's Quarters, Victoria Hospital; site formation for the new Queen's College Building; and the Miniature Rifle Range at the Hongkong Volunteer Defence Corps Headquarters. In Kowloon-new Police Stations at Yaumati and Mongkoktsui ; and the underground Seismograph Room at the Royal Observatory. The undermentioned works were completed: In Hongkong- additions and reconstruction of the kitchen and garage blocks at Government House; Outpatients' Department, Government Civil Hospital; Quarters for Scavenging Coolies, Belchers Street ; temporary school for Chinese Boys, Morrison Gap Road; Married Quarters for Police, Caine Road; Gardeners' Quarters, Colonial Cemetery; accommodation for Chinese Linesmen at Cape D'Aguilar Wireless Station; and various Public Conveniences. In Kowloon-extension to the Fire Brigade Station; new class rooms at the Kowloon British School ; and various Public Conveniences. In the New Territories-the Land Bailiffs' Quarters, Ping Shan, and the Clerks' Quarters, Taipo. Other smaller works of minor importance were also accomplished. The reconstruction of certain sheds at Laichikok for purposes of a prison was nearing completion.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922..
COMMUNICATIONS.
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The second and third miles of the road from Taitam Gap to Shek O and Cape D'Aguilar; the extension of the road contouring the hillside in Wongneichong and Tai Hang Valleys; and the diversion of the road leading from Pokfulam Road to Victoria Road were completed. Broadwood Road was extended to connect with the new Motor Road contouring Wongneichong Valley.
Substantial progress was made with the undermentioned works: Improving and widening road through Quarry Bay Village; a low level road (25 feet wide) from Island Bay to Big Wave Bay and another of equal width to effect a junction with it, and link up the third mile with Shek O Gap; and the first section of the road contouring the hillside above Conduit Road.
Fair progress was made with the extension of the 20-foot road from Magazine Gap to Peak Tram Station, Chamberlain Road.
In connection with improvements to Kennedy Road, the portion of this carriageway to the West of the Magazine was diverted and formed to a minimum width of 25 feet, and No. 1 Bridge near the junction with Garden Road was widened to 30 feet.
Mention may also be made of improvements being carried out to Bonham Road, Pokfulam Road, and Conduit Road.
In Kowloon, the first section of the Kowloon City to Mong- koktsui Road was completed, but the cutting in connection with the second section progressed slowly, owing to the large quantities of rock encountered.
Good progress was made with the cutting for the extension of Argyle Street to its junction with Waterloo Road, and that for the section between the latter road and the Kowloon Boundary in connection with its extension.
Owing to heavy rock cutting, the progress in connection with the extension of Coronation Road northwards through the hill (formerly K.F.L. 11) was considerably delayed, but by the end of the year a temporary road was available, connecting this road with Taipo Road.
Fair progress was recorded in connection with the Taipo to Shun Wan Road, and the Patrol Path from Sheungshui to the Frontier.
The work of metalling and tar-painting hilly portion of Laichikok-Castle Peak and Taipo Roads was continued during the year.
DRAINAGE.
A contract was let for extending the Mongkoktsui Nullah east through the railway bridge and the excavation for founda- tions were well in hand. The Mongkoktsui Nullah was extended to the boundary of Old Kowloon and completed in July.
The training and diversion of the large stream course to the east of Laichikok was completed.
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WATER WORKS.
A contract was let in April for the construction of the Eastern District Filter Beds and a commencement made at once with the work. Fair progress was made by the end of the year.
After consideration and upon the advice of the Consulting Engineers to the Crown Agents, it was decided to order one steam pumping unit for the additional plant in connection with the Taitam Tuk Scheme.
With regard to the Pokfulam Road Station, the extension to the engine house was completed, a new boiler house erected, and the installation of the pumping plant completed.
Work was commenced in connection with the Distribution System for Lower Wanchai Gap District, and that for the Repulse Bay was extended so as to serve the lots situated near Deep Water Bay.
In Kowloon, a considerable amount of work was executed in enlarging mains with a view to improving the distribution system there, and two new filter beds and a gauge basin were added near Laichikok.
Preparatory work in connection with the new Shek Lai Pui Reservoir was proceeded with, and a considerable amount of investigation work connected with the Shing Mun Scheme was also effected.
The Taipo Water Supply Scheme proceeded satisfactorily. The original scheme for a water supply at Fanling was completed in 1921, and the extension thereto was commenced in July and finished in September, 1922.
RECLAMATIONS.
The Reclamation Scheme at Aplichau was completed.
Good progress was made with the Praya East Reclamation Scheme, and the filling in of the Tidal Flat and the cutting down of the hill between Taikoktsui and Fuk Tsun Heung.
Steady progress was also made with the further reclamation work at Shamshuipo, and in connection with a scheme of reclamation at Cheung Sha Wan.
Work was continued on certain private reclamation works, and, in the case of the Kai Tak Land Investment Company, some further progress was made.
PIERS.
The reinforced concrete pier opposite Queen's Statue was completed, and tenders were invited for the structural steel roof and facade to the Praya.
+
The work of constructing a reinforced concrete roof over part of the Ferry Pier opposite Queen Victoria Street was completed.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
21
73
The Ferry Pier at Public Square Street, Yaumati, was also finished, with the exception of the depositing of concrete to form the decking.
The work of constructing a reinforced concrete pier opposite Wing Wo Street was not proceeded with.
MISCELLANEOUS.
In connection with the visit of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, the principal Government Buildings were decorated and illuminated at night, and general assistance was rendered by the Department wherever required to carry into effect other schemes of decoration.
The seamen's strike which commenced in January culminated in a general strike, in consequence of which certain officers of the Department were engaged on emergency work which was executed in a very efficient manner.
The erection of the Wireless Station at Gap Rock was completed.
The Diaphone Fog Signalling Plant was installed at Waglan. The work of substituting underground cables for the aerial wires in the Government Telephone System in the central part of the City was well advanced by the end of the year.
In connection with the Hydrographic Surveys with a view to harbour development, the work of taking borings and prickings was completed.
With a view to revising, consolidating and co-ordinating the various schemes of development prepared in the past, a Committee was formed to deal with town planning. Many meetings took place and a large number of maps and plans were prepared, and a model of the Kowloon Peninsula (scale 200′ to 1 inch) was made.
A contract was let for the construction of a water-boat dock at Laichikok.
The total amount expended on Public Works Extraordinary was $3,575,635.19, and on annually recurrent works $1,074,646.30.
RAILWAY.
The platforms at Kowloon Terminus were surfaced with a composition of asphaltum, sand and cement on a foundation of rolled ballast. Similar surfacing was laid throughout the concourse area and approaches in substitution of wooden blocks which were found to be both unsatisfactory and insanitary.
"
This work was carried out by the Public Works Department. Water was laid on to the platforms and concourse area at several points for washing down purposes.
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The kitchen accommodation of the 1st class Restaurant was extended by altering the arrangement of the back staircase and utilising the space below to form a commodious pantry. Gas cookers were installed in substitution for the coal-burning range, and new kitchen furniture was provided.
Owing to the increasing difficulty in obtaining quick and accurate messages between Kowloon and Canton, through tele- graphic communication has now been established by laying a telegraph line between Kowloon Station and Shum Chun Station, thus connecting with the Chinese Section's telegraph line.
Previously all messages had to be telephoned over the British Section.
At the workshops at Hunghom an Oil Fuel Depot was installed for serving the motor coaches.
The three sidings to the east of the new carriage shed were extended 500 feet each, and a crossover road laid between two, to facilitate repairs and cleaning of rolling stock.
A contract was let for the building of a second bay to the new carriage shed, which will accommodate two more trains of 500 feet each, and it is anticipated that the shed will be completed by May, 1923.
During the year the premises of the China Light and Power Co., which adjoined the Locomotive Yard, were acquired by the Railway Department, together with the buildings thereon. The tall chimney stack, for which no use could be found, was razed. The buildings formerly used as offices and staff quarters were renovated, and the first floor is now used as quarters for the Traffic Inspector, while the basement serves as a store. A contract was entered into for converting the remaining buildings into workshops and stores for railway purposes. The boiler house was utilised as a general repair shop for Government motor vehicles, such as cycles, cars, fire engines, lorries, road roller, etc., a painting shop being provided on one side. The engine house was converted into a general store and store offices, the old store accommodation being inadequate for present railway requirements. Eight lock-up garages were provided, also a timekeeper's office. This contract was nearly completed at the end of the year.
Work on the construction of the over bridge to the north of Yaumati Station (Bridge No. 7) was delayed until the arrival of the steelwork, which was over-carried owing to the seamen's strike. The main line was deviated round the side of the new bridge, and traffic diverted without any interference. masonry abutments and piers, with the exception of the west wings, which are situated under the deviation, were built in trenches, and were nearly up to bedstone level at the close of the
year.
The
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
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23
Considerable attention was given in collaboration with the Town Planning Committee to future railway requirements, and reservations of land likely to be required later for branch lines and stations were decided upon. Surveys for the junctions of two probable branch lines were made, and centre lines staked out.
The new station building for Sheung Shui Station, for which provision was made in the estimates, was not undertaken. An alternative proposal whereby the long grade of 1 in 100 would be reduced to 1 in 250 and a new station built in substitution for both Fanling and Sheung Shui was considered, but the project is still in abeyance.
At Lowu the 150-feet brick running-shed mentioned in the last report was completed and sidings laid, a small reservoir was also made and water supply installed.
On the Fanling Branch Line the old engine-shed at Fanling Station was rebuilt, and a new one was erected at Sha Tau Kok. The old steelwork from the dismantled station at Hunghom was used in these buildings, with corrugated asbestos cement roofs and sides.
Of
About 3,100 sleepers were renewed in the main line. these, 807 were of reinforced concrete and the remainder Australian hardwoods. During the year 1,165 reinforced concrete sleepers were cast.
In July Messrs. Butterfield & Swire terminated their lease for the 1,800 sq. feet of spare railway land occupied by them for coal storage, and new leases were entered into with the Hongkong and Kowloon Wharf & Godown Co. for several areas to be used as timber yards.
From the 13th January to the 8th March there was a strike of seamen which, as it developed, involved the majority of trades and seriously affected the business of the Colony. All strikers left the Colony for Canton and this, coupled with the fact that river steamboat traffic entirely ceased, caused record Passenger and Goods traffic by rail. Except that the drivers and firemen were persuaded to join the strikers a day before the settlement, the Railway staff remained loyal and handled unprecedented traffic in a commendable manner. The express trains had to be run in duplicate or were doubled-banked. In the latter case they consisted of as many as 23 coaches. It was found generally preferable to run in duplicate, each portion consisting of from 10 to 12 coaches. As many as 2,000 passengers were carried on one portion, and over 8,000 in a day.
The increased earnings of this period were somewhat reduced by a period of partial stagnation after the strike, by the launch- men's strike in May, and by the frequent train suspensions owing to political unrest in Canton and neighbourhood. Much incon- venience and loss was caused by resultant military operations between Sun Yat-sen and Chan Kwing-mind. On five occasions
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COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
bridges on the Chinese section of the line were damaged by explosives in attempts to prevent movements of troops. During this political unrest robber bands were as usual active along the part of the line in the Chinese Territory.
On two occasions the launch which plies between Taipo in British Territory and Sha U Chung in Chinese Territory was pirated.
During the visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales in April, the Kowloon Railway Station was dressed with flags and buntings, and the building and clock tower facing the harbour fronts, including the goods shed, was picked out in red electric lights on the nights of the 6th and 7th.
The Gross Receipts for the year were $710,295.75, as against $603,980.77 for 1921, an increase of $106,314.98. The balance after paying working expenses stands at $148,151.40.
The Through and Joint Sectional Passengers carried were as follows:-
Passengers booked by Stations in British Territory to Stations in China
Passengers booked by Stations in China to Stations in British Territory
1920. 1921. 1922.
365,665 435,933 526,111
373,776 462,379 522,909
The Local Passengers carried were as follows:-
Main Line Fanling Branch
1920. 1921. 1922. 392,206 429,133 639,709 47,787 43,733 52,431
VI.-GOVERNMENT
AND AIDED INSTITUTIONS.
(a.)-HOSPITALS.
Government Hospitals consist of the Civil Hospital, to which is attached an isolated Maternity Hospital, the Victoria Hospital for Women and Children, and the Kennedy Town Infectious Diseases Hospital.
The Civil Hospital contains 170 beds in 21 wards. 4,447 in-patients and 25,892 out-patients were treated during 1921 as against 4,815 and 3,926 respectively in 1920. 484 cases of malarial fever were admitted as against 399 in 1921 and 243 in 1920. The total cases of malaria for all Government Hospitals and the Tung Wa Hospital shows an increase of 236 cases as compared with the year 1920. The Maternity Hospital contains 9 beds for Europeans, plus 3 extra beds, and 8 for Asiatics. 617 confinements occurred during the year as against 613 in 1921. The Victoria Hospital at the Peak contains 41 beds, and during 1922 178 patients were
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
25
under treatment there. At Kennedy Town Hospital, which contains 26 beds, 10 cases were treated in. 1922, all being infectious.
(b.)-LUNATIC ASYLUM.
77
The Asylum is under the direction of the Superintendent of the Civil Hospital. European and Chinese patients are separated, the European portion containing 14 beds in separate wards and the Chinese portion 16 beds. 235 patients of all races were treated during 1921 and there was 1 death.
(c.)-THE TUNG WA AND OTHER CHINESE HOSPITALS.
The Tung Wa Hospital, opened in 1872, is mainly supported by the voluntary subscriptions of Chinese, but receives an annual grant of $8,000 from the Government. Only Chinese are treated in this institution. Various other services not appertaining to a hospital are performed by the institution, such as the free burial of the poor, the repatriation of destitutes, the maintenance of free vernacular schools, and the organisation of charitable relief in emergencies. Chinese as well as European methods of treatment are employed in accordance with the wishes expressed by the patients or their friends. Over half the number are now treated by Western methods. The hospital is managed by a committee of Chinese gentlemen annually elected, their appointment being submitted to the Governor for confirmation. It is under the supervision of a visiting physician, who is a member of the Medical Department, whilst two Chinese-house surgeons, trained in Western medicine, are members of the hospital staff. There are 450 beds in the buildings, and 8,336 patients were accommodated during 1922.
The Tung Wa also maintain a branch hospital for smallpox cases (Chinese only) at Kennedy Town. It contains 60 beds and during 1922 46 cases were treated.
The Alice Memorial and Affiliated Hospitals are managed and controlled by the missionaries resident in Hongkong, agents of the London Missionary Society, and consist of the Alice Memorial Hospital opened in 1887, the Nethersole Hospital opened in 1893, the Alice Memorial Maternity Hospital opened in 1904, and the Ho Miu Ling Hospital opened in 1906. The number of in-patients in 1922 was 1,667 and the expenditure $54,065.98. The number of labours in the Maternity Hospital was 457. The Government makes a grant of $300 per annum to these Hospitals.
To avoid the complete seclusion from friends and relatives, which removal of Chinese plague patients to the Kennedy Town Infectious Diseases Hospital entailed, four District Plague Hospitals are now maintained by the Chinese in various parts of the Colony. These hospitals are under the management of the Chinese Public Dispensaries Committee.
78
26
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
The Kwong Wa Hospital for Chinese in the Kowloon Peninsula was opened on the 9th October, 1911. It occupies a site having an area of three acres and provides accommodation for 210 patients. The existing buildings contain 244 beds and 5,142 patients were accommodated during 1922. The collection of subscriptions and the supervision of the building were undertaken by a special committee under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs. The hospital receives a grant of $S,500 per annum from the Government.
As will be noticed from the remarks made under the heading Education, the Hongkong University is also an Aided Institution.
VII.-INSTITUTIONS NOT SUPPORTED BY
GOVERNMENT.
One of the most important institutions in the Colony not supported by the Government is the Matilda Hospital, which stands on a commanding site of nearly three acres at Mount Kellet in the Hill District. An account of this hospital will be found in the report for 1917.
Among institutions recognised and encouraged, but not to any considerable extent supported by Government, may be mentioned the Pó Leung Kuk, the Eyre Refuge, the City Hall, and the Chinese Public Dispensaries.
The Pó Leung Kuk is a Chinese Society founded in 1878 for the suppression of kidnapping and traffic in human beings. It was incorporated in 1893 and is presided over by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, and not more than 12 directors nominated by the Governor. The actual management is entrusted to a committee elected annually by the members of the Society. The Society's buildings have been declared a Refuge under the Women and Girls Protection Ordinance, and almost all women and girls detained by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs under that Ordinance are sent to the Pó Leung Kuk. During 1922 the number of persons admitted was 255 and at the close of the year 42 remained under the care of the Society. The inmates are under the immediate charge of a Chinese matron, and instruction is given them by the matron and a Chinese teacher in elementary subjects and in needlework.
The Eyre Diocesan Refuge is an institution, under mission auspices, founded for rescue work among the Chinese. It was housed in the Belilios Reformatory up to the outbreak of war, but the work is at present carried on at Kowloon City. A small grant is made by the Government.
The City Hall receives an annual grant of $1,200 from Government. It contains a theatre, some large rooms which are used for balls, meetings, concerts, etc., a museum in which are
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
27
some very fair specimens, and a large reference and lending library, to which new volumes are added from time to time, as funds will allow. The building was erected in 1866-69 by subscription.
Small grants are also given to the Italian Convent, the French Convent (both of which take in and tend abandoned or sick infants), the West Point Orphanage, the Seamen's Hospital and other charitable institutions.
The Chinese Public Dispensaries are institutions maintained in order to provide the Chinese with the services of doctors, whose certificates will be accepted by the Registrar of Deaths, and with the services of interpreters, who can assist the inmates of houses, where a case of infectious disease has occurred. Coolies are engaged and ambulances and dead vans provided in order to remove cases of infectious disease to the Infectious Diseases Hospital and dead bodies to the Mortuary. The Dispensaries receive sick infants and send them to one or other of the Convents and arrange for the burial of dead infants. Free advice and medicine are given and patients are attended at their houses. There are eight Dispensaries in existence. The total cost of maintenance was $47,S01 for the year 1922. The Government makes an annual grant of $7,000, and the rest of the cost is defrayed by voluntary subscription. The Dispensaries are conducted by committees under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.
79
VIII.-CRIMINAL AND POLICE.
The total of all cases reported to the Police was 13,939, being an increase of 1,697 or 13 S6 per cent. as compared with 1921. There was in 1922 an increase in serious offences of 130 or 3·15 per cent. as compared with the previous year. The number of serious offences reported was 38 below the average of the quinquennial period commencing with the year 1918. The number of minor offences reported shows an increase of 1,567 as compared with 1921, and was 2,561 over the average of the quinquennial period.
The total strength of the Police Force in 1922 was: Europeans 18S, Indians 431, Chinese 762, making a total of 1,381 exclusive of the six superior officers and staff of clerks and coolies. These figures include police paid for by the railway and other Govern- ment departments. Of this force 17 Europeans, 118 Indians, and 57 Chinese were stationed in the New Territories during the year.
The District Watchmen Force, numbering 102, to which the Government contributes $2,000 per annum, was well supported by the Chinese during the year. These watchmen patrol the streets in the Chinese quarter of the City. They are placed on
80
28
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL,
police beats and are supervised by the European police on section patrol. A detective branch of the force has done useful work under the supervision of a European Inspector.
The total number of persons committed to Victoria Gaol was 5,014 as compared with 4,990 in 1921. Of these 1,358 were committed for criminal offences against 1,732 in 1921. Of committals for non-criminal offences there were 107 more for hawking without a licence, and 5 more for unlawfully boarding steamers, than in 1921.
•
The daily average of prisoners confined in the Gaol was 787, the average for 1921 being 764, and the highest previous average being 756 in 1919. The percentage of prisoners to population, according to the daily average of the former and the estimated number of the latter, was 0.12. The average percentage for the last ten years was 0.12. Owing, however, to the large floating population, which is constantly moving between the Colony and Canton, the percentage of crime to population does not convey an accurate idea of the comparative criminality of the residents of the Colony. The Victoria Gaol has accommodation for 700 prisoners, including patients in Hospital. The Branch Prison at Laichikok has accommodation for 200 prisoners in association.
The prison discipline was very satisfactory, the average of punishments per prisoner being 0·52 as compared with 12.6 in 1921 and 0.99 in 1920.
Long-sentence prisoners serving two years and upwards are taught useful trades, including printing, bookbinding, tin-smithing, mat-making, tailoring, carpentering, etc. The profit on the work done was $125,571.47 as against $77,750.18 in 1921. A sum of $3,298 was received and credited to Government for non- Government work as against $4,658 in 1921.
IX.-VITAL STATISTICS.
(a.)-POPULATION.
The civil population of the Colony, according to the census taken on April 24th, 1921, was 625,166, of whom 83,163 reside in the New Territories and in New Kowloon; at the census taken in 1911 it was 456,739 with 104,287 as the figure for the New Territories and New Kowloon. The estimated total population at the middle of the year under review was 662,200, but this includes the New Territories; and, as the birth and death figures given below do not include those from this area (with the exception of New Kowloon), the population for the purposes of calculating these rates is estimated at 578,200, of whom 15,200 were non-Chinese.
1920-1930
HONGKONG, 1922.
1280
29
The distribution of population estimated to the middle of 1922 was as follows:-
Non-Chinese Civil Community
Chinese
Population
15,200
City of Victoria (including Peak)
340,000
Villages of Hongkong
..
25,700
New Territories
Kowloon (including New Kowloon) 133,000
Population afloat
Total Chinese Population
Total Civil Population..
•
$4,000
64,300
647,000
662,200
(6.)-PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION.
The activity in building operations, which has been so notice- able a feature since 1912, has not abated, and the demand for housing accommodation by the Chinese continued to be greatly in excess of the supply, as many of those who fled with their families to Hongkong during 1911, 1912, and 1913 elected to remain in the Colony.
The birth-rate for the year was 6.25* per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 22.84 per 1,000 among the non-Chinese community, as compared with 5.68 and 25.SS for 1921.
•
The death-rate for the year was 25 SS per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 20.46 among the non-Chinese civil community, as compared with 20-29 and 18.08 for 1921.
The number of deaths from Malaria were 454 (332 in 1921). The deaths of Chinese from this cause in the City of Victoria numbered 116 out of a population of 360,000 or a rate of 0.34 per 1,000 per annum.
The deaths from Plague numbered 1,071 as compared with
130 in 1921.
Smallpox deaths numbered 189, all but three were Chinese.
There were 4,S63 deaths from respiratory diseases other than Pulmonary Tuberculosis as compared with 3,834 in 1921, and 94 of these were among the non-Chinese community. Pulmonary Tuberculosis claimed 1,385 Chinese and 25 non-Chinese victims whilst other forms of Tuberculosis represent an additional 686 deaths, making a total of 2,096 or 14.38 per cent. of the total deaths among the community.
Beri-beri was responsible for 829 deaths, as compared with 526 during 1921 and 361 in 1919. During the past few years circulars have been distributed to all large employers of coolie labour calling their attention to the fact that Beri-beri is produced by the consumption of white rice as the staple article of diet
This figure is wholly misleading, as it is impossible to register more than a portion of the births.
82
30.
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
without a sufficiency of other foods, and advising that beans should be supplied with the rice, when fresh meat or fresh fish cannot be afforded.
(c.)-CLIMATE.
The climate of Victoria is similar in its broad features to that of Kowloon and the New Territories, but at the higher levels, from 1,400 to 1,800 feet above sea-level the temperature is on the average about 3° lower than at the Observatory, Kowloon, in the winter, and 8° lower in the summer. The humidity is usually greater than in Kowloon and approaches saturation for several days at a time during March and April when mist is very prevalent. In summer the city of Victoria, and the rising terraces behind it, derive little or no benefit from the S.W. monsoon, being sheltered by steep hills from S.E. to S.W. In winter it is exposed to the N.E. monsoon, which occasionally blows along the harbour through Lyemun Pass with considerable violence. On the other hand, the south-west side of the island is protected from the N.E. monsoon in winter and enjoys the benefit of the S.W. monsoon in summer.
X.-POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.
The total revenue from the postal service in 1922 amounted to $662,862.11, being $18,704.57 more than that collected in 1921. The net expenditure amounted to $258,115.57. The balance of revenue over expenditure amounted to $404,746.54.
The revenue collected in 1922 from radio-telegrams amounted to $32,052.99, being $12,970.01 more than that collected in 1921. · Advices of vessels signalled at the lighthouses yielded $725.80, and semaphore messages $13.60, making a total of $32,792.39 for the telegraph service. The expenditure amounted to $65,670.85. The number of radio-telegrams forwarded during the year was 2,964, consisting of 40,928 words, and 7,865 received, consisting of 104,858 words.
A. G. M. FLETCHER,
Colonial Secretary.
16th July, 1923.
1920-1930
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
No. 1228.
HONGKONG.
REPORT FOR 1923.
(For Report for 1922 see No. 1203.)
83
LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE
To be purchased directly from H.M STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2; 28, Abingdon Street, London, S.W.1;
York Street, Manchester; 1, St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff;
or 120, George Street, Edinburgh;
or through any Bookseller.
1924.
Price 1/6 Net.
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
HONGKONG.
ANNUAL GENERAL REPORT FOR 1923.
PREFACE.
The Colony of Hongkong is situated off the south-eastern coast of China between latitude 22°9′ and 22° 17′ N. and longitude 114° 5' and 114° 18′ E. The island is about 11 miles long and 2 to 5 miles in breadth, its circumference being about 27 miles and its area 28 square miles. It consists of an irregular ridge of lofty hills rising to a height of nearly 2,000 feet above sea level, stretch- ing nearly east and west, with few valleys of any extent and little ground available for cultivation.
The island, then desolate and sparsely inhabited by fishermen, was ceded to Great Britain in January, 1811; the cession being confirmed by the Treaty of Nankin in August, 1812; and the charter bears the date 5th April, 1843. All that part of Kowloon peninsula lying South of Kowloon Fort to the northernmost point of Stonecutter's Island together with that island was ceded to Great Britain under the Convention signed at Peking in October. 1860, and under the Convention signed at Peking in June, 1898. the area known as the New Territories including Mirs Bay and Deep Bay was leased to Great Britain by the Government of China for 99 years.
The area of the New Territories and Islands is
about 345 sq. miles.
Trade gradually developed as China became accustomed to foreign intercourse and it increased greatly owing to the opening of the Suez Canal. It now stands at about 200 million pounds. sterling per annum.
Large local banking, dock, steamboat, and insurance companies were established between 1865 and 1872, and their numbers are being continually added to.
The Colony is the centre of an incessant flow of Chinese emigration and immigration.
GENERAL ORSERVATIONS.
Throughout the year the demand for land for building pur- poses continued and very high prices were realised at the auction sales. The result of this demand was that a sum of nearly three and a half million dollars was received in premia on new leases of Crown Land. Land in the Kowloon Peninsula increased in value to an extraordinary degree many lots changing hands several times, the ultimate price being in some cases three or four times the price of a year before.
85
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
With a view to increasing the housing accommodation of the Colony at moderate rentals a scheme was introduced of granting leases of land for forty years, mainly in outlying districts, without premium but subject to Crown Rent at the usual rates and assessed taxes. The upset value of the land is agreed upon between Government and the lessee who is then under covenant to build domestic property to a certain value within a stated period. He will render to Government a statement showing the costs of erection including Crown Rent, taxes, fire and typhoon insurance, repairs, management expenses and contributions to a sinking fuud calculated to return to him within the period of the lease the amount of his original outlay. After a stated period and under certain conditions the lessce may sell the property, the proceeds being applied first to pay off the balance of the sinking fund and secondly to division between Government and the lessee. The lessee is then bound, if required by the Government, to apply a sum at least as large as his original capital to further building on similar terms. On the expiration of the term of forty years the property reverts to Government.
Notwithstanding the building of a large number of dwelling houses, rents of tenements not subject to the Rents Restriction Ordinance continued to rise, and in April a Commission was appoint- ed under the Chairmanship of the Honourable Mr. II. E. Pollock, K. C., to enquire as to what measures were possible to increase the quantity and decrease the cost of housing accommodation in the Colony. This Commission reported in September, and many of the recommendations made for relieving the situation have since been adopted, while others are still under consideration.
In February an Ordinance to regulate certain forms of female domestic service was passed by the Legislative Council, and under its provisions Chinese female domestics known as "Mui Tsai" obtained certain rights and no person after the passing of the law could take any Mui Tsai into his employment. It is too early yet to judge of the effect of this legislation.
The Industrial Employment of Children Ordinance came into force on the 1st January, and is being carefully administered with the sympathetic co-operation of employers. This law will be supplemented later on by Factory legislation based on the English Acts, adapted to the needs of the Colony.
The increase in piracy in the Pearl and West River districts caused much anxiety during the year. A commission appointed after the piracy of the S. S. "Sui An" on the 19th November, 1922, reported on the 8th February, and as a result of its recommendations the revision of the Anti-piracy regulations for steamships was taken in hand, but was not completed by the end of the year.
Preparations for the proper representation of Hongkong at the British Empire Exhibition were carried on energetically and in June a sum of $250,000 was voted for this object.
1920-1930
3
On the 18th August a severe typhoon struck the Colony, and although the warning signals had been hoisted and junks and small craft had been able to reach the shelters at Mongkoktsui and Cause- way Bay, much damage was done. Many vessels were driven ashore, and His Majesty's Submarine L 9 and the S.S. "Loong Sang" were sunk in the harbour close to the Praya wall with unfortunately some loss of life in the case of the "Loong Sang". Measures were under consideration at the close of the year for improving the scheme of typhoon warnings and life-saving methods in the harbour.
The agitation for acquiring certain areas of land in the City of Victoria and in Kowloon belonging to the War Department resulted in the appointment by His Majesty's Government of Sir John Oakley to report on the whole question. He arrived in the Colony in September and remained for a month.
The Colony showed its sympathy for the sufferers from the severe earthquake in Japan on the 1st September by voting a sum of $250,000 and sending food and clothing.
Much damage to public works was caused by a phenomenal rainfall of sixteen inches on the 31st October,
Mr. T. L. Perkins, Director of Public Works, retired from the service in May, and was succeeded in August by Mr. H. T. Creasy, Assistant Director of Public Works, Ceylon.
The Colonial Secretary was absent from the Colony from the 7th March, to the 3rd November, during which period the duties of the post were performed by Mr. A. G. M. Fletcher, C.M.G., C.B.E.
87
888
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
1
I.-FINANCES.
The revenue for the year amounted to $24,783,763 being $6,216,493 more than the estimate and $2,492,698 more than the revenue for the previous year.
Compared with the returns for 1922 there were increases under all the heads except Kowloon-Canton Railway.
The expenditure amounted to a total of $21,571,005 inclusive of a sum of $4,716,602 spent on Public Works Extraordinary.
The detailed figures for 1923 are set out in the following
statements:-
Light Dues
HEADS OF REVENUE,
Light Dues, Special Assessment -
Licences and Internal Revenue not otherwise
C.
137,455.61
151,097.65
specified
16,123,980.81
Fees of Court or Office, Payments for specific
purposes, and Reimbursements in Aid -
1,601,281.37
Post Office
761,119.97
Kowloon-Canton Railway
474,721.78
Rent of Government Property, Land, and
Houses
1,183,846.5
Interest
577,986.73
Miscellaneous Receipts
283,474.91
TOTAL, (Ordinary)-
$21,294,965.36
Land Sales, (Premia on New Leases)
3,488,797.17
TOTAL
$24,783,762.53
The total expenditure brought to account amounted to $21,571,905 being $1,011,930 less than the estimate, and $3,008,902 more than the expenditure in 1922. Compared with the estimates there were increases under 15 heads as against 12 heads where there were decreases. The excess amounting to $1,285,783 under Miscel laneous Services was due to :-
University -
Compensation in respect of Yaumati Ferry
$
C.
176,000.00
service
$5,000.00
Publicity Bureau
30,000.00
Swatow Typhoon Relief Fund
29,998.00
War Memorial Nursing Home
200,000.00
British Empire Exhibition, H.K. Section
250,000.00
Loss on Subsidiary Coins
199,180.00
Japanese Earthquake II.K. Relief Fund
250,000.00
$1,220,178.00
Military Expenditure exceeded the estimate by $240,331 due to increase in revenue. Public Works Extraordinary was less by $2,528,898 than the amount estimated and Education Department decreased $73,905 on account of unpaid Building Grants.
1920-1930
EXPENDITURE.
$
c.
Governor
91,100.92
Cadet Service
300,211.05
Colonial Secretary's Department and Legis-
lature -
60,759.0S
Secretariat for Chinese Affairs
28,795.63
Audit Department
48,196.15
Treasury
70,880.33
Harbour Master's Department
$16,994.95
Imports & Exports Department
908,095.52
Royal Observatory
38,374.11
Miscellaneous Services
1,828,078.38
Judicial and Legal Departments -
285,009.31
Police-
1,633,832.14
Fire Brigade
166,783.43
Prison Department
324,698.26
Medical Department
402,761.76
Sanitary Department
620,300.31
Botanical and Forestry Department
77,157.40
Education
$50,307.01
Military Expenditure -
4,033,500.36
Public Works Department
901,782.71
Do.
Recurrent
1,424,532.80
Do.
Extraordinary
4,716,602.94
Post Office -
123,492.33
Kowloon-Canton Railway
757,030.11
Charge on account of Public Debt
964,810.00
Pensious
486,167.76
Charitable Services
102,499.94
ΤΟΤΑΙ.
$21,571,904.72
The balance to the credit on the year's working was $3,211,858 and the assets and liabilities account showed on the 31st December a credit balance of $15,971,495.
The following is a statement of the revenue and expenditure of the Colony for the five years 1919-1923 :--
Revenue.
$
Expenditure.
1919
16,524,975
17,915,925
1920
...
14,689,672 14,489,594
1921
17,728,132
15,739,652
1922
1923
22,291,065 18,563,003
24,783,763 21,571,905
89
90
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
6
The amount of the consolidated loan stands at £1,485,733. Against this there is at credit of the Sinking Fund a sum of £432.592. The Local Loan under Ordinance No. 12 of 1916 amounts to $3,000,000 and there are the sums of $1,176,086 and £98,441 at credit of the Sinking Fund.
A new valuation for Assessment was made for the year com- mencing 1st July, 1923, resulting as follows:-
Increuses:
The City of Victoria
The Hill District .......
...
Shaukiwan, Saiwanho and Quarry Bay
Hongkong Villages
Kowloon Point
Yaumati
Mongkoktsui
Kowloon Villages
Hunghom and Hok Un
New Territories
$716,360
21,465
IS.555
94,909
79,110
125,165
40,600
31,995
3,890
121,722
The rateable value of the whole Colony amounted to $21,059,700 having increased by $1,253,771.
During the period 1914-1923 the assessment of the whole
· Colony has risen from $14,410,103 to $21,059,700, an increase in rateable value of $6,649,597.
The circulation on the 31st December of notes of the three Banks having authorised issues was as follows:-
-
Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Cor-
poration...
Chartered Bank of India, Australia, &
China
Mercantile Bank of India, Limited
...$ 44,681,129
12,837,330
1,455,649
$ 58,974,108
The currency of the Colony consists, in addition to the notes of these Banks, of British, Hongkong. and Mexican Dollars and of subsidiary coin, which continued at par throughout the year.
The total issue of subsidiary coins, less those demonetized, now amounts to $17,814,370 nominal value, and they were up to the year 1905 readily absorbed at par, large quantities being taken by the neighbouring provinces of China. During 1916 ten cent pieces of the face value of $5,028,000 were shipped to Calcutta for purposes of demonetization. The discount which prevailed be- tween 1905 and 1916 may be attributed to the immense quantity of similar coin which was minted at Canton as well as to the amount of Hongkong coin minted largely in excess of the needs of the
1920-1930
ī
Colony by itself. In 1905 the Hongkong Government ceased to issue any subsidiary coin and in 1906 it began a policy of demonet- ising all its subsidiary coin received as revenue. This policy was continuously followed till 1918 except during a brief period in 1911. Coin to the face value of $26,235,159 has thus been redeemed. The total issue by the Hongkong Government was of the face value of $44,049,830.
STATEMENT OF SUBSIDIARY COINS.
Received and redeemed (from 1911)
Blue Book 1911. Amount in eirenlation.
Since received:-Copper coin.
$43,999,830
1919...
1923...
...
...
25,000.00 25,000.00
50,000
Total Amount put into circulation......$44,049,830
Less since redeemed :-
1911...
1912... 1913...
...
...5,527,459.04
...
...1,040,000.00
...1,040,000.00
1914...
...
...5,000,000.00
1915...
...5,100.000.00
1916...
...
1918...
...
...
1922...
...5,028,000.00 500,000.00 ...3,000,000.00
26,235,459.04
Total Amount of coin in circulation in 1923...$17,814,370.96
II.-SHIPPING AND TRADE, INDUSTRIES, FISHERIES, AGRICULTURE, AND LAND.
(a.)-SHIPPING.
The total Shipping entering and clearing at Ports in the Colony during the year 1923, amounted to 778,222 vessels of 53,402,239 tons, which, compared with the figures of 1922, show an increase of 69,978 vessels, and of 6,835,475 tons.
91
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
$
Of the above 49,900 vessels of 35,011,533 tons were engaged in Foreign Trade as compared with 50,427 vessels of 29,543,561 tons in 1922.
Table I shows an increase in British Ocean-going shipping of 842 ships or 185 per cent. and an increase of 1,533,250 tons or 158 per cent. This increase in ships and Tonnage is due to new Steamers built in Europe being put on the Eastern trade, new Steamers locally built being put on the Coasting trades, the Norwegian s.s. "Helios" put under British Registry and re-named the "Wong Shek Kung".
Foreign Ocean-going vessels have increased by 1,153 ships, and by 2,389,646 tons or 189 per cent. in numbers and 194 per cent. in tonnage. This increase in ships and tonnage is due to new German Steamers being put on the Eastern trade, new Spanish Mail Steamers being put ou the Eastern trade, the Chinese s.s. "Ling Nam" being put on the South American trade. New Nippon Yusen Kaisha Steamers being put on the run to Europe and a number of new vessels put on the Coasting trade principally Dutch and Norwegian. The British s.s. "Wong Shek Kung" being put under the Chilian Flag and the s.s. "Haimun" being put under Panama Flag. The s.s. "Dashtestan" being put under the Portuguese Flag and renamed the s.s. " Coloan".
British River Steamers have increased by 1,142 ships with an increase in tonnage of 1,967,123 tons or 231 per cent. in numbers and 527 per cent. in tonnage. This increase in ships and tonnage is due to new River Steamers "Lung Shan" being put on the Canton run, the "Kwong Fook Cheung" being put on the West River run and the Chinese River Steamer "Wah Kiu" renamed the "Fook Sing" and put under British Registry.
Foreign River Steamers show a decrease of 353 ships with a decrease in tonnage of 74,985 tons or 83 per cent. in numbers and 102 per cent. in tonnage. This decrease in ships and tonnage is due to a number of vessels being unable to run owing to the unsettled state on the West River and the Chinese Steamer "Wah Kiu" being put under British Registry and renamed
"Fook Sing".
1920-1930
9
A comparison between the years 1922 and 1923 is given in the following table :--
93
1922.
1923.
Increase.
Decrease.
Class of Vessels.
No.
Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
No. Tomage, No. Tonnage.
British Ocean-
going. ForeignOceau-i
}
going.
6,095 12,282,271
842 11,533,250. 4,547 9,688.891|| 5,389 11.222.141
7,248 14,671,917 | 1153 2,389,646
•
British River
Steamers,
Foreign River
4,866
3,731,227
6,008 | 5,698,350 || 11421,967,123
...
Steamers,
4.244
732.715 .1.891
657,730
353:
74.983
Steamships un-
ler 60 tons
(Foreign
6,520
200,363
Trade).
1.709
57,971
Junks.Foreign
Trade,
26,155 2,908,097 || 24,553|| 2,619,003
|1,602 | 289,094
[
Total, Foreign i
Trade,
50.427 | 29,543,564|| 49,90035,001,533|| 3137 5.809,0193,664 422,050
142,392
:
Steam Laun-
ches plying
in Waters of639,554 | 15,903,758 705,514|17,077,346 65,990 1,173,588,
the Colony,
Junks.
Local
Trade,
*18,263 *1,119,442 |†22.778|†1,313,360|| 4,515-193,918
Grand Total.... 708,244 46,566,764 778,222 53,402,239 73,642 7.257,525,3,664 | 122,050
Net Increase.............. *69,978 6,835,475
* Including 11,134 Conservancy and Dust Boats of 795,926 tons.
15.13+
of 961,910
::
In Steamships not exceeding 60 tons employed in Foreign trade, there is a decrease of 1,709 ships with a decrease in tonnage of 57,971 tons or 26.2 per cent. in numbers and 28.9 per cent. in tonnage. This decrease in launches and tonnage is due to a number of launches employed in Foreign trade being laid up or trading in the waters of the Colony owing to the unsettled state on the Canton and West Rivers.
Junks in Foreign trade show a decrease of 1,602 vessels, and a decrease of 289,094 tons or 61 per cent. in numbers and 99 per cent. in tonnage. This decrease in vessels and tonnage is due to a number of Foreign trading Junks, being laid up on trading in the Waters of the Colony owing to the unsettled state on the Canton and West Rivers.
In Local trade (i.e. between places within the waters of the Colony) there is an increase in Steam Launches of 65,990 and an increase in tonnage of 1,173,588 tons or 103 per cent. in numbers
94
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
10
and 74 per cent. in tonnage. This increase in launches and tonnage is due to a number of Foreign trading launches now trading in the waters of the Colony owing to the unsettled state on the Canton and West Rivers.
Junks in Local Trade show an increase of 4,515 vessels and an increase of 193,918 tons or 24*7 per cent. in numbers and 17:3 per cent. in tonnage. This increase in vessels and tonnage is due to a number of Foreign trading Junks now trading in the waters of the Colony owing to the unsettled state on the Canton and West
Rivers.
Of vessels of European construction 6,321 Ocean Steamers, 3,951 River Steamers and 2,404 Steamships not exceeding 60 tons, entered during the year, giving a daily average of 347 ships as compared with 332 ships in 1922 and 33'8 ships in 1921.
The average tonnage of Individual Ocean Vessels entering the Port has decreased from 2,0686 to 2,053-2 tons, that of British Ships has decreased from 2.131′0 to 2,070′9 tons while that of Foreign Ships has increased from 1,957°7 to 2,040·3 tons.
The average tonnage of Individual River Steamers entering during the year has increased from 5988 tons to 6281 tons, that of British River Steamers has decreased from 822-8 tons to 8099 tons, and that of Foreign River Steamers has increased from 3189 tons to 332.7 tons.
יי
The actual number of individual Ocean-going vessels of European construction during the year 1923 was 1,186 of which 529 were British and 657 Foreign. In 1922 the corresponding figures were 1,092 of which 410 were British and 682 were Foreign.
These 1,186 Ships measured 3,468,321 tons. They entered 6,321 times and gave a collective tonuage of 12,079,033 tons.
:
Thus 04 more ships entered 1,002 more times and gave a collective tonnage greater by 1,978,285 tous, an average of 1,974-3 tons per entry.
1920-1930
11
Thus:-
Steamers.
No. of times entered.
Total Tonnage.
Flag.
1922. 1923. 1922. 1923.
1922. 1923.
95
British,
410
529 | 2,278 2,691 4,843,837,5,572,941
Japanese,..
334
285 | 1,246 · 1,337 2,881,813,3,129,156
U.S.A..
91
84
258
272 1,109,460 1,421,052
Chinese,'
80
79
836
788 596,048 650,643
German,
12
29
26
711
90,810 275,583
Danish,
18
16
87
58 108,671 141,171
•
Dutch,................................
46
46
203
221
618,455 666,173
French,
33 39
190 281
386,440 513,507
Greek
Italian....
7
.6
22
23
79,87995,222
Panamaiau,...
6
105
63,242
Chilean,
6
122
52,975
Norwegian,
38
32 176
215
179,436 266,564
Portuguese,...
-
+
13
1 .108
2,103 51,003
Russian,
2
19
2
2
3
1,511 2,331
Siamese,
6
3-1
2
38,403 2,621
Swedish,
S
9
12
11
11,849
47,932
Spanish,
تن
10
24,014
Total,.... 1,092 1,186 5,319 6,321
1
11,000,748 12,979,033
96
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
12
The Nationality of the Crews in British and in Foreign Ships was as follows :-
I AMERICANS
VESSELS.
BRITISH CREW.
AND OTHER EUROPEANS.
ASIATICS.
1922. | 1923. 1922. 1923. - 1922. | 1923. | 1922. 1923.
British, 410
529 | 28,161; 81,710 1,235 2,263 180,330 303,231
Foreign, 682. 655 1,796 1,088 27,586 35,558151,338 267,770
Total, 1,092 1,184 29,95782,798 25,821 37,821 331,668 571,001
Hence in British ships :-
1922. 1923.
1343% 21·10% of the crews
331,668571,00
And in Foreign ships :-
1922.
1923.
1·00 %
0-36% of the crews
were British.
0.59%
were British. 0.59% of the crews were other Europeaus.
85.98% 78.31% of the crews were Asiatics.
15-42% 11-68% of the crews
83.58 % 87-96 % of the crews
werc other Europeans.
were Asiatics. ·
100.00 % 100·00%
100.00% 100.00 %
Trade.
Detailed statistics of imports and exports are collected and published by the Imports and Exports Department.-
Imports.
The number and tonnage of ships of European type of con- struction carrying cargo for import and transit, compared with 1922 were as follows:
1922.
No. Tonnage.
1923.
Increase.
Decrease.
Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
Steamers,........ 5,318|11,000,704 | 6,321|12,979,033 |1,003 1,978,329] River Steamers,| 3,552| 2,229,597|| 3,951| 3,155,891| 399|`924,294] Sailing Vessels,
1
11
Total,... 8,571 | 13,230,345|10,272 | 16,132,924 |1,402|2,902,623
Nett Increase,. |1,402 2,902,623
1920-1930
13
EXPORTS.
The corresponding figures relating to ships of European type of construction, shipping bunker coal, are as follows:-
1922.
1923.
Increase.
Decrease.
No. Tonnage. No.
Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
Steamers,
6,322 10,970,458 6,316 12,915,025.994 1,914,567
River Steamers, 3,558 2231.345 3,948 3,202,180 390 967,814
Sailing Vessels, .1
44 ...
11
Totai........ 8,881 | 13,204,847 10,264|16,117,214 1,384 2,912,411
14
Set Increase,
-1,383 (2,912,367|
97
1922.
1923.
Increase.
Decrease.
No.
Bunker Coal.
No.
Bunker Coal.
No.
Bunker Coal.
Bunker
No.
Coal. J
Steamers, 5,392
139,734 6,316
543,324 994 | 103,590
River Steamers, 3,558
59,159 3,918
62,737 390, 3,578
Total.... 8,880 498,893 10,264
606,061 (1,384| 107,168
Net decreasë..................... 1,384|| 107,168
The River Trade, compared with 1922, is shown in the following Table :-
Year.
Imports.
Exports.
Passengers.
1922,
853.134
452,121
1,436,434
1923,
369,685
598,849
1,923,909
98
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
14
The following table shows the junk trade of the Colony for the years 1922 and 1923:-
IMPORTS.
1922.
1923.
Junks.
Tons.
Junks:
Tons.
Foreign Trade,
12,927
1,578,924
12,234
1,297,253
Local Trade,
3,516
162,521
3,759
173,365
Total, ............. 16,443 1,741,445
15,993
1,470,618
Cattle, 553 head,...
Swine, 14,612 head,
Earth and Stones, General,
Tons.
65
$60
11,657
505,120
Total..........
517,702
EXPORTS.
1922..
1923.
Junks.
Tons.
Junks.
Tons.
Foreign Trade,...... 13,228
1,616,084
12,319
1,321,750
Local Trade,......
3,613
160,990
3,88.
178,085
Total, M. .16,8±1......... · 1,777,074
16,201
1,499,835
Exported 885,833 tons as under :-
Kerosine, 1,811,526 cases,
Rice and Paddy,
Coal,...
General,
Tons.
62,660
241,534
170,155
411,484
Total,
885,833
99
1920-1930
15
Emigration and Immigration.
One hundred and Twenty thousand, two hundred and twenty-four (120,224) emigrants left Hongkong for various places during the ycar 1923, (98,393 in 1922). Of these, 62,679 were carried in British ships, and 57,545 in foreign ships.
One hundred and twenty-one thousand one hundred and two (121,102) returning emigrants were reported to have been brought to Hongkong from the several places to which they had emigrated. either from this colony or from coast ports, as against 143,547 in 1922. Of these, 65,200 arrived in British ships, and 55,902 in foreign ships.
Statement of number of emigrants to Straits Settlements, 1912 to 1923, compared with total Chinese emigration.
No. of Emigrants to
Straits Settlements.
Total No. of Emigrants.
1912 1913
$4,024
122,657
102.353
142,759
· 1914 ·
44,974
76,296
1915
41,278
68,275
1916
$2,797
117,653
1917.
63,292
96,298
1918
8,019
43,830
1919
11,038
59,969
1920
13,935
105,258
1921
87,324
156,011
1922
50,356
98,393
1923
65,584
120,224
(.)-INDUSTRIES.
(i.)-Under European management.
Engineering and Shipbuilding.-The figures are as follows for the years 1922 and 1923 :-
:-
1922.
H.K. & Whampoa Dock Co., Lal..... 6 vessels of 11,842 gross tons and 7,300 L.H.P. Taikoo Dockyard &. Eng. Co., Ld. 7
W. S. Bailey & Co. Ld.
A King.
;
Kwong Hip Lung Co., Ld.
Kung Tuck Cheong
Tong Lee
3
11.087
.8,550
174
340
48
144
"
":
29
260
41
400 . SO
"
:1
4.99
Total
.22 vessels of 23,309 gross tons and 17.074 1,H.P.
1923.
H.K. & Whampoa Dock Co.. Ld... ♪ vessels of 9577 gross tous and 7.680 I.H.P. Taikoo Dockyard & Eng. Co., Ld. 5 W. S. Bailey & Co., Ld...
4.711 830
A
3,120
700
Total
17 vessels of 15,118 gross tons and 11,500 I.H.P..
100
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
16
Trade in China was bad for the first six or seven months of the year but greatly improved during the latter half of the year.
Cement Manufacture. Despite the importation of Cement from Europe and elsewhere, the demand for the local product continued strong throughout the greater part of 1923. Towards the end of the year, however, the accumulation of imported Cement had the effect of forcing prices down to a lower level, and with continual shipments of Cement arriving, the prospects for 1924 are not so favourable as they have been for the past 3 years.
Cotton.-American Cotton fluctuated considerably during 1923.
The year opened with quotations from 15d to 153d per lb. which before the end of January had reached 1637 per lb.
At the end of March prices had declined and during May were reduced to 141d.
June, however, saw a substantial advance, 1747 being quoted.
The beginning of August registered the lowest value during the year i.c. 13.40d.
Afterwards the market showed firmness and the price advanced to 183d in September, and reached the highest value of the year at the end of November i.e. 21.99d.
During December prices fluctuated between 181⁄2d and 213d and the year closed with quotations between 201⁄2d and 21jd.
Rope Making. The demand for Manila Cordage was fairly good throughout the year, and the total turnover shows an improve- ment on that of the previous twelve months. The demand from India was seriously affected by the political cry for preference to native goods, the enquiries from Burmah also fell off owing to the preference for Wire Rope on the oil fields. But on the other hand this was offset by a better demand from Japan.
(ii).-Under Chinese Management.
Chinese Paper.-The exports-48,000 piculs-approximated closely to those of 1922.
Feathers. There was a good demand during the first half of the year, and £106,000 worth were exported, principally to the United Kingdom:
1920-1930
Ginger.-Exports amounted to £238,000 as compared with
£206,000 in 1922.
Hides. Returns are as follows:
Buffalo
Cow.
Goat
Sheep
1923
1929
1921
piculs.
piculs.
piculs.
4,550
6,714
11,243
...46,130
58,642
54,911
200
2,120
6,254
2,072
1,388
615
101
Continued trouble in the interior was responsible for a further falling off.
Mats and Matting.-The value of this commodity exported from the Colony during 1923 was $375,500, as against $600,000 during 1922.
Native Tobucco.-Exports again showed a decrease £119,000, as compared with £471,000 in 1922.
Rattan and Fibre Furniture.-Values of exports closely approx- imated the 1922 figure of £165,000. The U. S. A. and the Straits Settlements were the largest buyers.
Soy.-Prices during the whole year were about $23.50 per cask, with slight fluctuations and little demand from Europe. The U. S. A. absorbed half the output-£35,000 worth.
Tin.-The China Tin business in Hongkong was comparatively quiet during 1923.
-Unpeeled Groundnuts.-Rather small quantities were shipped in the beginning of the year but the total exports for the year amounted in value to over £300,000.
Fermillion.-£109,000 worth was exported, as compared with £110,000 in 1922.
Wood Oil. The demand for this commodity from Europe and the United States of America was much better during 1923 than in the previous year, and the prices obtained were on the average con- siderably higher.
·
The total exports to England and the Continent amounted to about 22,000 piculs, valued at £86,000, and about 53,000 piculs were shipped to America, valued at £198,000, which figures represent about seven times the total quantity shipped in the previous year.
102
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
18.
(c.)--FISHERIES.
A considerable proportion of the boat population of Hongkong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of juuks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shauki- wan, and also many in the New Territories, are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is im- ported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable value in Deep Bay.
(4.)-FORESTRY, AGRICULTURE, And Botany.
Formation of Pine tree plantations..
Seeds of Pinus Massoniana were sown in situ in the following places, sixty three pounds of seed being used :-50,000 near the new Shek Motor Road, 3,077 on Cheung Chan Island and
50,000 at Quarry Bay.
230 pounds of seed were also sown broadcast on the grassy banks below Shek O Road, Tsun Wan Road and between Shatin and Taipo Roads.
In Plantation 7C below the Matilda Hospital, Mount Kellet, where hill fires had taken place, 250 pounds of pine seed were used for resowing purposes, and in other plantations 5°C and 5D at Repulse Bay 213 pounds were similarly used.
Broad-leared trees planted.
The principal trees used for roadside planting consisted of Tristania conferta, Casuarina equisetifolia, Bauhinia Blakeana, Bauhinia variegata, Aleurites triloba, Erythrim indica, Ficus infectoria, Melaleuca Leucadendron, Crataer religiosa, Paulownia
Fortunei, Poinciana regia, Cassia fistula and Cinnamomum Cam- phora, which were used in the following places, Stubbs Road 192, Conduit Road 4, Broadwood Road 32, Shek O Road 101, Repulse Bay Road 5, Pokfulam Road S, Magazine Gap Road 17, Wong-Nei- Chong Gap Road 10, Salisbury Road (Kowloon) 30, Nam Chong Street (Shumshuipo) 90, Taipo Road (N. T.) 59, Lok Ma Chau Road (N. T.) 153 and Shatin Road (N. T.) 13.
1920-1930
19
103
Eighty four young "Jak" trees (Artocarpus integrifolia) were planted to replace failures in a plantation near Aberdeen Reservoir.
Care of trees in plantations.
Creepers and Loranthus were removed from trees on roadsides and in plantations as far as possible whenever they are observed.
Pine tree caterpillars fortunately appeared only in very small numbers in one plantation near Fan Ling.
Twenty five miles of fire barriers were cleared in the mainland and eighteen on the island; these barriers almost always proved useful in checking hill fires.
Remoral of trees.
In connection with the general improvement and widening of roads, the sale of building lots, excavations of reclamatious and various public works a large number of trees, both large and small and of various kinds were felled; those which were cut down near public roads were mainly Banians.
About 500 pine trees were cut down for the laying-out of an extension to the Tai Shek Kwo Cemetery, Kowloon.
In addition very large number of trees were cut down after they had suffered badly from the typhoon.
The usual removal of undergrowth as part of the campaign against malaria was conducted throughout the year, the total area cleared amounting to over 6,500,000 square feet while the total area cleared for survey purpose by P. W. D. 2,400,000 square feet.
Nurseries, Agriculture, &c.
10,000 Cinnamomum Camphora, 300 Poinciana regia and 340 Bauhinia variegata were raised in the 9A Nursery, Kowloon, for reafforestation purpose in 1924.
The growing of Aleurites Fordii and Aleurites montana for the investigations into the possibilities of the commercial produc- tion of wood oil has not been satisfactory as most of the seedlings of both varieties suffered heavily from the typhoons. A further
104
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
20
trial of seeds of Aleurites montana has been made at the Fan Ling Experimental Garden about 45 pounds of seeds having been raised before the end of the year.
At the Fan Ling Experimental Garden a sinall quantity of seeds of Perilla ocymoides obtained locally were raised. .It is hoped in due course to furnish a report to the Imperial Institute, London, on the possibilities of oil production from perilla.
Five hundred and sixty pounds of seeds of Pinus Mossoniana and forty pounds of Camphor seeds were collected during the year,
;
The first and second crops of rice were good and pineapples were fair. The one thousand young pineapples obtained from Honolulu have now made good progress.
Eight thousand five hundred and forty packages containing 1,070,040 bulbs of Nacissus Tazetta were inspected and certified for export to the United States of America and Honolulu, the lar- gest number examined since the inauguration of this service in 1919.
(e.)-LAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE OF LAND.
The net amount of premium received from sales of Crown Land and pier rights, New Territories excepted, for the year 1923 was $2,892,445.78 an increase of $348,220.25 on the preceding year, and $990,387 more than the average for the previous five
years.
The principal items were $242,400 for Inland Lot No. 2413, $156,000 for Inland Lot No. 2411, $100,200 for Inland Lot No. 2421, $94,500 for Marine Lot No. 430, $450,500 for Kowloon Inland Lots Nos. 1558 to 1561 and $82,700 for Kowloon Inland
Lot No. 1556,
In the New Territories the net amount received for premium was $589,799.14, the principal items being $150,500 for New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 419 and $98,700 for New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 435.
Resumptions include several Farm Lots in the Wongneichung Valley and Kowloon Farm Lots Nos. 3 & 4 at Yaumati, all of which were required for development purposes.
1920-1930
21
105
The total area sold or granted during the year was 1,897 acres O rood 37, poles of which 1,790 acres 1 rood 25 dealt with by the District Officers. .
poles were
The total area of land resumed was 82 acres 1 rood 26 poles.
4
The number of deeds registered in the Land Office was 6,837, 2,371 more than the year 1921, which was a record year. The aggregate consideration set out in deeds registered in the land. Office was $223,828,607.85 as against $107,392,435 38 in 1922.
Land Registration Fees exclusive of the New Territories amounted to $123,031.00 being $42,094.00 more than the previous best year on record. Land Registration Fees in the New Territo- ries amounted to $16,241.06 an increase of $13,318.06 on 1922.
There has been considerable development in New Kowloon on the lines of the town planning schemes, in other portions of the Southern District there has been a steady demand for sites.
In the Northern District there has been keen competition for land and a considerable area has been disposed of for various pur-
poses.
III.-LEGISLATION.
·
Thirty-five (35) Ordinances were passed during 1923, of which seventeen were amendments of previous Ordinances.
The most important matters with which these Ordinances dealt
were :-
The Female Domestic Service (No. 1)~The object of this ordi- nauce was to regulate certain forms of female domestic service.
The Police Supervision, (No. 5)-The object of this ordinance was to provide for police supervision of certain criminals.
The German Missions Trustees (No. 9)-The object of this ordi- nance was to provide for the carrying on of the work formerly carried on by certain German societies and persons in the Colouy of
106
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
22
Hongkong and to deal with certain property formerly held or ad- ministered by, or used in connection with the work of, such societies and persons in the Colony of Hongkong, and to provide for the con- trol of the persons by whom the said work is to be carried on.
The Fraudulent Transfers of Businesses, (No 25)-The object of the ordinance is to prevent certain fraudulent transfers of businesses.
The Ordinances of Hongkong 1844-1923 (No. 18)-The object of this ordinance was to authorise the preparation and issue of a new edition of the ordinances in force in the Colony to be known as the Ordinances of Hongkong 1844-1923.
Statute Laws (Proof and Preservation) (No. 19)-The object of this ordinance was to provide for the preservation of certain portions of the Statute Laws (New Revised Edition) Ordinance, 1911.
IV.-EDUCATION.
The European staff was increased by Twelve new appointments from England during the year.
The total number of pupils at schools in the Colony excluding the Police School and the uncontrolled schools in the New Terri- tories are :-
Number of Pupils.
Total.
English
Vernacular
Schools.
Schools.
Government Schools
3,439
41
3,480
Military Schools -
157
157
Excluded Private Schools
348
348
Grant Schools
3,351
1,051
4,102
Controlled Private
Schools
•
5,621
23,253
28,871
Controlled
Private
Schools. New Terri-
tories
1,665
1,665
Techuical Institute
-
526
520
Total
13,442
29,010
42,452
The most important schools, apart from the excluded schools, are Queen's College for Chinese, four District Schools its feeders, and the Belilios Public School for Chinese girls. There is an Indian
1920-1930
23
School of growing importauce housed in a building presented to the Colony by the late Sir Ellis Kadoorie. Central School and Kowloon Junior and Victoria Schools for children of British parent- age have an average attendance of 204. There is also a school for the children of the Peak District with an average attendance of 45. The Diocesan School and Orphanage and St. Joseph's College are important boys' schools in receipt of an annual grant. The Italian, French, and St. Mary's Concents, and the Diocesan Girls' School, are the most important of the English Grant Schools for girls.
The Hongkong Technical Institute affords an opportunity for higher education of students who have left school. Instruction was given in 1923 in Building Construction, Machine Drawing, Mechanics, Chemistry (Practical and Theoretical), Physics, Electricity, Com- mercial English, French, Shorthand, Book-keeping. Classes for men and women teachers, both "English" and "Vernacular" are a
feature of the Institute.
The lecturers are recruited from the members of the Medical and Educational faculties of the Colony, and from the Department of Public Works, and receive fees for their services. The Institute is furnished with a well equipped Chemical Laboratory and excel- lent Physical apparatus.
The University of Hongkong, incorporated under the local University Ordinance, 1911, and opened in 1912, is a residential University for students of both sexes for the promotion of Arts, Science and Learning, the provision of higher education, the develop- ment and formation of the character of students of all races, nation- alities, and creeds.
The late Sir Hormusjee Mody, bore the entire expense of the erection of the main building and additions have been made through the liberality of benefactors of varied nationality and domicile.
The University includes the three Faculties of Medicine, Engineering and Arts. Admission to all faculties is conditional upon passing the matriculation examination of the University or some examination recognised as equivalent thereto.
The Faculty of Medicine provides a five year course of study in the usual pre-medical and medical sciences, supplemented by clinical work in the Government Civil and Tung Wah Hospitals, leading to the degree of M.B., B.S. The degrees of M.D., and M.S., may be obtained for post-graduate work. The degrees above-mentioned are recognised by the General Medical Council for registration in Great Britain.
The Faculty of Engineering provides a four year course in practical and theoretical engineering, leading to the degree of B.Sc., (Eng.). Fourth year students specialize in civil, in mechanical or in electrical engineering. The degree for post- graduate work is that of M.Sc., (Eng.).
107
108
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
24
The Faculty of Arts includes departments of pure Arts and Science, Education (including practical teaching) and Commerce. The course is in all cases one of four years and leads to the degree of B.A. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.A.
With a view to better securing the maintenance of the desired standard-which in the Faculty of Medicine is that of an English University degree and in the Faculty of Engineering that of the corresponding degree in the University of London-external examiners are, in all Faculties, associated with the internal examiners in all annual and final examinations. In the Faculty of Engineering, but not in other Faculties, degrees with honours are granted, the standard being assessed by special examiners chosen from amongst the external examiners in the University of London.
The degree of LL.D., is also granted, honoris causa.
The site of the University was given gratuitously by the Colonial Government. As subsequently enlarged by minor grants and by purchase, it includes an area of some 25 acres, looking out upon the harbour over the City of Victoria.
In the main buildings are housed the Chemical, Physical and Biological Laboratories, the University Library and portions of the Engineering Laboratories. They further include a Great Hall, a Senate Room and the Lecture and Class rooms used by the Faculty of Arts and for general purposes.
Special medical buildings include schools of Anatomy, Phy- siology, Pathology and Tropical Medicine, erected at the cost of Chinese gentlemen risident in the Colony. In the case of each of the three schools last mentioned a large or
large or smaller sum still remains available for further equipment.
Special engineering buildings include :-
(a) a Power Station, generating light and power for the estate, energy being supplied by internal combustion engines of varied types which are available for instructional purposes;
(b) a Prime Movers (steam) and Hydraulics Laboratory, at present housed in a converted Pumping Station, formerly the property of the Government; and
(c) A Workshop, including a small machine-shop, smithy
and carpenter's shop.
Electrical machinery (other than the main generating plant), - electrical technology, the testing of materials and experimental mechanics are dealt with in the main building.
The larger part of the engineering equipment was the gift of British engineering firms.
1920-1930
25
Other buildings upon the estate include:-
(a) the Vice-Chancellor's Lodge
(b) Staff-Quarterers
(c) the resident Hostels, and
(d) the University Union Building.
109
Unless exempted from residence (such exemption being ordinarily granted on the ground that the student's "manner of life" is not such as is catered for in the hostels), every matriculated student is required to reside either in a University, or in a recognised Hostel.
The University Hostels are three in number-Lugard Hall, Eliot Hall, and May Hall.
Recognised Hostels are at present two in number-Morrison Hall, situate immediately above the University grounds and con- ducted by the London Missionary Society, and St. John's Hall, immediately opposite the front of the University, conducted by the Church Missionary Society.
Each student occupies a separate room or cubicle, and there are the usual Common rooms. Each University Hostel is in charge of a member of the staff, as resident Warden.
No University Hostel at present exists for women students- whose right to admission to the University was first recognised in 1921: but by the courtesy of the school authorities, arrangements have been made for their lodging in connection with St. Stephen's Girls' College.
University fees for tuition and board amount to $550 per annum, enabling a student who lives carefully to meet the whole of his expenses with a sum of $1,000 per annum, as compared with a minimum sum of $2,500 per annum, besides travelling expenses, in the case of a Chinese student going abroad for his education.
Numerous scholarships are available, including the King Edward VII Scholarships founded by His Majesty's Government, the President's Scholarships founded by His Excellency the Pre- sident of China, together with Scholarships (some of which are in the nature of bursaries) given by the Hongkong Government, the Chinese Gorerument, the Metropolitan District of Peking, the Pro- vincial Governments of Canton, Chihli, Yunnan and Hupeh, the Governments of the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States, the Government of Kedah and the Siamese Government. Students are also drawn from the Philippines, French Indo-China and Australasia.
110
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
26
During 1923 an Honorary Degree was conferred upon the Hon. Sir Paul Chater, C.M.G.. who has held the post of Honorary Treasurer since the foundation of the University.
A donation of $300,000 was received from the Hongkong Government in final liquidation of the balance of $1,000,000 which the Government promised in 1920 to contribute to the University Endowment Fund. A benefaction of $250,000 was also received from Sir Paul Chater to be known as "The Chater Endowment Fund", the income to be applied to the general funds of the
University.
The total cost of the land, buildings and equipment of the University may be placed at approximately $1,750,000 and their replacement value at not less than $2,500,000, while the invested endowments exceed $3,000,000.
1920-1930
111
27
PUBLIC WORKS.
BUILDINGS.
During the year under review good progress was made on the following works:-In Hongkong.-Foundations and steel framework of the New Fire Brigade Station opposite the Central Market; site formation of the new Sai Ying Pun School; site formation of the new Queen's College Building; site preparation and retaining walls for the new garage on Stubbs Road. In Kowloon :-Medical Officers' Quarters and site formation of the Kowloon Hospital site; new niarket at Mong Kok Tsui. In the New Territories:-New Police Station at Shatiu; Police Block House at Castle Peak. The undermen- tioned works were completed :-In Hongkong :-Senior Officers' Quarters on the Homestead site at the Peak (except semi-detached houses) under Messrs. Little, Adams & Wood; Quarters at Leighton Hill, under Messrs. Dennison, Ram & Gibbs; Maternity Block and alterations to the Sisters' Quarters, Victoria Hospital; additional offices for the P.W.D; Miniature Rifle Range at the Hongkong Volunteer Defence Corps Headquarters. In Kowloon :- Police Stations at Yaumati and Mong Kok Tsui; additional storey to Tsim Sha Tsui Police Station. In the New Territories :- Quarters for Indian Mafried Police at Au Tau and Lok Ma Chow; additions to Land Court Building, Tai Po. Many other smaller works of minor importance were also accomplished.
COMMUNICATIONS.
The road and path from Wanchai Gap to Middle Gap; road contouring hillside above Conduit Road (1st Section); the low level road (25 feet wide) from Island Bay to Big Wave Bay; road from Wongneichong Gap to Repulse Bay Road (1⁄2 mile at Repulse Bay Road end); were completed. The road connecting Broadwood Road with Wongneichong Gap Road was nearing completion.
Substantial progress was made with the undermentioned works:-Road froin Taitain Gap to Shek-0 (2nd Section Shek-O Gap to Shek-O Village); extension of the 20 foot road from Magazine Gap to Peak Tram Station, Chamberlain Road; road contouring Wongneichong and Tai Hang Valley (2nd Section).
Fair progress was made with the widening of the road through Quarry Bay Village, and road from Causeway Bay to North Point.
Mention may also be made of improvements being carried out to Kennedy, Bonham, Conduit, Pokfulam and Victoria Roads.
In Kowloon, the extension of Coronation Road northwards through the hill (formerly K.F.L. 11) was completed.
Good progress was made with diverting the roadway near the site of the new Kowloon Hospital, the extension of Waterloo Road, Tokwawan Road (section between Kowloon City Road and K.M.L. 90).
112
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
28
Fair progress was made on the Kowloon City to Mong Kok Road (2nd Section) but owing to heavy rock cutting the work to the Argyle Street extension was somewhat delayed.
Preliminary works were in progress in connection with the extension of Chatham Road from Hung Hom to Kowloon City.
The work of metalling and tar-painting the Coastal Road from Lai Chi Kok to Castle Peak and the Tai Po Road was continued during the year.
A section of the Tai Po to Shun Wan Road was completed. An access road from Tsun Wan to the proposed New Waterworks at Shing Mun was commenced.
DRAINAGE.
The existing outfall from below Wanchai Gap was continued to the sea near Aberdeen.
Good progress was made with the Mong Kok Tsui Nullah East through the Railway Bridge.
The Waterloo Road Nullah was completed in November,.
A contract for training and diverting the main stream course at Ma Tau Chung was let in October. The work is being carried out in conjunction with the Chatham Road Extension and Kowloon Bay West Reclamation.
WATERWORKS.
The excavation in connection with the new Eastern District Filter Beds; and work on the Stanley Mound East, Stanley Mound West and Jardine's Lookout catch waters proceeded satisfactorily.
The work in connection with the Hydraulic Ram and Dis- tribution System for the lower Wanchai Gap District was completed.
The Repulse Bay Water supply scheme was extended.
A commencement was made with the diversion of Peak Pump- ing mains and Distributing mains in connection with the Conduit and Hatton Roads Development Scheme.
In Kowloon, the work in enlarging the mains to improve the distribution system was continued.
The work in connection with the extension of Kowloon catchwater and new Shek Lai Pui Reservoir proceeded satisfactorily.
A large amount of survey and contour work was done in connection with the Shing Mun Valley Scheme.
The Tai Po water supply scheme was completed.
1920-1930
29
RECLAMATIONS.
Good progress was made with the Praya East Reclamation, the filling in of the Tidal Flat, cutting down hills between Tai Kok Tsui and Fuk Tsun Heung and Reclamation at Shamshuipo.
113
A contract was let for forming a Reclamation at Kowloon Bay East to form permanent accommodation for the junk building and repairing industries.
Work was continued on certain private reclamation works, and, in the case of the Kai Tak Land Investment Company, some further progress was made.
PIERS.
The steel work for roof and granite facade to the new re- inforced concrete pier opposite Queen's Statue were commenced and proceeded satisfactorily.
The reinforced concrete pier for landing pigs and cattle at Kennedy Town and the Ferry Pier at Public Square Street Yaumati were completed.
·
MISCELLANEOUS.
The Report of the Consulting Engineers (Messrs. Coode, Fitzmaurice, Wilson & Mitchell) on Hongkong Harbour Improve- ments was received, and was referred to the Hongkong General Chamber of Commerce for its consideration. The Report recom- mends six jetties forming ship and juuk basins in Hung Hom Bay.
Several meetings were held to discuss the question of universal water meterage, but the Chinese community expressed them- selves against the scheme which was therefore not proceeded with during the year.
Good progress was made with the development of areas in the neighbourhood of Kaulung Tong, some 14 acres of formed land being handed over to the Kaulung Tong Development Company.
Contracts were let for the erection of piers at Whitfield and Blackhead's Point.
A contract was let for constructing a road from Fan Ling to Sha Tau Kok.
The total amount expended on Public Works Extraordinary was $4,716,602.94 and on annually recurrent works $1,424,532.80.
114
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
30
RAILWAY. · .
The new bay to the carriage shed referred to in the last Annual Report was completed.
On the arrival in the Colony of the necessary steelwork for the New Carpenter's Shop, a contract was entered into for its erection. This structure was nearly finished, but as it was urgently required by the Locomotive Department in connection with the building of wagons, its completion was delayed.
Indents were sent home through the Crown Agents for steel- work, roofing and glazing required for the extension to the Work- shops. This material is expected to arrive early this year.
was
The boundary wall at Kowloon Station for which provision made in the Estimates, was not proceeded with. In May au indent was forwarded for a quantity of steel fencing of similar pattern to that now in use, for repairing portions of the existing fence, but the consignment had not arrived at the end of the year.
The over-bridge to the north of Yaumati Station referred to in last year's report was opened on May 10th. The bridge is com- pleted with the exception of the drains which will be laid as the roadway below is formed.
5,285 sleepers were renewed in the main line, of these 1,180 were of reinforced concrete. During the year 1,314 reinforced concrete sleepers were cast. These sleepers are proving most satisfactory and are found particularly useful in checking rail creep, and where laid continuously they entirely prevent it.
/
Three areas of vacant railway land were let on short leases for the erection of motor bus and car garages at remunerative rates, and further vacant areas of the Hung Hom railway reclamation were leased to the Hongkong & Kowloon Wharf. & Godown Company as timber yards."
In July it was decided to erect quarters at Blackhead's Point for those of the traffic staff who are required to reside near to Kowloon Station; and who are at present accommodated in rented houses. Designs were prepared for two blocks of three floors each in reinforced concrete suitable for housing 60 men, and a contràct for their construction was awarded by the end of the year.
A new operator's cabin was built at Hung Hom which relieves the operator from all danger in crossing the lines in order to exchange tokens.
Traffic between Kowloon and Sha U Chong in Chinese Terri- tory via the ferry from Taipo, increased to such an extent that the licensee running the ferry service put on a new and much larger launch to cope with it.
1920-1930
31
115
After careful consideration the Government decided that a motor road should be built in place of the Fauling Branch Liue, and when this is completed the branch line is to be taken up, and the track and rolling stock, including the two new locomotives on order, made over to the Public Works Department for use in con- nection with development schemes under its control. The branch. line will be run as economically as possible until the end of 1924, when it is anticipated that the new motor road will be completed.
A severe typhoon on July 22nd necessitated the suspension of the train service from 1.18 p.m. for the rest of the day. Traffic was again suspended on the 18th of August from 9 a.m. until the afternoon on account of a typhoon.
The Colony experienced an abnormal amount of typhoon weather during the summer months. but only on the two occasions mentioned above, when the typhoons actually struck the Colony, was it necessary to suspend the train service.
The typhoon of the 18th August caused considerable damage to the Railway, more particularly to works on the sea border. A long length of granite pitching built after the 1913 typhoon was so seriously impaired as to necessitate the slewing of the track for a quarter of a mile. The railway pier and mole at Tai Po suffered considerably, the whole of the timber work of the pier was washed away, the approach mole undermined and the pitching on the eastern side collapsed.
The electric power supplied to the Workshops by the China Light & Power Co. was changed from direct to alternating current, and separate motors of lower power were supplied to most of the machines independently. This resulted in a considerable saving in current consumption, and Government was relieved of the cost of transforming. A new agreement on more favourable terms was entered intoʼwith the power company on the completion of the alterations. The two transformers and seven of the old direct current motors have since been disposed of.
The year 1923 was a very unfortunate one for the Railway. The political unrest in the Province of Kwong Tung and consequent periodical disturbances referred to in last year's report continued throughout the year. Naturally the Chinese Section was by far the greater sufferer of the two, but as the working of both Sections is so interdependent, the misfortunes of either reflect on the other, with the result that the receipts from through traffic compare most unfavourably with those of previous years instead of showing a steady improvement.
Trouble commenced on the Chinese Section with the departure from Canton of General Chan Kwing Ming on the 15th January. His troops in a panie made a rush for Shek Lung. About 3,000 were got away by rail when all arrangements were upset by retreating troops stopping trains and forcing the drivers to take.
116
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
32
them where they willed. Chinese Section engines were left standing wherever they happened to be when coal and water gave out. From this time onwards there was spasmodic and intermittent running of trains until 27th October when all through traffic ceased. There was no express service from the 16th April to the end of the year. Conditions gradually went from bad to worse. Chinese Section locomotives were run, or kept in steam, night and day by the soldiery without proper attention or repairs, derailments and collisions were frequent until there was scarcely and engine in running order on the Chinese Section. Much damage was done to stations, doors and windows being torn out, electrical in- struments stolen or smashed, and tickets and documents wantonly destroyed. Of 1,460 tabled Express trains only 264 ran and of 730 Slow Through trains, only 409 ran.
There were occasions when it become necessary for the British Section to withdraw from Shum Chun Station and make Lo Wo Siding the terminus, where the Hongkong Government stationed police or military patrols to prevent Chinese soldiers from crossing the border. It was also once necessary to withdraw from the Sha Tau Kok terminus for the same reason. -
During the year the British Section suffered considerable inconvenience by the retention of its goods stock by the Chinese Section. Owing to the commandeering of the Chinese Section rolling stock by the military for the transport of troops and military stores, and the general interference with the working of the Chinese Section, the British Section wagon stock was held up on that Section with the result that goods destined for Canton accumulated in the Railway goodshed at Kowloon to such an extent that many remunerative cargoes amounting to thousands of tons had to be turned away, and several consignments already loaded were eventually withdrawn.
The Gross Roceipts for the year were $474,721.78 as against $710,295.75 for 1922, a decrease of $235,573.97. The working expenses exceeded the revenue by $48,791.35.
The Through and Joint Sectional Passengers carried were as follows:-
Passengers booked by Stations
in British Territory to Stations in China
Passengers booked by Stations in China to Stations in British Territory
1921.
1922.
1923.
435,933 526,111 250,719 ·
462,379 522,909 249,152
The Local Passengers carried were as follows:-
Main Line
Fanling Branch Line...
1921. 1922. · 1923. 429,133 639,709 951,001 43,733 52,431 73,S38
1920-1930
33
VI.-GOVERNMENT AND AIDED. INSTITUTIONS.
(a.)-HOSPITALS.
Government Hospitals consist of the Civil Hospital, to which is attached an isolated Maternity Hospital, the Victoria Hospital for Women and Children, and the Kennedy Town Infections Dis- eases Hospital.
The Civil Hospital contains 170 beds in 21 wards. 5,455 in-patients and 28,297 out-patients were treated during 1923 as against 4,447 and 25,892 respectively in 1922. 964 cases of malarial fever were admitted as against 484 in 1922 and 399 in 1921. The total cases of malaria for all Government Hospitals and the Tung Wa Hospital shows an increase of 166 cases as compared with the year 1922. The Maternity Hospital contains 9 beds for Europeaus, plus 3 extra beds, and S for Asiatics. 674 confinements occurred during the year as against 617 in 1922. The Victoria Hospital at the Peak contains 41 beds, aud during 1923, 299 patients were under treatment there. At Kennedy Town Hospital, which contains 26 beds, 30 cases were treated in 1923, all being infectious.
().-LUNATIC ASYLUM.
The Asylum is under the direction of the Superintendent of the Civil Hospital. European and Chinese patients are separated, the European portion containing 14 beds in separate wards and the Chinese portion 16 beds. 309 patients of all races were treated during 1923 and there was 3 deaths.
(c.)-THE TUNG WA AND OTHER CHINESE HOSPITALS.
The Tung Wa Hospital, opened in 1872, is mainly supported by the voluntary subscriptions of Chinese, but receives an annual grant of $8,000 from the Government. Only Chinese are treated in this institution. Various other services not appertaining to a hospital are performed by the institution, such as the free burial of the poor, the repatriation of destitutes, the maintenance of free vernacular schools, and the organisation of charitable relief in emergencies. Chinese as well as European methods of treatinent are employed in accordance with the wishes expressed by the patients or their friends. Over half the number are now treated by Western methods. The hospital is managed by a committee of Chinese gentlemen annually elected, their appointment being sub- mitted to the Governor for confirmation. It is under the supervi- sion of a visiting physician, who is a member of the Medical 'Department, whilst two Chinese house surgeons, trained in Western medicine, are members of the hospital staff. There are 450 beds in the buildings, and 10,112 patients were accommodated during 1923.
117
118
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
34
The Tung Wa also maintain a brauch hospital for small-pox cases (Chinese only) at Kennedy Town. It contains 60 beds and during 1923, 229 cases were treated.
The Alice Memorial and Affiliated Hospitals are managed and controlled by a General Committee consisting of subscribers and supporters of these institutions, and an Executive Committee consisting of representatives of the Loudon Missionary Society and members of the General Committee. ·
The Affiliated Hospitals at present consist of the Alice Memorial Hospital Dispensary, temporarily replacing the Alice Memorial Hospital which was sold in 1921, the Nethersole Hospital, opened in 1893, the Alice Memorial Maternity Hospital opened in 1904, and the Ho Miu Ling Hospital opened in 1906.
The number of Inpatients in 1923 was 1,623, and the number of Outpatients, 15,892,
The
The total Expenditure was $57,934.22. The number of Labours in the Maternity Hospital in 1923 was 456. Government grant to these Hospitals is $2,000.00, and a special grant is made to the Maternity Hospital of $300.00.
The Kwong Wa Hospital for Chinese in the Kowloon Peninsula was opened on the 9th October, 1911. It occupies a site having an area of three acres and provides accommodation for 210 patients. The existing buildings contain 244 beds and 6,039 patients were accommodated during 1923. The collection of sub- scriptions and the supervision of the building were undertaken by a special committee under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs. The hospital receives a grant of $8,500 per annum from the Government,
VI.-INSTITUTIONS NOT SUPPORTED BY GOVERNMENT.
One of the most important institutions in the Colony not sup- ported by the Government is the Matilda Hospital, which stands on a commanding site of nearly three acres at Mount Kellet in the Hill District. An account of this hospital will be found in the report for 1917.
Among institutions recoguised and encouraged, but not to any considerable extent supported by Government may be mentioned the Pó Leung Kuk, the Eyre Refuge, the City Hall, and the Chinese Public Dispensaries.
1920-1930
35
The Pó Leung Kuk is a Chinese Society founded in 1878 for the suppression of kidnapping and traffic in human beings. It was incorporated in 1893 and is presided over by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs and not more than twelve directors nominated by the Governor. The actual management is entrusted to a committee elected annually by the members of the Society. The Society's buildings have been declared a Refuge under the Women and Girls Protection Ordinance, and almost all women and girls detained by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs under that Ordinance are sent to the Pó Leung Kuk. During 1923 the number of persons admitted was 393 and at the close of the year 66 remained under the care of the Society. The inmates are under the immediate charge of a Chinese matron, and instruction is given them by the matron and a Chinese teacher in elementary subjects and in needlework.
The Eyre Diocesan Refuge is an institution, under mission auspices, founded for rescue work among the Chinese. It was housed in the Belilios Reformatory up to the outbreak of war, but the work is at present carried on at Kowloon City. A small graut is made by the Government.
The City Hall receives an annual grant of $1,200 from Government. It contains a theatre, some large rooms which are used for balls, meetings, concerts, etc., a museum in which are some very fair specimens, and a large reference and lending library, to which new volumes are added from time to time, as funds will allow. The building was erected in 1866-9 by subscription.
Small grants are also given to the Italian Convent, the French Convent, (both of which take in and tend abandoned or sick infants), the West Point Orphanage, the Seamen's Hospital, and other charit- able institutions.
The Chinese Public Dispensaries are institutions maintained in order to provide the Chinese with the services of doctors, whose certificates will be accepted by the Registrar of Deaths, and with the services of interpreters, who can assist the inmates of houses, where a case of infectious disease has occurred.
Coolies are engaged and ambulances and dead vans provided in order to remove cases of infectious disease to the Infectious Diseases Hospital and dead bodies to the Mortuary. The Dispensaries receive sick infants and send them to one or other of the Convents and arrange for the burial of dead infants. Free advice and medicine are given and patients are attended at their houses. There are eight Dispensaries in existence. The total cost of inaintenance was $17,984 for the year 1923. The Goveru:nent makes an annual grant of $12,000, and the rest of the cost is defrayed by voluntary subscription. The Dispensaries are conducted by committees under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.
119
120
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
36
VIII.-CRIMINAL AND POLICE.
The total of all cases reported to the Police was 14,200 being an increase of 261 or 187 per cent. as compared with 1922. There was in 1923 an increase in serious offences of 123 or 0.54 per cent. as compared with the previous year. The number of serious offences reported was 156 below the average of the quinquennial period commencing with the year 1919. The number of minor offences reported shows an increase of 238 as compared with 1922 and was 1.371 over the average of the quinquennial period.
The total strength of the Police Force in 1923 was Europeans 235, Indians 500, Chinese S05 making a total of 1,540 exclusive of the six superior officers and staff of clerks and coolies. These figures include police paid for by the railway and other Governinent departments. Of this force 20 Europeans, 34 Indians, and 169 Chinese were stationed in the New Territories during the year.
The District Watchmen Force, numbering 102, to which the Government contributes $2,000 per annum, was well supported by the Chinese during the year. These watchmen patrol the streets in the Chinese quarter of the City. They are placed on police beats and are supervised by the European police on section patrol. A detective branch of the force has done useful work under the supervision of a European Inspector.
The total number of persous committed to Victoria Gaol was 5,338 as compared with 5,014 in 1922. Of these 926 were committed for criminal offences against 1,358 in 1922. Of com- inittals for noncriminal offences there were 59 less for hawking without a licence, and 24 more for unlawfully boarding steamers. than in 1922.
The daily average of prisoners confined in the Gaol was 861 the average
for 1922 being 787, and the highest previous average being 764 in 1921. The percentage of prisoners to population. according to the daily average of the former and the estimated number of the latter, was 12. The average percentage for the last ten years was 0-12. Owing, however, to the large floating population, which is constantly moving between the Colony and Canton, the percentage of crime to population does not convey an accurate idea of the comparative criminality of the residents of the Colony. The Victoria Gaol has accommodation for 700 prisoners including patients in Hospital. The Branch Prison at Laichikok has accommodation for 200 prisoners in association.
The prisou discipline was very satisfactory, the average of punishments per prisoner being 0·5 as compared with 0-52 in 1922 and 12-6 in 1921.
Long sentence prisoners serving two years and upwards are taught useful trades, including printing, book-binding, tin-
1920-1930
- 37
smithing, mat-making, tailoring, carpentering, etc. The profit on the work done was $116,714.72 as against $125,571.47 in 1922. A sum of $4,207 was received and credited to Government for non-Government work as against $3,298 in 1922.
121
IX.-VITAL STATISTICS.
(a.)-POPULATION.
The civil population of the Colony, according to the census taken on April 24th, 1921, was 625,166, of whom 83,163 reside in the New Territories and in New Kowloon; at the census taken in 1911 it was 450,739 with 104,287 as the figure for the New Territories and New Kowloon. The estimated total population at the middle of the year under review was 681.800. but this includes the New Territories; and, as the birth and death figures given below do not include those from this area (with the exception of New Kowloon), the population for the purposes of calculating these rates is estimated at 597,300, of whom 15,500 were non-Chinese.
The distribution of population estimated to the middle of 1923 was as follows :·
Non-Chinese Civil Community,.
Chinese
Population
City of Victoria (including Peak),... Villages of Hongkong,
15,500
350,000
26,300
Kowloon (including New Kowloon),
140,000
New Territories,
$1,500
...
Population afloat,
Total Chinese Population,
Total Civil Population,
65,500
666,300
G$1,800
(6.)-PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION.
The activity in building operations, which has been so notice- able a feature since 1912, has not abated, and the demand for housing accommodation by the Chinese continued to be greatly in excess of the supply, as many of those who fled with their families to Hongkong during 1911, 1912, and 1913 elected to remain in the Colony.
The birth-rate for the year was 697* per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 23.03 per 1,000 among the non-Chinese community, as compared with 6.25 and 22.84 for 1922.
* This figure is wholly misleading as it is impossible to register more than a portion of the births.
122
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
38
The death-rate for the year was 23 27 per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 1483 among the non-Chinese civil com- munity, as compared with 25 47 and 20'46 for 1922.
The deaths from Malaria numbered 074 (454 in 1922). The deaths of Chinese from this cause in the City of Victoria numbered 260 out of a population of 350,000 or a rate of 0.74 per 1,000 per annum.
The deaths from Plague numbered 136 as compared with 1,071 in 1922.
Small-pox deaths numbered 1,141, of which all but nine were
Chinese.
There were 4,317 deaths from respiratory diseases other than Pulmonary Tuberculosis as compared with 4,863 in 1921, and 35 of these were among the Non-Chinese community. Pulmonary Tuber- culosis claimed 1,472 Chinese and 31 non-Chinese victims whilst other forms of Tuberculosis represent an additional 605 deaths making a total of 2,108 or 13:56 per cent. of the total deaths among the community.
Beri-beri was responsible for 1,270 deaths, as compared with S92 during 1922 and 526 in 1921.
A tabular statement of the principal causes of death is appended.
(c.)-CLIMATE.
The climate of Victoria is similar in its broad features to that of Kowloon and the New Territories, but at the higher levels, from 1,400 to 1,800 feet above sea level the temperature is on the average about 3° lower than at the Observatory, Kowloon, in the winter, and 8° lower in the summer. The humidity is usually greater than in Kowloon and approaches saturation for several days at a time during March and April when mist is very prevalent. In summer the city of Victoria, and the rising terraces behind it, derive little or no benefit from the SW monsoon, being sheltered by steep hills from SE to SW. In winter it is exposed to the NE monsoon, which occasionally blows along the harbour through Lyemun Pass with considerable violence. On the other hand the south-west side of the Island is protected from the NE monsoon in winter and enjoys the benefit of the SW monsoon in summer.
For further particulars see Appendix F.
POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.
The total revenue from the postal service in 1923 amounted to $714,340.03 being $51,477.92 more than that collected in 1922. The net expenditure amounted to $91,639.77. The balance of revenue over expenditure amounted to $622,700.20.
1920-1930
39
The revenue collected in 1923 from radio-telegrams amounted to $46,113.24 being $14,060.25 more than that collected in 1922. Advices of vessels signalled at the lighthouses yielded $662.20, and semaphore messages $4.50, making a total of $46,779.94 for the telegraph service. The expenditure amounted to $44,599.23. The number of radio-telegrams forwarded during the year was 3,409 consisting of 40,240 words, and 8,066 received consisting of 98,284 words.
28th July, 1924.
CLAUD SEVERN,
Colonial Secretary.
123
124
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
British and
Foreign Community,
Civil,....
Victoria and
Peak,
Chinese
Community,
Harbour,....
Kowloon,
Shaukiwan,....
Aberdeen,
Stanley,..
Total, 1923,
1922, ....
4
Table I.-DEATHS REGISTERED IN THE
:
:
:
:
:
...
1 12
2
Cholera.
66 857
8131
27
12:260
1
15
:
12 3
6 17
2 41
7245
13 11 35 100 117 313
.3.13
1
3
11
1 27
13
2
13
...
:
:
:
:
་་
83
9175
13
95 319 136 674
3 268:189
36
73 32 38.245 |1071| 154
:
COLONY OF HONGKONG DURING 1923.
1920-1930
P'uerpornl Fever.
Soptie Infections.
Syphilis,
Poisoning.
Injuries.
Developmental Disonses.
Old Ago.
General Tuberculosis.
Bori-bori.
Cancor.
Paralysis and Convulsions.
Heart Discuses.
Pnountonlu.
Phthisis & Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Enteritis und Gastro- Enteritis.
Cirrhosis of Livor.
Peritonitis.
Nephritis.
Other cansos.
Unknown.
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east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL..
No. 1288.
HONGKONG.
REPORT FOR 1924.
(For Report for 1922 see No. 1203 (Price Is.) and for Report for 1923 see No. 1228 (Price 1s. 6d.)).
127
PRINTED
LONDON:
AND PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE To be purchased directly from H.M STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2; 28, Abingdon Street, London, S.W.1: York Street, Manchester; 1, St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff;
or 120, George Street, Edinburgh:
or through any Bookseller.
1926.
Price 1s. 3d. Net.
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
HONGKONG.
ANNUAL GENERAL REPORT FOR 1924.
PREFACE
The Colony of Hongkong is situated off the south-eastern coast of China between latitude 22° 9′ and 22° 17′ N. and longitude 114° 5' and 114° 18′ E. The island is about 11 miles long and 2 to 5 miles in breadth, its circumference being about 27 miles and its area 283 square miles. It consists of an irregular ridge of lofty hills rising to a height of nearly 2,000 feet above sea level, stretch- ing nearly east and west, with few valleys of any extent and little ground available for cultivation.
The island, then desolate and sparsely inhabited by fishermen, was ceded to Great Britain in January, 1841; the cession being confirmed by the Treaty of Nankin in August, 1842; and the charter bears the date 5th April, 1843. All that part of Kowloon peninsula lying South of Kowloon Fort to the northernmost point of Stonecutter's Island together with that island was ceded to Great Britain under the Convention signed at Peking in October, 1860, and under the Convention signed at Peking in June, 1898, the area known as the New Territories including Mirs Bay and Deep Bay was leased to Great Britain by the Government of China for 99 years. The area of the New Territories and Islands is about 345 sq. miles.
Trade gradually developed as China became accustomed to foreign intercourse and it increased greatly owing to the opening of the Suez Canal. It now stands at about 200 million pounds sterling per annum.
Large local banking, dock, steamboat, and insurance companies were established between 1865 and 1872, and their numbers are being continually added to.
The Colony is the centre of an incessant flow of Chinese emigration and immigration.
129
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
The land boom which had been so marked a feature in recent years continued during the early months of the year, declining steadily thereafter. Rents, however, showed no signs of dropping or ceasing to rise in cases where the Rents Restriction Ordinance did not apply, and the Ordinance was, therefore, kept in operation for a further period of twelve mouths.
At the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Hongkong was represented, Mr. E. R. Hallifax, C.M.G., C.B.E, being the Commis- sioner. The results were quite satisfactory, the wares of Hongkong being brought to the notice of the public in England, and a fair number of orders being received. It was decided that Hongkong should again participate at the second year of the Exhibition.
130
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
2
On the 13th of March, the Legislative Council accepted Sir John Oakley's award respecting the transfer of Military Lands, though it was felt that the values having been paid during the land boom here were too high.
The Colony was visited by a number of distinguished aviators throughout the year. Captain Doisy arrived in May on his flight from Paris to Tokio. The American round-the-world fliers arrived early in June, and later in the same month came the Portuguese aviators on their flight from Lisbon to Macau. Finally at the end of the month arrived Squadron Leader Maclaren in his attempt to fly round the world.
There was much distress in the neighbouring province of Kwang-tung owing to floods, and the Colony gave practical proof of its sympathy when on the 31st July the Legislative Council voted $50,000 in aid of the sufferers.
His Excellency The Govenor accompanied by Lady Stubbs paid an official visit to Manila in February.
On the 18th of February Mr. W. W. Hornell was installed as Vice-Chancellor of the University, and the degree of LL.D. was conferred on the Right Honourable the first Vice-Chancellor, Sir Charles Eliot, G.C.M.G. and on Sir William Brunyate, K.C.M.G., the second Vice-Chancellor.
The Report on the Development of the Port by Mr. John Duncan the Port Engineer was made public on the 7th of December.
Sir Henry Cowper Gollan was appointed Chief Justice in succession to Sir William Rees-Davies on the 15th October.
1920-1930
3
I.-FINANCES.
The revenue for the year amounted to $24,209,640 being $2,839,706 more than the estimate and $574,123 less than the revenue for the previous year.
Compared with the returns for 1923 there were increases under all the heads except Kowloon-Canton Railway and Land Sales.
The expenditure amounted to a.total of $26,726,428 inclusive of a sum of $8,112,785 spent on Public Works Extraordinary.
The detailed figures for 1924 are set out in the following statements :-
Light Dues
HEADS OF REVENUE.
Light Dues, Special Assessment -
Licences and Internal Revenue not otherwise
specified
Fees of Court or Office, Payments for specific purposes, and Reimbursements in Aid-
Post Office
Kowloon-Canton Railway
$
c.
150,689.01
165,639.40
16,701,771.25
1,659,524.00
825,352.72
420,186.15
Houses
1,263,637.40
Interest
721,810.40
Miscellaneous Receipts
391,793.53
TOTAL, (Ordinary)-
$22,300,403.86
Land Sales, (Premia on New Leases)
1,909,235.86
TOTAL
$24,209,639.72
Rent of Government Property, Land, and
131
The total expenditure brought to account amounted to $26,726,428 being $1,801,761 less than the estimate, and $5,154,524 more than the expenditure in 1923. Compared with the estimates there were increases under 16 heads as against 11 heads where there were decreases. The excess amounting to $313,338 under Miscel- laneous Services was due to:-
Rent Allowances (Asiatic Staff) Stationery -
Transport of Government servants
Flood Relief Fund
Purchase of "The Bracket"
Crown Agents commission
$
31,164.00
59,732.00
99,147.00
50,000.00
36,000,00
7.656.00
8,571.00
8,496.00
Grant to Hongkong Boy Scouts Association -
4,000.00
$ 304,766.00
Gratuity to Mr. T. L. Perkins
Contribution to British Empire Cancer
Campaign
132
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
4
Military Expenditure exceeded the estimate by $233,412 due to increase in revenue. Education Department decreased $108,SSS on account of unpaid Building Grants.
EXPENDITURE.
ૐ
C.
Governor
100,831.47
Cadet Service
289,630.18
Colonial Secretary's Department and Legis-
lature -
69,991.32
Secretariat for Chinese Affairs
-
27,512.96
Audit Department
51,592.62
Treasury
76,662.66
Harbour Master's Department
623,395.92
Imports & Exports Department
872,557.69
Royal Observatory
52,038.49
Miscellaneous Services
1,092,558.10
Judiieal and Legal Departments
305,286.92
Police Department
1,877,948.69
Fire Brigade
199,570.25
Prison Department
383,362.70
Medical Department
502,882.89
Sanitary Department
670,945.48
Botanical and Forestry Department
$6,516.80
Education Department
945,642.01
Military Expenditure -
4,299,887.31
Public Works Department
1,181,767.90
Do.
Recurrent
-
1,793,968.69
Do.
Extraordinary
8,112,785.49
Post Office -
257,573.59
Kowloon-Canton Railway
Charge on Account of Public Debt
Pensions
Charitable Services
1,329,927.46
941,923.95
503,929.39
72,137.48
TOTAL
- $26,726,428.14
The balance to the debit on the year's working was $2,516,788 and the assets and liabilities account showed on the 31st December a credit balance of $13,107,549.29.
The following is a statement of the revenue and expenditure of the Colony for the five years 1920-1924 :-
1920 1921
:
1922
1923
...
1924
Revenue.
Expenditure. $
$
14,689,672 14,489,594
17,728,132 15,739,652 22,291,065 18,563,003
24,783,763
21,571,905
24,209,640 26,726,428
1920-1930
5
The amount of the consolidated loan stands at £1,485,733. Against this there is at credit of the Sinking Fund a sum of £467,442. The Local Loan under Ordinance No. 12 of 1916 amounts to $3,000,000 and there are the sums of $1,444,169 and £103,453 at credit of the Sinking Fund.
A new valuation for Assessment was made for the year com- mencing 1st July, 1924, resulting as follows:---
Increases:
The City of Victoria
$387,772
The Hill District
17,610
Shaukiwan, Saiwanho and Quarry Bay
20,110
Hongkong Villages
74,411
Kowloon Point
116,380
Yaumati
223,615
Mongkoktsui
30,655
Hunghom and Hok Un
40,540
Kowloon Villages ...
3,344
New Territories
...
143,814
The rateable value of the whole Colony amounted to $22,147,951 having increased by $1,088,251.
During the period 1915-1924 the assessment of the whole Colony has risen from $14,287,285 to $22,147,951, an increase in rateable value of $7,860,666.
The circulation on the 31st December of notes of the three Banks having authorised issues was as follows:-
Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Cor-
poration
...
Chartered Bank of India, Australia, &
China
Mercantile Bank of India, Limited
$ 49,603,461
11,611,486
1,296,455
$ 62,511,402
The currency of the Colony consists, in addition to the notes of these Banks, of British, Hongkong, and Mexican Dollars and of subsidiary coin, which continued at par throughout the year.
The total issue of subsidiary coins, less those demonetized, now amounts to $17,864,370 noininal value, and they were up to the year 1905 readily absorbed at par, large quantities being taken by the neighbouring provinces of China. During 1916 ten cent pieces of the face value of $5,028,000 were shipped to Calcutta for purposes of demonetization. The discount which prevailed be- tween 1905 and 1916 may be attributed to the immense quantity of similar coin which was minted at Canton as well as to the amount of Hongkong coin minted largely in excess of the needs of the
133
134
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
6
Colony by itself. In 1905 the Hongkong Government ceased to issue any subsidiary coin and in 1906 it began a policy of demonet- ising all its subsidiary coin received as revenue. This policy was continuously followed till 1918 except during a brief period in 1911. Coin to the face value of $26,235,459 has thus been redeemed. The total issue by the Hongkong Government was of the face value of $44,099,830.
STATEMENT OF SUBSIDIARY COINS.
Received and redeemed (from 1911)
Blue Book 1911. Amount in circulation.
$43,999,830
Since received:-Copper coin.
1919... 1923...
...
***
25,000.00 25,000.00
1924...
50,000.00
100,000
Total Amount put into circulation......$44,099,830
Less since redeemed :-
1911...
1912...
...
...5,527,459.01
...
...1,040,000.00
1913...
...1,010,000.00
1914...
...5,000,000.00
1915...
...5,100,000.00
1916...
...5,028,000.00
1918...
500,000.00
1922...
...
...3,000,000.00
26,235,159.01
Total Amount of coin in circulation in 1924...$17,864,370.96
II.-SHIPPING AND TRADE, INDUSTRIES, FISHERIES, AGRICULTURE, AND LAND.
(a.)-SHIPPING.
The total Shipping entering and clearing at Ports in the Colony during the year 1924 amounted to 764,492 vessels of 56,731,077 Tons, which compared with the figures of 1923 show a decrease of 13,730 vessels and an increase of 3,328,838 Tons.
1920-1930
7
135
Of the above 57,765 Vessels of 38,770,499 tons were engaged in Foreign Trade as compared with 49,900 vessels of 35,011,533 tons, in 1923.
"
Table 1 shows a decrease in British Ocean-going Shipping of 92 ships or 17 per cent and an increase of 622,611 tons or 5'5 per cent.
This decrease in ships is due to s.s. "Tai Sang "Wing Sang" and "Kasara" being transferred to the Chinese flag.
"Kasara" The increase in tonnage is due to larger vessels frequenting the Port,
•
·
Foreign Ocean-going vessels have increased by 426 ships and by 1,358,161 tons or 59 per cent in numbers and 93 per cent in tonnage. This increase in ships and tonnage is due to more and larger American and German vessels frequenting the Port also to a number of Norwegian, Chilian and Panama vessels put on the Coasting trade.
British River Steamers have increased by 1,112 ships with an increase in tonnage of 826,311 tons or 18.5 per cent in numbers and 15 per cent in tonnage. This increase in ships and tonnage is due to the s.s. "Fook On" "Tung On" "Sai On" and "Hang Cheong" built locally being put on the Canton run, also the Chinese s.s.· " Wei Shun" and ""Ming Shun" being converted into River Steamers and re-named the "Paul Beau" and " Charles Hardouin".
Foreign River Steamers show an increase of 427 ships with an increase in tonnage of 182,617 tons or 22.5 per cent in numbers and 27.8 per cent in tonnage. This increase in ships and tonnage is due to the s.s. "Yang Tse Kiang" being converted into a River Steamer and re-named the "Kung On" also the "Wc Ping" being put on the West River run.
In Steamships not exceeding 60 tons employed in Foreign trade there is an increase of 3,020 ships with an increase in tonnage of 89,441 tons or 62.8 per cent in numbers and 62.8 per cent in tonnage. This increase in Launches and tonnage is due princi- pally to the increase in towing trade between this Port and the Taishun District.
136
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
8
A comparison between the years 1923 and 1924 is given in the following table :-..
1923.
1924.
Increase.
Decrease.
Class of Vessels.
No. Tonnage. No.
Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
No. Tounage.
British
Oceau-
going,
5,389
11,222,141
5,297
11,844,752
622,611
315
92
Foreign Ocean-
going,
7,248
14,671,917
7,674
16,030,078
426 1,358.161
British River
Steamers,
6,003
5,699,350
7,120
6,524,661 1,112
826,311
Foreign River
Steamers,
1,891
657,730 2,318
840,347
427
182,617
Steamships under
60 tons (Foreign
Trade),
4,811
142,392 7,831
231,833
3,020
89.441
:
Junks, Foreign
Trade,
24,553 2,619,003 27,525
3,298,828
2,972
679,825
Total, Foreign
Trade,
49,900 35,011,533 57,765
38,770,499
7,957 3,759.966
13
Steam Launches
plying in a-
ters of the
Colony,
705,544
17,077,346 678,750 16,622.806
26,794
454,540
Junks,
Local
Trade,
*22,778 *1,313,360 | †27,977† †1,337,772 5,199
24,412
Grand Total,
778,222 53,402,239 | 764,492 56,731,077
13,156 3,783,378 26,236
454,540
Nett Increase,...
3,328,838 13,730
* Including 15,134 Conservancy and Dust Boats of 961,910 tons.
t
20
15,212
"
654,199
32
•
Junks in Foreign trade show an increase of 2,972 vessels, and an increase of 679,825 tons or 12.1 per cent in numbers and 25'8 per cent in tonnage This increase is due to the improvement of trade between this Port and Canton, Macao, East and West River Ports.
In Local trade (i.e. between places within the waters of the Colony) there is a decrease in Steam-Launches of 26,794 and a decrease in tonnage of 454,540 tons or 3.8 per cent in numbers and 2.6 per cent in tonnage. This decrease in numbers and tonnage is due to a number of launches being laid up during the year on account of the high cost of fuel.
Junks in Local Trade show an increase of 5,199 vessels and au increase of 24,412 tons or 22.8 per cent in numbers and 1.8 per cent in tonnage. This increase in vessels and tonnage is due prin- cipally to the improvement of trade and the installing of the Junk Office at Shaukiwan.
1920-1930
9
137
Of vessels of European construction 6,484 Ocean Steamers 4,715 River Steamers and 3,856 steamships not exceeding 60 tons -- entered during the year, giving a daily average of 41'2 ships as compared with 347 ships in 1923 and 33-2 ships in 1922.
The average tonnage of Individual Ocean vessels entering the Port has increased from 2,053′2 to 2,129-8 tons, British Ships from 2,070-9 to 2,2343 tons Foreign Ships from 2,040-3 to 2,057°0 tons.
The average tonnage of Individual River Steamers enter- ing during the year has increased from 6231 to 659'8 tons, British. River Steamers from 809·9 to 819'5 tons and Foreign River Steamers from 332.7 to 340-3 tons.
The actual number of Individual Ocean-going vessels of European construction during the year 1924 was 1,123 of which 416 were British and 707 Foreign. In 1923 the corresponding figures were 1,186, 529 British and 657 Foreign.
These 1,123 ships measured 3,552,722 tons.
They entered 6,484 times and gave a collective tonnage of 13,809,974 tons.
Thus 63 Less Ships entered 163 more times and gave a collec- tive tonnage greater by 830,941 tous, an average of 5,097.7 tons per entry.
Thus :-
Steamers.
No. of times entered.
Total Tonnage.
Flag.
1923. 1924. 1923. 1924.
1923.
1924.
British,
Japanese,
529 416 2,691 2,650 285 260 1,3371,324
5,572,944 5,921,002
3.129,156 3,154,550
U.S.A.,
84 100
272 275
1.421,952
1,423,490
Chinese,
79
59
788.548
650,643
453,092
German,
29
33
71
79
275,583
317,416
Danish,
16
20
58 73
141,171
180,513
Dutch,
46
53
221
262
666,173
807,251
French,
39
39
281 278
515,507
535,528
Italian,
6
17
23 41
95,222
154,371
Panamaian,
6
4
105
33
63,242
34,843
Chilean,
8 122
257
52,975
130,606
Norwegian,
32
71
215 287
266,564
443,067
Portuguese..
13
17 108
200
51,003
91,017
Russian,
2
3
2,331
Siamese,
Swedish,
Spanish,
203
2
2,621
9
13
33
14
60
47,932
120,830
4
10
17
24,014
42,395
Total..... 1,186 1,1236,321 6,484 12,979,033 13,809,974
138
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
10
-
The Nationalities of the Crews in British and in Foreign Ships were as follows:-
OTHER EURO-
VESSELS.
BRITISH
CREW. ⠀⠀
PEANS AND AMERICANS.
ASIATICS.
1923. 1924. 1923. 1924. 1923. 1924. 1923.
|
|
1924.
British,.. 529 416 81,710 36,666 2,263 479 303,231 209,151
Foreign, 655
707 1,088 1,708 35,558 44,841 267,770 226,048
Total, 1,184 1,123 82,798 38,374 37,821 45,320 571,001 435,199
Hence in British ships :-
1
1,001,
2nd in Foreign ships:
1923.
21.10 %
00.59 %
1924. 14.89% of the crews were British. 00-20% of the crews were other
1923. 1924.
00.36 %
00·63% of the crews
were British.
11.68 %
16.45% of the crews
were other
Europeans & Americans.
Europeans & Americaus.
78.31 %
84.91% of the crews were Asiatics.
87.96 % 82.92 % of the crews
were Asiatics.
100.00 % 100.00%
100·00 % 100·00 %
Trade.
Statistics of Imports and Exports are collected and published by the Imports and Exports Department.
Imports.
The number and tonnage of ships of European type of construction carrying cargo for import and transit compared with 1923 were as follows:-
1923.
1924.
Increase.
Decrease.
No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
Steamers, 6,321 12,979,033 | 6,484 13,809,974 163 830,941 River Steamers, 3,951| 3,153,891 | 4,715| 3,632,438 761 478,547: Sailing Vessels,
Total, |10,272 16,132,924 |11,199 | 17,442,412 927 1,309,488
Nett Increase...... 9271,509,488
The corresponding figures relating to ships of European type of construction, shipping bunker coal, are as follows:-
Steamers, River Steamers, Sailing Vessels,
Total,
EXPORTS.
1923.
1924.
Increase.
Decrease.
No. Tonnago. No. Tonnago. 6,316 12,915,025 6,487 14,064,856 3,948| 3,202,189| 4,723| 8,732,570
No.
Tonnage.
No. Tonnage.
171 1,149,831 775 530,381
...
...
...
...
9-16 1,680,212
Nett Increase,..
946
1,680,212
|10,264|16,117,214|11,210|17,797,426
· 1923.
1924.
Increase.
Decrease.
No.
Bunker
Coal.
No.
Bunker
Conl.
No.
Bunker
Conl.
Bunkor
No.
Conl.
Steamers, River Steamers,
6,316
3,948
548,324 6,487
506,520 171
...
136,804
62,737 4,723
90,974 775
28,237
Total,..
[10,264
606,061 11,210
597,494 946
28,237
136,804
Nett Increase,.......
946
· 108,567
- 11 -
1920-1930
139
140
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
12
The River Trade compared with 1923 is shown in the following
Table:-
1923.
1924.
Year.
Imports Tons.
Exports. Tons.
Passengers.
369,685
589,819 1,923,909
493,711
663,802 2,536,768
The following Tables show the Junk Trade of the Colony for
1923 and 1924:-
the
year
IMPORTS.
1923.
1924.
Junks.
Tons.
Junks. Tonnage.
Foreign Trade,................12,23 £
1,297,253
~ 13,661
1,614,206
Local Trade,......... 3,759
173,365
6,206
368,494
~Total,
.15,993
1,470,618
19,867
2,012,700
Cargo.
Tons.
Cattle, 764 heads,
Swine, 11,912 beads,.
Earth and Stones,
89
700
12,178
General,....
Total,...
592,573
605,540
EXPORTS.
1923.
1921.
Junks.
Tons.
Junks.
Tonnage.
Foreign Trade,
.12,319
1,321,750
13,864
1,654,622
Local Trade,......... 3,885
178,085
6,559
315,079
Total, .16,201
1,499,835
20,423
1,969,701
Cargo.
Tons.
Kerosine,
47,596
Rice and Paddy,
Coal,
General,
.388,883
...168,344
...603,763
Total,.................
.1,208,586
1920-1930
13
Emigration and Immigration.
141
One hundred and Twenty-nine thousand, eight hundred and fifty-nine (129,859) emigrants left Hongkong for various places during the year 1923, (120,224 in 1923). Of these, 72,250 were carried in British ships, and 57,600 in foreign ships.
One hundred and thirty thousand, one hundred and ninety- four (130,194) returning emigrants were reported to have been brought to Hongkong from the several places to which they had emigrated either from this colony or from coast ports, as against 121,102 in 1923. Of these, 68,307 arrived in British ships, and 61,887 in foreign ships.
Statement of number of emigrants to Straits Settlements, 1913 to 1924, compared with total Chinese emigration.
No. of Emigrants to
Straits Settlements.
Total No. of Emigrants.
1913
... 102,353
142,759
1914
44,974
76,296
1915
41,278
68,275
1916
82,797
117,653
1917
63,292
96,298
1918
8,019
43,830
1919
11,638
59,969
1920
43,935
105,258
1921
87,324
156,011
1922
50,356
98,393
1923
65,584
120,224
1924
:
75,682
129,859
(b.)-INDUSTRIES.
Engineering and Shipbuilding.-The figures are as follows for the years 1923 and 1924 :-
1923.
H.E. & Whampoa Dock Co., Lil... 5 vessels of 9,577 gross tons and 7,680 I.H.P. Taikoo Dockyard & Eng. Co., I.d. 5 W. S. Bailey & Co., Ld.........
7
4.711 830
3,120 700
17
Total
17 vessels of 15,118 gross ions and 11,500 I.A.P.
1924.
H.K. & Whampoa Dock Co., Lal...23 vessels of 4,845 gross tons and 5.315 1.8.P. Taikoo Dockyard & Eng. Co., L.d. 12
ད!
W. S. Bailey & Co, Ld.
.26
Kong Sang Lung Co, Lử.
1
8,751 1,763 53
7,000 310
19
90
Ching Ngai
2
373
900
11
•
·
Total........
.64 vessels of 15.788 gross tons and 13,615 I.H.P.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
14
Sugar-.The trend in prices of raw sugar was in a downward direction practically throughout the year, closing values at the end of December being about the lowest. The chief cause is to be found in the increase in beet sugar production over the previous year, such increase being about two million tons. The difference between the highest and lowest prices recorded for Java Sugars in Hongkong during the year was $5.40 per picul for Java Whites. and $5.30 per picul for Java Browns.
#:
This as is invariably the case, reacted very quickly in the refined markets throughout China, and whereas sales were being made from the middle of February to the middle of March on the basis of Shanghai Taels 12 per picul, selling limits from that time on had to be gradually reduced, until in December the rate was as low as Taels 8.3 mace per picul.
Adverse trading conditions in China also seriously handi- capped the Hongkong Refineries and in August last when a sudden and quite unprecedented demand arose for Refined Sugar, business had to be entirely suspended owing to the hostilities in the North and the inability of dealers to finance their business owing to the financial stringency which followed the outbreak of hostilities.
Cotton.-American Cotton fluctuated considerably in 1924, the tendency being towards a lower basis.
The year opened with Liverpool quotations at 21.06d. per lb.-
་་་་
Prices gradually fell, with one or two minor setbacks, to 16.05d on 28th March, when a sudden reaction set in and the raw material advanced to 19.30d on 11th April.
A gradual decline was then registered until the end of the year, with a temporary rise during July and the market closed at 13.65d, on 31st December.
The lowest value registered during the year was 13.00d in the middle of December.
··Rope Making.-The demand for Manila Cordage was fairly good during the first six months of 1924 but it fell off in the second half of the year owing to the very high cost of Manila Hemp, prices for which rose continually throughout the year. The total turnover was not so good as in the previous year owing chiefly to the competition of the Rope Factories at Manila who have a pre- ferential duty in the United States and can therefore place their surplus production on foreign markets at prices which probably barely cover actual cost.
1920-1930
15
(c.)--FISHERIES.
143
A considerable proportion of the boat population of Hongkong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shauki- wan, and also many in the New Territories, are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is im- ported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable value in Deep Bay.
(d.)-FORESTRY, Agriculture, and Botany,
Formation of Pine tree plantations.
Seeds of Pinus Massoniana were sown in situ on the following places, seventy-two pounds of seed being used :-50,000 on hillsides above the Shek O Road, 20,000 at Quarry Bay, 30,000 on Cheung Chau Island and 20,000 on slopes adjoining the catchment area, Taipo Road.
For the formation of new plantation 657 pounds were sown broadcast on grassy banks above and below Shek O Road, above and below road from Shaukiwau Gap to Tytam, above and below Stubbs, Broadwood, Taipo, Tsun Wan and coastal roads and on grassy slopes adjoining public paths on Cheung Chau Island.
Broadcast sowing was carried out on areas badly damaged by fires above Pokfulam Road, below Matilda Hospital, Mt. Kellet and Telegraph Bay, a total of 260 pounds of seed being used.
Two thousand one year old tress of Pinus Massoniana were taken up from ground adjoining Beacon Hill Nursery site and replanted further up the hillsides in Plantation 9A and 9B.
Broad-leaved trees planted.
At Tai Wo Po, all remaining flat spaces were planted with young Camphor trees to the total number of 6,082.
The following flowering and shade trees were planted along- side the principal roads in Hongkong, the Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories, Eucalyptus tereticornis 58, Callistemon rigi dus 152, Camphor 17, Bauhinia variegata 19, Lagerstroemia indica 9, also small numbers of the following were planted to replace failures, Poinciana regia, Aleurites montana and Tristania conferta.
Care of trees in plantations.
Clumps of Lorandthus were removed and very large numbers of creepers cut.
Pine tree caterpillars appeared in plantations at Chuk Yuen, Ngau Chi Wan, Fan Ling and Cheung Chau. They were immediately dealt with; the total amount collected and destroyed amounted to 155 piculs.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
16
One new fire barrier 14 miles in length was made in Plantation 7C, below, Matilda Hospital, Mount Kellet.
The total lengths of old barriers cleared before the dry season amounted to 18 miles in the New Territories, 17 miles in Hong- kong and 53 miles at Fan Ling.
·
Removal of trees.
.
At Shing Mun large numbers of Pinus Massoniana and other native trees were removed at the request of the Public Works Department to allow of road-building and other works; in both Hongkong and Kowloon the sale of land for building lots has necessitated the removal of many thousands of trees.
&
One very fine specimen of Bombax malabaricum had to be sacrificed at Jardine's Hill", Praya East, to allow of road improvements.
The usual removal of undergrowth as part of the campaign against malaria was conducted throughout the whole year, the total area cleared amounting to over 7,600,000 square feet while the total area cleared for survey purpose by P.W.D. 7,000,000 square feet.
Nurseries, Agriculture, &c.
"
In the 9A Nursery, Kowloon, six thousand young Camphor were raised and planted out and a large stock of Jak" (Artocarpus integrifolia) and Water Pine (Glyptostrobus heterophyllus) now in the beds are available for planting at any time. lande
The whole of the beds in the Little Hongkong Nursery were sown with Camphor seeds and over 5,000 young trees raised in readiness for the replanting of the adjoining cleared area of Little Hongkong Forest.
At the Fan Ling Experimental Garden a crop of Perilla ocymoides grown from seed was tried and grew well but the yield of seed was very small and insufficient to crush for the determination of the quantity of oil present.
Young trees of Aleurites montana continue to do well and a large number are now ready for roadside planting, next year.
The first and second crops of rice were good and the Smooth Cayenne pine apples fruited well, the fruit is much heavier than that of the local species and of a superior flavour.
Some trees of "Buddha's Finger Citron" (Citrus Medica, var Cherocarpus) which were procured from Wat Nam in 1922 produced about 30 very large fruits.
Eleven thousand six hundred and sixty-one packages contain- ing 1,465,360 bulbs of Narcissus Tazetta were inspected and certified for export to the United States of America, Honolulu, Canada and the United Kingdom
145
1920-1930
17
(e.)-LAND GRAnts and General Value of LanD.
The net amount of premium received from sales of Crown Land exclusive of the New Territories for the year 1924, was $1,657,686.60 a decrease of $1,234,759.18 on the preceding year but $137,515 more than the average for the previous five years.
The principal items were $90,025 for Inland Lot No. 2462, $62,000 for Inland Lot No. 2366, $60,000 for Inland Lot No. 2479, $162,231 for Rural Building Lot No. 245, and $217,100 for Kowloon Inland Lot No. 1736.
In the New Territories the net amount received for premium was $245,130.76, the principal item being $16,400 for New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 570.
A considerable number of lots have been resumed in the course of the year in connection with the Town Planning and other development schemes, in many cases new lots have been granted in exchange for lots surrendered for the purpose of giving effect to the Town Planning Scheme.
The total area of land sold or granted during the year was 418 acres 3 roods 8 poles of which 410 acres 1 rood 8 poles were
dealt with by the District Officers.
The total area of land resumed was 294 acres 3 roods 143 poles.
The number of deeds registered in the Land Office was 6,000, 837 less than the year 1923, which was a record year. The aggregate consideration set out in deeds registered in the Land Office was $184,103,616.75 as against $223,828,607.85 in 1923.
Considerable progress has been made with the Town Planning Scheme on the Eastern side of the Kowloon Peninsula and also in New Kowloon.
In the Northern District of the New Territories the demand for building sites and land generally continued to be brisk during the first half of the year and good prices were obtained, in the Southern District the demand for agricultural land everywhere was weak whilst for building land it continued strong. In both Districts the introduction of a condition of sale restricting alienation before fulfilment of the building covenant seems to have eliminated the speculator and given genuine buyers a better chance.
.
Development continues in some districts in the New Territories, another large area for brickworks at Castle Peak was sold early in the year and several lots were acquired for industrial purposes at Ts'ing Yi and Ts'un Wan.
146
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
18
III. LEGISLATION.
Thirteen (13) Ordinances were passed during 1924, of which ten were amendments of previous Ordinances.
IV.-EDUCATION.
The European staff was increased by Twelve new appointments from England during the year.
The total number of pupils at schools in the Colony excluding the Police School are :-
;
Number of Pupils.
English
Vernacular
Total.
Schools.
Schools.
Government Schools
Military Schools
Excluded Private Schools
3,987:
41
4,028 ..
-
.142.
142..
256
256
Grant Schools
4,297
.: 1,076.
! - 5,373
Controlled Private
Schools
: 5,670
27,015
32,685
Controlled
Private
Schools, New Terri-
tories
31
4,821
4,852
Technical Institute
597
597
Total
14,980
32,953
47,933
+
The most important schools, apart from the excluded schools, are Queen's College for Chinese, four District Schools its feeders, and the Belilios Public School for Chinese girls. There is an Indian School of growing importance housed in a building presented to the Colony by the late Sir Ellis Kadoorie. Central School and Quarry Bay, Kowloon Junior and Victoria Schools for children of British parentage have an average attendance of 239. There is also a school for the children of the Peak District with an average attendance of 46. The Diocesan School and Orphanage and St. Joseph's College are important boys' schools in receipt of an annual grant. The Italian, French, and St. Mary's Convents, the Diocesan Girls School, and the St. Stephen's Girls School are the most important of the English Grant Schools for girls.
F
The Hongkong Technical Institute affords an opportunity for higher education of students who have left school. Instruction was given in 1923 in Building Construction, Machine Drawing, Mechanics,
1920-1930
19
147
Chemistry (Practical and Theoretical), Physics, Electricity, Com-, mercial English, French, Shorthand, Book-keeping. Classes for men and women teachers, both "English" and "Vernacular" are a feature of the Institute.
The lecturers are recruited from the members of the Medical and Educational faculties of the Colony, and from the Department of Public Works, and receive fees for their services. The Institute is furnished with a well equipped Chemical Laboratory and excel- lent Physical apparatus.
The University of Hongkong, incorporated under the local University Ordinance, 1911, and opened in 1912, is a residential University for students of both sexes for the promotion of Arts, Science and Learning, the provision of higher education, the develop- ment and formation of the character of students of all races, nation- alities, and creeds.
The late Sir Hormusjee Mody, bore the entire expense of the erection of the main building and additions have been made through the liberality of benefactors of varied nationality and domicile...
The University includes the three Faculties of Medicine, Engineering and Arts. Admission to all faculties is conditional upon passing the matriculation examination of the University or some examination recognised as equivalent thereto.
The Faculty of Medicine provides a six year course of study in the usual pre-medical and medical sciences, supplemented by clinical work in the Government Civil and Tung Wah Hospitals, leading to the degree of M.B., B.S. The degrees of M.D., and M.S., may be obtained for post-graduate work. The degrees above-mentioned are recognised by the General Medical Council for registration in Great Britain.
· :
The Faculty of Engineering provides a four year course in practical and theoretical engineering, leading to the degree of B.Sc., (Eng.). Fourth year students specialize in civil, in mechanical or in electrical engineering. The degree for post- graduate work is that of M.Sc., (Eng.).
The Faculty of Arts includes departments of pure Arts and Science, Education (including practical teaching) and Commerce. The course is in all cases one of four years and leads to the degree of B.A. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.A. ⠀
With a view to better securing the maintenance of the desired standard-which in the Faculty of Medicine is that of an English University degree and in the Faculty of Engineering that of the
·
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
20
corresponding degree in the University of London-external examiners are, in all Faculties, associated with the internal examiners in all annual and final examinations. In the Faculty of Engineering, but not in other Faculties, degrees with honours are granted, the standard being assessed by special examiners chosen from amongst the external examiners in the University of Londou.
The degree of LL.D., is also granted, honoris causa.
The site of the University was given gratuitously by the Colonial Government. As subsequently enlarged by minor grants and by purchase, it includes an area of some 25 acres, looking out upon the harbour over the City of Victoria.
In the main buildings are housed the Chemical, Physical and Biological Laboratories, the University Library and portions of the Engineering Laboratories. They further include a Great Hall, a Senate Room and the Lecture and Class rooms used by the Faculty of Arts and for general purposes.
Special medical buildings include schools of Anatomy, Phy- siology, Pathology and Tropical Medicine, erected at the cost of Chinese gentlemen risident in the Colony. In the case of each of the three schools last mentioned a large or smaller sum still remains available for further equipment.
Special engineering buildings include:-
(a) a Power Station, generating light and power for the estate, energy being supplied by internal combustion engines of varied types which are available for instructional purposes;
(b) a Prime Movers (steam) and Hydraulics Laboratory, at present housed in a converted Pumping Station, formerly the property of the Government; and
(c) A Workshop, of demensions 90′ x 96' for practical
instruction of students.
Electrical machinery (other than the main generating plant), electrical technology, the testing of materials and experimental mechanics are dealt with in the main building.
The larger part of the engineering equipment was the gift of British engineering firms.
1920-1930
21
Other buildings upon the estate include :-
(a) the Vice-Chancellor's Lodge
(b) Staff-Quarterers
(c) the resident Hostels, and
(d) the University Union Building.
*6
149
Unless exempted from residence (such exemption being ordinarily granted on the ground that the student's manner of life" is not such as is catered for in the hostels), every matriculated student is required to reside either in a University, or in a recognised Hostel.
The University Hostels are three in number-Lugard Hall, Eliot Hall, and May Hall.
Recognised Hostels are at present two in number-Morrison Hall, situated immediately above the University grounds and con- ducted by the London Missionary Society, and St. John's Hall, immediately opposite the front of the University, conducted by the Church Missionary Society.
Each student occupies a separate room or cubicle, and there are the usual Common rooms. Each University Hostel is in charge of a member of the staff, as resident Warden.
No University Hostel at present exists for women students- whose right to admission to the University was first recognised in 1921 but by the courtesy of the school authorities, arrangements have been made for their lodging in connection with St. Stephen's Girls' College.
University fees for tuition and board amount to $550 per annum, enabling a student who lives carefully to meet the whole of his expenses with a sum of $1,000 per annum, as compared with a minimum sum of $2,500 per annum, besides travelling expenses, in the case of a Chinese student going abroad for his education.
Numerous scholarships are available, including the King Edward VII Scholarships founded by His Majesty's Government, the President's Scholarships founded by His Excellency the Pre- sident of China, together with Scholarships (some of which are in the nature of bursaries) given by the Hongkong Government, the Chinese Government, the Metropolitan District of Peking, the Pro- vincial Governments of Canton, Chihli, Yuunau and Hupeh, the Governments of the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States, the Government of Kedah and the Siamese Government. Students are also drawn from the Philippines, French Indo-China and Australasia,
150
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
--
22
During 1923 an Honorary Degree was conferred upon the Hon. Sir Paul Chater, C.M.G.. who has held the post of Honorary Treasurer since the foundation of the University.
A donation of $300,000 was received from the Hongkong Government in final liquidation of the balance of $1,000,000 which the Government promised in 1920 to contribute to the University Endowment Fund. A benefaction of $250,000 was also received from Sir Paul Chater to be known as The Chater Endowment Fund", the income to be applied to the general funds of the University.
The total cost of the land, buildings and equipment of the University may be placed at approximately $1,750,000 and their replacement value at not less than $2,500,000, while the invested endowments exceed $3,000,000.
1920-1930
23
151
PUBLIC WORKS..
"BUILDINGS.
During the year progress as stated was made on the following works:
Hongkong. The New Central Fire Bridgade Station, contract for the superstructure, was let to Messrs. Trollope & Colls. Contracts were let for the superstructure of the Sai Ying Poon School and the construction of the Ex. to Govt. Civil Hospital Sisters Quarters. Govt. Quarters at Le Calvaire (2 blocks of 4 houses each) one block finished. A large underground public trough closet at Western Street and a Public Garage on the Stubbs Road were finished. New Queen's College site approached completion. Open Markets at Whitfield and Shaukiwan were finished.
1
+
Kowloon. Kowloon Hospital_good progress made towards completion. The New Yaumati Police Station, Open Market at Bowring and two Public Trough Closets were finished.
New Territories.-New Gaol at Ngau Shi Wan, contract let for pile foundations. Five Blocks of Quarters for Native Married Police finished. Kowloon City and Shamshuipo Police Stations contracts let and good progress made.
COMMUNICATIONS.
Hongkong.-Road from Taitam Gap to Shek O Extension of Stubbs Road from Magazine Gap to Peak Tram Station. Road above Conduit Road, (1st section), and Broadwood Road-Wong- neichung Road connection were finished. Road contouring Wong- neichung and Tai Hang Valley made good progress. Main Road from Causeway Bay to Quarry Bay made fair progress in places. Improvements were continued on Kennedy, Bonham, Conduit, Pokfulam and Victoria Roads.
Kowloon. Work on the removal of the hill obstruction at the junction of Nathan and Coronation Roads made good progress. Waterloo Road Extension North and East, Tokawan Road and Chatham Road Extension Mongkok-Kowloon City Road made good progress.
:
New Territories.-Widening of Fan Ling-Au Ha Gap Road to 20 ft. and extension to Shataukok made good progress. Widening of bridges on Castle Peak-Fan Ling Road to 20 ft. put in hand. Improvements to the Kowloon-Taipo Road and the metalling and tar painting of New Territories Roads were continued.
DRAINAGE.
Hongkong. A 9.6 horseshoe concrete culvert from-Wanchai Road to Praya and a 76 concrete culvert from Leighton Hill Road to Praya were finished.
152
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
24
Kowloon.-The Extension of the Mongkoktsui Nullah to the Old Kowloon Boundary was completed. Ma Tau Chung Nullah made slow progress.
New Territories.-The Nan Ching Street Nullah from the water front to the Tai Po Road was completed and the Extension of the Mongkoktsui Nullah from the old Kowloon Boundary to the Kowloon Range of hills progressed satisfactorily.
WATER WORKS.
Hongkong. The Upper tier of beds at the Eastern Filter Beds were completed and put into use, whilst construction of the lower tier was well advanced. The service reservoir side walling was started.
The extension to Tytam Tuk Pumping Station was well advanced and the engine, pumps and boiler have been ordered from England.
Fair progress has been made with Stanley Mound East, Stanley Mound West and Jardine's Lookout Catchwaters.
A new 8" dia. W. I. main has been laid from the Pokfulam Road Pumping Station to the 750′ Tank.
The laying of a new C. I. main 15" in dia. in Queen's Road and along the Praya East was begun.
.::
Tenders from various English firms were received in connection with the proposed conversion of Bowen Road Filter Beds to Mechanical or Fast Gravity Filters.
Kowloon.-Various improvements to the distributing mains were carried out.
The construction of Pipers Hill Service Reservoir commenced and excellent progress was made.
Good progress was inade with the construction of four new filter beds for Kowloon.
New Territories.-Fair progress was made with the construc- tion of the Shek Lai Pui Reservoir which was approximately half completed by the end of the year.
1920-1930
25
The construction of the Kowloon Catchwater extension con- tinued slowly during the year.
Shing Mun Valley Scheme.-The construction of the Access Road from Tsun Wan to Pineapple Pass progressed very slowly.
Contracts were let to Messrs. Sir W. G. Armstrong & Co. in November for the construction of the N. & S. Tunnels and the South Conduit and to Messrs. Trollope & Colls (Far East) Ltd. in December for the construction of the Raw Water Reception Reservoir below Shek Lai Pui.
Surveys in connection with the remainder of the 1st section of the Scheme were carried out and the indent for the trunk mains was practically ready.-Enquires re filtering plant were forwarded and tenders were received from several British firms by the end of the year. Borings across the harbour were taken between Nathan Road and Jackson Road.
RECLAMATIONS.
Hongkong.-North Point private schemes made fair progress.
Kowloon.-The Tai Tack Reclamtion (a private scheme at Kowloon City) made poor progress. Kowloon Bay West Reclamation made good progress.
New Territories.-The Standard Oil Co. and the Kailan Mining Administration (private) Reclamations at Laichikok, made good
progress.
PIERS.
Hongkong.-Queen's Pier, the roofing was finished but the masonery entrance made poor progress owing to labour troubles.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Good progress was made witb the levelling of the Kowloon Tong Development Scheme areas approximately 13 acres being handed over to the Company during the year.
The total amount expended on Public Works Extraordinary was $8,112,785.49 and on annually recurrent works $1,793,968.69.
153
154
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
!
26
RAILWAY
The new Carpenter's Shop mentioned in last year's Annual Report was completed early in the year, and a siding from the yard laid into it.
LA
The steelwork for the Extension to the Workshops arrived in June and the building was proceeded with at once and good pro- gress made.
Owing to extensive devolpment in the neighbourhood, it was decided to complete Bridge No. 4 situated at the second mile. This bridge spans a 100-foot main road on the skew and was designed to give a 60 feet clear span and two sidespans to provide for cause- ways of 10 to 15 feet each. The steelwork was ordered for double track, but only that for the main span arrived in time for the opening of the Railway. The sidespans (comprising four 45 feet single line spans) which had been lying in store for twelve years, were reconditioned and two were erected by the end of the year, and the line diverted over them. The remaining spans will be erected and the bridge completed in 1925.
The building of the two blocks of quarters for the Traffic Staff at Blackhead's Point mentioned in last year's Report was proceeded with, but not quite completed by the end of the year. They were ready for occupation by March 1st this year.
The roof of one of the buildings taken over from the China Light & Power Company and used as a motor repair shop, was con- demned and arrangements made for a new steel roof with northern lights to replace it. The old roof which leaked badly was unsafe in typhoon weather and was irreparable. This work was given to a local engineering firm and is expected to be completed early in 1925.
A siding was laid from Kowloon Station across the circulating area in front, to connect with the Hongkong and Kowloon Wharf and Godown Company's premises. The siding, which is 273 feet long to the Company's boundary, is laid on concrete with two guard rails. An agreement was entered into with the Company regarding its cost and use.
In connection with the Harbour Improvements, it became necessary to alter the position of the submarine cables crossing to Kowloon, and four cable houses were built in the Kowloon Station south verandah to receive the terminals of the cables belonging to the Eastern Extension Telegraph Company, the China and Japan Telephone & Electric Company, the Military Authorities, and the Government. Permission was granted the Eastern Extension Telegraph Company to connect their cable with aerial lines over Railway lands onto their existing poles to Canton which follow the Railway from Mile 14.
1920-1930
27
155
In view of frequent damage by typhoons to the Government and Railway telephone overhead wires alongside the Railway, it was decided to substitute an underground cable for the aerial wires, and a commencement was made during the year between Taipo and Taipo Market Stations.
Less attention was given to maintenance work on the Fanling Branch Line in anticipation of its being taken up by the end of the year, as mentioned in last year's Report, but progress with the new road has been delayed and more attention to the railway track may be necessary in 1925.
The four new 4-6-4 locomotives arrived during the year, one of the underframes however was very badly twisted and out of line. This was straightened with the aid of the new 65-tou crane. `
The first of these locomotives, No. 9 arrived on May 19th and was erected forthwith and in steam by June 20th. No. 11 was completed on August 20th, and No. 12 on September 25th. No. 10 which had the twisted fraine was not completed until December.
These engines have a much greater tractive force than the earlier ones, and so far we have experienced no trouble with them and are more than satisfied with their running performance.
The 65-ton Breakdown Crane arrived in the Colony at the end of July and erection was immediately started and completed by October. The crane was employed in connection with the assemb- ling of No. 10 locomotive, for erecting bridge girders, and also on several occasions for loading and unloading heavy pieces of machinery from railway trucks.
Two new 4-4-0 type 2'-0" gauge locomotives for the Fanling Branch arrived at the end of July and were put into service by the end of September. These locomotives will be handed over to the Public Works Department when the road to Sha Tau Kok is completed and the Railway closed down, and should prove very useful.
Very extensive repairs and work on Government motor vehicles were carried out during the year, in fact this department has grown so much since it was started that at times there is great difficulty in coping with the work. It was also handicapped for a considerable time owing to the necessity of rebuilding the roof over the Motor Repair Workshop.
In addition to the general motor repair work, the following
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
28
vans were built for other Government Departments:--
One steel Mail Van for the General Post Office.
One steel van for the Prison Department.
Five steel vaus for the Sanitary Department for conveying
meat.
One steel van for the Police Department for carrying
prisoners on the mainland.
One Emergency Lorry for the Fire Brigade Department.
The year 1924 has witnessed no change for the better in the prospects of the Railway. The disturbances in Canton and Kwang- tung province, which began in January 1923, continued throughout the whole of the year.
An attempt was made on September 1st to resume the running of the Slow Through Traius, but this was discontinued after 12 days.
The position as regards the retention of British Sectional rolling stock by the Chinese Section has improved, a number of goods wagons being returned. There are now only 15 wagons held by the Chinese Section.
The receipts under Through and Joint Sectioual Traffic for the year amounted to ouly $1,922.01, as compared with $153,447.25 for the previous year, and $500,814.90 for 1922, the last year during which traffic was normal.
The Gross Receipts for the year were $420,186.15 as against $474,721.78 for 1923, a decrease of $54,535.63. The suspension for practically the whole year of Through aud Joint Sectional Traffic referred to above being alone responsible.
The working expenses exceeded the revenue by $87,628.27.
The Fanling Branch Line Receipts have improved under both heads.
:
Through and Joint Sectional passengers carried were as follows:-
1922. 1923. 192-1.
Passengers booked at Stations
in British Section to Sta- tions in China including Lowu....
Passengers booked at Stations
in China including Lowu to Stations in British Territory
526,111 250,719 168,734
522,900 249,152 157,115
The Local Passengers carried were as follows:
Main Line
Fanling Branch Line....
1922. 1923. 1924. 639,709 951,001 1,177,231 52,431 73,838 $2,505
1920-1930
29
VI-GOVERNMENT AND AIDED INSTITUTIONS.
(a)-HOSPITALS.
Government Hospitals consist of the Civil Hospital, to which is attached an isolated Maternity Hospital, the Victoria Hospital for Women and Children, and the Kennedy Town Infectious Diseases. Hospital.
157
The Civil Hospital contains 198 beds in 23 wards. 6,106 in-patients and 31,347 out-patients were treated during 1924 as against 5,455 and 28,297 respectively in 1923. 1.020 cases of malarial fever were admitted as against (47 in 1923 and 484 in 1922. The total cases of malaria for all Government Hospitals and the Tung Wa Hospital shows an increase of 385 cases as compared with the year 1923. The Maternity Hospital contains 9 beds for Europeans, plus 3 extra beds, and 8 for Asiatics. 759 confinements occurred during the year as against 787 in 1923. The Victoria Hospital at the Peak contains 1 beds, and during 1924. 317 patients were under treatment there. At Kennedy Town Hospital, which contains 26 beds, 27 cases were treated in 1924, being infectious.
(b.)-LUNATIC ASYLUM.
The Asylum is under the direction of the Superintendent of the Civil Hospital. European and Chinese patients are separated, the European portion containing 14 beds in separate wards and the Chinese portion 16 beds. 367 patients of all races were treated during 1924 and there was 7 deaths.
(c.)-THE TUNG WA AND OTHER CHINESE HOSPITALS.
The Tung Wa Hospital, opened in 1872. is mainly supported by the voluntary subscriptions of Chinese, but receives an annual grant of $8,000 from the Government. Only Chinese are treated in this institution. Various other services not appertaining to a hospital are performed by the institution, such as the free burial of the poor, the repatriation of destitutes, the maintenance of free vernacular schools, and the organisation of charitable relief in emergencies, Chinese as well as European methods of treatment are employed in accordance with the wishes expressed by the patients or their friends. Over half the number are now treated by Western methods. The hospital is managed by a committee of Chinese gentlemen annually elected, their appointment being sub- mitted to the Governor for confirmation. It is under the supervi sion of a visiting physician, who is a member of the Medical Department, whilst two Chinese house surgeons, trained in Western medicine, are members of the hospital staff. There are 450 beds in the buildings, and 9,940 patients were accommodated during 1924.
158
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
30
The Tung Wa also maintain a branch hospital for small-pox cases (Chinese only) at Kennedy Town. It contains 70 beds and during 1924, 147 cases were treated.
***The Alice Memorial and Affiliated Hospitals are managed and controlled by a General Committee consisting of subscribers aud supporters of these institutions, and an Executive Committee consisting of representatives of the London Missionary Society and members of the General Committee.
The Affiliated Hospitals at present consist of the Alice Memorial Hospital Dispensary, temporarily replacing the Alice Memorial Hospital which was sold in 1921, the Nethersole Hospital, opened in 1893, the Alice Memorial Maternity Hospital opened in 1901, and the Ho Miu Ling Hospital opened in 1906.
The number of Inpatients in 1924 was 1,712. and the number of Outpatients, 13,504.
The total Expenditure was $58,133.93. The number of Labours in the Maternity Hospital in 1924 was 524. The Govern- ment grant to these Hospitals is $2,000.00 and a special graut is made to the Maternity Hospital of $300.00
The Kwong Wa Hospital for Chinese in the Kowloon Peninsula was opened on the 9th October, 1911. It occupies a site having an area of three acres and provides accommodation for 210 patients. The existing buildings contain 211 beds and 6,688 patients were accommodated during 1924. The collection of sub- scriptions and the supervision of the building were undertaken by a special committee under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs. The hospital receives a grant of $8,500 per annum from the Government.
VII.-INSTITUTIONS NOT SUPPORTED BY GOVERNMENT.
One of the most important institutions in the Colony not sup- ported by the Government is the Matilda Hospital, which stands on a commanding site of nearly three acres at Mount Kellet in the Hill District. An account of this hospital will be found in the report for 1917.
Among institutions recognised and encouraged, but not to any considerable extent supported by Government may be mentioned the Pó Leung Kuk, the Eyre Refuge, the City Hall, and the Chinese Public Dispensaries.
1920-1930
M
31
159
The Pó Leung Kuk is a Chinese Society founded in 1878 for the suppression of kidnapping and traffic in human beings. It was incorporated in 1893 and is presided over by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs and not more than twelve directors nominated by the Governor. The actual management is entrusted to a committee elected annually by the members of the Society. The Society's buildings have been declared a Refuge under the Women and Girls Protection Ordinance, and almost all women and girls detained by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs under that Ordinance are sent to the Pó Leung Kuk. During 1924 the number of persons adınitted was 412 and at the close of the year 69 remained under the care of the Society. The inmates are under the immediate charge of a Chinese matron, and instruction is given them by the matron and a Chinese teacher in elementary subjects and in needlework.
The Eyre Diocesan Refuge is an institution, under mission auspices, founded for rescue work among the Chinese.
It was housed in the Belilios Reformatory up to the outbreak of war, but the work is at present carried on at Kowloon City. A small graut is made by the Government.
The City Hall receives an annual grant of $1,200 from Government. It contains a theatre, some large rooms which are used for balls, meetings, concerts, etc, a museum in which are some very fair specimens, and a large reference and lending library, to which new volumes are added from time to time, as funds will allow. The building was erected in 1866-9 by sub- scription.
Small grauts are also given to the Italian Convent, the French Convent, (both of which take in and tend abandoned or sick infants), the West Point Orphanage, the Seamen's Hospital, and other charitable institutions.
The Chinese Public Dispensaries are institutions maintained in order to provide the Chinese with the services of doctors, whose certificates will be accepted by the Registrar of Deaths, and with the services of interpreters, who can assist the inmates of houses, where a case of infections disease has occurred. Coolies are engaged and ambulances and dead vans provided in order to remove cases of infectious disease to the Infectious Diseases Hospital and dead bodies to the Mortuary. The Dispensaries receive sick infants and send them to one or other of the Convents and arrange for the burial of dead infants. Free advice and medicine are given and patients are attended at their houses. There are eight Dispensaries in existence. The total cost of maintenance was $62,738 for the year 1924. The Government makes an annual grant of $12,000, and the rest of the cost is defrayed by voluntary subscription. The Dispensaries are conducted by committees under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.
160
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
32
VIII-CRIMINAL AND POLICE.
The total of all cases reported to the Police was 17,566 being an increase of 3,366 or 237 per cent. as compared with 1923. There was in 1924 an increase in serious offences of 548 or 13.7 per cent, as compared with the previous year. The number of serious offences reported was 170 over the average of the quin- quennial period commencing with the year 1920. The number of minor offences reported shows an increase of 2,818 as compared with 1923 and was 3,424 over the average of the quinquennial period.
The total strength of the Police Force in 1924 was Europeans 235, Indians 504, Chinese 805 making a total of 1,514 exclusive of. the six superior officers and staff of clerks and coolies. These figures include police paid for by the railway and other Government departments. Of this force 15 Europeans, 29 Indians, and 141 Chinese were stationed in the New Territories during the year.
The District Watchmen Force, numbering 122, to which the Government contributes $2,000 per annum, was well supported by the Chinese during the year. These watchmen patrol the streets in the Chinese quarter of the City. They are placed on police beats and are supervised by the European police on section patrol. A detective branch of the force has done useful work under the supervision of a European Inspector.
:
The total number of persons committed to Victoria Gaol was 7,382 as compared with 5,338 in 1923. Of these 1,644 were committed for criminal offences against 926 in 1923. Of committals for noncriminal offences there were 23 more for hawking without a licence, and 30 less for unlawfully boarding steamers, than in 1923.
The daily average of prisoners confined in the Gaol was 106 the average for 1923 being 861, and the highest previous average being 707 in 1922. The percentage of prisoners to population, according to the daily average of the former and the estimated number of the latter, was 0.13. The average percentage for the last ten years was 012. Owing, however, to the large floating population, which is constantly moving between the Colony and Canton, the percentage of crime to population does not convey an accurate idea of the comparative criminality of the residents of the Colony. The Victoria Gaol has accommodation for 700 prisoners including patients in Hospital. The Branch Prison at Laichikok has accommodation for 350 prisoners in association.
The prison discipline was very satisfactory, the average of punishments per prisoner being 0:43 as compared with 0.5 in 1923 and 0.52 in 1922.
Long sentence prisoners serving two years and upwards are taught useful trades, including printing, book-binding, tin- smithing, mat-making, tailoring, carpentering, etc. The profit on the work done was $121,661.03 as against $116,714.72 in 1923. A sum of $4,427 was received and credited to Government for non-Government work as against $1,207 in 1923.
1920-1930
33
IX.-VITAL STATISTICS.
(a.)-POPULATION,
The civil population of the Colony, according to the census taken on April 24th, 1921, was 625,166, of whom 83,163 reside in the New Territoriesland in New Kowloon; at the census taken in 1911 it was 456,739 with 104,287 as the figure for the New Territories and New Kowloon. The estimated total population at the middle of the year under review was 799;550, but this includes the New Territories; and, as the birth and death figures given below do not include those from this area (with the exception of New Kowloon), the population for the purposes of calculating these rates is estimated at 714,550, of whom 16,000 were non-Chinese.
The distribution of population estimated to the middle of 1924 was as follows :-
Non-Chinese Civil Community,...
Chinese
Population.
City of Victoria (including Peak),... Villages of Hongkong,
161
16,000
420,000
29,800
New Territories,
Kowloon (including New Kowloon),
180,000
$5,000
68,750
.. 783,550
799,550
Population afloat,
Total Chinese Population,
Total Civil Population,
(b.)-PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION.
The activity in building operations, which has been so notice- able a feature since 1912, has not abated, and the demand for housing accommodation by the Chinese continued to be greatly in excess of the supply, as many of those who fled with their families to Hongkong during 1911, 1912, and 1913 elected to remain in the Colony.
The birth-rate for the year was 5'47* per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 18-25 per 1,000 among the non-Chinese community, as compared with 6·97 and 23:03 for 1923.
The death-rate for the year was 219 per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 15.86 among the non-Chinese civil com- munity, as compared with 23-27 and 1483 for 1923.
The deaths from Malaria numbered 707 (674 in 1923). The deaths of Chinese from this cause in the City of Victoria numbered 187 out of a population of 420,000 or a rate of 0·44 per 1,000 per annum.
The deaths from Plague numbered nil as compared with 136 in 1923.
*This figure is wholly misleading as it is impossible to register more than a portion of the births.
162
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
34
Small-pox deaths numbered 795, of which all but seven were
Chinese.
There were 4,319 deaths from respiratory diseases other than Pulmonary Tuberculosis as compared with 4,317 in 1923, and 44 of these were among the Non-Chinese community. Pulmonary Tuber- culosis claimed 1,718 Chinese and 31 non-Chinese victims whilst other forms of Tuberculosis represent an additional 609 deaths making a total of 2,358 or 15-16 per cent. of the total deaths among the community.
Beri-beri was responsible for 1,502 deaths, as compared with 1,270 during 1923 and 892 in 1922.
A tabular statement of the principal causes of death is appended.
(c.)-CLIMATE.
The climate of Victoria is similar in its broad features to that of Kowloon and the New Territories, but at the higher levels, from 1,400 to 1,800 feet above sea level the temperature is on the average about 3° lower than at the Observatory, Kowloon, in the winter, and 8° lower in the summer. The humidity is usually greater than in Kowloon and approaches saturation for several days at a time during March and April when mist is very prevalent. In summer the city of Victoria, and the rising terraces behind it, derive little or no benefit from the SW monsoon, being sheltered by steep hills from SE to SW. In winter it is exposed to the NE monsoon, which occasionally blows along the harbour through Lyemun Pass with considerable violence. On the other hand the south-west side of the Island is protected from the NE monsoon in winter and enjoys the benefit of the SW monsoon in summer.
For further particulars see Appendix F.
POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.
The total revenue from the postal service in 1924 amounted to $754,928.26 being $40,588.23 more than that collected in 1923. The net expenditure amounted to $269,568.06. The balance of revenue over expenditure amounted to $485,360.20.
The revenue collected in 1924 from radio-telegrams amounted to $69,496.41 being $23,383.17 more than that collected in 1923. Advices of vessels signalled at the lighthouses yielded $916,40 and semaphore messages $11.65 making a total of $70.424.46 for the telegraph service. The expenditure amounted to $51,561.93 The number of radio-telegrams forwarded during the year was 11,720 consisting of 107,771 words, and 12,628 received consisting of 142,325 words.
CLAUD SEVERN,
Colonial Secretary.
28th July, 1925
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
164
35
Table I.-DEATHS REGISTERED IN THE
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
Blackwater Fever.
Typhus Fovor.
Rabies (Hydrophobin,)|
Dengno Fover.
Paratyphoid Fevor.
Influonza.
Sumll-pox.
Mensics.
Typhoid Fever.
Diphtheria.
Cerobro-spinal Meningitis.
Dysentery.
Plague.
Mularini Fevor.
Cholera.
British and
Foreign Čivil,
Community,
Victoria and
Peak,
Harbour,
Kowloon,
Chinese
Community,
14
1
1
:
61
:
:
1
28 319
Co
8
$2
2223
23
51227
2166
3
2 1 27
སྨྲམ
187
58
1
16 387
2
13
14
14161
:
386
10
1
te
16
...
6
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
I
:
:
:
:
Shaukiwan,.
Aberdeen,.
Stauley,...
Total, 1924,
1923,
:
:
:
:
:..
:
:
:
180
39
16
دن
3
52 795
14 113
10 70132
707
83 1141
917543 95319136 674
#
1920-1930
165
General Tuberculosis.
Beri-beri.
Cancer.
Paralysis and Convulsion8.
Heart Discпнон.
Pneumonia.
Phthisis & Pulmonary
Tuberculosis.
Euteritis and Gastro- Enteritis.
Cirrhosis of Liver.
Peritonitis.
Nephritis.
Othor causes.
Unknown.
All causes.
COLONY OF HONGKONG DURING 1924.
V PO
Puorporal Fever,
Septic Infections.
Syphilis.
Poisoning.
Injuries.
Developmental
Disonses.
3
:
:Q
เง
14
10
2
10
12 38 27
6
2 11 56
252
43 236 68 154385:131 | 270 | 686
11
76
92 98 2,037 |1027 530
36
27 | 178 |1924 79 9,008
55 5 136
8100
!
3 14
61 106 36
1
1
15 94 92
25
907
12 175
3 125
5,217 56 612
32 23 57
820 418 407
7
8218 496142 4,830
دن
10 61 1 76
21
22
34 32
19
6
13
375
:
1
10
9 1 25 1
10
5
29!
4 20: 2 153
:
1
1
1
29
:
8
6542975 355 409 | 564340 1502 124 123 183 2,984 16421011 52 38 432 2660 328 15,553
༢, 3 ོ
19 83332 77 313 658 595325 1270 87
3333
99 190 2,790 1503 821 46 41 375 2799 431 15,535
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
No. 1324.
HONG KONG
REPORT FOR 1925.
(For Report for 1923 see No. 1228 (Price 1s. 6d.) and for Report for 1924 see No. 1288 (Price 1s. 3d.)).
Printed in Hong Kong.
LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE
To be purchased directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses:
Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2; 120, George Street, Edinburgh; York Street, Manchester; 1, St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff;
15, Donegall Square West, Belfast;
or through any Bookseller.
1927.
Price is. 6d. Net.
167
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
HONG KONG.
ANNUAL GENERAL REPORT FOR 1925.
169
PREFACE.
The Colony of Hong Kong is situated off the south-eastern coast of China between latitude 22° 9′ and 22° 17′ N. and longitude 114° 5' and 114° 18′ E. The island is about 11 miles long and 2 to 5 miles in breadth, its circumference being about 27 miles and its area 28 square miles. It consists of an irregular ridge of lofty hills rising to a height of nearly 2,000 feet above sea level, stretch- ing nearly east and west, with few valleys of any extent and little ground available for cultivation.
The island, then desolate and sparsely inhabited by fishermen, was ceded to Great Britain in January, 1841, the cession being confirmed by the Treaty of Nankin in August, 1842; and the charter bears the date 5th April, 1843. All that part of Kowloon peninsula lying South of Kowloon Fort to the northernmost point of Stonecutter's Island together with that island was ceded to Great Britain under the Convention signed at Peking in October, 1860, and under the Convention signed at Peking in June, 1898, the area known as the New Territories including Mirs Bay and Deep Bay was leased to Great Britain by the Government of China for 99 years. The area of the New Territories and Islands is about 345 sq. miles.
Trade gradually developed as China became accustomed to foreign intercourse and it increased greatly owing to the opening of the Suez Canal. It now stands at about 200 million pounds sterling per annum.
Large local banking, dock, steam boat, and insurance companies were established between 1865 and 1872, and their numbers are being continually added to.
The Colony is the centre of an incessaut flow of Chinese emigration and immigration.
170
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
2
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
1925 was not a happy year for the Colony, though the manner in which it weathered the storm is a matter of self congratulation for all sections of the community.
A strike, political in its origin, and neither provoked by any fault of omission or commission on the part of the local authorities, nor designed to remedy any economic grievance, real or imaginary, .commenced about the 20th of June, and in a few days the great majority of household servants, sailors, engineers and workers of all kinds had deserted their posts. The arrangements made by the Government for maintaining essential services, and for ensuring the food supply of the Colony were brought into operation without a hitch.
The Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps was mobilised on the 21st of June, and calls for volunteers as special constables, tramway drivers, crews for the Kowloon ferries etc. met with a ready response. The firm attitude taken up by the Government rapidly restored confidence, and towards the end of July the demobilisation of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps commenced. Places of strikers were filled, workers began to come back until outwardly the Colony was quite normal again. But though the strike had col- lapsed there followed a boycott of British trade and shipping in South China, instigated by and only maintained through the acti- vities of the strike picket organisation with headquarters in Canton, to the detriment of merchants and business people both British and Chinese, in Hong Kong, Canton, Swatow and the Kwang-Tung province generally.
In order to assist the business community to tide over the difficulties caused by the boycott the Secretary of State for the Colonies in October arranged for a loan to the Hong Kong Govern- ment of £3,000,000 to be advanced to merchants. A local committee was specially appointed to advise on the allocation of these funds.
The Stock Exchanges were closed on the outbreak of the strike, and on the 7th July the Legislative Council legalised the postpone- ment of the June Settlement. A Commission was appointed on the 18th August to enquire into the arrangements for dealing in shares locally. The report of the Commission was published on the 19th
•October.
1920-1930
3
171
In the midst of the strike another calamity befell the Colony when on the 18th of July as a result of the heavy rains a retaining wall at Po Hing Fong collapsed on to a block of houses. Seventy- five persons were killed, amongst them Mr. Chau Siu-ki, a former member of the Legislative Council.
At the 16th Congregation of the University of Hong Kong on the 5th January the degree of Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa) was conferred on the Honourable Sir Henry Pollock, K.C., and on Mr. John Swire (in absentia).
At the meeting of the Legislative Council on the 5th March, His Excellency the Governor announced that Hong Kong had offered £250,000 to the IIome Government as a contribution towards the Singapore Base.
Mr. M. J. D. Stephens, who had practiced as a solicitor in the Colony for over 50 years died on the 28th April.
Mr. C. Montague Ede, for many years General Manager of the Union Insurance Society of Canton, who had served on both the Legislative and Executive Councils and was well known on account of his many philanthropic activities, died on the 22nd May.
His Royal Highness Prince George arrived in Hong Kong on the 28th May to take up his appointment as sub-lieutenant on H.M.S. Hawkins.
His Excellency the Governor Sir R. E. Stubbs, K.C.M.G., who had postponed his departure from the Colony in June owing to the strike, sailed for England on the 31st October, prior to taking up his new appointment of Governor of Jamaica.
The new Governor, His Excellency Mr. Cecil Clementi, C.M.G., arrived on the 1st November.
The Colonial Secretary, the Honourable Sir Claud Severn, K.B.E., C.M.G., LL.D., left for home on the 14th November, on his retirement from the public service.
The Puisne Judge Mr. H. H. J. Gompertz left Hong Kong on the 18th November to take up his new appointment of Chief Justice, Federated Malay States.
172
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
I.-FINANCES.
The revenue for the year amounted to $23,244,365 being $1,131,665 more than the estimate and $965,275 less than the revenue for the previous year.
Compared with the returns for 1924 there were decreases under all the beads except Kowloon-Canton Railway, Licences and Internal Revenue and Miscellaneous Receipts.
The expenditure amounted to a total of $26,726,428 inclusive of a sum of $8,112,785 spent on Public Works Extraordinary.
The detailed figures for 1925 are set out in the following
statements:
Light Dues
HEADS OF REVENUE.
Light Dues, Special Assessment
Licences and Internal Revenue not otherwise
specified
-
Fees of Court or Office, Payments for specific purposes, and Reimbursements in Aid -
Post Office
Kowloon-Canton Railway
Rent of Government Property, Land, and
Houses
Interest
Miscellaneous Receipts
TOTAL, (Ordinary)-
$
127,113.61
C.
13S,330.30
17,029,003.58
1.571,609.93
725,245.51
132,846.80
1,232,704.36
612,780.01 S04,483.16
Land Sales, (Premia on New Leases)
TOTAL
- $22,674,123.32 570,242.62
- $23,244,365.94
The total expenditure brought to account amounted to $28,266,817 being $2,196,794 less than the estimate, and $1,540,389 more than the expenditure in 1924. Compared with the estimates there were increases under 9 heads as against 20 heads where there were decreases. The excess amounting to $465,771 under Miscel- laneous Services was due to :-
$
C.
British Empire Exhibition -
205,197.00
Language Study Allowances
8,692.00
Motor Car Running Expenses
11,008.00
Other Miscellaneous Services
7,483.00
Rent Allowances, European Subordinate
Officers
8,970.00
Rent Allowances, Asiatic Subordinate
Officers
8,707.00
Stationery
-
23,873.00
Transport of Government servants
14,071.00
Gratuity to Mr. John Duncan
9,956.00
Strike Expenses
198,106.00
1920-1930
5
173
Military Expenditure exceeded the estimate by $92,436 due to increase in revenue. Education Department decreased $128,468 on account of fewer Building Grants and Lapsing Salaries.
EXPENDITURE.
$
C.
Governor
104,018.09
Cadet Service
307,301.43
Colonial Secretary's Department and Legis-
lature -
69,472.10
Secretariat for Chinese Affairs
29,225.63
Audit Department
50,706.40
Treasury
74,597.19
Harbour Master's Department
S33,133.11
Imports & Exports Department Royal Observatory
878,166.55
41,955.51
Miscellaneous Services
1,170,050.55
•
Judicial and Legal Departments -
338,075.65
Police Force
1,898,822.77
Fire Brigade
333,840.85
Prison Department
462,827.01
Medical Department
623,241.10
Sanitary Department
645,249.62
Botanical and Forestry Department
96,371.78
Education Department
1,019,905.23
Military Expenditure
-
4,352,856.45
Do.
Do.
Public Works Department
Port Development Department
Port Works Extraordinary
Post Office -
Kowloon-Canton Railway
Charge on Account of Public Debt
Pensions
Charitable Services
-
1,425,010.21
Recurrent
Extraordinary
1,574,431.75
8,638,930.87
77,500.16
-
638,265.80
271,819.66
762,271.89
952,346.91
516,330.51
79,486.14
TOTAL
- $28,266,817.04
The balance to the debit on the year's working was $5,022,452 and the assets and liabilities account showed on the 31st December a credit balance of $8,113,182.68.
The following is a statement of the revenue and expenditure of the Colony for the five years 1921-1925:
Revenue.
Expenditure.
$
$
1921
17,728,132
15,739,652
1922
22,291,065
18,563,003
1923
24,783,763
21,571,905
1924
24,209,640
26,726,428
1925
23,244,365 28,266,817
174
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
6
The amount of the consolidated loan stands at £1,485,733. Against this there is at credit of the Sinking Fund a sum of £494.783. The Local Loan under Ordinance No. 12 of 1916 amounts to $3,000,000 and there are the sums of $1,726,670 and £114,722 at credit of the Sinking Fund.
A new valuation for Assessment was made for the year com- mencing 1st July, 1925, resulting as follows:-
Increases:
The City of Victoria
The Hill District...
Shaukiwan, Saiwanho and Quarry Bay
Hong Kong Villages
...
Kowloon Point
Yaumati
Mongkok tsui
Bunghom and Hok Un
Kowloon Villages
New Territories
...
:
..$2,884,639 43,430
107,825
314,000
346.276
591,140
472,020
94,650
32,401
253.530
The rateable value of the whole Colony amounted to $27,287,862 having increased by $5,139,911.
During the period 1916-1925 the assessment of the whole Colony has risen from $14,282,186 to $27,287,862, an increase in rateable value of $13,005,676.
The circulation on the 31st December of notes of the three Banks having authorised issues was as follows:-
Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Cor-
poration ...
Chartered Bank of India, Australia, &
China
Mercantile Bank of India, Limited
$ 45,332,993
14,587,SOS
1,459,875
$ 61,380,676
The currency of the Colony consists, in addition to the notes of these Banks, of British, Hong Kong, and Mexican Dollars and of subsidiary coin, which continued at par throughout the year.
The total issue of subsidiary coins, less those demonetized, now amounts to $17,889,370 nominal value, and they were up to the year 1905 readily absorbed at par, large quantities being taken by the neighbouring provinces of China. During 1916 ten cent pieces of the face value of $5,028,000 were shipped to Calcutta for purposes of demonetization. The discount which prevailed be- tween 1905 and 1916 may be attributed to the immense quantity of similar coin which was minted at Canton as well as to the amount of Hongkong coin minted largely in excess of the needs of the Colony by itself. In 1905 the Hongkong Government ceased to issue any subsidiary coin and in 1906 it began a policy of demonet- ising all its subsidiary coin received as revenue. This policy
1920-1930
175
was continuously followed till 1918 except during a brief period in 1911. Coin to the face value of $20,235,459 has thus been redeemed. The total issue by the Hong Kong Government was of the face value of $44,099,830.
STATEMENT OF SUBSIDIARY COINS. Received and redeemed (from 1911)
Blue Book 1911. Amount in circulation.
$43,999,830
Since received :-Copper coin.
1919...
25,000.00
1923...
25,000.00
1924...
50,000.00
1925...
25,000.00
125,000
Total Amount put into circulation ...
..$44,124,830
Less since redeemed :-
1911...
...
1912...
...
...5,527,459.04 ...1,040,000.00
1913...
...1,040,000.00
1914...
...5,000,000.00
1915...
...
...5,100,000.00
...
...
1916...
1918... 1922...
...
...
Total Amount of coin in circulation in 1925...$17,889,370.96
...5,028,000.00
500,000.00
...3,000,000.00
26,235,459.04
II-SHIPPING AND TRADE, INDUSTRIES, FISHERIES, AGRICULTURE, AND LAND.
(a.)-SHIPPING.
The total Shipping entering and clearing at Ports in the Colony during the year 1925 amounted to 379,177 vessels of 41,460,584 tons, which compared with the figures of 1924 show a decrease of 384,315 vessels and a decrease of 15,261,493 tons.
Of the above 41,336 vessels of 32,179,053 tons were engaged in Foreign Trade as compared with 57,765 vessels of 38,770,499 tons, in 1924.
Table 1 shows a decrease in British Ocean-going Shipping of 1,381 ships or 26 1 per cent and a decrease of 1,977,032 tons or 16.1 per cent. This decrease in ships and tonnage is due to the recent strike and present boycott in South China.
Foreign Ocean-going vessels have decreased by 1,911 ships and by 2,243,124 tons or 22-3 per cent in numbers and 13 1 per cent in tonnage. This decrease in ships and tonnage is due to the recent strike and present boycott in South China.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
8
British River Steamers have decreased by 3,002 ships with a decrease in tonnage of 1,069,546 tons or 430 per cent in numbers and 16.3 per cent in tonnage. This decrease in ships and tonnage is due to the recent strike and present boycott in South China.
Foreign River Steamers show a decrease of 1,052 ships with a decrease in tonnage of 387,469 tons or 45 4 per cent in numbers and 46.1 per cent in tonnage. This decrease in ships and tonnage is due to the recent strike and present boycott in South China.
In Steamships not exceeding 60 tons employed in Foreign trade there is a decrease of 2,445 ships with a decrease in tonnage of 66,336 tons or 312 per cent in numbers and 28.7 per cent in tonnage. This decrease in launches and tonnage is due to the recent strike and the present boycott in South China.
A comparison between the years 1924 and 1925 is given in the following table:-
1924.
1925.
Decrease.
Class of Vessels.
No. Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage.
No.
Tounage.
British Ocean-go-
ing.
.......
5.297
Foreign Ocean-go-
ing.
7,674
11,844,752 3,916
16,030,078 5,763
9.8 66,820 1,381
13,786,951 1,911 2,243,124
1,977,932
British River
Steamers,..
7,120
6,524,661 4,058
5,455,115 3,062
1,069,543
Foreign River
Steamers,
2,318
840,317 1,266
452,878 1,052
387,469
Steamships under
60 tons (Foreign
Trade)..
7,831
231,833 5,386
165,197 2,445
66,336
Junks. Foreign
Trade,
27,525
3,298,828 20,917
2,451,789 6,578
847,039
Teta!. Foreign
Trade,
57,765
38,770,499 41,336
32,179,053 15,429
6,591,446
Steam Launches
plying in Water
of the Colony,.. 678,750
16,622,806 310,924
8,050,939 | 367,826
8,571,867
Junks. Local
Trade,
*27,977
*1,337,772 |†26,917
†1,239,592 1,060
98,180
Grand Total,
764,492
56,731,077 379,177
41,469,584 |384,315
15,261,193
Net Decrease,
384,315
15,261,493
* Including 15,212 Conservancy and Dust Boats of 654,199 tons.
15,890
13
1
of 693,660
1920-1930
177
Junks in foreign trade show a decrease of 6,578 vessels, and a decrease of 847,039 tons or 239 per cent in numbers and 25'6 per cent in tonnage. This decrease is due to the recent strike and the present Boycott in South China.
In local trade (i.c. between places within the waters of the Colony) there is a decrease in Steam-Launches of 367,826 and a decrease in tonnage of 8,571,867 tons or 54.2 per cent in numbers and 51.5 per cent in tonnage. This decrease in numbers and tonnage is due to the recent strike and the present Boycott in South China.
Junks in local trade show a decrease of 1,060 vessels and a decrease of 98,180 tons or 38 per cent in numbers and 74 per cent in tonnage. This decrease in vessels is due principally to the recent strike and the present Boycott in South China.
Of vessels of European construction 4,776 ocean steamers, 3,085 river steamers and 2,695 steamships not exceeding 60 tons. entered during the year, giving a daily average of 289 ships as compared with 41′2 ships in 1924 and 347 ships in 1923.
The average tonnage of individual ocean vessels entering the Port has increased from 2,129'8 to 2,472-9 tons, British Ships from 2,234-3 to 2,5294 tons, foreign ships from 2,057·6 to 2,434-2
tons.
The average tonnage of individual river steamers enter- ing during the year has remained the same at 659-8 tons, British river steamers have increased from $195 to 8484 tons and foreign river steamers have decreased from 3103 to 332·9 tous.
The actual number of individual ocean-going vessels of European construction during the year 1925 was 1,015 of which 371 were British and 644 Foreign. In 1924 the corresponding figures were 1,123, 416 British and 707 Foreigu.
They entered
These 1,015 ships measured 3,171,253 tons. 4,776 times and gave a collective tonnage of 11,810,938 tons.
Thus 108 less ships entered 1,708 less times and gave a collective tonnage less by 1,999,036 tous, an average of 1,1704 tous per entry.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
Thus:
10
Ma
Steamers.
No. of times entered.
Total Tonnage.
Flag.
1924. 1925. 1924. 1925. ¡
1924.
1925.
British,
416 371 2,650
Japanese,
269
1,946 2691,324 1,153
5,921,002 4,922,197
|
3,154,550 2,826,465
|
:
U.S.A.,
100
69 275 -224
1,423,490 1,370,638
Chinese,
59
65
548
323
453,092
365,450
German,
33
33
79
78
317,416
332,495
Danish,
20
12
73
42
180,513
117,249
Dutch,
53
45
262
244
S07,254
754,410
French,
39
26
278
177
535,528
453.272
Italian,
17
13
41
35
154,371
130,895
Panaman,
4
33
2
34,813
3,239
Chilean,
8
7
257
126
130,606
71,549
Norwegian,
71
55
→
387
286
443,067
319,006
Portuguese.
17
9
200
109
91,017
46,166
Russian,
1
1
915
Siamese,
1
1
377
Swedish,
13
Spanish,
ون مصر
4
43
7
60
15
120,830
58.915
3
17
14
42,395
37,070
....
$13,809,97
Total. 1,123 1,015 6,484 4,776 13,809,974 11,810,938
The Nationalities of the Crews in British and in Foreign Ships were as follows:-
OTHER EURO-
VESSELS.
BRITISH CREW.
PEANS AND
ASIATICS.
AMERICANS.
1924. 1925. 1924. 1925. 1924.
1925.
1924. 1925. 1924. 1925.
British, 416 371 36,666 32,498 479 1,320 209,151|165,776
Foreign, 707 644 1,708 741 44,841 39,395 226,048 175,88±
Total, 1,123 1,015 38,374 33,239 45,320 40,715 435,199|341,660
1920-1930
11
179
Hence in British ships
1924.
1925.
14.89%
16-28% of the crews
1924. 00·63%
and in Foreign ships:-
1925.
00·34 % of the crews
were British.
were British.
00-20 %
00.66% of the crews 16-45 %
18.24% of the crews
were other Europeans &
were other Europeans &
Americans.
Americans.
81.91 %
83-06 % of the crews
were Asiatics.
82.92%
81-42% of the crews
were Asiatics.
100.00% 100·00%.
100·00% 100·00 %
TRADE.
The number and tonnage of ships: of European type of construction carrying cargo for import and transit compared with 1924 were as follows:-
Steamers,
River Steamers,
1924.
1925.
Decrease.
No.
Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
6,184 13,809,974 4,776 11,810,938 1,708 1,999,036 4,715 3,632,438| 3,085 | 2,947,848 |1,630| 684,590
Sailing Vessels,
Total,11,199 17,442,412 7,861 14,758,786 3,338 2,683,626
Decrease....
3,338 2,683,626
The corresponding figures relating to ships of European type of construction, shipping bunker coal, are as follows:
Steamers, River Steamers, Sailing Vessels,
Total,
EXPORTS.
1924.
1925.
No.
Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
Increase.
Decrenso.
No.
Tonnage.
No. Tonnage.
6,187 14,064,856 4,903 11,842,836 | 4,723 3,732,570 2,239 2,960,145
...
11,210 17,797,426 7,142 14,802,981
...
1,584| 2,222,020 772,125
....
2,484
...
4,068 2,994,445
Nett Decrease,
...
4,068 2,994,145
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
12
1924.
1925.
Increase.
Decrease.
No.
Bunker
Conl.
No.
Bunker
Coal.
No.
Bunker
Coal.
Bunker
No.
Coal.
Steamers,
6,487
506,520 4,903 355,707
1,584
150,813
River Steamers,
4,723
90,974 2,239
94,061
3,087❘ 2,484
...
Total,..
11,210
597,494 7,142
419,768
3,087 4,068
150,813
Nett Decrease,
...
4,068
147,726
1920-1930
-
13
181
The River Trade compared with 1924 is shown in the
following Table :-
Year.
1024....
1925..
Imports. Tons.
Exports.
Tons.
Passengers.
493,711
663,802
2,536,768
201,128
318,502 1,800,474
The following Tables show the Junk Trade of the Colouy for the year 1924 aud 1925 :
IMPORTS.
3924.
1925.
Junks.
Tonnage.
Junks. Tonnage.
Foreign Trade,......13,661
1,644,206
10,196
1,209,742
Local Trade,... 6,206
368,494
5,327
262,051
Total,.....19,867
2,012,700
15,523
1,471,793
Cargo.
Tons.
Cattle, 1,502 heads,
174
Swine, 31,467 heads,.
1,850
Earth and Stones, General,.....
4,032
.354,016
Total,....
360,072
EXPORTS.
1921.
1925.
Junks.
Tonnage.
Junks. Tonnage.
Foreign Trade,...... 13,864
1,654,622
10,751
1,242,047
Local Trade,......... 6,559
315,079
5,700
283,881
Total,.....20,423
1,969,701
16,451
1,525,92S
Curgo.
Kerosine, 1,081,449 Cases,
Tons.
38,529
Rice and Paddy,
.281,796
Coal,
General,
131,781 ...360,896
Total,..................
816,002
182
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
14
Emigration and Immigration.
One hundred and forty thousand, five hundred and thirty-four (140,534) emigrants left Hong Kong for various places during the year 1925, (129,859 in 1924). Of these, 85,586 were carried in British ships, and 54,948 in foreign ships.
Ninety-one thousand, six hundred and twenty-two (91,622) returning emigrants were reported to have been brought to Hong Kong from the several places to which they had emigrated either from this colony or from coast ports, as against 130,194 in 1924. Of these, 51,700 arrived in British ships, and 39,862 in foreign ships.
Statement of number of emigrants to Straits Settlements, 1914 to 1925. compared with total Chinese emigration.
No. of Emigrants
to
Straits Settlements.
Total No. of
Emigrants.
1914
1915
:
:
:
44,974
76,296
41,278
GS,275
1916
82,797
117,653
1917
: 63,292
96,298
1918
8,019
43,830
1919
...
11,633
59,969
1920
43,935
105,258
1921
87,324
156,011
1922
50,356
98,393
1923
65,581
120,224
1924
75,682
129,859
1925
97,552
140,534
(b.)-INDUSTRIES.
Sugar. The course of prices during the early part of the year was based on the expectation that the 1924-25 Cuban crop would outturn a figure somewhere between 4,300,000 tons and 4,725,000 tons, with a large part of the Trade being of the opinion that the latter figure would prove to be the maximum. Even when the produc- tion in Cuba indicated that 4,725,000 tons would be a minimum, for quite a long period many members of the Sugar industry throughout the world could not get themselves to believe that a record breaking crop as to size was being manufactured in Cuba and thought that a crop of 5 million tons would be an impossibility.
The final outturn of the 1924-25 Cuban crop was 5,125,970 tons, a burden that was quite too heavy for sugar prices to bear, as a result of which the trend in prices of raw sugar was in a down- ward direction from April to the end of October.
1920-1930
15
183
In addition to the raw sugar markets being under the influence of over production practically throughout the year resulting in a steadily declining market, the Hong Kong refineries have again been seriously handicapped by the disturbed political conditions throughout China, the serious strike which started last June and the boycott of British manufactures which necessitated shutting down both refineries entirely for a time.
Competition from Japanese refined sugar also been very keen, but it is reported that the refineries in that Country have agreed amongst themselves to restrict their output, which would indicate that their losses must have been considerable.
Rope Making. The demand for Manila cordage was fairly good during the first six months of 1925 but it fell off in the second half of the year owing to political troubles in Canton.
(c.)--FISHERIES.
A considerable proportion of the boat population of Hong Kong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shauki- wan, and also many in the New Territories, are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is im- ported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable value in Deep Bay.
(d.)-Forestry, Agriculture, and Botany.
Formation of Pine tree plantations.
Seeds of Pinus Massoniana were sown in situ on the following places:-Taipo Forestry Reserve 146,500; Red Hill, Tytam, 20,000; and on hills above Shek O Road, 50,000; the total weight of seeds used was 155 lbs.
For the formation of new plantations on grassy slopes and to support earth banks below and above the more recently made roads, seeds of Pinus Massoniana were sown broadcast at the following places:-Below and above road from Cheung Sha Wan to Castle Peak, above and below Taipo Road, below Matilda Hospital, between Victoria Gap and Pokfulam, Wanchai Gap, Conduit Road, and Cheung Chau.
Broad-leaved trees planted.
One year old Cain phor trees to the number of 1,708 were planted on vacant flat spaces at Tai Wo Po, New Territories.
In the Peak District flowering trees and shrubs to the number of 302 were planted.
The following flowering and shade trees were planted along- side the principal roads in Hong Kong and the New Territories:- Bauhinia variegata, variety alba, Aleurites montana, and Cin- namomum Camphora; the total number used was 2,594,
184
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
16
M
..
At Cheung Chau a further pleutation of one year old camphors was formed among the young Pines
Care of trees in plantations.
Plantations of young trees were cleared of the worst of the undergrowth and creepers. Large number of clumps of Loranthus were removed from trees in all parts of the Colony.
Pine tree caterpillars very fortunately made their appearance in small numbers only, the worst attack being made on the young Pines adjoining Kowloon Catchwater; the total weight collected and destroyed was 42 pounds.
Protection from fire.
One new fire-barrier 20 feet in breadth and 1,450 feet in length was made at Taipo Forestry Reserve and another in the vicinity of the wireless station buildings at Cape D'Aguilar, 3,852 feet in length.
Old fire-barriers were cleared of undergrowth and grass; the total length dealt with amounted to 17 miles in the New Territories, 15 miles in Hong Kong and 53 miles at Fanling.
All forestry paths were cleared of grass and undergrowth and the necessary repairs carried out where landslips had occurred.
Nurseries, Agriculture, &c.
At Little Hong Kong Nursery over 7,000 young Camphor trees were raised in readiness for planting out in the adjoining valley where the old natural forest formerly stood.
Fanling Experimental Garden.
Large numbers of young trees of Aleurites montana, Poinciana regia and Cinnamomum Camphora were raised on spare ground in the garden; these trees were used on the roadsides between Fanling and Shataukok and Fanling and Castle Peak and from Sheung Shui to Taipo.
Young plants of the Smooth Cayenne Pineapple were distributed in small lots in order to encourage the growing of this fruit.
At Taipo Forestry Reserve a tree nursery was established and numbers of young trees of economic value were raised, they will be planted in the reserve in due course. A service path has been made on the hills over the whole length of the reserve, this will enable the staff to reach and deal with forest fires.
Kowloon Tsai Nurseries.
Stocks of trees were raised for use in plantations and roadside planting throughout the Colony. 5,000 young camphor trees were lifted and basketed at the end of the year for planting in 1926.
1920-1930
17
185
The first and second rice crops were good. Pineapples were fair and the crop of the very poor variety of ground nuts was good. Ginger was of good quality but stocks were small; owing to the supply of ginger from Canton being temporarily entirely stopped, all available local stocks were in great demand and fetched good prices. Also, on account of the importation of vegetables from Canton and the coast ports being temporarily stopped, locally grown vegetables were sold for very high prices during the summer
months.
Inspection of Nursery Stocks.
Eleven thousand nine hundred, and seventy-six cases of bulbs. of Narcissus Tazetta were examined for fungoid diseases and insect pests before being exported to the United States of America. All the bulbs were grown in the vicinity of Amoy and arrived in Hong Kong between July and October. The actual number of bulbs dealt with was 1,450,660. No consignments were detained for reconditioning.
(c.)-LAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE OF LAND.
The net amount of premium received from sales of Crown Land exclusive of the New Territories during the year 1925 was $367,526.77 a decrease of $1,290,159.83 on preceding year and $1,434,399.46 less than the average of the previous five years, this average was however abnormal owing to the unusual demand for land during the land boom.
The principal items were $115,850 for Inland Lot No. 1922. $34,435 for Rural Building Lot No. 254, and $45,000 for Kowloon Inland Lot No. 1992.
In the New Territories the net amount received for premium was $196,284.14, the principal item being $18.560 for New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 971 and $14,049 for New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 1006.
The total area of land sold or granted during the year was 809- acres and 18 poles of which 618 acres and 321 poles were dealt with by the District Officers.
The total area resumed was 478 acres 1 rood 223 poles includ- ing several large areas in Junk Bay.
The number of deeds registered in the Land Office was 4,220 which is less than the figures of the two preceding years; this is due to the abnormal conditions which prevailed in the Colony dur- ing the second half of the year.
In the Northern District of the New Territories the demand for land was less than in 1924 following a general slackening of business enterprise, but the effect of the unrest in the neighbouring provinces has been to put nearly every available acre of suitable land under cultivation and private sales of this type of land now realize good prices. In the Southern District the demand for land every- where both for building and for agriculture was weak.
186
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
18
III.-LEGISLATION.
Sixteen (16) ordinances were passed during 1925, of which eight were amendinents of previous ordinances.
The most important matters with which these ordinances dealt
were :-
The Bishop of Victoria Incorporation (No. 4)-The object of this ordinance was to incorporate the Bishop of Victoria in order to enable him to hold immovable property in per- petual success, and in particular to enable him to hold the site of St. Paul's College, which was being vested in him with the consent of His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury, the present legal owner.
The Sailors Home (No. 5)-The object of this ordinance was to create a corporation to be known as "The Trustees of the Sailors Home in Hong Kong," to appoint the first trustees, and to vest in the new incorporation the Crown lease of the land on which the present Sailors Home stands.
•
The "Petites Soeurs des Pauvres, St. Pern, Bretagne " (No. 6) The object of this ordinance was to incorporate the Petites Soeurs des Pauvres, St. Pern, Bretagne, in order to enable them to hold immovable property in per- petual succession.
The Telephone (No. 9)-The object of this ordinance was to provide for the establishment of an improved telephone service in the Colony by means of a concession to a new local Telephone Company to supply telephonic communi- cation within the Colony for a period of fifty years com- mencing from 1st July, 1925.
The June Settlement (No. 11)-The object of this ordinance
was to postpone the June settlement day.
The Registration of United Kingdom Patents (No. 13)-The object of this ordinance was to provide for the registration in Hong Kong of letters patents granted in the United Kingdom.
1920-1930
-
19
187
IV.-EDUCATION.
The European staff was decreased by twelve during the year.
The total number of pupils at schools in the Colony excluding the Police School are :-
Number of Pupils.
Total.
English
Vernacular
Schools.
Schools.
Government Schools
3,805
44
3,849
Military Schools
148
148
Excluded Private Schools
210
210
Grant Schools
4,242
1,176
5,418
Controlled Private
Schools
-
3,283
22,531
25,814
Controlled Private
Schools, New Terri-
tories
25
5,215
5,240
Technical Institute
580
580
Total
12,293
28,966
41,259
The most important schools are Queen's College for Chinese, four District Schools its feeders, and the Belilios Public School for Chinese girls. There is an Indian School of growing importance housed in a building presented to the Colony by the late Sir Ellis Kadoorie. Central School and Quarry Bay, Kowloon Junior and Victoria Schools for children of British parentage have an average attendance of 257. There is also a school for the children of the Peak District with an average attendance of 34. The Diocesan School and Orphanage and St. Joseph's College are important boys' schools in receipt of an annual grant. The Italian, French, and St. Mary's Convents, the Diocesan Girls' School, and the St. Stephen's Girls School are the most important of the English Grant Schools for girls. There are two Vernacular Normal Schools for Men and Women respectively.
The Hong Kong Technical Institute affords an opportunity for higher education of students who have left school. Instruction was given in 1925 in Building Construction, Mechanics, Chemistry (Practical and Theoretical), Physics, Electricity, Commercial English, French, Shorthand, Book-keeping. Classes for men and women teachers, both " English" and Vernacular are a feature of
the Institute.
66
""
The lecturers are recruited from the members of the medical and educational faculties of the Colony, and from the Department of Public Works, and receive fees for their services. The Institute is furnished with a well equipped chemical laboratory and excel- lent physical apparatus.
188
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
20
A
The University of Hong Kong was incorporated under a local University Ordinance, 1911, and opened in 1912. It is a residential University and open to students of both sexes.
The late Sir Hormusjee Mody bore the entire expense of the erection of the main building and additions have been made through the liberality of benefactors of varied nationality and domicile. The latest addition to the buildings is a workshop built out of a contribution from Sir Robert Ho Tung.
The annual income of the University now amounts to about $420,000 of which about $145,000 comes from endowment and $50,000 from Government. Messrs. Butterfield and Swire gave £40,000 to the original endowment fund and subsequently $100,000 for engineering equipment. The Rockefeller Institution has endowed the University with three chairs in surgery, medicine and obstetrics, the endowment being in each case $250,000.
The University includes the three Faculties of Medicine, Engineering and Arts. Admission to all faculties is conditional upon passing the matriculation examination of the University or some examination recognised as equivalent thereto.
The Faculty of Medicine provides a six year course of study in the usual pre-medical and medical sciences, leading to the degree of M.B., and B.S. The degrees of M.D., and M.S., may be obtained for post-graduate work. The degrees above mentioned are recognised by the General Medical Council for registration in Great Britain.
The Faculty of Engineering provides a four year course in practical and theoretical engineering, leading to the degree of B.Sc., (Eng.). Fourth year students specialize in civil, in mechanical or in electrical engineering. The degree for post- graduate work is that of M.Sc., (Eng.).
The Faculty of Arts includes departments of pure arts and science, social science, commerce and a department for training teachers. The course is in all cases one of four years and leads to the degree of B.A. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.A.
With a view to securing the maintenance of the desired standard-which is in all three faculties that of a British University degree-external examiners are, in all faculties, associated with the internal examiners in all annual final examinations. In the Faculty of Engineering, but not in other faculties, degrees with honours are granted, the standard being assessed by special examiners chosen from amongst the external examiners in the University of London.
The degree of LL.D., is granted, honoris causa.
The site of the University was given by the Government of Hong Kong. As subsequently enlarged by minor grants and
1920-1930
21
189
by purchase, the University estate covers an area of 709,789 sq. ft. The view from the grounds over the harbour is magnificent and the grounds are naturally beautiful.
In the main buildings are housed the chemical and physical laboratories, the University library and portions of the engineer- ing laboratories. They further include the Great Hall, a Senate room and the lecture and class rooms used by the Faculty of Arts and for general purposes.
Special medical buildings include schools of anatomy, phy- siology, pathology and tropical medicine, erected at the cost of Chinese gentlemen risident in the Colony. Clinical instruction is given at the Government Civil Hospital.
Special engineering buildings include:-
(a) a power station, generating light and power for the estate, energy being supplied by internal combustion engines of varied types which are available for instructional purposes;
(b) a prime movers (steam) and hydraulics laboratory, at present housed in a converted pumping station, formerly the property of the Government; and
(c) A workshop, for practical instruction of students. Electrical machinery (other than the main generating plant), electrical technology, the testing of materials and experimental mechanics are dealt with in the main building.
The larger part of the engineering equipment was the gift of British engineering firms.
Other buildings upon the estate include:-
(a) the Vice-Chancellor's Lodge
(b) Staff-quarters
(c) the resident hostels, and
(d) the University Union Building.
Unless exempted from residence (such exemption being ordinarily granted on the ground that the student's manner of life" is not such as is catered for in the hostels), every matriculated student is required to reside either in a University or recognised
hostel.
The University hostels are three in number-Lugard Hail, Eliot Hall and May Hall.
Recognised hostels are at present two in number-Morrison Hall, situated immediately above the University grounds and conducted by the London Missionary Society, and St. John's Hall, immediately opposite the front of the University, conducted by the Church Missionary Society.
Each student occupies a separate room or cubicle, and there are the usual common rooms. Each University hostel is in charge of a member of the staff, as resident warden.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
22
No University hostel at present exists for women students- whose right to admission to the University was first recognised in 1921; but some arrangements for the accommodation of a few women students in a rented building have been made by the authorities of St. Stephen's Girls' College, a Church of England girls' school which is near the University. The nuns of a neigh- bouring Italian convent are also prepared to house a few women students.
The tuition fee is $300-the hostel fee which includes board and lodging is $300. A student who is allowed to live in a hostel during a vacation-some have to because of their work, e.g. medical students, and others because their homes are too far away- pay at the rate of $8 a week. When a student joins he is required to de- posit caution money to the extent of $25. and to pay a registration fee of $5. The annual subscription to the University Union is $15 and this covers the annual subscription to practically all the athletic clubs. The graduation fee is $25. Probably about $1,200 repre- sents the minimum amount which at present prices would cover a student's annual expenses including vacations. It would cost a Chinese student who goes abroad $2,500 a year at the very least, and this would not cover travelling expenses.
Numerous scholarships are available, including the King Edward VII Scholarships founded by His Majesty's Government. There are also scholarships provided by the Government of Hong Kong, of the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States, of Kedah and Siam.
The Union is the centre of the social life of the students. It is at once a Club and a centre of athletics. The Union Committee contains certain members of the University teaching staff, but its President and Secretary are undergraduates elected by the under- graduates. The undergraduate members of the Committee are also elected by their fellow students. There is a Union magazine with English and Chinese sections. The editors are students, a member of the teaching staff acting as assistant editor. There are some twenty women students; these women students are all members of the Union.
The students of the University come from Kwangtung, Chilhi, Hankow, Hupeh, Yunnan, Hunan, Shanghai, Pekin, Fukien, Singa- pore, Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Kedah, Jahore, Java, Manila, Burma, Siam, Japan, India and Macao. The present enrolment is 300 of whom about 250 are Chinese and 50 non-Chinese. Of the Chinese students some 134 come from Kwangtung and Hong Kong, 50 from the Federated Malay States and 18 from Java. Students from other places outside China number about ten.
The behaviour of the students of the University throughout the troubles connected with the strike and boycott was admirable. It is true that when the strike and boycott began in June, the University was in vacation; but at the time there were more than one hundred students in residence. The University re-opened on its normal date in September. Nearly all the students came back, some at consider- able personal risk, and throughout the term which then opened their whole attitude was one of quiet loyalty to the University.
1920-1930
23
191
PUBLIC WORKS.
BUILDINGS.
During the year progress as stated was made on the following works:-
Hong Kong.-The New Fire Brigade Station proceeded satisfac- torily and was nearing completion by the end of the year. The following works were completed, Senior Officers Quarters, Gough Hill, New Architectural Office and Entrance to New Queen's Pier, the New Sisters Quarters to the Government Civil Hospital were nearly completed and good progress was made on the New King's College and alterations to the Victoria Hospital. New Queen's College site approached completion. Open markets at Whitfield and Quarry Bay were finished.
Kowloon.-The New Hospital was practically finished and partly occupied by the end of the year and married quarters for Police were erected at Mong Kok and Tsim Sha Tsui Police Stations.
New Territories.-The work of piling for the foundations of the new Gaol was completed and married quarters for Police were erected at a number of the police stations. Kowloon City and Shamshuipo Police Stations were finished.
COMMUNICATIONS.
Hong Kong.-Road contouring Wongneichung and Tai Hang Valley, and access road from Stubbs Road to War Memorial Hospital site, made good progress. Main road from Causeway Bay to Quarry Bay made fair progress in places. Road connecting Robinson Road with Conduit Road was begun and good progress made. Improvements were continued on Kennedy, Conduit, Victoria and Shaukiwan Roads.
Kowloon. Work on the removal of the hill obstruction at the junction of Nathan and Coronation Roads made good progress. IVaterloo Road Extension North and East, Tokawan Road aud Chatham Road Extension, Mongkok-Kowloon City Road made good progress.
Several streets in Yaumati were raised to new levels.
New Territories.-Widening of Fan Ling-Au Ha Gap Road to 20 ft. and extension to Shataukok made good progress. Widening of bridges on Castle Peak-Fan Ling Road to 20 ft. put in hand. Improvements to the Coastal Road and the metalling and tar painting of New Territories roads were continued, and several bridges were widened.
DRAINAGE.
Hong Kong. A 7·6 concrete culvert from Leighton Hill Road to Praya was finished.
Kowloon.-The Extension of the Mongkoktsui nullah to the Old Kowloon Boundary was completed. Ma Tau Chung nullah made slow progress.
192
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
21
New Territories.-The Nan Chang Street nullah from the water front to the Tai Po Road was completed and the Extension of the Mongkoktsui Nullah from the old Kowloon Boundary to the Kowloon Range of hills progressed satisfactorily.
......
WATER WORKS.
Hong Kong. Both tiers of beds at the Eastern Filter Beds were completed. The walls and invert of the east half of the Service Reservoir were approaching completion.
The Engine & Boiler House Extension at Tytam Tuk was completed, whilst the erection of the new engine and boiler was well advanced.
Stanley Mound East Catchwater was practically completed, whilst Stanley Mound West and Jardine's Lookout Catchwaters were completed..
5,500 ft. of 15" C. I. main and 2,350 ft. of 12" main were laid during the year in Queen's Road and Praya East.
A Contract was let to the Patterson Engineering Co. for the supply and erection of Fast Gravity Filtration Plant at Bowen Road.
The Eastern Pumping Scheme has been abandoned for the time being.
Kowloon.-Improvements and renewals to the distributing system were continued.
The construction of 4 additional filter beds at Lai Chi Kok Pass was almost completed.
The extension of the Beacon Hill Catchwater was practically completed.
Shek Li Pui Reservoir was completed and in use during the latter part of the year. Only a few minor works remain to be done.
Shing Mun Valley Scheme.-The Access Road from Tsun Wan to Pineapple Pass was nearly completed.
The temporary intake and conduit together with the north conduit were completed.
1,043 ft. of tunnel was driven under Smugglers' Ridge and 2,470 ft. under Golden Hill. The south conduit was completed.
The Reception Reservoir contract was approximately half completed by the end of the year.
A contract was let to the Petterson Engineering Co. for the supply and erection of fast gravity filtration plant of 5 million gallons per day capacity.
1920-1930
25
193
By the end of the year the first consignments of 24" diameter steel pipes had arrived from England.
Pipers Hill Service Reservoir was satisfactorily completed and tested.
A contract for the cross harbour pipe was prepared, but commencement of the work has been postponed.
RECLAMATIONS.
Hong Kong.-Praya East, about 90 acres, of which about 44 acres were reclaimed by the end of the year.
Quarry Bay, 31 acres, about half of the reclamation completed.
North Point, private scheme, about 20 acres, approximately 2/3rd of the scheme completed.
Kowloon.-Shamshuipo Reclamation comprising an area of 66 acres, almost completed.
Taikoktsui Reclamation, total area 54 acres approximately, of which 40 acres were reclaimed at end of year.
Pour progress was made with the Kai Tack reclamation which is a private undertaking near Kowloon City.
Satisfactory progress was made with the reclamation at Kowloon Bay West.
New Territories.-Reclamatious undertaken at Laichikok by the Standard Oil Co. and the Kailan Mining Administration had been completed at the end of year.
PIERS.
Hong Kong.-Queen's Pier was completed and opened to the public.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Good progress was made with the levelling of the Kowloon Tong Development Scheme areas approximately 27 acres being handed over to the Company during the year.
The total amount expended on Public Works Extraordinary was $8,638,930.87 and on annually recurrent works $1,574,431.75.
194
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
26
RAILWAY.
The extension to workshops started in Juue, 1924, was com- pleted in April and handed over to the Locomotive Department. The blacksmiths moved into the new portion of the building, and the old smithshop was overhauled and converted into a Store for tools.
The 5-cwt. pneumatic hammer, punching and shearing machine, power hack saw, electric motors and shafting were removed from the old Shop and re-erected.
The 360-ton wheel press was moved to a more convenient position in the new extension, and four other machines, 18" shaper, power screwing machine, axle-box boring machine and air com- pressor were re-arranged in more convenient places.
Four tracks on the site of the proposed extension of the carriage shed were extended for the full length of 500 feet to ac- commodate stock.
Two three-storied tenement houses adjoining the Locomotive Yard, known as 70 and 72 Chatham Road, were taken over and reconditioned as quarters for workshops staff.
A small area of Railway land measuring 80 feet by 60 feet, situated in the Locomotive Yard at Huughom, was transferred to the Public Works Department for the purpose of building a permanent workshop and quarters for electricians.
The materials for the new water tank and tower at Kowloon arrived in May and a contract was entered into for erection. This work was nearly completed by the close of the year.
The materials for the extension to the awnings over the main platform at Kowloon arrived from England aud Canada in August and September, and erection was commenced in December.
The bridge at the second mile, known as No. 4 Bridge and referred to in last year's report, was completed in May and traffic diverted back over the eastern spans.
The laying of underground cables in substitution for aerial telephone wires was continued back from Taipo at Mile 13 to Mile 9. This work is being carried out by the Public Works Department.
At Lowu the sidings were extended for about 300 feet to facilitate shunting operations.
Considerable damage to the Railway was caused by rainstorms in July which culminated in a heavy downpour on the 16th when 15.48 inches of rain were registered. A 3-foot culvert at Yaumati -Station was choked up by debris from private works on the hillside above, and the line flooded with slurry. Later on a heavy slip took place and buried both tracks to a height of four or five feet, thus interrupting traffic. At Mile 34, private works caused a diversion of the flood waters which cut away the railway bank for some hundred yards, and all traffic had to change trains at either side of the breach for two days.
1920-1930
27
195
The following new machines were installed in the Carpenters. Shop:-
(i) Planing and moulding machine.
(ii) Band saw and chain mortising machine.
During the year most of the machines in the Workshops were given a general overhaul.
The motor repair shop has been kept extremely busy through- out the year, overhauling motor vehicles belonging to other Government Departments.
The Workshops were very greatly handicapped during the middle of the year by the strike. All the No. 1's however remained and with their assistance the train service was maintained. During the greater part of a month, running repairs of all kinds were done- by these few men.
The year 1925 has again proved an unfortunate one for the Railway, directly attributable to the conditions obtaining in the Kwangtung Province, the Through and Joint Sectional Traffic being suspended throughout the year with the exception of 166 Slow Through trains. The Through Slow Service suspended in 1924 was resumed on March 17th. The Chinese Section passenger stock however was found to be in such a bad state of repair, that it was considered inadvisable to allow it to run over the British Section as had been done in the past, and passengers were therefore- conveyed to and from the border in stock provided by the British. Section.
The through service was again suspended from June 1st to the 17th.
On Sunday, June 21st, a general strike of Chinese in the Colony commenced and through traffic was again interrupted and was not resumed during the year. Between June 23rd and July 11th there was a general exodus of strikers from the Colony, 24,851 passengers being carried to the border.
A ballast train for the use of the Public Works Department was provided on the Branch Line for 100 nights commencing on June 22nd and terminating on the 27th October, in connection with the construction of the new road to Sha Tau Kok
The Railway Division of St. John's Ambulance Brigade, under the direction of Traffic Inspector Winyard, has proved itself most efficient. There are now thirty-three members, all recruited from the Traffic Department. A First Aid Box is kept at each Station and also on each train, and expert attendance and suitable dressings. are available in cases of accident.
The Division again won the "Holyoak" Attendance Cup.
As mentioned in my last Report, it was decided that this Railway should adopt the system of accounts employed on all Chinese Government Railways. The recasting from 1906 to date has now been completed, and for the first time the accounts are presented in accordance with the Classification of Revenue and Expenditure as prescribed by the Ministry of Communications.
196
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
-28
ww....I should like to place on record my appreciation of the excellent manner in which the work has been carried out and at the same time to express my indebtedness to Mr. Harris, Chief Accountant -of the Chinese Section for his assistance and advice.
At the end of 1916 the Construction Account was closed, and thereafter estimates of expenditure were framed under two main heads, viz., Working Expenses and Special Expenditure. Special Expenditure for the years 1917 to 1924 has now been allocated as between Capital and Revenue, and the portion properly chargeable to Capital is for the first time included in the Capital Account, and the balance, viz., $213,115.84 chargeable to Revenue is carried to Profit and Loss Account. The Special Expenditure for the year 1925 has been allocated between Capital and Revenue, and the portion chargeable to Capital included in the Capital Account while the Revenue items are debited to Operating Expenses.
The Local passenger receipts amounted to $332,208.31, as against $332,942.68 for the previous year, and the goods receipts were $21.762.64, or $2,286.92 less than the previous year.
The Gross Receipts for the year were $430,578.31, as against $420,186.15 for 1924, an increase of $10,392.16.
The operating expenses amounted to $529,901.49. The dis- bursements against the estimate of ordinary working expenses was $504:422.56 and the portion of Special Expenditure properly chargeable to Revenue $14,744.04. Further items amounting to $10,734.89 are included in respect of services rendered and materials supplied by Government departments, also payments by Railway during the year not provided for in the Railway Estimates but charged to Government votes. The working expenses exceeded the Revenue by $99,323.18.
Through and Joint Sectional passengers carried were as follows:-
1923. 1924. · 1925.
Passengers booked at Stations
in British Section to Sta- tions in China including Lowu......
Passengers booked at Stations
in China including Lowu to Stations in British Territory
250,719 168,734 16,224*
249,152 157,115 16,316*
The Local Passengers carried were as follows:
Main Line
Fanling Branch Line,
1923. 1924. 1925. 951,001 1,177,234 1,083,821 73,838 S2;505 58,419
* Lowu bookings not included as formerly.
JA A
1920-1930
29
197
VI.-GOVERNMENT AND AIDED INSTITUTIONS.
(a)-HOSPITALS.
Government Hospitals consist of the Civil Hospital, to which äs attached an isolated Maternity Hospital, the Victoria Hospital for Women and Children, and the Kennedy Town Infectious Diseases Hospital.
The Civil Hospital contains 198 beds in 23 wards. 5,774 in-patients and 30,889 out-patients were treated during 1925 as against 6, 106 and 31,347 respectively in 1924. 1,140 cases of malarial ferer were admitted as against 1,020 in 1924 and 647 in 1923. The total cases of malaria for all Government Hospitals and the Tung Wa Hospital shows an increase of 40 cases as compared with the year 1924. The Maternity Hospital contains 9 beds for Europeans, plus 3 extra beds, and 8 for Asiatics. 668 confinements occurred during the year as against 789 in 1924. The Victoria Hospital at the Peak contains 41 beds, and during 1925, 320 patients were under treatment there. At Kennedy Town Hospital, which contains 26 beds, 12 cases were treated in 1925, being infectious.
(b.)-LUNATIC ASYLUM.
The Asylum is under the direction of the Superintendent of the Civil Hospital. European and Chinese patients are separated, the European portion containing 14 beds in separate wards and the Chinese portion 16 beds. 308 patients of all races were treated during 1925 and there was 9 deaths.
(c.)-THE TUNG WA AND OTHER CHINESE HOSPITALS.
The Tung Wa Hospital, opened in 1872, is mainly supported by the voluntary subscriptions of Chinese, but receives an annual grant of $8,000 from the Government. Only Chinese are treated in this institution. Various other services not appertaining to a hospital are performed by the institution, such as the free burial of the poor, the repatriation of destitutes, the maintenance of free vernacular schools, and the organisation of charitable relief in -emergencies; Chinese as well as European methods of treatment are employed in accordance with the wishes expressed by the patients or their friends. Over half the number are now treated by Western methods. The hospital is managed by a committee of Chinese gentlemen annually elected, their appointment being sub- mitted to the Governor for confirmation. It is under the supervi- sion of a visiting physician, who is a member of the Medical Department, whilst two Chinese house surgeons, trained in Western medicine, are members of the hospital staff. There are 450 beds in the buildings, and 9,133 patients were accommodated during 1925.
198
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
30
The Tung Wa also maintain a branch hospital for small-pox cases (Chinese only) at Kennedy Town. It contains 70 beds and during 1925, 23 cases were treated.
The Alice Memorial and Affiliated Hospitals are managed and controlled by a General Committee consisting of subscribers and supporters of these institutions, and an Executive Committee consisting of representatives of the London Missionary Society and members of the General Committee.
The Affiliated Hospitals at present consist of the Alice Memorial Hospital Dispensary, temporarily replacing the Alice Memorial Hospital which was sold in 1921, the Nethersole Hospital, opened in 1893, the Alice Memorial Maternity Hospital opened in 1904, and the Ho Miu Ling Hospital opened in 1906.
The number of Inpatients in 1925 was 1,402, and the number of Outpatients, 81,715.
The total Expenditure was $60,360.51. The number of Labours in the Maternity Hospital in 1925 was 420. The Govern- ment grant to these Hospitals is $2,000.00 and a special grant is made to the Maternity Hospital of $300.00
The Kwong Wa Hospital for Chinese in. the Kowloon Peninsula was opened on the 9th October, 1911. It occupies a site having an area of three acres and provides accommodation for 215 patients. The existing buildings contain 215 beds and 6,862 patients were accommodated during 1925. The collection of sub- scriptions and the supervision of the building were undertaken by a special committee under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs. The hospital received a grant of $33,500 in 1925 from the Government.
VII-INSTITUTIONS NOT SUPPORTED BY GOVERNMENT.
One of the most important institutions in the Colony not sup- ported by the Government is the Matilda Hospital, which stands on a commanding site of nearly three acres at Mount Kellet in the Hill District. An account of this hospital will be found in the
report for 1917.
Among institutions recognised and encouraged, but not to any considerable extent supported by Government may be mentioned the Pó Leung Kuk, the Eyre Refuge, the City Hall, and the Chinese Public Dispensaries.
1920-1930
31
199
The Pó Leung Kuk is a Chinese Society founded in 1878 for the suppression of kidnapping and traffic in human beings. It was incorporate'l in 1893 and is presided over by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs aud not more than twelve directors nominated by the Governor. The actual management is entrusted to a committee elected annually by the members of the Society. The Society's buildings have been declared a Refuge under the Women and Girls Protection Ordinance, and almost all women and girls detained by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs under that Ordinance are sent to the Pó Leung Kuk. During 1925 the number of persons admitted was 297 and at the close of the year 62 remained under the care of the Society. The inmates are under the immediate charge of a Chinese matron, and instruction is given them by the matron and a Chinese teacher in elementary subjects and in needlework.
The Eyre Diocesan Refuge is an institution, under mission auspices, founded for rescue work among the Chinese.
It was housed in the Relilios Reformatory up to the outbreak of war, but the work is at present carried on at Kowloon City. A small grant is made by the Government.
The City Hall receives an annual grant of $1,200 from Governinent. It contains a theatre, some large rooms which are used for balls, meetings, concerts, etc, a museum in which are some very fair specimens, and a large reference and lending library, to which new volumes are added from time to time, as funds will allow. The building was erected in 1866-9 by sub- scription.
Small grants are also given to the Italian Convent, the French Convent, (both of which take in and tend abandoned or sick infants), the West Point Orphanage, the Seamen's Hospital, and other charitable iustitutions.
The Chinese Public Dispensaries are institutions maintained in order to provide the Chinese with the services, of doctors, whose certificates will be accepted by the Registrar of Deaths, and with the services of interpreters, who can assist the inmates of houses, where a case of infectious disease has occured. Coolies are engaged and ambulances and dead vans provided in order to remove cases of infectious disease to the Infectious Diseases Hospital and dead bodies to the Mortuary. The Dispensaries receive sick infants and sent them to one or other of the Convents and arrange for the burial of dead infants. Free advice and medicine are given and patients are attended at their houses. There are eight Dispensaries in existence. The total cost of maintenance was $77,375 for the year 1925. The Gevernment makes an annual grant of $12,000, and the rest of the cost is defrayed by voluntary subscription. The Dispensaries are conducted by committees under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.
200
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
32
VIII.-CRIMINAL AND POLICE.
The total of all cases reported to the Police was 16,783 being a decrease of 789 or 44 per cent. as compared with 1924.- There was in 1925 a decrease in serious offences of 738 or 16:4 per cent, as compared with the previous year. The number of serious offences reported was 365 below the average of the quin- quennial period commencing with the year 1921. The number of minor offences reported shows a decrease of 18 as compared with 1924 and was 2,202 over the average of the quinquennial period.
The total strength of the Police Force in 1925 was Europeans 246, Indiaus 564, Chinese 945 making a total of 1,755 exclusive of the six superior officers and staff of clerks and coolies. These figures include police paid for by the railway and other Government departments. Of this force 15 Europeans, 39 Indians, and 153 Chinese were stationed in the New Territories during the year.
The District Watchmen Force, numbering 122, to which the Government contributes $2,000 per annum, was well supported by the Chinese during the year. These watchmen patrol the streets in the Chinese quarter of the City. They are placed on police beats and are supervised by the European police on section patrol. A detective branch of the force has done useful work under the supervision of a European Inspector.
The total number of persons committed to Victoria Gaol was 6,339 as compared with 7,382 in 1924. Of these 613 were committed for criminal offences against 1,644 in 1924. Of committals for noncriminal offences there were 51 more for hawking without a licence, and 24 less for unlawfully cutting trees, than in 1924.
The daily average of prisoners confined in the Gaol was 1,116 the average for 1924 being 1,066, and the highest previous average being 861 in 1923. The percentage of prisoners to population, according to the daily average of the former and the estimated number of the latter, was 0.13. The average percentage for the last ten years was 0-32. Owing, however, to the large floating population, which is constantly moving between the Colony and Chinese Territory, the percentage of crime to population does not convey au accurate idea of the comparative criminality of the residents of the Colony. The Victoria Gaol has accommodation for 700 prisoners including patients in Hospital. The Branch Prison at Laichikok has accommodation for 350 prisoners in association.
The prison discipline was satisfactory, the average of punish- ments per prisoner being 0.71 as compared with 0.43 in 1924 and 0.32 in 1923.
:
Long sentence prisoners serving two years and upwards are taught useful trades, including printing, hook-binding, tin- smithing, mat-making, tailoring, carpentering, etc. The profit on the work done was $122,221.20 as against $121,664.20 in 1924. A sum of $3,758 was received and credited to Government for non-Government work as against $4,427 in 1924.
1920-1930
33
IX.-VITAL STATISTICS.
(a.)-POPULATION.
201
The civil population of the Colony, according to the census taken on April 24th, 1921, was 625,166, of whom 83,163 reside in the New Territories and in New Kowloon; at the census taken in 1911 it was 456,739 with 104,287 as the figure for the New Territories and New Kowloon. The estimated total population at the middle of the year under review was $74,420, but this includes the New Territories; and, as the birth and death figures given below do not include those from this area (with the exception of New Kowloon), the population for the purposes of calculating these rates is estimated at 786,920, of whom 16,500 were non-Chinese.
The distribution of population estimated to the middle of 1925 was as follows :-
Non-Chinese Civil Community,...
Chinese
Population.
....
City of Victoria (including Peak),... Villages of Hong Kong,
Kowloon (including New Kowloon), New Territories, Population afloat,
...
Total Chinese Population, ...
Total Civil Population,
16,500
465,000
33,040
...
200,000
87,500
72,380
$57,920
874,420
(b.)-PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION.
The birth-rate for the year was 425* per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 226 per 1,000 among the non-Chinese community, as compared with 5:47 and 18-25 for 1924.
The death-rate for the year was 19 12 per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 146 among the non-Chinese civil com- munity, as compared with 219 and 15'68 for 1924.
The deaths from Malaria numbered 702 (707 in 1924). The deaths of Chinese from this cause in the City of Victoria numbered 200 out of a population of 165,000 or a rate of 0·43 per 1,000 per annum.
The deaths from Plague numbered nil. The last deaths from Plague occurred in 1923.
Small-pox deaths numbered 41 of which all were Chinese.
* This figure is wholly misleading as it is impossible to register more than a portion of the births.
202
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
34
There were 4,290 deaths from respiratory diseases other thau Pulmonary Tuberculosis as compared with 4,319 in 1924, and 31 of these were among the Non-Chinese community. Pulmonary Tuber- culosis claimed 1,859 Chinese and 31 non-Chinese victims whilst other forms of Tuberculosis represent an additional 401 deaths making a total of 2,358 or 15 28 per cent. of the total deaths among the community.
Beri-beri was responsible for 1,744 deaths, as compared with 1,502 during 1924 and 1,270 in 1923.
A tabular statement of the principal causes of death is appended.
(c.)-CLIMATE.
•
The climate of Victoria is similar in its broad features to that of Kowloon and the New Territories, but at the higher levels, from 1,400 to 1,800 feet above sea level the temperature is on the average about 3° lower than at the Observatory, 'Kowloon, in the winter, and 8° lower in the summer. The humidity is usually greater than in Kowloon and approaches: saturation for several days at a time during March and April when mist is very prevalent. In summer the city of Victoria, and the rising terraces behind it, derive little or no benefit from the SW monsoon, being sheltered by steep hills from SE to SW. In winter.it is exposed to the NE monsoon, which occasionally blows along the harbour through Lyemun Pass with considerable violence. On the other hand the south-west side of the Island is protected from the NE monsoon in winter and enjoys the benefit of the SW monsoon in summer.
For further particulars see Appendix F.
POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.
The total revenue from the 'postal service in 1925 amounted to $644,066.67 being $110,861.59 less than that collected in 1924. The net expenditure amounted to $284,419.66. The balance of revenue over expenditure amounted to $359,647.01.
The revenue collected in 1925 from radio-telegrams amounted to $80,342.69 being $10,846.28 more than that collected in 1924. Advices of vessels signalled at the lighthouses yielded $806.20 and semaphore messages $29.95 making a total of $81,178.81: for the telegraph service. The expenditure amounted to $71,741.66 The number of radio-telegranis forwarded during the year was 10,524 consisting of 122,914 words, and 13,180 were received con- sisting of 175,726 words.
W. T. SOUTHORN,
Colonial Secretary.
28th July 1925. 29th November 1916
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
35
Table I.-DEATHS REGISTERED IN THE
204
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
British and
Foreign Community,
Civil,....
Blackwater Fovor.
Rolapsing Fover.
Typhus Fovor.
Yollow Fovor,
Rabies (Hydrophobin.)
Donguo F'over.
Paratyphoid Fover.
Influenza.
Small-pox.
Monsies.
Typhoid Fovor.
Diphthorin.
Cerebro-spinal
Meningitis.
Dysentery.
Pinguo.
Scarlet Fover.
Victoria and Peak,
...
Harbour,
:
:
...
Kowloon,
Shankiwan, Land..)
Shaukiwan, Boat ..
Aberdeen, Land
Aberdeen, Boat
Stanley, Land....
Stanley,
Boat
Chinese Community,
Total, 1925,
1924,
...
:
:
:
:
:
2
:
:
co
8
2 1
a
:
26
15
3
61
18
00
46 187
2
61
6
3
15
3
15
24
...
12 14 910S
...
3
1
...
I
:
::
...
:
:
**
:
:
3
:
:
:
:
...
:
:
45
41
3 91
38
57 331
1
3
52 795
14 113
40
70 432
1920-1930
COLONY OF HONG KONG DURING 1925.
205
Malarial Fevor.
Cholern,
Puerperal Fever.
Septic Infections.
Syphilis.
Poisoning.
Injuries.
Developmental Disonses.
Oll Ago.
Gonoral Tuberculosis.
Beri-bori.
Cancer,
Paralysis and Convulsions.
Heart Disonsos.
Pneumonia.
Phthisis & Pulmonary
Tuberculosis.
Enteritis nad Gastro-
Entoritis.
Cirrhosis of Livor.
Poritonitis.
Nophritis.
Othor causos.
Unknown.
All cau808.
10
---
8
3
10
:
6
...
23 3 7
I
F
7... 12 20 30 11
4 ...
8 83 4 256
2
2
7
38 271 63 199 248 165 195 825 58 94 135 1,720|1265 450
218 1
...
3838
36 14 71 4 51
10
16 16 203 2169] 101
70%
8,791
5
2
6
95 51 31
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I 1 4 13
...
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48 1,004 393 557
12
11 200 484 | 121
11
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63..
1 1: 1 29 15
26
1... 8 92 8
380
...
...
...
1
...
...
FF
1
115
10
6
40
1
31
33
1
7
p
30
2
...
2
161
:
40
:
...
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...
...
co
3
43
...
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:
...
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...
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50
8
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33
56 376 74 366 293 | 577 | 253|1744| 116 | 110 202 2,878 |18311080 35
74 124
28 433 2931 292 14,991
338
65 429 75 855 | 409 | 564 | 340 1502 124 123 183 2,584 16421011 52 38432 2660 328 15,553
:
...
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
No. 1356.
HONG KONG.
207
REPORT FOR 1926.
(For Report for 1924 see No. 1288 (Price 1s. 3d.), and for Report for 1925 see No. 1324 (Price 1s. 6d.).
PRINTED IN HONG KONG.
LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE
To be purchased directly from H.M.STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.0.2; 120, George Street, Edinburgh; York Street, Manchester; 1, St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardif;
15, Donegall Square West, Belfast;
or through any Bookseller.
1927.
Price 1s. 3d. net.
58-23-0-26.
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
HONG KONG.
ANNUAL GENERAL REPORT FOR 1926.
209
PREFACE.
The Colony of Hong Kong is situated off the south-eastern coast of China between latitude 22° 9′ and 22° 17′ N. and longitude 114° 5′ and 114° 18′ E. The island is about 11 miles long and 2 to 5 miles in breadth, its circumference being about 27 miles and its area 283 square miles. It consists of an irregular ridge of lofty hills rising to a height of nearly 2,000 feet above sea level, stretch- ing nearly east and west, with few valleys of any extent and little ground available for cultivation.
The island, then desolate and sparsely inhabited by fishermen, was ceded to Great Britain in January, 1841, the cession being confirmed by the Treaty of Nankin in August, 1842; and the charter bears the date 5th April, 1843. All that part of Kowloon peninsula lying Sonth of Kowloon Fort to the northernmost point of Stonecutter's Island together with that island was ceded to Great Britain under the Convention signed at Peking in October, 1860, and under the Convention signed at Peking in June, 1898, the area known as the New Territories including Mirs Bay and Deep Bay was leased to Great Britain by the Government of China for 99 years.
The area of the New Territories and Islands is
about 345 sq. miles.
Trade gradually developed as China became accustomed to foreign intercourse and it increased greatly owing to the opening of the Suez Canal. It now stands at about 200 million pounds sterling per annum.
Large local banking, dock, steamboat, and insurance companies were established between 1865 and 1872, and their numbers are being continually added to.
The Colony is the centre of an incessant How of Chinese emigration and immigration.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
The boycott of British trade and shipping which began at the same time as the strike in June, 1925 did not, like the strike, collapse rapidly. It continued in full force throughout nearly the whole of 1926 by means of armed strike pickets, whose livelihood depended on it. Officially it was called off by the Canton authorities on 10tli October, but intimidators managed to enforce its continuance for some time longer. The trade of the Colony consequently suffered severely, but despite all the difficulties in their way, the British merchants in South China managed to do a certain amount of business, and all confidently looked forward to the better times to
come.
210
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
2
Generally there was a feeling of calm optimism; the Colony had not got through the wood yet, but our enemies, though they had, under Bolshevik influence, striven their utmost, had failed to ruin the trade of Hong Kong.
The Rents Ordinance, which restricted the landlords' right to raise rents was allowed to lapse after having been in force for four
years.
The New Year opened with the fire on New Year's day at the Hong Kong Hotel, a great part of which was completely gutted. The damage was estimated at nearly two million dollars. There was one casualty; a bluejacket, who was assisting in fighting the fire, fell from a window and died of his injuries.
As a result of the fire a Committee was appointed to consider the fire fighting organisation of the Colony. Most of the recom- mendations of the Committee have been adopted by the Government.
Another calamity befell Hong Kong when on the night of 19th 20th July, a terrific thunder-storm exceeding in intensity any storm recorded within the last thirty-five years burst over the Colony. Several buildings were struck by lightning, one Indian soldier being killed in the barracks of the Punjabi Regiment in Kowloon. Nearly 20 inches of rain fell in the space of 8 hours. The damage, to Government works and property exclusive of Military, Naval and private losses ran into well over a million dollars, and will not be fully repaired under about twelve months. There were landslides, roads were washed out, and nullahs torn up. A huge boulder crashed into the pumping station at Pokfulum, killing 4 men, and seriously interfering with the water supply to the hill districts for some weeks. The lower levels of the City of Victoria were flooded to a depth of several feet and all the ordinary activities of the Colony were suspended for some days. The Peak fram service was totally suspended for a week. The rapidity with which essential communications were restored reflects the greatest credit on the officers of the Public Works Department.
The number of piracies on steamships was greater than it had been for many years.
The most serious case was that of the S.S. "Sunning", which whilst on a voyage from Amoy to Hong Kong was captured on November 15th, by pirates who had travelled dis- guised as passengers. Resourceful and daring action, for which the Chief and Second Officers of the ship were mainly responsible. led to the re-capture of the bridge. The pirates endeavoured to dis- lodge the officers from the bridge, but were repulsed time after time. Finally they set fire to the vessel, but the fire though it greatly damaged the ship did not help the pirates, all of whom were, so far as can be ascertained, either killed, drowned or captured. Of those captured eight were convicted of piracy and hanged.
A Commission was appointed to enquire into and report on anti-piracy measures in general but its report had not been issued by the end of the year.
1920-1930
211
Two large buildings were opened during the year, riz, the Government Offices and Fire Station on Connaught Road opposite the Central Market, and the new Banque de l'Indo-Chine building on Queen's Road,
An investiture was held at Government House on 13th March, when H. R. H. Prince George, K.G., G.C.V.O., invested His Excellency the Governor, Sir Cecil Clementi as K.C.M.G., Knighted the Hon. Sir Shou-son Chow and invested the Hon. Mr. E. R. Hallifax with the badge of C.M.G., Mr. George Duncan with the badge of M.B, F. and Mr. George White with the Royal Albert Medal.
At the 17th Congregation of the University of Hong Kong held on 12th January, the degree of Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa) was conferred on His Excellency the Governor, Sir Cecil Clementi. K.C.M.G., the Hon. Mr. R. H. Kotewall, Mr. R. Ponsonby Fane, and Sir R. E. Stubbs, K.C.M.G., (in absentia).
The news of the death in England on 25th May of the Hon. Mr. P. H. Holyoak came as a shock to the Colony. The late Mr. Holyoak had been an indefatigable worker both as an Unofficial member of the Legislative and Executive Councils, and as Chairman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce.
Two days later on 27th May, there passed away in Hong Kong the Hon. Sir Paul Chater, c.M.G, the most prominent figure in the public and commercial life of modern Hong Kong. Sir Paul had spent over sixty years in the Colony, during which period he had devoted himself not only to business but also to the general welfare of the community. He was first appointed to the Legislative Council in 1886, and was an Unofficial Member of the Executive Council from 1896 to the time of his death."
On 29th August, Mr. Ho Fook, a scion of a well known Chinese family in Hong Kong, died. Mr. Ho Fook before his retirement from active participation in the affairs of the community had been an Unofficial Member of the Legislative Council, and had been a leading member of all the most important of the Chinese public bodies.
The Hon. Mr. A. G. M. Fletcher, C.M G., C.B.E., Acting Colonial Secretary who had served as a Cadet Officer in Hong Kong for 24 years left on 9th January for Ceylon, of which Colony he had been appointed Colonial Secretary,
On 1st May, the Honourable Mr. W. T. Southorn of the Ceylon Civil Service arrived in Hong Kong and took up the duties of the post of Colonial Secretary.
212
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
1
I.-FINANCES.
The revenue for the year amounted to $21,131,582 being $235,161 less than the estimate and $2,112,783 less than the revenue for the previous year.
Compared with the returns for 1925 there were decreases under all the beads except Kowloon-Canton Railway, Licences and Internal Revenue and Miscellaneous Receipts.
The expenditure amounted to a total of $23,524.716 inclusive of a sum of $4,720,000 spent on Public Works Extraordinary.
The detailed figures for 1926 are set out in the following statements:-
HEADS OF REVENUE.
$
C.
Light Dues
Light Dues, Special Assessment -
110,543.80
127,655.26
Licences and Internal Revenue not otherwise
specified
14,020,850.58
Fees of Court or Office, Payments for specific purposes, and Reimbursements in Aid -
-
1,488,587.15
Post Office'
766,539.87
Kowloon-Canton Railway
538,041.73
Rent of Government Property, Land, and.
Houses
1,264,799.24
Interest
237,443.67
Miscellaneous Receipts
2,290,775.73
TOTAL, (Ordinary)-
Land Sales, (Premia on New Leases)
-
TOTAL
- $20,845,240.03
286,341.61
- $21,131,581.64
to
The total expenditure brought to account amounted $23,524,716 being $265,899 less than the estimate, and $4,724,102 less than the expenditure in 1925. Miscellaneous Services exceeded the estimate by $230,130 chiefly on account of the upkeep of emergency organisations brought into existence by the political
situation.
1920-1930
5
Military Expenditure exceeded the estimate by $173,824.
EXPENDITURE.
$ .c.
Governor
115,162.79
Cadet Service
202,521.59
Junior Clerical Service
669,125.82
Colonial Secretary's Department and Legis-
lature -
55,136.12
Secretariat for Chinese Affairs
8,147.42
Audit Department
45,609.05
Treasury
25,045.41
Harbour Master's Department
619,442.78
Imports & Exports Department
667,665.32
Royal Observatory
Miscellaneous Services
45,158.87
990,467.63
Judicial and Legal Departments -
267,171.45
Police Force
1,745,081.97
Fire Brigade
206,232.50
Prison Department
472,337.42
Medical Department
723,228.88
Sanitary Department
-
569,392.24
Botanical and Forestry Department
$7,541.09
Education Department
910,063.09
Military Expenditure -
4,247,038.09
Public Works Department
1,248,864.89
Do.
Recurrent
1.822,816.80
Do.
Port Development Department
Port Works Extraordinary -
Post Office -
Kowloon-Canton Railway
Charge on Account of Public Debt
Pensions
Charitable Services
Extraordinary
4,720,000.19
59,299.30
526,670.93
120,848.45
766,402.88
803,272.29
578,765.67
115.842.01
TOTAL
- $23,524,715.94
213
The balance to the debit on the year's working was $2,393,134 and the assets and liabilities account showed on the 31st December a credit balance of $3,486,290.54.
The following is a statement of the revenue and expenditure of the Colony for the five years 1922-1926 :-
Revenue.
Expenditure.
$
$
1922
22,291,065
18,563,003
1923
24,783,763
21,571,905
1924
21,209,640
26,726,428
1925
23,244,365
28,266,870
1920
21,131,582 23,524,716
214
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
6
The amount of the consolidated loan stands at £1,185,733. Against this there is at credit of the Sinking Fund a sum of £533,787. The Local Loan under Ordinance No. 12 of 1916 amounts to $3,000,000 and there are the sums of $1,834,927 and £120,653 at credit of the Sinking Fund.
A new valuation for Assessment was made for the year com- mencing 1st July, 1926, resulting as follows:-
Increases:
The City of Victoria
The Hill District
Hong Kong Villages Yaumati
$ 701,338
13,940
$8,567
5,880
6,115
2,530
8,212
Mongkok tsui
Bunghom and Hok Un
Kowloon Villages...
Decreases:
New Territories
+8,555
Shaukiwan, Saiwanho and Quarry Bay
36,317
Kowloon Point...
30,835
The rateable value of the whole Colony amounted to $27,998,237 having increased by $710,357.
During the period 1917-1926 the assessment of the whole Colony has risen from $14,410,153 to $27,998,237, an increase in rateable value of $13,588,084.
The circulation on the 31st December of notes of the three Banks having authorised issues was as follows:---
Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Cor-
poration
Chartered Bank of India, Australia, &
China
Mercantile Bank of India, Limited
$ 50,842,258
15,612,909 1,730,584
$ 68,185,751
The catrrency of the Colony consists, in addition to the notes of these Banks, ef British, Hong Kong, and Mexican Dollars and of subsidiary coin, which continued at par throughout the year.
The total issue of subsidiary coins, less those demonetized, now amounts to $17,914,370 nominal value, and they were up to the year 1905 readily absorbed at par, large quantities being taken by the neighbouring provinces of China. During 1916 ten cent pieces of the face value of $5,028,000 were shipped to Calcutta for purposes of demonetization. The discount which prevailed be- tween 1905 and 1916 may be attributed to the immense quantity of similar coin which was minted at Canton as well as to the amount of Hong Kong coin minted largely in excess of the needs of the Colony by itself. In 1905 the Hong Kong Government ceased to issue any subsidiary coin and in 1906 it began a policy of demonet- ising all its subsidiary coin received as revenue. This policy
1920-1930
215
was continuously followed till 1918 except during a brief period in 1911. Coin to the face value of $26,235,459 has thus been redeemed. The total issue by the Hong Kong Government was of the face value of $44,099,830.
STATEMENT OF SUBSIDIARY COINS. Received and redeemed (from 1911)
Blue Book 1911. Amount in circulation.
$43,999,S30
Since received :-Copper coin.
1919...
25,000,00
1923...
25,000.00
1924...
50,000.00
1925....
25,000.00
1926...
25,000.00
150,000
Total Amount put into circulation .....
...
$44,149,830
Less since redeemed :-
1911... 1912...
...
...5,527,459.04
...1,040,000.00
1913...
...
...1,040,000.00
1914...
...5,000,000.00
1915...
...5,100,000.00
1916...
...5,028,000.00
1918...
...
1922...
500,000.00 ...3,000,000.00
Total Amount of coin in circulation in 1926...$17,914,370.96
26,235,459.04
II.-SHIPPING AND TRÅDE, INDUSTRIES, FISHERIES, AGRICULTURE, AND LAND.
(a.)-SHIPPING.
The total Shipping entering and clearing at Ports in the Colony during the year 1926 amounted to 310,361 vessels of 36,821,364 tons, which compared with the figures of 1925 show a decrease of 68,806 vessels and a decrease of 4,648,220 tons.
Of the above 30,231 vessels of 28,371,104 tons were engaged in Foreign Trade as compared with 41,336 vessels of 32,179,053 tons, in 1925.
There was a decrease in British ocean-going shipping of 515 ships of 609,403 tons. This decrease in ships and tonnage is due to the boycott in China generally.
Foreign ocean-going vessels shows a decrease of 1,295 ships and a decrease of 1,729,675 tons. This decrease in ships and tonnage is due to the boycott in China generally.
216
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
S
British river steamers show an increase of 228 ships and an increase of 18,314 tons or 43.0% in numbers and 16,3% in tonnage. This increase in ships and tonnage is due to the vessels again running on the Canton and West rivers.
Foreign river steamers show a decrease of 1,036 ships and a decrease of 345,143 tons. This decrease in ships and tonnage is due to the foreign river steamers not running until the latter part of the year.
In steamships not exceeding 60 tons employed in foreign trade there is a decrease of 2,557 ships with a decrease in tonnage of 78,167 tons. This decrease in launches and tonnage is due to the boycott in China generally.
A comparison between the years 1925 and 1926 is given in the following table:--
1925.
1926.
Decrease.
Increase.
Class of Vessels)|
No. Tonnage. No.
Tonnage. No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
British Ocean-
going,
3,916 . 9,866,820 3,401
9,257,417 515' 609.403
Foreign Ocean
going.
5,763
13.786,954′ 4,468 12,057,279 1.295 1,729,675
British River
Steamers, 4,058
5,455,115 4,276
5,473,429
218
18,314
...
Foreign River
Steamers, 1,266
452,578 230
107,735 1,036 345,143
Steamships
under 60
tons (For-
eign Trade) 5.386 Junks, Foreign
Trade,
165,497 2,829
87,330 2,557 78,167
:
:.
20,917
2,451,789 15,027 1,387,914 6,920 1,063,875
...
Total, Foreign
Trade, 41,336; 32.179,053|30,231| 25,371,101| 11,323 3,826,263 218
Steam Laun-.
18.314
ches plying
in Water of
·
the Colony 310.924 8,050.939 249,902 6,975,072 61,012|||||1,075,867
Junks. Local
Trade,
*28,817
1.239,592,†30,218) †1,475,188)
3,801 235.596
Grand Total...379,177 41,469,584310,361| 36,821.364| 72,335 4,902.130: 3.519 253.910
Net Decrease,..
68,$10 4,648,220
† Including 15,890 Conservancy and Dust Boats of 693,660 tons.
16.294
17
*
of 736,688
99
1920-1930
217
Junks in foreign trade show a decrease of 5,290 vessels, and a decrease of 1,063,875 tons. This decrease is due to the boycott in China generally.
In local trade (i.e. between places within the waters of the Colony) there is a decrease in steam-launches of 126,024 and a decrease in tonnage of 2,151,743 tons. This decrease in numbers and tonnage is due to the recent strike and the boycott in China generally.
Junks in Local trade show an increase of 3,301 vessels and an increase of 235,596 tons. This increase in vessels is due principally to junks held in Canton aud districts in 1925 during the boycott being released and coming to Hong Kong waters and remaining here for local trading.
Of vessels of European construction 3,930 ocean steamers, 2,244 river steamers and 1,399 steamships not exceeding 60 tons entered during the year, giving a daily average of 2018 ships as compared with 289 ships in 1925 and 412 ships in 1924.
Thus
Steamers.
No. of times entered.
Total Tounage.
Flag.
1925. 1926. 1925. 1926.
1925.
1926.
British,
371
3391,946 1,686
4,922,197
4,597,357
Japanese,
269
207
1,153 755 2,826,465 2,236,359
U.S.A.,
69
69
224 236
1,370,638
1,510,383
Chinese,
65
61
323
606
365,150
245,697
German,
33
34
78
90
332,495
337,318
Danish,
12
14
12
23
117,249
78,025
Dutch,..
45
40
244 232
751,110 :
785,696
French,
26
31
177
108
453,272
445,567
Italian,
13
9
35
27
130,895
127,870
Panaman,
1
2
1
3.239!
9,953
Chilean,
126
71,549
Norwegian,
47
286
111
319,006
152,641
Portuguese.
Russian, Siamese, Swedish, Spanish,
Belgian
51
5
109
16,166
23,856
1
915
241
1
377
15
12
58,915
46,180
3
11.
8 37,670
19,236
1
3,181
Total..... 1,015
8694,776 3,930 11,810,938 10,619,560
218
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
10
The Nationalities of the Crews in British and in Foreign Ships were as follows :-
OTHER EURO-
VESSELS.
•BRITISH CREW.
PEANS AND AMERICANS.
ASIATICS.
British,
Foreign,
Total,
1925. 1926. 1925.1 1926. 1925. 1926. | 1925. 1926.
371
·
644
339 32,498 36,391 1,320 809 165,776 286,579
530 741 611 39,395 38,618 175,884 149,135
1,015 S69 33,239 37,002 40,715 39,427 341,660 435,714
!
Hence in British ships :-
1925.
1926.
16.28 %
11:24% of the crews were British.
00.66 %
00-25% of the crews
and in Foreign ships-
1925. 00.34%
1926.
00.33 % of the crews were British.
18.24% 20-50% of the crews
were other
were other
•
83.06 %
Europeans & Americans. 88.51% of the crews
were Asiatics.
Europeans &
Americans.
81-42%
79-17% of the crews
wero Asiatics.
100.00%
100.00%
100.00% 100·00 %
TRADE.
The number and tonnage of ships of European type of construction carrying cargo for import and transit compared with 1925 were as follows:-
Steamers,
River Steamers.........................
Sailing Vessels,
Total,
1925.
1926.
Decrease.
No.
Tonnage. No.
Tonnage. | No. Tonnage
4,776 11,810,938 3,930 | 10,619,560 846 1,191,378 3,085 2,947,81S 2,244 2,775,474 841 172,374
7,861 14,758,786 6,174 13,395,034 1,687 1,363,752
1,687 1,363,752
Decrease.....
The corresponding figures relating to ships of European type of construction, shipping bunker coal, are as follows:
EXPORTS.
1925.
1926.
Incroase.
Decrease.
No.
Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage.
4,903 | 11,842,836|3,930|10,695,126 2,239 2,960,145 2,262 2,805,690 23
...
973 1,147,700 154,455
Total,
7,142|14,802,981|6,192|13,500,826
Nett Decrease,
23
973
1,302,155
950 1,302,155
Steamers, River Steamers,
1920-1930
- 11 -
1925.
1926.
Increase.
No.
Bunker
Coal. Tons.
No.
Bunker
Coal. Tons.
No.
Bunker
Coal. Tons.
No.
Decrease.
Bunker
Coal. Tons.
1,903
355,707 3,930
2,239
94,061 2,262
Total,..
.....
7,142
449,768 6,192
252,752
41,504 23
294,256 23
973
...
102,955
...
32,557
973
155,512
Nett Decrease,
950
...
155,512
...
Steamers, Rivor Steamers,
219
220
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
12
The River Trade compared with 1925 is shown in the following Table :-
1925...
Year.
1926.....
Imports. Tons.
Exports.
Passengers.
Tons.
201,128
318,502
1,800,474
117,421
123,322 1,071,211
The following Tables show the Junk Trade of the Colony for the year 1925 and 1926 :-
IMPORTS.
1925.
1926.
Junks.
Tonnage.
Junks. Tonnage.
Foreign Trade,......10,196
1,209,742
7,388
704,111
Local Trade........
5,327
262,051
6,859
323,352
Total, ......15,523
1,471,793
14,247
1,027,463
Cargo.
Cattle, 309 heads,.
Swine, 13,254 hends..
General,...
Tons.
35
777
..267,587
Total.......
268,399
EXPORTS.
1925.
1926.
Junks.
Tonnage.
Junks. Tonnage.
Foreign Trade,......10,751
1,242,047
7,639
683,803
Local Trade,.
5,700
283,881
7,06.5
415,148
Total, ..............16,451
1,525,928
14,704
1,098,951
Cargo.
Kerosine, 581,148 Cases,
Rice and Paddy,
Coal,
General,.
Tons.
20,660
6,376
13,591
.324,506
Total,................
365,133
1920-1930
13
Emigration and Immigration.
221
Two hundred and sixteen thousand, five hundred and twenty- seven (216,527) emigrants left Hong Kong for various places during the year 1926, (140,534 in 1925). Of these, 131,656 were carried in British ships, and 84,871 in foreign ships.
One hundred and twenty-eight thousand, six hundred and sixty- one (128,661) returning emigrants were reported to have been brought to Hong Kong from the several places to which they had emigrated either from this colony or from coast ports, as against 91,622 in 1925. Of these, 76,147 arrived in British ships, and 52,514 in foreign ships.
Statement of number of emigrants to Straits Settlements, 1915 to 1926, compared with total Chinese emigration.
No. of Emigrants
to
Straits Settlements.
:
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
...
:
:
Total No. of Emigrants.
41,278
68,275
$2,797
117,658
63,292
96,298
8,019
43,830
11,638
59,969
13,935
105,258
...
87,324
156,011
50,356
98,39%
65,581
120,224
75,682
129,859
...
97,552
140,534
157,285
216,527
:
...
b.)-INDUSTRIES.
Sugar-At the commencement of the year prices of raws were low in consequence of the over production during 1925. As there were prospects of the Cuban crop for 1925-26 exceeding that of the previous year the Cuban Congress decided to limit the outturn by legislation. This resulted in strengthening the market and prices of raws advanced, especially towards the end of the year. The value of refineds responded to this to some extent, but on account of the continued disturbances throughout China demand was con- siderably curtailed and prices consequently did not reach a corres- ponding level.
Rope Making-The demand for Manila cordage for 1926 was restricted owing to depression in Shipping and the Political trouble in China.
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(c.)--FISHERIES.
A considerable proportion of the boat population of Hong Kong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shauki- wan, and also many in the New Territories, are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is im- ported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable value in Deep Bay.
(d)-FORESTRY, AGRICULTURE, AND BOTANY.
Formation of Pine tree plantations.
were carried on both on 9
The extension of old plantations and formation of new ones the Island and in the new Territories, seeds of Pinus Massoniana were sown in situ to the number of 18,700 on low hills adjoining Pokfulum Reservoir, 27,000 on hills adjoining Kowloon Service Reservoir and 24,800 at Shek Li Pui, the total weight of seeds used was fifty-six pounds.
On areas thickly covered with grass and small shrubs, seeds of Pinus Massoniana were sown by the broadcast method, the areas dealt with were hills at Shek Li Pui, Taipo Forestry Reserve, Fan Ling and banks below and above roads at Shek 0, Taipo, Castle Peak, Stubbs and Magazine Gap; the total weight of seeds used was 1,100 pounds.
Other Broadcast Seed Sowing.
110 pounds of seeds of Leucaena glauca were sown broadcast on grassy slopes in many parts of the Colony.
Broad-leaved trees planted.
One year old trees of Cinnamomum Camphora to the number of 4,300 were added to the existing plantation at Tai Wo Po.
Large numbers of trees were used in the extension and maintenance of roadside planting, the species used being Melaleuca Leucadendron, Cinnamomum Camphora, Bauhinia Blakeana, Bauhinia variegata, Celtis sinensis, Poinciana regia, Bischofia javanica, Albizzia Lebbek, Eriodendron anfractuosum, (Kapok), Sterculia lanceolata, Tristania conferta, Crataeva religiosa, Aleurites Fordii, Aleurites montana and Aleurites triloba.
On Cheung Chan Island various trees to the number of 434 were planted on plots adjoining public paths and buildings.
Care of trees in plantations.
Thick undergrowth and creepers were cleared from the more recently established plantations, in the older plantations thinning was carried out, large creepers cut and clumps of Loranthus
removed.
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223
Large numbers of Tristania conferta and Cinnamomum. Camphora were given a dressing of Solignum to prevent damage by white ants.
Pine tree plantations were free from attack by caterpillars, this most fortunate circumstances being very probably due to unfavour- able weather conditions during an early stage of the life cycle of the pest.
Protection from fire.
The new fire barrier round the Hin Tin Tsun forestry area was completed in August, new barriers 20 feet in breadth were cut round every grave on hills above and below Shek O Road.
The majority of all old fire barriers were cleared before the commencement of the dry season, the total length dealt with amounted to 24 miles in Hong Kong, 7 miles in the New Territories and 5 miles at Fan Ling. The work was still in progress at the end of the year.
All forestry paths were cleared of undergrowth, rocks and other debris, small portions which has been washed out were re-cut and resurfaced.
Nurseries, Agriculture, &c.
Fan Ling Experimental Garden. Two plots of Jute (Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius) were tried for the first time, the first named grew well and reached a height of 7 feet when it was harvested and retted, samples were forwarded to the Imperial Institute and a report received in due course stated that the fibre was of excellent quality.
Two plots of a large variety of Ground Nuts were planted in au area heavily dressed with vegetable ash and common lime, a heavy crop of excellent nuts was harvested, so far attempts at inducing the farmers to use the improved variety of nut have not been successful.
One plot of Foxglove (Digitalis purpures) was raised, 33 per cent of the young plants (which are biennial) survived the heavy summer rains and were healthy at the end of the year. In due course the fresh leaves will be supplied to the Medical Department.
Little Hong Kong and Kowloon Tsai Tree Nurseries. Large numbers of seedling trees were raised for use on the Island in the former and for the New Territories in the latter.
China Fir (Cunninghamia sinensis) seeds collected locally were sown in both nurseries and give a high percentage of germination, formerly all young trees were raised from cuttings which were not easily obtainable.
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Camphor seedlings to the total number of 12,156 were raised and basketed in readiness for planting in the following year.
Taipo Forestry Reserve. Further additions were made to the plantations on the lower slopes of the reserve, trees planted were Aleurites montana 1,840, Artocarpus integrifolia 390, and Cinnamomum Camphora 2,300.
At the upper end of the reserve and where the grass is shorter a large area was sown by the broadcast method with seeds of Pinus Massoniana and Pinus radiata.
Large numbers of seedling trees of various species were raised in the nursery.
The first and second rice crops were good.
Ginger was extensively planted and harvested and was of very good quality.
There was a noticeable increase in planting of both summer and winter vegetables. Such vegetables were of fair quality only but found a ready market.
There was a good crop of the poor variety of Ground Nut.
Inspection of Nursery Stocks.
Owing to the fact that the importation of bulbs of Narcissus Tazetta into the United States of America is now prohibited, very small numbers of the bulbs passed through the Colony during the year; formerly a very extensive trade was carried on between the bulb growers in Amoy and the United States of America.
Six consiguments totalling 156,880 bulbs were inspected and certificated as against 100 consignments totalling 1,450,660 in 1925.
{e:)-LAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE OF LAND.
The net amount of premium received from Sales of Crown Land exclusive of the New Territories during the year 1926 was $252,530.95 a decrease of $114,995.82 on the preceding year and $1,558,107.61 less than the average of the previous five years; this average is however an unusually high one as it covers the years of the land boom.
The principal items were $95,031.25 for Kowloon Inland Lot No. 1992, $25,810.00 for Inland Lot No. 2615, $24,630 for Inland Lot No. 1946 and $22,525 for Inland Lot No. 2614.
In the New Territories the net amount received for premium was $26,091.79.
1920-1930
17
225
The total area of land granted during the year was 1,386 Acres 3 Roods and 1 poles of which 209 Acres and 8 Poles were dealt with by the District Officers.
The total area resumed was 2,065 Acres 2 Roods 34 Poles including two large mining lots for which mining licences have since been granted.
The number of deeds registered in the Land Office was 4,360 which is a slight increase on the preceding year.
.
The Northern District of the New Territories has not yet recovered from the Conditions which prevailed in 1925; the demand for building sites in the development areas is still small, on the other hand in rural area there is quite a good demand for agricultural land and many new Village houses are being erected.
In the Southern District there was an almost complete cessation of demand for sites. No European or industrial applications were received, and only three agricultural lots, viz. at fui Wo, Lantao
Island.
There were a few applications for sites on Lantao plateau but these were held up pending completion of the cadastral survey. Considerable trouble has been experienced in securing the fulfil- ment of Building Covenants relating to lots already sold.
III.-LEGISLATIO N.
Sixteen (16) ordinances were passed during 1926, of which five were amendments of previous ordinances.
The most important matters with which these ordinances dealt
were :-
The Regulations (No. 1)-The object of this ordinance was to authorise the preparation of a new edition of the regulations in force in the Colony at the end of 1925.
The Rating (Refunds), (No. 3)-The object of this ordinance
was to refund rates.
The Former Enemy Aliens, (Disabilities Removal) (No. 4)-
The object of this ordinance was to repeal certain enact- ments imposing disabilities on former enemy aliens.
The Hong Kong Treasury Bills (Local). (No. 5)-The object of this ordinance was to authorise the Governor-in-Council to borrow by the issue in Hong Kong of Hong Kong Government Treasury bills.
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The Hong Kong Treasury Bills (London), (No. 6)-The object of this ordinance was to authorise the Governor-in-Council to request the Crown Agents for the Colonies to borrow by the issue in London of Hong Kong Governmeut Treasury bills.
The Bank of Canton Limited (Capital Conversion). (No. 8)--~ The object of this ordinance was to empower the Company to convert gold capital into silver.
The Wireless Telegraphy (No. 11)-The objects of this ordin- ance were to make it necessary for receiving sets to be licensed and to make it an offence to maintain, or possess, a wireless telegraph station without a license.
The Trade Loan (No. 13)-The object of this ordinance was to charge a certain loan upon the general revenue and assets of the colony of Hong Kong.
IV.-EDUCATION.
The European staff was increased by niue during the year.
The total number of pupils at schools in the Colony excluding the Police School are :-
Number of Pupils.
Total.
English
Vernacular
Schools.
Schools.
Government Schools Military Schools -
3,280
293 i
3,573
136
136
Excluded Private Schools
150
150
Grant Schools
3,901
1,041
4,942
Controlled Private
Schools
3,376
21,088
24,464
Controlled -Private
Schools, New Terri-
tories
15
1,890
£,905
Technical Institute
460
460
Total
11,318
27,312
38,630
The most importa ut schools are Queen's College and King's College for Chinese, three District Schools their feeders and the Belilios Public School for Chinese girls. There is an Indian School of growing importance housed in a building presented to the Colony by the late Sir Ellis Kadoorie. The Central School and Kowloon Junior, Victoria and Quarry Bay Schools for children of
1920-1930
19
227
British parentage have an average attendance of 272. There is also a school for the children of the Peak District with an average attendance of 42. The Diocesan School and St. Joseph's College are important boys' schools in receipt of an annual grant. The Italian, French, and St. Mary's Contents, the Diocesan Girls' School, and the St. Stephen's Girls School are the most important of the English Grant Schools for girls. There are two Vernacular Normal Schools for Men and Women respectively, and one Verna- cular Middle School.
The Hong Kong Technical Institute affords an opportunity for higher education of students who have left school. Instruction was given in 1926 in Building Construction, Chemistry (Practical and Theoretical), Physics, Electricity, Commercial English, French, Shorthand, Book-keeping and Cookery. Classes for men and women teachers, both "English
English" and "Vernacular' are a feature of the Institute.
The lecturers are recruited from the members of the medical and educational faculties of the Colony, and from the Department of Public Works, and receive fees for their services. The Institute is furnished with a well equipped chemical laboratory and excel- lent physical apparatus.
The University of Hong Kong was incorporated under a local University Ordinance, 1911, and opened in 1912. It is a residential University and open to students of both sexes.
The late Sir Hormusjee Mody bore the entire expense of the erection of the main building and additions have been made through the liberality of benefactors of varied nationality and domicile. The latest addition to the buildings is a workshop built out of a contribution from Sir Robert Ho Tung.
The annual income of the University now amounts to about $510,000 of which about $315,000 comes from endowments and $50,000 from Government. Messrs. Butterfield and Swire gave £40,000 to the original endowment fund and subsequently $100,000 for engineering equipment. The Rockefeller Institution has endowed the University with three chairs in surgery, medicine and obstetrics, the endowment being in each case $250,000.
The expenditure for the year 1926 amounted to $495,556.
The University includes the three Faculties of Medicine, Engineering and Arts. Admission to all faculties is conditional upon passing the matriculation examination of the University or some examination recognised as equivalent thereto.
L
The Faculty of Medicine provides a six year course of study in the usual pre-medical and medical sciences, leading to the degree of M.B., and B.S. The degrees of M.D., and M.S., may
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
20
be obtained for post-graduate work. The degrees above mentioned are recognised by the General Medical Council for registration in Great Britain.
The Faculty of Engineering provides a four year course in practical and theoretical engineering, leading to the degree of B.Sc., (Eng.). Fourth year students specialize in civil, in mechanical or in electrical engineering. The degree for post- graduate work is that of M.Sc., (Eng.).
The Faculty of Arts includes departments of pure arts and science, social science, commerce and a department for training teachers. The course is in all cases one of four years and leads to the "degree of B.A. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.A.
With a view to securing the maintenance of the desired standard-which is in all three faculties that of a British University degree-external examiners are, in all faculties, associated with the internal examiners in all annual final examinations. In the Faculty of Engineering, but not in other faculties, degrees with honours are granted, the standard being assessed by special examiners chosen from amongst the external examiners in the University of London.
The degree of LL.D., is granted, honoris causa.
The site of the University was given by the Government of Hong Kong. As subsequently enlarged by minor grants and by purchase, the University estate covers an area of 709,789 sq. ft. The view from, the grounds over the harbour is magnificent and the grounds are naturally beautiful..
In the main buildings are housed the chemical and physical laboratories, the University library and portions of the engineer- ing laboratories. They further include the Great Hall, a Senate room and the lecture and class rooms used by the Faculty of Arts and for general purposes.
Special medical buildings include schools of anatomy, phy- siology, pathology and tropical medicine, erected at the cost of Chinese gentlemen resident in the Colony. Clinical instruction is given at the Governinent Civil Hospital.
JN.
Special engineering buildings include:---
(a) a power station, generating light and power for the estate, energy being supplied by internal combustion engines of varied types which are available for instructional purposes;
(b) a prime movers (steam) and hydraulics laboratory, at present housed in a converted pumping station, formerly the property of the Government; and
:
(e) "A workshop, for practical instruction of students.
1920-1930
21
229
Electrical machinery (other than the main generating plant), electrical technology, the testing of materials and experimental mechanics are dealt with in the main building.
The larger part of the engineering equipment was the gift of British engineering firms.
Other buildings upon the estate include:-
(a) the Vice-Chancellor's Lodge
(b) Staff-quarters
(c) the resident hostels, and
(d) the University Union Building.
=
Unless exempted from residence (such exemption being ordinarily granted on the ground that the student's "manner of life" is not such as is catered for in the hostels), every matriculated student is required to reside either in a University or recognised hostel.
The University hostels are three in number-Lugard Hail, Eliot Hall and May Hall.
Recognised hostels are at present two in number-Morrison Hall, situated immediately above the University grounds and conducted by the London Missionary Society, and St. John's Hall, immediately opposite the front of the University, conducted by the Church Missionary Society.
Each student occupies a separate room or cubicle, and there are the usual common rooms. Each University hostel is in charge
of a member of the staff, as resident warden.
No University hostel at present exists for women students- whose right to admission to the University was first recognised in 1921; but some arrangements for the accommodation of a few women students in a rented building have been made by the authorities of St. Stephen's Girls' College, a Church of England girls' school which is near the University. The nuns of a neigh- bouring Italian convent are also prepared to house a few women students.
The tuition fee is $300-the hostel fee which includes board and lodging is $300. A student who is allowed to live in a hostel during a vacation-some have to because of their work, e.g. medical students, and others because their homes are too far away-pay at the rate of $8 a week. When a student joins he is required to de- posit caution money to the extent of $25, and to pay a registration fee of $5. The annual subscription to the University Union is $15 and this covers the annual subscription to practically all the athletic clubs. The graduation fee is $25. Probably about $1,200 repre- sents the minimum amount which at present prices would cover a student's annual expenses including vacations. It would cost a
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
22
Chinese student who goes abroad $2,500 a year at the very least, and this would not cover travelling expenses.
Numerous scholarships are available, including the King Edward VII Scholarships founded by His Majesty's Government. There are also scholarships provided by the Governments of Hong Kong, of the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States, of Kedah and Siam.
The Union is the centre of the social life of the students. It is at once a Club and a centre of athletics. The Union Committee contains certain members of the University teaching staff, but its President and Secretary are undergraduates elected by the under- graduates. The undergraduate members of the Committee are also elected by their fellow students. There is a Union magazine with English and Chinese sections. The editors are students, a member of the teaching staff acting as assistant editor. There are twenty-one women students; these women students are all members of the Union.
Students of the University come from Kwangtung, Chilhi, Hankow, Hupeh, Yunnan, Hunan, Shanghai, Pekin, Fukien, Singa- pore, Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Kedah, Jahore, Java, Manila, Burma, Siam, Japan, India and Macao. The present enrolment is 289 of whom 248 are Chinese and 43 non-Chinese.
PUBLIC WORKS.
BUILDINGS.
During the year progress as stated was made on the following works:-
Hong Kong.-Work on the new Fire Brigade Station proceeded satisfactorily and the building was completed and occupied during the period September to December.
The following works were also completed during the year-
New King's College, the New Sisters' Quarters to the Govern- ment Civil Hospital and the Alterations to the Victoria Hospital. Work on the Additional Quarters in Ventris Road was recommen- ced in March and continued satisfactorily to the end of the year.
1
Kowloon. The small amount of work remaining to be done to the New Hospital was completed early in the year and a few minor improvements were carried out to other buildings.
New Kowloon. The work for the New Gaol at Ngau Shi Wan was left in abeyance.
New Territories.-Married Quarters for Chinese Police were completed at the following stations:-Cheung Chau, Sai Kung, Taipo and Sha Tau Kok.
1920-1930
23
231
The work of erection of Quarters for Cadets at Canton was suspended until about the end of October; from this time until the end of the year satisfactory progress was made.
COMMUNICATIONS.
Hong Kong. The work on the road contouring Wong Nei Chong and Tai Hang Valleys made slow progress, owing to difficulty with resumptions of lots at Tai Hang Village: the section near Tai Hang Village remains uncompleted.
The work on the road from Causeway Bay to Quarry Bay was held in abeyance.
The Road construction in the Wong Nei Chong Development Scheme made fair progress.
Kowloon.The removal of the hill obstruction at the junction of Nathan Road and Gascoigne Road was completed.
To Kwa Wan Road and Argyle Street Extension to Waterloo Road made fair progress.
The work on Chatham Road proceeded slowly and the contract was closed before the end of the year.
The Mong Kok-Kowloon City road was completed.
New Kowloon.-Waterloo Road from Kowloon Boundary to foot hills made fair progress.
New Territories.-The Fanling-Sha Tau Kok Road and the widening of all the bridges on the Castle Peak-Fanling Road, in- cluding those at Au Tau and Kam T'sin, were completed. The construction of the approach to the New Bridge at Tai Po to replace that washed away in 1925 made fair progress.
DRAINAGE.
Hong Kong.-Considerable progress was made on the recon- struction of Wong Nei Chong Nullah, sections 1 and 2 (from Blue Pool to the Race Stands) being practically completed.
New Sewers and storm water drains were constructed, to the extent of 6,500 feet.
Good progress was made with the redrainage of the area between the Praya and Queen's Road East, in connection with the Praya East Reclamation Scheme.
Kowloon.-The Ma Tau Chung Nullah was completed. Storm water drains from 15" to 66" in diameter were constructed in the Matauchung District, to a length of 5,600 feet.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
24
C
The main sewer from Fuk Tsun Heung to Kowloon Tong, east of the Railway, was completed. It varies in size from 6" to 33′′ and is 8,500 feet in length.
Other sewers and storm water drains were constructed to the extent of 7,000 feet.
New Kowloon. The drainage of the Kowloon Tong Development Area was proceeded with, sewers and storm water, drains being constructed to the extent of 6,500 feet and 3,000 feet respectively..
Other sewers and storm water drains were laid to the extent of 2,900 feet.
The extension of the Mong Kok Tsui Nullah from the Old Kowloon Boundary to the Kowloon range of hills progressed slowly.
New Territories -Various works were carried out, largely of an anti-malarial nature. ·
WATER WORKS.
Hong Kong. The eastern half of the Service Reservoir at the Eastern Filter Beds was completed, with the exception of the roof, and was put into use, while the invert and walls of the western section were approaching completiou.
The new Simpson Engine at Tytam Tuk Pumping Station was completed and placed in commission after satisfactory tests had been run.
Stanley Mound East Catchwater was satisfactorily completed.
Totals of 950 liu. ft. of 18" diameter, 2,500 lin. ft. of 15′′ diameter and 300 lin. ft. of 6" diameter C.I. pipes were laid in Monmouth Path, Queen's Road Central and D'Aguilar Street res- pectively during the year.
....
A Contract for the Chemical House and Concrete Filter Beds at Bowen Road was let and good progress had been made by the end of the year.
New mechanical sand washers were received during the year and a considerable saving has been affected in sand washing costs.
Kowloon.-Improvements and renewals to the distributing system were continued.
The four new filter beds at Lai Chi Kok Pass were completed and placed in commission.
The extension to Beacon Hill Catchwater was completed.
Shing Mun Valley Scheme.-The Access Road from Tsun Wau to Pineapple Pass was completed.
1920-1930
25
233
The North and South Tunnels under Smugglers' Ridge and Golden Hill respectively, a total length of 6,672 lin. ft..' were completed.
The Reception Reservoir was completed and filled with water from the Shing Mun River by means of the tunnels before the end of the year.
The 24" diameter steel mains arrived from England, but no laying was undertaken.
RECLAMATIONS.
Hong Kong.-Praya East, about 90 acres, of which about 581 acres were reclaimed by the end of the year.
Quarry Bay. -34 acres, wholly completed.
North Point. -Private scheme, 234 acres, approximately 19 acres completed.
Kowloon.-Tai Kok Tsui Reclamation, total area 54 acres approximately, of which 48 acres were reclaimed at the end of the
year.
New Kowloon.-Sham Shui Po Reclamation comprising an area of C6 acres almost completed except for sea wall.
Kai Tack Reclamation, private enterprise, practically no work done during the year.
Kowloon Bay West Reclamation, satisfactory progress made, about 7 acres formed by the end of the year.
Kowloon Bay East Reclamation, 182 acres, approximately 15 acres completed
New Territories.-Further reclamation work undertaken by the Standard Oil Co., in progress.
PIERS.
Hong Kong.-Work on the contract for overhauling and repair- ing Blake Pier was commenced towards the end of the year.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Fair progress was made with the levelling of the Kowloon Tong Development Scheme Areas, approximately 13 acres being handed over to the Company during the year.
The total amount expended on Public Works Extraordinary was $4,720,000.19 and on annually recurrent works $1,822,816.80.
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26
RAILWAY.
The Water Tank and Tower at Kowloon was completed. The old tank together with the wooden coal ramp was dismantled and the existing water column connected by a 6 inch pipe to the new tank. The base of the tower was covered with a cement concrete floor.
A contract for the Extension to Platform Awnings, Kowloon was let in October of last year. Owing to the softness of the column foundations, hardwood piles had to be substituted for the usual China fir piles. Apart from this, the construction was exactly similar to the existing portion. Considerable delay was experienced in completing this work owing to the Asbestos Corrugated Sheets arriving in a badly damaged condition. Approximately only 50% were intact aud fresh sheeting was obtained through a local firm. This arrived in good order and the work was completed before the end of the year.
2,200 feet of Cement Concrete Channels were laid in No. 1 Cutting. A good deal of rock cutting was involved.
out.
At Taipo Station a considerable amount of work was carried All drains at or near the station have been attended to with a view to preventing as far as possible mosquito breeding areas. within the Railway boundaries.
A portion of the existing channel in Gills Cutting was taken up and relaid,
A further 3 bays of the Running Shed roof were stripped and replaced with Asbestos Corrugated Sheeting. Only 2 bays now remain to be done.
The brick arches formerly partitioning the old and extended portions of Running Shed No. 2 were dismantled in order to give more room for overhauling locomotives. The glazing in the roof of the Machine and Erecting Shops was painted green in an endeavour to lower the temperature of these shops which is very oppressive during the summer months.
A new butt end loading ramp for vehicles was constructed at the siding near the Railway Pier, Kowloon Station.
The Sea Wall in front of Kowloon Station was grouted with cement mortar.
The shafts on both sides of Beacon Hill Tunnel were found hollowed out on the top. They were filled in, and turfed and channels constructed around them.
Attempts were made to lessen the water leakage inside the
tunnel.
1920-1930
27
235
The painting of Bridge No. 49 was completed without trouble. This work was held up in 1925 owing to interference by Strike Pickets. Small repairs were carried out to the abutments of Bridges Nos. 25 and 33.
In view of a number of derailments at points No. 48 of Kow- Icon Station, an emergency crossover was laid near the half mile post.
The storm which visited Hong Kong in early morning of July 19th when nearly 20 inches of rain fell in eight hours, caused very little damage to the Railway considering the heavy rainfall.
Slips occurred in No. 1 Cutting. North Face of No. 2 Tunnel and Lowu, also at Wo Hang and Ma Mei Ha on the Fanling Branch Line. Although the amount of soil in No. 1 Cutting was about 1,000 tons it was cleared with little interruption of traffic.
Other damage, consisted of a wash-out near the Sea Wall opposite the block station at Hung Hom. The pitched slope to Railway Bank was damaged at Miles 10, 11 and 12 respectively. The inverts of some bridges were washed out and there was slight damage to the Engine Sheds at Fanling and Shataukok.
In anticipation of heavy traffic during Fanling Hunt Race Meetings, the approach road to Fauling Station was widened for parking purposes. The level crossing for the main road between Fanling and Taipo was timbered and extended to allow for the turn of motor vehicles proceeding down the road to Shataukok.
The conditions obtaining on the Railway as a whole during the year have shown a very appreciable improvement over those of the previous year. Nevertheless the train services have been sub cted to frequent interruptions and late running, over which this Section had no control.
Early in the year the through train services were resumed consisting of a third class slow train in each direction daily. The locomotives and stock of the Chinese Section were in such a bad state of repair that the trains could not run to time and on some occasions the passengers had to remain at the border over-night, coming forward the following morning.
It was felt that this slow through service imposed a distinct hardship on the passengers and it was therefore decided to run the one train each way as a fast train over the Chinese Section with corresponding fast trains on this Section to connect. They were discontinued on October 25th when the time-table was revised and it is found possible to put on an express train and a slow train to and from Canton daily.
On July 22nd all morning trains were cancelled due to a typhoon in close proximity to the Colony.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
28
The Railway Division of St. John's Ambulance Brigade con- tinued to render excellent service. Mr. I. B. Trevor, Traffic Assistant, was appointed Ambulance Officer as from 16th November 1926.
The Division again won the "Holyoak" Attendance Cup.
During the year depreciation on rolling stock has been calculated, the rate taken being the scale laid down in the classi- fication of expenditure prescribed by the Ministry of Communica- tions, Peking.
The depreciation charges in respect of the years prior to 1926, is debited to Delayed Operating Debits in the Profit and Loss Account, and $79,544.36 representing depreciation for the current year is included in the operating expenses, Maintenance of Equip- ment, under the usual sub-heads. The amount to the credit of depreciation Reserves at the close of the year was $686,042.65.
The Local passenger receipts amounted to $427,230 22 as against $332,268.31 for the previous year, and the goods receipts were $25,861.33 or $4,098.69 more than the previous year. The Through and Joint Sectional Traffic receipts were $32,291.91 as compared with $17,562 38 for the year 1925.
The Fanling Branch Line was closed on January 11tb until the 3rd of May. The receipts were $8,244.86 or $3,739.73 less than the previous year.
Through and Joint Sectional passengers carried were as follows:-
Passengers booked at Stations in British Territory to Stations in China in- cluding Lowu ...
Passengers booked at Stations in China including Lowu to Stations in British Territory
.1924. 1925.
1926.
168,734 16,224*
18,031*
157,115 16,316* 17,609*
The Local Passengers carried were as follows:---
1924.
1925. 1926.
Main Line....
Fanling Branch Line
1.177,234 1,083,821 1,151,780
82,505 58,419
* Lowu bookings not included as formerly.
48,451
1920-1930
29
VI.-GOVERNMENT AND AIDED INSTITUTIONS.
(a)-HOSPITALS.
237
Government Hospitals.consist of the Civil Hospital, to which is attached an isolated Maternity Hospital, the Victoria Hospital for Women and Children, Kowloon Hospital and the Kennedy Town Infectious Diseases Hospital.
The Civil Hospital contains 198 beds in 23 wards. 5,381 in-patients and 16,969 out-patients were treated during 1926 as against 5,774 and 30,889 respectively in 1925. 665 cases of malarial fever were admitted as against 1,140 in 1925 and 1,020 in 1924. The total cases of malaria for all Government Hospitals and the Tung Wa Hospital shows a decrease of 293 cases as compared with the year 1925. The Maternity Hospital contains 9 beds for Europeans. plus 3 extra beds, and 8 for Asiatics. 626 confinements occurred during the year as against C68 in 1925. The Victoria Hospital at the Peak contains 90 beds, and during 1926, 267 patients were under treatment there. At Kennedy Town Hospital, which contains 26 beds, 13 cases were treated in 1926, being infectious. The Kowloon Hospital contains 48 beds, and during 1926, 894 patients were treated.
(b)-LUNATIC ASYLUM.
The Asylum is under the direction of the Medical Officer in Charge of the Civil Hospital. European and Chinese patients are separated, the European portion containing 14 beds in separate wards and the Chinese portion 16 beds. 290 patients of all races. were treated during 1926 and there was 16 deaths.
(c.)-THE TUNG WA AND OTHER CHINESE HOSPITALS.
The Tung Wa Hospital, opened in 1872, is mainly supported by the voluntary subscriptions of Chinese, but receives an annual grant of $8,000 from the Government. Only Chinese are treated in this institution. Various other services not appertaining to a hospital are performed by the institution, such as the free burial of the poor, the repatriation of destitutes, the maintenance of free vernacular schools, and the organisation of charitable relief in emergencies; Chinese as well as European methods of treatment are employed in accordance with the wishes expressed by the patients or their friends. Over half the number are now treated by Western methods. The hospital is managed by a committee of Chinese gentlemen annually elected, their appointment being sub- mitted to the Governor for confirmation. It is under the supervi- sion of a visiting physician, who is a member of the Medical Department, whilst two Chinese house surgeons, trained in Western medicine, are members of the hospital staff. There are 480 beds in the buildings, and 7,951 patients were accommodated during 1926.
238
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
30
The Tung Wa also maintain a branch hospital for small-pox cases (Chinese only) at Kennedy Town. It contains 70 beds and during 1926, 23 cases were treated.
The Kwong Wa Hospital for Chinese in the Kowloon Peninsula was opened on the 9th October, 1911. It occupies a site having an area of three acres and provides accommodation for 226 patients. The existing buildings contain 226 beds and 6,336 patients were accommodated during 1926. The collection of sub- scriptions and the supervision of the building were undertaken by a special committee under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs. The hospital received
The hospital received a grant of $33,500 in 1926 from the Government.
VII-INSTITUTIONS NOT SUPPORTED BY GOVERNMENT.
Among institutions recognised and encouraged, but not to any considerable extent supported by Government may be mentioned the Pó Leung Kuk, the Eyre Refuge, the City Hall, and the Chinese Public Dispensaries.
The Pó Leung Kuk is a Chinese Society founded in 1878 for the suppression of kidnapping and traffic in human beings. It was incorporated in 1893 and is presided over by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs and not more than twelve directors nominated by the Governor. The actual management is entrusted to a committee elected annually by the members of the Society. The Society's buildings have been declared a Refuge under the Women and Girls Protection Ordinance, and almost all women and girls detained by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs under that Ordinance are sent to the Pó Leung Kuk. During 1926 the number of persons admitted was 299 and at the close of the year 45 remained under the care of the Society. The inmates are under the immediate charge of a Chinese matron, and instruction is given them by the matron and a Chinese teacher in elementary subjects and in needlework.
The Chinese Public Dispensaries are institutions maintained in order to provide the Chinese with the services of doctors, whose certificates will be accepted by the Registrar of Deaths, and with the services of interpreters, who can assist the inmates of houses, where a case of infectious disease has occurred.
Coolies are
:
engaged and ambulances and dead vans provided in order to remove cases of infectious disease to the Infectious Diseases Hospital and dead bodies to the Mortuary. The Dispensaries receive sick infants and send them to one or other of the Convents and arrange for the burial of dead infants. Free advice and inedicine are given and patients are attended at their houses. There are eight Dispensaries in existence. The total cost of maintenance was $77,375 for the year 1925. The Government makes an annual grant of $12,000, and the rest of the cost is defrayed by voluntary subscription. The Dispensaries are conducted by committees under le chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.
1920-1930
31
VIII.-CRIMINAL AND POLICE.
239
The total of all cases reported to the Police was 20,048 being an increase of 3,265 or 8 3 per cent as compared with 1925. There was in 1926 an increase in serious offences of 599 or 15'8 per cent as compared with the previous year. The number of serious offences reported was 185 above the average of the quinquennial period commencing with the year 1922. The number of minor offences reported shows an increase of 2,666 as compared with 1925 and was 3,355 over the average of the quinquennial period.
The total strength of the Police Force in 1926 was Europeans 246, Indians 572, Chinese 946 making a total of 1,761 exclusive of the eight superior officers and staff of clerks and coolies. These figures include police paid for by the Railway and other Government departments. Of this force 16 Europeans, 79 Indians, and 98 Chinese were stationed in the New Territories during the year.
numbering 122, to which the annum, was well supported These watchmen patrol the
The District Watchmen Force, Government contributes $2,000 per by the Chinese during the year. streets in the Chinese quarter of the City. They are placed on police beats and are supervised by the European police on section patrol. A detective branch of the force has done useful work under the supervision of a European Inspector.
The total number of persons committed to Victoria Gaol was 6,511 as compared with 6,339 in 1925. Of these 1,15 were committed for criminal offences against 613 in 1925. Of committals for non-criminal offences there were 106 less for hawking without a licence, and 2 more for unlawfully cutting trees, than in 1925.
The daily average of prisoners confined in the Gaol was 1,054 the average for 1925 being 1,116, and the highest previous average being 1,036 in 1924. The percentage of prisoners to population, according to the daily average of the former and the estimated number of the latter, was 013. The average percentage for the last ten years was 013. Owing, however, to the large floating population, which is constantly moving between the Colony and Chinese Territory, the percentage of crime to population does not convey an accurate idea of the comparative criminality of the residents of the Colony. The Victoria Gaol has accommodation for 700 prisoners including patients in Hospital. The Branch Prison at Laichikok has accommodation for 450 prisoners in association.
The prison discipline was satisfactory, the average of punish- ments per prisoner being 0.49 as compared with 0.71 in 1925 and
0.43 in 1924.
Long sentence prisoners serving two years and upwards are tanght useful trades, including printing, book-binding, tin- smithing, mat-making, tailoring, carpentering, etc. The profit on the work done was $148,667.80 as against $122,221.20 in 1925. A sum of $4,029 was received and credited to Government for non-Government work as against $3,758 in 1925.
240
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
32
IX.-VITAL STATISTICS.
(a.)-POPULATION.
The civil population of the Colony, according to the census taken on April 24th, 1921, was 625,166, of whom $3,163 reside in the New Territories and in New Kowloon; at the census taken in 1911 it was 456,739 with 101,287 as the figure for the New Territories and New Kowloon. The estimated total population at the middle of the year under review was 874,420, but this includes the New Territories; and, as the birth aud death figures given below do not include those from this area (with the exception of New Kowloon), the population for the purposes of calculating these rates is estimated at 786,920, of whom 16,500 were non-Chinese.
The distribution of population estimated to the middle of 1925 was as follows:-
Non-Chinese Civil Community,...
Chinese
Population.
City of Victoria (including Peak),... Villages of Hong Kong,
Kowloon (including New Kowloon). New Territories,
Population afloat,
Total Chinese Population,
Total Civil Population,
16,500
•
465,000 33,040
200,000
87,500 72,380
857,920
874,420
b. PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION.
The birth-rate for the year was 4:18* per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 190 per 1,000 among the non-Chinese community, as compared with 4·16 and 19'0 for 1925.
The death-rate for the year was 16:01 per 1,000 among the Chinese community and 10-2 among the non-Chinese civil com- munity, as compared with 19 12 and 14'6 for 1925.
The
·
deaths from Malaria numbered 587 (702 in 1925). The deaths of Chinese from this cause in the City of Victoria uumbered 161 out of a population of 465,000 or a rate of 0.34 per 1,000 per annum.
The deaths from Plague numbered nil. The last deaths from Plague occurred in 1923.
Small-pox deaths numbered 26 of which 25 were Chinese.
* This fure is wholly misleading as it is impossible to register more than a portion of the births.
1920-1930
33
241
There were 3,567 deaths from respiratory diseases other than Pulmonary Tuberculosis as compared with 4,290 in 1925, and 25 of these were among the Non-Chinese community. Pulmonary Tuber- culosis claimed 1,489 Chinese and 23 non-Chinese victims whilst other forms of Tuberculosis represent an additional 395 deaths making a total of 1,912 or 16:17 per cent. of the total deaths among the community.
Beri-beri was responsible for 1,192 deaths, as compared with 1,744 during 1925 and 1,502 in 1924.
A tabular statement of the principal causes of death is appended.
(c.)-CLIMATE.
The climate of Victoria is similar in its broad features to that of Kowloon and the New Territories, but at the higher levels, from 1,400 to 1,800 feet above sea level the temperature is on the average about 3° lower than at the Observatory, Kowloon, in the winter, and S lower in the summer. The humidity is usually greater than in Kowloon and approaches saturation for several days at a time during March and April when mist is very prevalent. In summer the city of Victoria, and the rising terraces behind it, derive little or no benefit from the SW monsoon, being sheltered by steep hills from SE to SW. In winter it is exposed to the NE monsoon, which occasionally blows along the harbour through Lyemun Pass with considerable violence. On the other hand the south-west side of the Island is protected from the NE monsoon in winter and enjoys the benefit of the SW monsoon in summer.
POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.
The total revenue from the postal service in 1926 amounted to $698,606.13 being $54,394.61 more than that collected in 1925. The net expenditure amounted to $263,775.04. The balance of revenue over expenditure amounted to $434,831.09.
•
The revenue collected in 1926 from radio-telegrams amounted to $67,201.39 being $13,141.30 less than that collected in 1925. Advices of vessels signalled at the lighthouses yielded $903.60, semar hore messages $28.30 and Wireless Receiving Stations $125.00, making a total of $68,258.29 for the telegraphi service. The expenditure amounted to $61,920.86. The number of radio-telegrams forwarded during the year was 7,836 consisting of $1,010 words, and 13,725 were received consisting of 156,128 words.
30th August, 1927.
W. T. SOUTHORN, Colonial Secretary.
242
31
Table I.-DEATHS REGISTERED IN THE COLON
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
445 Rolapsing Fovor.
Typhus Fovor.
Yollow Fovor.'
Rabies (Hydrophobin.)|
Denguo Fover.
Paratyphoid Fovor.
Influenza.
Small-pox.
Mcnslos.
Typhoid Fevor.
Diphthoria."
Corobro-spinal Moningitis.
Dysontory.
Pluguo.
Malarial Fevor.
Cholern.
BeSenrlet Fovor,
jj. Blackwator Fovor.
:
British and
Foreign Community,
Civil,....
Victoria and Peak,.
Harbour,
Kowloon,
Shaukiwan, Land..
σ
10
:
:
:
13
2
...
93 19
F
:
:
172
19 1
291
:
:
:
135
2
10
12
8
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Chinese Community,
Shaukiwan, Boat ..
Aberdeen, Laml
Aberdeen, Boat
Stanley, Land......
Stanley, Boat
Total, 1926,
- 1925,
:
:
...
:
:
:
10
33
co
26
12
If
25
25
:
~
...
32
37
:
ལ
2
1121 30 10 179
91
5$7
37 38
702
Y OF HONG KONG DURING 1926.
1920-1930
243
9 56 2 180
P'uerporni Fever,s
Septic Infections.
Syphilis.
Poisoning.
*Injuries,
Devolopmiontal Disouses.
Old Ago.
· General Tuberculosis.
Beri-beri.
Cancer.
Paralysis and Convulsions..
Hoart Disenkos.
Phoumonia.
Phthisis & Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Enteritis and Gastro- Entoritis.
Cirrhosis of Livor.
C
Peritonitis.
Nephritis.
Othor cntikos.
Unknown,
All causes.
13 6 5
10
21...
---
10 16 28
...
2
co
26
10
...
99
125
(A)
3
147
5
16
10 168 59 133 214 141 110 570 67 82112 1,331 994527 26 142112277 61 7,531
1
2 31 10 76
9 15
12 54
7 4314151
76 419
Co
3
13 46 3 75
421
ان
:
56 18 22
2
3
14 54 51 484
18 52 $30 359 149
9 178 417
74 3,606
...
34 12 11
...
...
9 63
co
328
C
~
...
10
36
:
...
28
2
...
...
2
3 1:
6
30
1
13
1
1
...
---
:
...
10
24 237
|ཙྪ
738 223 259 504 200 1192 111105;176 2,273 15171015 33 28 | 425 2509 204 | 12,516
3 56 376 74366 29 577 253 1744 116 110 202 2,578 1831 1080 35 28 433 2931 292 14,991
28
:
:
:
:
:
...
...
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
No. 1414.
HONG KONG
245
REPORT FOR 1927.
(For Report for 1925 see No. 1324 (Price 1s. 6d.) and for Report for 1926 see No. 1356 (Price 1s, 3d.).)
kopenst
PRINTED IN HONG KONG
LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.
To be purchased directly from H.M.STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2; 120, George Street, Edinburgh; York Street, Manchester; 1, St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff;
15, Donegall Square West, Belfast;
or through any Bookseller
1928
Price Is. 3d. Net.
15-1414-
(3330-21) Wt. 17458-1324 500 12/28 P.Ft. G. 7·8
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
CONTENTS.
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPIY
1. GENERAL
...
11. FINANCE
III.
PRODUCTION
IV.
TRADE AND ECONOMICS
V.
...
...
...
...
:
:
:
COMMUNICATIONS
•
VI. JUSTICE, POLICE AND PRISONS
VII. PUBLIC WORKS
VIII. PUBLIC HEALTHI
...
247
Page
:
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3
4
6
7
9
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:.
...
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:..
:
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:.
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IX.
X.
EDUCATION
...
LANDS AND SURVEY
XI. LABOUR
XII. LEGISLATION
...
XIII. MISCELLANEOUS
15
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21
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31
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History and Geography.
4%
The Colony of Hong Kong is situated off the south-eastern coast of China between latitude 22° 9′ and 22° 17′ N. and longitude 114° 5′ and 114° 18′ E. The island is about 11 miles long and 2 to 5 miles in breadth, its circumference being about 27 miles and its area 283 square miles. It consists of an irregular ridge of lofty hills rising to a height of nearly 2,000 feet above sea level, stretching nearly east and west, with few valleys of any extent and little ground available for cultivation.
The island, then desolate and sparsely inhabited by fishermen, was ceded to Great Britain in January, 1841, the cession being confirmed by the Treaty of Nankin in August, 1842, and the charter bears the date of 5th April, 1843. All that part of Kowloon penin- sula lying South of Kowloon Fort to the northernmost point of Stonecutter's Island together with that island was ceded to Great Britain under the Convention signed at Peking in October, 1860, and under the Convention signed at Peking in June, 1898, the area known as the New Territories including Mirs Bay and Deep Bay was leased to Great Britain by the Government of China for 99 years. The area of the New Territories and Islands is about 345 square miles.
Trade gradually developed as China became accustomed to foreign intercourse and it increased greatly owing to the opening of the Suez Canal. It now stands at about 200 million pounds sterling per annum,
248
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
2
Large local banking, dock, steamboat, and insurance companies were established between 1865 and 1872, and their numbers are being continually added to.
The Colony is the centre of an incessant flow of Chinese emigra tion and immigration (sce XIII Miscellaneous).
The estimated population is as follows:-
Non-Chinese
Chinese
TOTAL
16,500
961,400
977,900
Of the Non-Chinese population it was estimated at the census of 1921 that the number of British nationals of European origin was about 4,300. There has probably been a slight increase in this num- ber in the intervening period.
The rainfall for 1926 was 100.78 inches, and for 1927, 107.86 inches. In 1926 the mean temperature was 71° 6′ and in 1927, 71° 4′, the mean minimum temperature during the latter year rang- ing from 78° 7′ in June to 55° 2′ in February and the mean maximum temperature from 87° 5′ in August to 62° 2′ in February. Typhoons are prevalent during the months July to October.
The currency of Hong Kong consists of the following coins (vide Order in Council, 2nd February, 1895):-
1. The silver dollar of Mexico.
2. British dollar.
3. The Hong Kong dollar, half-dollar, and 20 cent, 10 cent, and 5 cent pieces, issued from the Hong Kong Mint. (1866-68).
4. Half-dollars, 20, 10, and 5 cent pieces, imported from England, and coined at the Royal Mint and Birmingham Mint.
5. Copper coins representing one-hundredth part of the dollar (called one cent), and one-thousandth part of the dollar (mil or cash), imported from England.
Local weights and measures are the following:
1 tael-1.13 oz.;
1 picul 133.1/3rd lbs. (avoirdupois)
==
7 catties 1 imperial gallon;
==
1920-1930
3
I.-General.
249
The year 1927 was one of slow but steady recovery in the finan- cial and coininercial position of the Colony, though the volume of business still remained below the level of 1925. In introducing the Budget in September His Excellency the Governor stated that careful scrutiny of expenditure was still absolutely necessary, and that in financial matters the "Coat must be cut according to the cloth". His Excellency took this opportunity to review the developments of the Colony during the past 30 years, and stated that "the achievement of Hong Kong in financing its amazing developments during the past 30 years by means of its annual revenue and without recourse to borrowing is unequalled in any part of the British Empire". In order to assist future development, His Excellency announced the forth- coming issue of a public works loan at 6% at par.
2. One of the most striking events of the year was the arrival of the units of the Shanghai Defence Force, and of the naval rein- forcements, especially the First Cruiser Squadron. Many of these additional forces were stationed in Hong Kong. The local accommoda- tion was taxed to the uttermost. A number of buildings had to be commandeered for billeting and for hospitals. Among these buildings were the Peninsula Hotel, King's College and the Diocesan Boys School. In addition a large hutment camp was erected on the reclamation at Shamshuipo. Strenuous efforts, partly under the auspices of the Y.M.C.A., and partly by individuals, were made to provide for the recreation and entertainment of the troops. A number of canteens was opened, and concert parties arranged. Special r cognition should be accorded to the hard work done by the voluntary helpers during the trying weather of the summer months.
3. Piracies during the year were a source of continual trouble. The execution of 8 pirates who had been captured on the s.s. "Sunning" at the end of 1926, appeared to have little deterrent effect on the Bias Bay pirates. After the piracy of the British steamer "Hop Sang", at the end of March, a naval raid was con- ducted on the pirate stronghold in Bias Bay. Two villages where pirates were known to live were destroyed, and the whole operations were carried out without loss of life, either to the inhabitants or to the raiding parties. These operations caused a lull in piracies for a period of four months, when the piracies of the Norwegian steamer "Solviken, and of the British steamer "Yat Shing", led to a fur- ther naval raid on Bias Bay. Simultaneously the British steamer "Kochow" was pirated on the West River, and naval operations were carried out at the town of Tai Ping-hui, where pirates were known to live. Since that date there has been a marked diminution in piratical attacks on
British vessels. However, in November the Chinese steamer "Irene" was intercepted in Bias Bay, when in the possession of pirates, by the British Submarine L.4. The vessel was only brought to after a shot had been fired into its engine room, and although a few persons some of who were presumed to be pirates iost their lives the passengers and crew were almost all saved. Seven men were brought to trial in connection with this piracy and executed New piracy regulations, designed to abolish the system of locked grilles, are under consideration.
250
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
4
4. The uncertain situation in Canton caused anxiety in the Colony early in the year. For a time there was some possibility of a recurrence of the strike and boycott of 1925, but by the proscription of the Seamen's Union and by the prevention of seditious meetings this danger was averted. A more settled Government in Canton led to a gradual improvement in its relations with this Colony. There was however a continual influx of refugees and other persons into the Colony, and the disbanding in Canton of the Hong Kong strikers caused many bad characters to make their way to Hong Kong. A series of armed robberies occurred during the autumn, culminating in December in a street battle between the police and a gang of armed robbers, in which two Chinese constables were shot and three robbers either killed or wounded.
5. On August 20th, the Colony was visited by a severe typhoon, which lasted for the unusually long period of 12 hours. Much damage was caused on shore, especially in the Peak district, where one block of flats collapsed and a number of flats and houses were severely damaged. The P. & O. steamer "Rawalpindi" dragged her moorings, and for a time was in danger of being dashed on the Praya Wall. This catastrophe was happily averted.
6. The honours conferred on residents of Hong Kong by H.M. the King during the year included the appointment of Sir Joseph Kemp as Knight Bachelor and of Mr. W. T. Southorn and Dr. R. H. Kotewall as Campanions of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Among the visitors to the Colony during the year mention should be made of the Bishop of London, who was present at the New Year and whose addresses were received with much enthusiasm by the local religious community. In September the two American aviators Messrs. Brock and Schee and their aeroplane "Pride of Detroit" visited Hong Kong and made a short stay on their flight round the world.
II. Finance.
The total revenue of the year amounted to $21,344,536 which sum exceeded the estimate by $337,139, and the revenue for 1926 by $212,954. This increase was chiefly under the headings Licences and Internal Revenue and it more than set off the deficit in stamp and liquor duties and in the revenue from land sales. A noteworthy item was the increase of $107,184 in the passenger service (foreign line) of the Kowloon-Canton Railway due to the reopening of through traffic with Canton. This increase more than counterbalances the decrease in passenger receipts on the home line. Two unusual items contributed to the excess of revenue over expenditure. The first was the transfer of accumulated interest to the amount of $146,450 on the money deposited in London towards the cost of the Singapore base. The second was the transfer to revenue of the surplus of the local War Loan Sinking Fund amounting to $158,134 following on the repayment of the loan at the end of the year.
1920-1930
5
-
251
2. The expenditure for the year amounted to $20,845,065 which was less than estimated by $1,469,637 and less than expenditure in 1926 by $2,679,651. The principal item on which savings were effected was Public Works Extraordinary. Owing to the general policy of retrenchment and to lapsing salaries in the Public Works Depart- ment it was found possible to effect a saving under these two headings, of over $900,000. A very substantial saving was cffected by the repayment of the Local War Loan and the consequent saving of interest and Sinking Fund charges.
3. The following is a statement of Revenue and Expenditure for the last five years:
Year.
Revenue.
Expenditure.
1923-
$24,783,673
$21,571,905
1924
24,209,640
26,726,428
1925
23,244,365
28,266,817
1926
.21,131,582
23,524,716
1927
21,344,536
20,845,065
4. Public Debt. The local 6% War Loan of $3,000,000, due for repayment in November, 1928, was fully repaid during the year and the surplus in the Sinking Fund of $158,134 was transferred to revenue. In November the new 6% Public Works Loan at par was issued. $3,000,000 worth of bonds were allotted, but the applications actually received from the public amounted to nearly four times that sum. The inscribed Stock Loans of 1893 and 1906 due for repayment in 1943 amounted to £1,485,773 and the Sinking Fund at the end of the year was £587,205.
5. The Trade Loan.-This loan which was issued in 1926 to assist local merchants and others during the exceptional difficulties follow- ing on the strike and boycott was allocated to the extent of $15,624,588 representing a total of 278 loans. All loans were limited to a period of two years and although many of them were due for repayment at the end of last year it was considered that the financial situation had not sufficiently improved to justify their being called in. The position on 31st December, 1927 was that 164 loans, repre- senting a total of $8,102,895, or rather more than half the total, were outstanding.
252
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
-
Q
III.-Production.
FORESTRY, AGRICULTURE AND Botany.
Formation of Pine Tree plantations.-Increased areas were dealt with during the year. Pinus Massoniana sowings in situ amounted to 197,476. Suitable areas were broadcasted with 995 pounds of Pinus Massoniana and 129 pounds of Leucaena glauca, the latter being tried for the first time. Other experimental sowings were made with Pinus insularis, Cunninghamia sinensis, Acacia pennata and Acacia confusa.
Insect Pests.-Pine Tree Caterpillars (Eutricha punctata)__ap- peared in the pine plantations in many parts of the Colony. June was a particularly bad month, weather conditions being ideal for the pests. The total amount collected and destroyed in all parts of the Colony was 14,637 pounds.
Protection from Fire.-Fires were again numerous but fortunately no serious damage was done to Government plantations. Little or no assistance in dealing with fires was given by village people living within short distances of the burnt areas. The usual clearing of fire barriers was carried out.
Agriculture.-A general exhibit of foreign vegetables was staged at the first New Territories Agricultural Show which was held at Sheung Shui on November 7th and 8th.
More interest is now displayed in the cultivation of both foreign and native vegetables for local consumption, this is chiefly due to increased motor transport and the communication between the Hong Kong markets and the New Territories villages, which was established during the labour troubles and consequent shortage of fresh vegetables during 1925.
Inspection of Nursery Stock.-Eleven consignments of bulbs of Narcissus Tazetta were inspected during the year, of these four con- signments totalling 57,106 bulbs were exported to the United States of America and Honolulu; seven consignments totalling 177,810 bulbs were exported to Britain and British Colonies.
Small consignments of fruits, dried legumes and vegetables were inspected before being exported to the Philippine Islands by local firms.
Seed Collection.-Seeds of the following were collected for local use and for the purpose of exchange:-Casuarina equisetifolia, Cuninghamia sinensis, Glyptostrobus heterophyllus, Leucaena glauco, Bauhinia variegata, Cassia fistula, Tristania conferta, Sterculia lanceolata, Ficus retusa, Callistemon lanceolata, Garcinia oblongifolia, Melia Azedarach, Callistemon rigidus, Cinnamomum Camphora, Poinciana regia, Aleurites Fordii, Aleurites montana, Aleurites triloba, Acacia pennata and Pinus Massoniana.
1920-1930
7
FISHERIES.
253
A considerable proportion of the boat population of Hong Kong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shaukiwan, and also many in the New Territories, are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is imported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable.
value in Deep Bay.
MINING.
The mineral resources of the Colony are small and little mining was done in 1927.
MANUFACTURES.
Sugar. The higher prices of Raw and Refined that prevailed towards the close of 1926 were not maintained. A break commenced early in 1927 and prices continued to fall practically throughout the year closing at the end of December about the lowest. The reason for this market weakness was principally disappointing consumption both in United States of America and United Kingdom and invisible supplies of sugars in excess of expectations while the reduction in Cuban output t 4,000,000 tons against 4,500,000 tons for 1926 was offset by a European Beet Crop of 8,100,000 tons for 1927-28 against 6,860,000 tions for 1926-27.
Rope Making.-The demand for Manila cordage for 1927 was restricted owing to the depression in Shipping and the political trouble in China.
SHIPBUILDING.
Six ocean-going vessels were built in 1927, the largest being of 562 gross tons; one river vessel of 1,068 gross tons and some twenty launches, motor boats and lighters were also built.
IV.-Trade and Economics.
Trade suffered throughout the year from the disturbed condition of China but the establishment in Canton of a more settled Govern- ment and the restoration of friendly relations between Canton and Hong Kong brought about a marked improvement at the close of 1927 warranting confidence in the speedy disappearance of the effects cf the strike and boycott of 1925.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
8
The following figures, taken from returns for 1924 (the last avail- able), show the principal countries with which trade is carried on:-
Imported from Exported to
£
£
United Kingdom
9,450,000
744,000
Germany
....
1,835,000
132,000
Belgium
696,000
19,000
Holland
326,000
107,000
France
319,000
79,000
Italy
259,000
6,000
Sweden
173,000
2,000
Other European Countries
189,000
16,000
United States of America
5,915,000
2,489,000
Cuba, Central & S. America
169,000
933,000
Japan, Korea & Formosa
9,127,000
3,523,000
Australia
1,042,000
428,000
Canada
733,000
410,000
New Zealand
54,000
62,000
Foreign Countries Miscellane-
ous
195,000
38,000
£30,482,000
£8,988,000
The Scale of Hong Kong's trade with neighbouring countries is indicated by the following figures, also taken from the statistics for 1924:-
Imported from Exported to
£
£
India Ceylon
1,998,000
805,000
21,000
133,000
Burmah
1,051,000
224,000
Straits Settlements & F.M.S.
1,692,000
2,893,000
British North Borneo
277,000
129,000
China
*25,974,000
39,738,000
Netherlands East Indies
9,457,000
1,054,000
French Indo-China
10,994,000
5,135,000
Siam
6,262,000
2,530,000
Philippine Islands
654,000
1,719,000
Total
58,380,000
54,360,000
Hong Kong's own consumption and production of commodities is comparatively small; one of its main functions is to act as an entrepot and clearing house for the products of South China and for the world's manufactured goods passing into South China.
*This figure is obtained from the Chinese Maritime Customs Returns.
1920-1930
9
255
However, owing to the fact that no duties are levied upon com- modities, except liquors and tobacco, whereas China levies import and export duties upon all commodities, the tendency has been for a number of manufacturing processes to be established in the Colony, c.g., sugar and tin refining, cement making and ginger preserving; there are also several factories weaving cotton manufactured goods, and hundreds of native workshops manufacturing rattan ware and similar products.
Much of the voluminous trade with neighbouring countries com- prises purely Chinese commodities and is carried on by Chinese firms in Hong Kong with branches elsewhere. Trade with Europě, the Americas and Australasia is principally in the hands of British and foreign import and export firms who do business with the Chinese mercantile community established in Hong Kong, purchasing from them the products of China which have been assembled from the interior, and selling manufactured goods which pass on from wholesale tc retail dealers and so to the small shopkeepers in the interior of of China. The lack of modern means of communication in China necessarily makes the process slow and difficult.
The Chinese written language is a great hindrance to direct deal- ings between Chinese traders and merchants and manufacturers in foreign countries; another obstacle is lack of confidence by shippers overseas the product of many regrettable experiences. The sub- stantial British and foreign firms in Hong Kong, with their branches in the Treaty Ports of China, serve a definitely useful purpose in acting as intermediaries between Chinese and overseas traders. Owing to the hindrances to commerce resulting from the language difficulty and the lack of education of the proprietors of native manufactories it would be impossible for firms abroad to do business direct. As a rule letters would not be answered, and, even if contact were established, there would be no means of ensuring deliveries in accordance with sample. It is in this matter, especially, that the foreign exporters protect the interests of buyers abroad. Enquiries as to the South China market should be addressed to the General Chamber of Commerce, Hong Kong.
V.-Communications.
SHIPPING.
The total Shipping entering and clearing Ports in the Colony during the year 1927 amounted to 298,707 vessels of 44,127,161 tons which, compared with the figures for 1926, shows a decrease of 261,566 vessels entered and cleared and an increase of 330,725 tons.
Of the above 51,289 vessels of 36,834,014 tons were engaged in Foreign Trade as compared with 30,231 vessels of 28,371,104 tons in 1926.
There was an increase in British Ocean-going shipping of 460 ships of 403,023 tons entered and cleared.
Foreign Ocean-going vessels show an increase of 2,299 ships entered and cleared giving an increase of 3,982,445 tons.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
10
These figures are affected by the stoppage due to vessels of the China Navigation Co. being laid up from 1st July 1927 to 7th Septem- ber 1927.
British River Steamers show an increase of 3,273 ships and an increase of 1,826,653 tons.
Foreign River Steamers show an increase of 935 ships and an increase of 453,420 tons.
In steamships not exceeding 60 tons employed in Foreign Trade there is an increase of 5,064 ships entered and cleared giving an in- crease in tonnage of 146,044 tons.
Junks in Foreign Trade show an increase of 9,027 vessels entered and cleared giving an increase of 1,651,325 tons.
In the Local Trade a decrease is shown in the number and tonnage of steam launches due to the extension of the Harbour limits, which now include places for which statistics were formerly required.
A comparison between the years 1926 and 1927 is given in the following table :-
1926.
1927.
Increase.
Decrease.
Class of Vessels
No. Tonnage. No.
Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage.
British Ocean-
going,
3,101
9,257,417 3,861 9,660,440 460 403,023
Foreign Ocean
going,
4,468 | 12,057,279 6,767|| 16,039,724|2,299 | 3,982,445
British River
Steamers, 4,276
5,473,429 7,549
7,300,082 3,273 | 1,826,653
Foreign River
Steamers, 230
107,735 1,165
561,155 935
453,420
Steamships
under 6 0 tons For
eign Trade.... 2,829
87,33 7,893
233,374 5,064
146,041
Junks, Foreign
Trade, |15,027
1,387,914 24,054
3,039,239 9,027 1,651,325
|
Total, Foreign
Trade, 30,231 28,371,104 61,289 36,834,014 21,058 8,462,910
•
Steam Laun-|
Trade..... 499,824 13,950,144 219,555 5,791,970
ches, Local
Junks, Local
Trade,
|*30,218| *1,175,188|†27,863| †1,521,177)
...
***
280,869 8,178,174
45,989
2,355
Grand Total... 560,273 43,796,436298,707 44,127,161 21,058 8,508,899 | 282,624 8,178,174
Net,
330,725 | 261,566
* Including 16,294 Conservancy and Dust Boats of 736,688 tons.
15,358
"}
"
17
19
of 993,280
17
1920-1930
11
257
In Local Trade (i.e. between places within the waters of the Colony) there is a decrease in entrances and clearances of steam launches of 280,269 which gives a decrease in tonnage of 8,178,174 tous.
Junks in Local Trade show a decrease of 2,355 vessels entered and cleared and an increase of 45,989 tons.
Of vessels of European construction, 5,316 ocean-going, 4,353 river steamers and 3,936 steamships not exceeding 60 tons entered during the year, giving a daily average of 37.3 ships as compared with 20.8 ships in 1926 and 28.9 ships in 1925.
Ocean-going steamers entered as follows:-
Steamers.
No. of times entered.
Total Tonnage.
Flag.
British,
1926. 1927. 1926. 1927. 1926.
1927.
339 346 1,686 5,702 4,597,357 8,466,960
Japanese,
207
264
755 1,109
2,236,359
2,927,207
U.S.A.,
69 79
236
245
1,510,383
1,495,775
Chinese,
61
81
606 1,315
245,697
847,073
German,
34
43
.90
151
373,318
487,160
Danish,
14
11
23
48
78.025
153,341
Dutch,.
40
41
232
251
785,696
849,766
French,
31
32
108
246
445,567
629,144
Italian,
9
6
27
26
127,870
141,566
Panaman,
1
1
9,953
Norwegian,
47
61
111
472
152,641
657,005
Portuguese..
5
5
33
73
23,856
15,526
Russian,
1
1
241
.....
Swedish,
7
9
12
30
46,180
103,182
Spanish,
Belgian,
13
S
19,236
3,181
Mexican,
1
1
1,183
Total.
....
869 997 3,930 9,669 10,619,560 16,774,788
*
(Ri er Steamers included.)
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
12-
HONG KONG SHIPPING STATISTICS.
Ships engaged in foreign trade cleared and entered.
Total shipping
entered and cleared.
Year
Percentage
Number
Total Tonnage
of British Tonnage
British Tonnage
Total Tonnage
1897
1898
9,944 12,124,599 67 11,058 13,252,733 66
1899
10,905
13,437,147 65
1900
10,940
14,022,167 65
1901
10,807
14,599,141 53
1902
12,461
16,275,998 59
9,571,787 21,333,566
1903
14,489 19,018,411
59
1904
16,976
19,333,096
70
11,250,296 23,853,384 13,406,094 24,648,258
1905
18,103
19,778,176
67
1906
16,397 19,833,666
61
34,185,091
32,747,268
1907
18,096
20,381,421
51.5
1908
19,604
20,104,795
58.6
11,846,533 36,028,310 14,903,106 34,615,241
1909
18,714
20,171,755
56.7
11,437,678 34,830,845
1910
17,557
20,966,504
57.8
12,112,019 36,534,361
1911
19,644 20,490,520
57.1
11,706,731 36,179,152
1912
21,010 21,614,995
56.1
11,977,714 36,735,149
1913
21,867 22,939,134
55.4
12,528,168 37,742,982
1914
23,740 22,069,879
56.9
12,312,404 36,756,951
1915
23,051 19,561,318
58.1
11,381,439 33,884,919
1916
23,303
19,106,690
50.3
10,995,794 36,381,457
1917
21,959
17,329,841
52.9
9,167,595 33,827,325
1918
19,997 13,982,966
51.9
7,072,021 29,518,189
1919
21,275 18,474,996
54.6
10,095,805 35,615,169
1920
21,498 21,576,139
53.8
11,608,069 40,122,527
1921
24,697 24,360,880
52.4
12,766,492 43,420,970
1922
24,272 26,635,467
50.3
13,420,118 46,566,764
1923
25,347
32,382,530
50.2
16,920,491 53,402,239
1924
57,765
38,770,499
47.4
18,369,413 56,731,077
1925
40,705 31,941,703
48.5
15,321,935 49,520,523
1926
15,204 26,983,190
54.2
14,730,846| 43,796,436
1927
27,235 33,794,775 50.2
16,960,522| 44,127,161
KOWLOON-CANTON RAILWAY.
1. The principal item of interest was the introduction in June of an arrangement entered into with the Administration of the Chinese Section whereby British Section engines hauled the two express trains daily each way for the whole distance between Kowloon and Canton, 111 miles of which 89 are through Chinese Territory.
1920-1930
13-
259
2. This arrangement proved very satisfactory to both Sections of the Railway as well as to the travelling public. Strict attention was paid to punctuality, comfort and the safety of the trains and passengers through the disturbed areas traversed by the line in Chinese Territory, with very gratifying results.
3. General revenues showed a distinct and steady increase from July onwards, and in November reached nearly $75,000, the highest monthly figure by far since February 1922 during the period of the Seamen's Strike.
4. Working expenses exceeded revenues by the narrow margin of $2,344.56, a very striking improvement on the working of previous years.
5. Liabilities under Capital increased by $27,599.96, as against $237,993.40 in 1926 making a total of $20,540,037.40, and the deficit increased by $483,159.32 as against $544,931.93 in 1926. The ac- cumulated deficit stood at $6,510,538.95 on December 31st.
6. The chief addition chargeable to Capital account, involving $24,739.46 was in connection with the building of new offices for the Chief Mechanical Engineer, at the locomotive yard at Hung Hom.
7. The Improvements at Taipo Market Station, estimated to cost $25,000, were delayed and only $2,860.50 spent on account.
8. New Works chargeable to Revenue were of a minor nature.
9. Typhoon and Rainstorm Damages amounted to $4,343.81.
10. Permanent Way and Structures were maintained to the usual standard of efficiency, likewise all locomotives, motor coaches and rolling stock.
11. The Workshops were kept exceptionally busy, owing to extra work in connection with the train haulage to Canton, in addition to a heavy round of overhauls and painting.
12. Arrangements having been made with the Chinese Section for the British Section to recondition a large number of their goods stock, extra gangs were engaged at the Workshops and started on this work in October.
13. The transport of troops and equipment in connection with units of the Shanghai Defence Force in the early part of the year. added to that for an abnormal camping season later, resulted in ex- ceptional use of rolling stock and increased revenue from military
sources.
14. A heavier train service generally, was run during most of the year, the train mileage amounting to 224,764 or 79,843 miles more than in 1926, which however includes the trains running over Chinese Territory to Canton.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
14
15. A new Railway Ordinance No. 28 of 1927 revising the Ordin- ance No. 21 of 1909, came into force in December.
INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS.
As the life of Hong Kong centres round the harbour its in- ternal communications are largely by water. Regular ferry services cross the harbour in various directions, and in addition there is a large fleet of launches owned by commercial firms, and numerous motor-boats, sampans, etc. plying for hire between the shore and vessels in the stream.
On the island there is an electric tram service, the lines running along the south side of the harbour for practically the whole length of the island; the steepness and proximity of the hills renders any lateral development of this system impossible.
There is also a funicular tramway running from the lower levels up to the residential area on the Peak, the upper terminus being at a level of 1,300 feet.
There is a plentiful supply of rickshaws and sedan-chairs, and a large number of motor cars which ply for public hire. Taxicabs have recently been reintroduced.
There are excellent motor roads round the island and to the Peak, and also round the New Territories. No large extensions were made in 1927. (See Public Works).
POST OFFICE.
Mails. The number of mail receptacles of Hong Kong origin dispatched during the year was 35,159 as compared with 31,863 in 1926 an increase of 3,296; the number received was 43,638 as com- pared with 38,262-an increase of 5,376.
Receptacles in transit, including those to and from British and Foreign Men-of-War, numbered 194,200 as against 186,806 in 1926- an increase of 7,394.
Registered Articles and Parcels. The number of registered articles handled amounted to 833,177 as compared with 880,721 in 1926 a decrease of 47,544.
The figures for insured letters were 17,648 and 20,236 respec- tively a decrease of 2,588.
The decrease in the number of insured letters was due to the fact that some countries are now forwarding insured letters direct to China in closed sacks.
Parcels, ordinary and insured, which were dealt with reached a total of 424,047 as against 555,345 in 1926-a decrease of 131,307.
1920-1930
261
15
WIRELESS.
A radio-telegraph station established at Cape D'Aguilar provides communication with vessels inter ports. The Kowloon Royal Obser- vatory W/T Station, longitude 114° 10′′ 18.7 E., latitude 22° 18′′ 13.2 N., opened for meteorological traffic on 1st April, 1927. Call sign "G.O.W."
The revenue collected by the Post Office during the year from radiotelegrams amounted to $122,798.02, an increase of $55,596.63 în the amount collected in 1926.
The number of radiotelegrams forwarded during the year was 22,793 consisting of 209,171 words against 7,836 consisting of 81,000 words in 1926, and 26,326 were received consisting of 276,078 words as against 13,725 consisting of 156,128 words in 1926.
CABLES.
The Eastern Extension Telegraph Company (British) by means of three cables to Singapore, one direct and one each via Labuan & Cape St. James respectively, provide good connections with Europe via India, with Australasia, and with the other British Colonies and possessions. By their cable to Manila connection is made with the direct American cable, thence to San Francisco. Two cables to, Shanghai, belonging respectively to the Eastern Extension and to the Great Northern (Danish) Companies, via Foochow and Amoy respec- tively, give a good connection with Shanghai, North China, Japan and Russia; and the system of the Great Northern Telegraph Co. gives a good service to Europe via Asiatic Russia.
TELEPHONES.
Telephonic communication, provided by the Hong Kong Tele- phone Co., is available to most parts of the Colony.
VI.-Justice, Police and Prisons.
Serious crime in 1927 showed an increase over that in 1926- 4,553 cases against 3,713 in 1926. Minor crime also showed incrcase-19,891 cases against 16,335 cases in 1926.
The increase in serious crime is accounted for almost entirely by increases under burglary and larceny. Throughout the year there was a large number of unemployed in the Colony, while the Police Force, owing to difficulty in obtaining recruits, was appreciably below establishment strength.
There were decreases of 10 and 9 cases in murder and robbery respectively.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
16_
There has been a very considerable increase in the population of the Colony during the year, due to a gradual steady return of people and interests that left Hong Kong in 1926. This flow was increased to a flood at two periods-one during the political upheaval in Canton in April, the other in November and December when political disturbances culminated in a Communist rising and burning of part of that city. During the latter phase it is estimated that at least 50,000 refugees came to Hong Kong. The Police countered the internal effect of these movements by diverting temporarily certain sections of Police from normal duty to search and surveillance of incoming passengers in which work the newly formed Police Reserve also participated. Special patrols have also assisted in keeping Hong Kong immune froni abnormal crime
which have been experienced in other ports. The Colony is also indebted to cordial co-operation throughout the year from the Police Authorities in Canton and Macao.
Piracy. Two Naval expeditions, accompanied by a party of Hong Kong Police, were undertaker on March 23rd and September 1st each following the piracy of a British ship. Operations were confined to destroying the dwellings of pirates. No injury to persons occurred. Intelligence work became more successful The result was seen in the capture of the pirated vessel S.S "Irene" with the pirates on board on October 19th by H. M. Submarine L.4. 15 pirates from Bias Bay were executed in Hong Kong during 1927. There has been no piracy emanating from Bias Bay since the case of the s.s. "Irene".
A number of piracies on junks occurred during the year, in waters near Hong Kong. Piracy in the Canton River delta has increased.
The year was free from serious strikes or industrial trouble. Two events of importance took place:-
(1) Proscription of the Hong Kong General Labour Union.
on 31st March.
(2) Proscription of the Chinese Seamen's Union on 26th
May.
The closing of these two centres of sedition evoked no opposition; on the contrary the workers seem content to be rid of their domina- tion. Small bands of agitators have attempted to cause mischief on ¿ few occasions but they met with no success.
Constant touch has been maintained with the Shanghai Defence
Force.
The only serious outrage occurred on the 7th December when at party of 4 Armed Robbers who had committed an armed robbery in the Western District were intercepted in the Central District by a Police Search Party. One of the robbers opened fire on the Police seriously wounding the European Sergeant in charge and a Chinese
1920-1930
17
263
Detective. One robber was shot dead and two were arrested, one of the latter, however, not until he had seriously wounded one Indian Constable, and one Chinese Constable who subsequently died of his wounds. He also shot dead another Chinese Constable who attempted to intercept him. The Court cases were still pending at the end of the year.
The year 1927 witnessed the formation of the Police Reserve on lines similar to the Police Reserve organised during the War. It consists of four Contingents, one European, one Indian, one Chinese and a mixed Motor Cycle Squad.
The District Watchmen Force, to which the Government contributes $2,000 per annum, was well supported by the Chinese during the year. These watchmen patrol the streets in the Chinese quarter of the City. They are placed on police beats and are supervised by the European police on section patrol. A detective branch of the force bas done useful work under the supervision of a European Inspector.
At the end of the year the District Watch Force reached full strength consisting of 122 members. The number of convictions secured by members of the force was 606, a number far above any previous record, as compared with 467 in 1926. Particular attention was given to the activities of pick-pockets with gratifying results; 17% of convictions were of this class. Larceny cases made up 34% and unlawful possession added another 17%.
The total number of persons committed to Victoria Gaol was 7.740 as compared with 6,511 in 1926. Of these 1,740 were com- mitted for criminal offences against 1,454 in 1926. Of committals for non-criminal offences there were 165 less for hawking without a licence, and 2 more for unlawfully cutting trees, than in 1926.
The daily average of prisoners confined in the Gaol was 1,189 the average for 1926 being 1,054 and the highest previous average being 1,116 in 1925. The percentage of prisoners to population. according to the daily average of the former and the estimated number of the latter, was ().136. The average percentage for the last ten years was 0.12. Owing, however, to the large floating population, which is constantly moving between the Colony and Chinese Territory. the percentage of crime to population does not convey an accurate idea of the comparative criminality of the residents of the Colony. The Victoria Gaol has accommodation for 700 prisoners including patients in Hospital. The Branch Prison at Laichikok has accommodation for 450 prisoners.
The prison discipline was satisfactory, the average of punish- ments per prisoner being 0.52 as compared with 0.49 in 1926 and 0.71 in 1925.
Prisoners are employed at printing, book-binding, tinsmithing, mat-making, tailoring, carpentering, soap-making, gardening etc. Practically all the Government printing and bookbinding is done in Victoria Gaol.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
18
VII.-Public Works.
BUILDINGS.
During the year progress as stated was made on the following works:
Hong Kong.-Work on the Ventris Road Quarters proceeded satisfactorily and the buildings were completed in August. A large garage at the Central Police Station was also erected during the year and work was commenced in July on a new Hospital for the Victoria Gaol.
Kowloon.--Minor works only were carried out during the year.
New Kowloon.-The principal work executed in this district was the erection and equipment of a large camp of wooden huts for the Military Authority. About 140 huts of varying sizes were built.
This work, which was of the greatest urgency was commenced on the first of March and the whole of the camp was completed and fully equipped with furniture, light, water, etc., in less than two months from its commencement.
New Territories.-Minor works only were carried out in this District.
The work of erection of Quarters for Cadets in Canton proceeded satisfactorily and the building was completed in the month of March.
COMMUNICATIONS.
Hong Kong. The Contract for the road contouring Tai Hang Valley was closed owing to conditions prevailing in the Colony.
Road construction work in the Wongneichong Development area made slow progress owing to the non-fulfillment of building covenants by various lessees.
Kowloon.-The Formation of To Kwa Wan Road was completed but Argyle Street Extension was delayed owing to the contractor becoming financially embarrassed. Waterloo Road Extension made fair. progress.
New Kowloon.-Waterloo Road Extension to the foothills made fair progress, the southern portion being prepared for surfacing.
Road to Dairy Farm Lots at Diamond Hill was practically completed by the end of the year.
New Territories.-The approaches and New Bridge at Tai Po were completed and opened to traffic before the end of the year.
1920-1930
265
19
DRAINAGE.
Hong Kong.-Considerable progress was made with the re- construction of Wong Ne Chong nullah, sections 1 and 2 being completed, and a start being made on section 3 (from Bowrington Canal to Chinese Race Stand) which was about half finished by the end of the year.
New sewers and storm water drains were laid to a length of 2,500 feet; and stream courses were trained to a length of 2,450 feet.
Good progress
was made with the re-drainage of the area between the Praya and Queen's Road East, in connexion with the Fraya East Reclamation scheme.
Kowloon. The section of the large stormwater culvert in Tong Mi Road necessary for present requirements was completed.
A start was made after the rains with the large nullah in the New Cemeteries Area, Homnuntin, and good progress made.
New sewers and storm water drains were constructed to the length of 9,030 feet.
Trenches were cut and swamps filled-in, in connexion with the anti-malaria campaign.
New Kowloon.-New sewers and storm water drains were constructed over the area generally to the length of 3,930 feet, and in the Kowloon Tong Estate to the length of 13,346 feet.
Anti-malarial work was continued, and nullah training carried out on the hillsides north of N.K.I.L's 420 and 362, Cheung Sha Wan.
New Territories.-Various works were carried out, of an malaria nature, at Taipo and Taipo Market. Some small extens.....~ were made to sewers, and additional gully connexions given.
WATER WORKS
Hong Kong. The Western half of the Service Reservoir at the Eastern Filter Beds was completed and put into use while the covering of the Eastern half was nearly completed. Considerabie work was done also in approach roads, sandwashing sites, banks etc.
The change from slow sand beds to fast gravity filter beds at Bowen Road was completed, and the new Paterson Rapid Gravity Filters were put into use in June and proved very satisfactory.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
20
The new plant has been constructed inside one of the three old siow sand beds, and the other two beds have been roofed over and made into additional service reservoirs to feed the Kennedy Road District. Additional head has thereby been obtained for No. 4 Hydraulic Motor, which shows a large increase in output.
The leakage from Wongneichong Reservoir has been picked up below the dam and conveyed by means of a 2" dia. W.I. pipe to a small service reservoir on the hill behind Deep Water Bay. This supply is being utilized for supplying R.B.L. 245 and distribution pipes have been laid in the roads.
Considerable investigation work was carried out in connection with a proposed scheme for the development of the Aberdeen Valley.
Kowloon.-The following lengths of cast iron distribution mains were laid: 450 lin. feet of 3′′ dia. 870 lin. ft. of 4′′ dia., 8,110 lin. ft. of 6" dia., 1,750 lin. ft. of 8" dia. and 750 lin. ft. of 18" dia.
New Kowloon.-An additional length of 4,000 lin. ft. of 6′′ C.I. pipes was laid in the Kowloon Tong Development area.
New Territories.-Shing Mun Valley Scheme. A length of about eighty feet of the North Tunnel was straightened, and considerable iengths of pathways, copings and channelling were completed.
Pipe laying commenced in August and a total length of 3,230 lin. feet of 24" dia, steel main had been laid by the end of the year. The two reinforced concrete bridges over the Sheklaipui Stream were completed.
Construction of the Fast Gravity Filter Beds and Chemical House was commenced during the year and fair progress was made.
RECLAMATIONS.
Hong Kong.-Praya East, about 90 acres, of which about 75 acres were reclaimed at end of year.
North Point.-Private Scheme, 231 acres, scheme almost completed.
Kowloon.-Taikoktsui, about 54 acres, of which about 52 were reclaimed by end of the year.
New Kowloon.-Shamshuipo Reclamation comprising an area of about 66 acres completed except for sea wall. No further work was carried out during the year.
1920-1930
21
267
Kai Tack Reclamation.-Originally a private enterprise, was resumed by Government early in the year. Approximate area 205 acres, about 40 acres were filled in during the year, making a totai of about 160 acres of reclanned land.
Kowloon Bay West Reclamation.-This abeyance practically throughout the year.
work remained in
Kowloon Bay East Reclamation.-Practically no work done during the year.
New Territories.-Further Reclamation work was undertaken by the Standard Oil Co. and about 75% completed.
PIERS.
Hong Kong.-The extensive repair work on Blake Pier was satisfactorily completed.
Kowloon.-The Police Pier at Tsim Sha Tsui suffered consider. able damage from typhoon seas during July. Repair work was well 1. hand-by end of the year.
MISCELLANEOUS.
The total amount expended on Public Works Extraordinary was $2,966,390.69 and on annually recurrent works $1,542,494.98.
VIII.-Public Health.
The Birth rate for the year was 8.2 per 1000 among the Chinese community and 19.6 per 1000 among the Non-Chinese as compared with 4.18 and 19.21 in 1926. This is the highest Chinese birth rate ever recorded in the Colony. Birth statistics in Hong Kong are most misleading as registration is largely evaded by the Chinese especially as regards female children. Registration of Chinese births in 1927 shows increases of 104% as regards males and 153% as regards females over the figures for 1926; the population is estimated to have increased meanwhile by about 10% and it appears, therefore, that registration of births, especially of females, is being carried out to a greater degree than formerly.
The death rate for the year was 16.6 per 1000 among the Chinese community and 13.2 per 1000 among the Non-Chinese civil com- munity, as compared with 16.01 and 10.9 in 1926. The ratio of deaths of infants to the total deaths registered was 31.6% (27.3% in 1926.
There were 4,239 deaths from respiratory diseases other than Tuberculosis as compared with 3,566 in 1926. Of these 34 were Non-Chinese (27 in 1926). Tubercular infections of the respiratory system caused 1,595 deaths in 1927 (1,517 in 1926) of which 31 were
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
Non-Chinese (28 in 1926). tions amounted to 14.38% tered.
22
The total deaths from tubercular infec- (15:27 in 1926) of the total deaths regis-
The deaths from Malaria numbered 635 (587 in 1926). The deaths of Chinese from this cause in the City of Victoria numbered 260 (172 in 1926) in an estimated population of 500,000 giving a death rate of 0.52 per 1000 (0.38 in 1926).
The deaths from Beriberi, which were high in 1925 again showed a decrease, being 744 (1,192 in 1926 and 1,744 in 1925), or 5.04 of the total deaths recorded (9.5 in 1926 and 11.6 in 1925).
The incidence of notifiable infectious diseases was slight, the total number being 612 of which 72 were imported. Of the local cases 266 were Typhoid and Paratyphoid. For the fourth year in succession there were no cases of Plague. The last notification of plague was on 27th September 1923 while the last case of a plague infected rat was found on 17th September 1923. Systematic rat catching is carried out; 155,515 rats were sent to the Public mortuary for examination during 1927. None were plague infected. The routine work authorised under the bylaws for the Prevention of epidemic, endemic and contagious or infectious disease was carried out throughout the year. 87,612 floors were cleansed in Hong Kong and 48,754 in Kowloon; all premises were cleansed twice, some three times and a few four times. Systematic limewashing of all domestic premises within the areas prescribed, which are occupied by the members of more than one family, was similarly supervised as required by the bylaws on Domestic Cleanliness and Ventilation; 26,585 floors were limewashed in Hong Kong and 17,788 in Kowloon. To these two methods of ensuring a fair standard of cleanliness among the poorer classes of the community is largely owed the comparative immunity of Hong Kong from epidemic disease.
No cases of locally acquired cholera have been reported in the Colony since September 1922. There were 3 cases in 1927 all being imported.
There was a minor epidemic of smallpox during the early part of the year; the total number of cases notified being 149, of which 18 were imported. There were 126 deaths, all Chinese.
The incidence of Cerebro Spinal Fever during 1927 continued to be slight, there being 32 cases of which 2 were imported.
The total number of cases of Enteric and Paratyphoid Fevers during 1927 was 314 of which 7 were Paratyphoid. The cases of local origin amounted to 204 of Enteric and 4 of Paratyphoid among the Chinese community and 57 cases of Enteric and 1 of Paratyphoid among the Non-Chinese population. There were 28 Chinese and 12 Non-Chinese imported cases of Enteric and 5 Chinese and 1 Non- Chinese cases from the New Territory. There were 2 cases of Faratyphoid, 1 being imported and 1 from the New Territory.
1920-1930
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269
The number of cases of Diphtheria was 87 of which 65 were Chinese and 22` Non-Chinese. Of these 2 Non-Chinese and 4 Chinese
cases were imported.
There was
one case of Hydrophobia, the victim being Non- Chinese. During the year 312 dogs were placed under observation on suspicion of being rabid and 11 carcases were sent direct to the Bacteriologist for examination. 34 dog brains were examined during the year; in 5 Negri bodies were present. These 5 cases were in Kowloon and New Territories; in Hong Kong Island it would appear a if the last outbreak was now over, as no positive case has been detected since December 1926.
GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS.
Civil Hospital.-This hospital consists of three blocks and con- tains 198 beds in 23 wards.
4,894 in-patients and 35,962 out patients were treated during 1927 as against 5,381 and 16,969 respectively in 1926.
Attached to the hospital is an isolated Maternity Hospital con- taining 20 beds. 686 patients were admitted during the year (626 in 1926). Since the opening of the Maternity Block at Victoria Hospital, this hospital has been mainly used for Asiatics.
Victoria Hospital.-This hospital is situated on the Peak and consists of a Main Block and a Maternity Block.. The hospital was originally reserved for women and children but since the opening of the Maternity Block the accommodation in the main building was more than was required and in December it was decided to admit male patients also.
There are 38 beds in the main building to which 323 patients were admitted, and 33 in the Maternity Block to which 63 were admitted.
The Infectious Diseases Hospital is situated on the western out- skirts of the city-it is used mainly for the treatment of Small-pox. The Hospital contains 26 beds to which 9 patients were admitted (13 in 1926).
Kowloon Hospital.-Situated on the mainland has 48 beds. 980 patients were treated in 1927 as compared with 894 in 1926.
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24
TUNG WAH HOSPITAL (Government aided).
Number of beds
Number of patients treated in 1927 Number of patients treated in 1926
INFECTIOUS DISEASES BRANCH.
480
9,726
7,951
Number of beds
Number of patients treated in 1927
Number of patients treated in 1926
70
31
23
KWONG WAH HOSPITAL, KOWLOON, (Government aided).
Number of beds
Number of patients treated in 1927
Number of patients treated in 1926
226
7,593
6,336
The Hospitals are under the supervision of a Visiting Medical Officer who is a member of the Medical Department.
LUNATIC ASYLUM.
The Asylum is situated close to the Civil Hospital and is under the direction of the Medical Officer in charge of that hospital. European and Chinese patients are separated, the European portion containing 14 beds in separate wards and the Chinese portion 16 beds.
267 patients of all races were treated during 1927 and there were 18 deaths.
IX.-Education.
The total numbers of pupils at schools in the Colony, excluding the Police School, are:-
Number of Pupils
Total
English Vernacular
Schools Schools
Government Schools
3,528
369
3,897
Military School
135
135
Excluded Private School
158
158
Grant Schools
3,911
1,051
4,962
Vernacular Schools, Urban District...
30,622
30,622
Vernacular Schools, Rural District...
5,375
5,375
Private English Schools
4,721
4,721
Technical Institute
620
620
Total
13,073
37,417
50,490
1920-1930
25
271
The chief Government Schools are Queen's College, King's College, and three District Schools for Chinese boys, the Belilios Public School for Chinese girls, the Vernacular Middle School and two Vernacular Normal Schools, and the Ellis Kadoorie School for Indians.
The Central British School and Kowloon Junior, Victoria, and Quarry Bay Schools for children of British parentage have an average attendance of 286. There is also a school for children of the Peak District with an average attendance of 49.
There are 5 Grant-in-Aid Anglo-Chinese Schools for boys and G for girls, and 4 Grant-in-Aid Vernacular School for girls.
The Hong Kong Technical Institute affords an opportunity for higher education of students who have left school. Instruction was given in 1927 in Building Construction, Field Surveying, Mathematics, Chemistry (Practical and Theoretical), Metallurgy, Physics, Electricity, French, Shorthand, Sanitation and Cookery. Classes for men and women teachers, both "English" and "Vernacular" are a feature of the Institute.
The lecturers are recruited from members of the medical and educational professions in the Colony, and from the Department of Public Works, and receive fees for their services. The Institute is furnished with a well equipped chemical laboratory and excellent physical apparatus,
The expenditure of the Education Department in 1927 was $1,091,423.21 and the revenue collected from Government School fees was $121,981.75.
THE UNIVERSITY OF HONg Kong.
The University of Hong Kong was incorporated under a local University Ordinance, 1911, and opened in 1912. It is a residential University and open to students of both sexes.
The late Sir Hormusjee Mody bore the entire expense of the erection of the main building and additions have been made through the liberality of benefactors of varied nationality and domicile. The latest addition to the buildings is a workshop built out of a con- tribution from Sir Robert Ho Tung.
The annual income of the University now amounts to about $514,000 of which about $315,000 comes from endowments and $50,000 from Government. Messrs. Butterfield and Swire gave £40,000 to the original endowment fund and subsequently $100,000 for engineering equipment. The Rockefeller Institution has endowed the University with three chairs in surgery, medicine and obstetrics, the endowment being in each case $250,000.
The expenditure for the year 1927 amounted to $507,887.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
26
The University includes the three Faculties of Medicine, Engineering and Arts. Admission to all faculties is conditional upon passing the matriculation examination of the University or some examination recognised as equivalent thereto.
The Faculty of Medicine provides a six year course of study in the usual pre-medical and medical sciences, leading to the degree of M.B. and B.S. The degrees of M.D., and M.S., may be obtained for postgraduate work. The degrees above mentioned are recognised by the General Medical Council for registration in Great Britain.
The Faculty of Engineering provides a four year course in practical and theoretical engineering, leading to the degree of B.Sc., (Eng.). Fourth year students specialize in civil, in mechanical or in electrical engineering. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.Sc., (Eng.).
The Faculty of Arts includes departments of pure arts and science, social science, commerce and a department for training teachers. The course is in all cases one of four years and leads to the degree of B.A. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.A.
With a view to securing the maintenance of the desired standard -which is in all three faculties that of a British University degree- external examiners are, in all faculties, associated with the internal examiners all annual final examinations. In the Faculty of Engineering, but not in other faculties, degrees with honours are granted, the standard being assessed by special examiners chosen from amongst the external examiners in the University of London.
The degree of LL.D., is granted, honoris causa.
The site of the University was given by the Government of Hong Kong. As subsequently enlarged by minor grants and by purchase, the University estate covers an area of 709,789 sq. ft. The view from the grounds over the harbour is magnificent and the grounds are naturally beautiful.
In the main buildings are housed the chemical and physical laboratories, the University library and portions of the engineering laboratories. They further include the Great Hall, a Senate room and the lecture and class rooms used by the Faculty of Arts and for general purposes.
Special medical buildings include schools of anatomy, physiology, pathology and tropical medicine, erected at the cost
cost of Chinese gentlemen resident in the Colony. Clinical instruction is given at the Government Civil Hospital.
Special engineering buildings include:-
(a) a power station, with internal combustion engines of varied types which are maintained for instructional purposes;
1920-1930
27
273
(b) a primemovers (steam) and hydraulics laboratory, at present housed in a converted pumping station, formerly the property of the Government; and
(c) A workshop, for practical instruction of students.
Electrical machinery, electrical technology, the
the testing of iraterials and experimental mechanics are dealt with in the main tuilding.
The larger part of the engineering equipment was the gift of Fritish engineering firms.
Other buildings upon the estate include:-
(a) the Vice-Chancellor's Lodge
(b) Staff-quarters
(c) the resident hostels, and
(d) the University Union Building.
Unless exempted from residence (such exemption being ordinarily granted on the ground that the student's "manner of life" is not such as is catered for in the hostels), every matriculated student is required to reside either in a University or recognised hostel.
The University hostels are three in number-Lugard Hall, Eliot Hall and May Hall.
Recognised hostels are at present two in number-Morrison Hall, situated immediately above the University grounds and conducted by the London Missionary Society, and St. John's Hall, immediately opposite the front of the University, conducted by the Church Missionary Society.
Each student occupies a separate room or cubicle, and there are the usual common rooms. Each University hostel is in charge
of a member of the staff, as resident warden.
No University hostel at present exists for women students- whose .right to admission to the University was first recognised in 1921: but some arrangements for the accommodation of a few women students in a rented building have been made by the authorities of St. Stephen's Girls' College, a Church of England girls' school which is near the University. The nuns of a neighbouring Italian convent
1
are also prepared to house a few women students.
The tuition fee is $300-the hostel fee which includes board and lodging is $300. A student who is allowed to live in a hostel during a vacation-some have to because of their work, c.g. medical students, and others because their homes are too far away-pay at the rate of $8 a week. When a student joins he is required to deposit caution money to the extent of $25, and to pay a registration fee of $5. The annual subscription to the Unversity Union is $15 and this covers the annual subscription to practically all the athletic
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
28
clubs. The graduation fee is $25. Probably about $1,200 repre- sents the minimum amount which at present prices would cover a student's annual expenses including vacations. It would cost a Chinese student who goes abroad $2,500 a year at the very least
nd this would not cover travelling expenses.
Numerous scholarships are available, including the King Edward VII Scholarships founded by His Majesty's Government. There are also scholarships provided by the Governments of Hong Kong, of the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States, of Kedah and Siam.
The Union is the centre of the social life of the students. It is at once a Club and a centre of athletics. The Union Committee contains certain memebrs of the University teaching staff, but its President and Secretary are undergraduates elected by the under- graduates. The undergraduate members of the Committee are also elected by their fellow students. There is a Union magazine with English and Chinese sections. The editors are students, a member of the teaching staff acting as assistant editor. There are twenty- one women students; these women students are all members of the Union.
Students of the University come from Kwangtung, Chihli, Hankow, Hüpeh, Yunnan, Hunan, Shanghai. Pekin, Fukien, Singapore. Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Kedah. Jahore, Java, Manila, Burma, Siam, Japan, India and Macao. The present enrolment is 300 of whom 251 are Chinese and 49 non-Chinese.
X.-Lands and Surveys.
LAND GRANts and General Value OF LANL.
1. (1) Sales of Crown Land and Pier rights (exclusive of the New Territories) during 1927 produced $107,633.63 a decrease of $144,897.32 on the preceding year, and $1,397,985.80 less than the average of the previous five years.
(2). Sales of Crown Land and Pier rights in the New Territories produced $32,741.21 an increase of $6,649.42 on the preceding year, and $213,330.91 less than the average of the previous five years.
(3). The average decrease is explained by the fact that the years 1922, 1923, and 1924 were boom years followed by a severe slump from which the Colony has not yet fully recovered.
2. The total area of land leased during the year was 454 Acres 3 Roods and 26-1/5 Poles being 931 Acres 3 Roods and 15 Poles less than in 1926.
3. (1). The total area resumed (including Re-entries and Surrenders) was 584 Acres and 2-4/5 Poles a decrease of 1481 Acres 2 Roods and 31-3/5 Poles on 1926.
1920-1930
29
275
(2). Non-fulfilment of Building Covenants (owing to financial depression) necessitated Re-entry on over 90 Acres in the Colony.
4. The Village development continues in the Northern District of the New Territories but there was little or no fresh development in semi-urban areas.
SURVEYS.
An Acrial Survey of the Colony was undertaken in 1924 and the ground work necessary to enable new maps of the Colony to be published was completed in 1927.
The Geological Survey of the Colony was continued by Dr. Brock, Dean of the Faculty of Geology, University of British Columbia.
XI.-Labour.
The Illegal Strikes and Lock-outs Ordinance, No. 10, was based on the English Trades Disputes and Trade Union bill, which became law in England on the 29th Julv, 1927. The Hong Kong Ordinance became law on the 8th July, 1927.
FACTORIES.
The ordinance regulating the employment of children in factories has now been in force for five years and it may not be out of place to survey briefly the results attained. This ordinance (No. 22 of 1922) was the first piece of constructive factory legislation introduced into this Colony and to the Chinese factory owners was an entirely new departure. In the carlier stages a large number of the younger children were dismissed from the factories, the owners finding it easier to dispense with child labour than to comply with the requirements of the ordinance as to hours of work, overtime and holidays. The children so dismissed have not been replaced and it
•
now admitted that the absence of child labour need not affect output. In factories where children have been retained the conditions of the ordinance have been accepted without serious objection. No European firms in the Colony employ children under the age of 15 years and the total number of children employed has been reduced until at present there are not more that one hundred and fifty children under that age regularly at work in factories. This large reduction is partly accounted for by the depression in the knitting trade and cigarette factories. No new beginners have been taken on during the year and many of these who have hitherto been registered under the ordinance have now outgrown the age of registration. The cigarette factories which formerly employed a large number of young girls were closed for a considerable part of the year: production has now been resumed but on a limited scale and where formerly 160 children were engaged in packing cigarettes there are now but 16 at work. Apart from the cigarette trade the knitting factories of Kowloon are the principal employers of women and girls. Some of these have closed down during the year: others have found
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
30
markets elsewhere to replace those lost and have built up a consider- able export trade with Singapore and the Dutch East Indies. The trade outlook appears brighter and some firms are installing new machinery and plant in anticipation of improved trade in the near future.
Dangerous Trades.-Glass making, boiler chipping and firework n.aking. Visits of inspection have been made to all places where these trades are carried on. No breach of the ordinance has been discovered.
Building material etc.-The practice of engaging children to carry coal, bricks and sand up the Peak, once so common and the subject of so much comment has almost entirely ceased. Isolated cases still occur where children are found helping their mothers but they are not now regularly employed and engaged by contractors for this work.
XII.-Legislation.
Twenty-eight ordinances were passed during 1927. The most important were the following.
The Factory (Accidents) Ordinance, No. 3, gives power to make regulations for the purpose of preventing accidents. The regulations which have been made are short and simple. In this matter it is necessary to proceed here by easy stages until Chinese public opinion has been more fully educated on the subject. In any case, the proximity of China makes it impossible to proceed too far on European lines while China lags so far behind.
The Basel Evangelical Missionary Socitey Incorporation Ordin- ance, No. 7, restores this mission to it pre-war status and position.
The Public Revenue Protection Ordinance, No. 9, provides a method of imposing or altering taxation rapidly and secretly, with the object of defeating attempts to take advantage of the old rate of taxation, or freedom from taxation, by means of accelerated clearances from bond or otherwise. It gives the Governor power to impose or alter taxation provisionally, and it provides that the taxation so imnosed or altered is to be operative from the actual making of the order by the Governor. The Governor's order remains in force for only four months at most, and it ceases to be in force before that time if the proposals embodied in it are rejected by the Legislative Council. If the Governor's order is not ratified by Legislative Council any excess taxation paid has to be refunded.
The Suppression of Piracy Amendment Ordinance, No. 15. provides for the abolition of the present system by which ship owners have to give bonds binding them to provide grilles and to make certain other structural alterations of their ships, to employ guards, and to carry out certain other anti-piracy measures within certain portions of their voyages from and to Hong Kong. This system was probably necessary originally, but it has now been decided t leave the question of anti-piracy measures on board to the ship-
owners themselves, and to confine the Government anti-piracy
1920-1930
31
277
measures to searching the ships and their passengers so far as may be practical, before they sail from Hong Kong. The Ordinance contains a suspending clause and was not put into operation in 1927.
The Chinese Extradition Amendment Ordinance, No. 17, is an attempt to make possible again extradition from Hong Kong to China which had been rendered impossible by the abnormal constitutional condition of China. It enables the Governor to act on a request received from any person which he may declare to be or to represent the person or persons actually excrcising authority in any province or other territory which has at any time formed part of the Republic of China.
XIII.-Miscellaneous.
EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION.
Two hundred and eighty five thousand, five hundred and ninety three emigrants (285,593) left Hong Kong for various places during the year 1927. Of these, 138,263 were carried in British ships and 147,300 in Foreign ships.
One hundred and eighty one thousand, and one hundred (181,100) returning emigrants were reported to have been brought to Hong Kong from the several places to which they had emigrated either from this colony or from coast ports, as against 128,661 in 1926. On these, 100,889 arrived in British ships and 80,211 in Foreign ships.
Statement of number of emigrants to Straits Settlement 1915 to 1927 compared with total Chinese emigration.
No. of Emigrants to
Straits Settlement.
Total No. of Emigrants.
1915
41,278
68,275
1916
82,797
117,653
1917
63,292
96,298
1918
8,019
43,830
1919
11,638
59,969
1920
43,935
105,258
1921
87,324
156,011
1922
50,356
98,393
1923
65,584
120,224
1924
75,082
129,859
1925
$7,552
140,534
1926
157,285
216,527
1927
202,408
285,593
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
32
INSTITUTIONS.
Among institutions recognised and encouraged, but not to any considerable extent supported by Government may be mentioned the Pó Leung Kuk, the Eyre Refuge, the City Hall, and the Chinese 1ublic Dispensaries.
The Pó Leung Kuk is a Chinese Society founded in 1878 for the suppression of kidnapping and traffic in human beings. It was corporated in 1893 and is presided over by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs and not more than twelve directors nominated by the Governor. The actual management is entrusted to a committee elected annually by the members of the Society. The Society's buildings have been declared a Refuge under the Women and Girls Protection Ordinance, and almost all women and girls detained by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs under that Ordinance are sent to the Pó Leung Kuk. During 1926 the number of persons adinitted was 299 and at the close of the year 45 remained under the care of the Society. The inmates are under the immediate charge of a Chinese matron, and instruction is given them by the matron and a Chinese teacher in elementary subjects and in needlework.
The Chinese Public Dispensaries are institutions maintained in order to provide the Chinese with the services of doctors, whose certificates will be accepted by the Registrar of Deaths, and with the services of interpreters, who can assist the inmates of houses, where a case of infectious disease has occurred. Coolies are engaged and ambulances and dead vans provided in order to remove cases of infectious disease to the Infectious Diseases Hospital and dead bodies to the Mortuary. The Dispensaries receive sick infants and send them to one or other of the Convents and arrange for the burial of dead infants. Free advice and medicine are given and patients are attended at their houses. There are eight Dispensaries in existence. The Government makes an annual grant of $2,000, and the rest of the cost is defrayed by voluntary subscription. The Dis- pensaries are conducted by committees under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.
The Tung Wa Hospital, opened in 1872, is mainly supported by the voluntary subscriptions of Chinese, but receives an annual grant of $8,000 from the Government. Only Chinese are treated in this institution. Various other services not appertaining to a hospital are performed by the institution, such as the free burial of the poor, the repatriation of destitutes, the maintenance of free vernacular schools, and the organisation of charitable relief in emergencies: Chinese as well as European methods of treatment are employed in accordance with the wishes expressed by the patients or their friends. Over half the number are now treated by Western methods. The hospital is managed by a committee of Chinese gentlemen annually elected, their appointment being submitted to the Governor for confirmation.
1920-1930
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
[Crown Copyright Reserved.]
No. 1472.
HONG KONG.
Report for 1928.
(For Reports for 1926 and 1927 see No. 1356 and No. 1414 respectively (Price 1s. 3d. each.))
PRINTED IN HONG KONG.
LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.
To be purchased directly from H.M.STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2; 120, George Street, Edinburgh; York Street, Manchester; 1, St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff;
15, Donegall Square West, Belfast;
or through any Bookseller.
1930.
Price 1s. 6d. net.
58-1472
279
Txi Shan
MAP OF HONG KONG AND NEW TERRITORIES.
HSIN
(SUN
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Nam Tau Sheng
Sha Tau
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Shui Wan Tau
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Castle Peak
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1918
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Lo
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Wun Iu
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TOLO CHANNEL
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Fung Head
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Tai Lam Chungs
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Porils Peak
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W.T.S.
Wong Ma Kok
Pan Long Wan
Ninepi
Group
Fu Tau Mun
Nam Tong I.
C.d'Aguilar
Beaufort SoonKong Waglan
or
Chau
Pu Toi I.
Lion Rock
1670
Kowloon
Pak Wai
Wai
Kowloon Prak
*1978
City Ngau Chi Wan
Kwan Ngau Mu
Tai Po Tsai Tseng Kwan O,
B
HIGH I.
Koui
Leyog Shun Wan
Town I.
کی
BB
Basalt I.
→
Scale of Miles -
1
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
22' 9' N. LAT.
REFERENCES
Main Roads..
Streams.
Railway
Police Stations -
P.S.
Navigation Lights.
Wireless Telegraph Stations International Boundary.
W.T.S.
22.9 N LAT.
114°30′ E. LONG OF GREENWICH,
281
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
CONTENTS.
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY
1. GENERAL
II. FINANCE
283
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III. PRODUCTION
IV. TRADE AND ECONOMICS
V. COMMUNICATIONS
...
•
•
VI. JUSTICE, POLICE AND PRISONS
VII. PUBLIC WORKS
VIII. PUBLIC HEALTII
IX. EDUCATION
X. LANDS AND SURVEY
XI. LABOUR
XII. LEGISLATION
...
XIII. MISCELLANEOUS
1
3
5
6
7
9
15
17
20
24
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28
29
30
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32
History and Geography.
The Colony of Hong Kong is situated off the south-eastern coast of China between latitude 22° 9′ and 22° 17′ N. and longitude 114° 5′ and 114° 18′ E. The island is about 11 miles long and 2 to 5 miles in breadth, its circumference being about 27 miles and its area 284 square miles. It consists of an irregular ridge of lofty hills rising to a height of nearly 2,000 feet above sea level, stretching nearly east and west, with few valleys of any extent and little ground available for cultivation.
The island, then desolate and sparsely inhabited by fishermen, was ceded to Great Britain in January, 1841, the cession being confirmed by the Treaty of Nanking in August, 1842, and the charter bears the date of 5th April, 1843. All that part of Kowloon penin- sula lying South of Kowloon Fort to the northernmost point of Stonecutter's Island together with that island was ceded to Great Britain under the Convention signed at Peking in October, 1860,
284
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
and under the Convention signed at Peking in June, 1898, the arca known as the New Territories including Mirs Bay and Deep Bay was leased to Great Britain by the Government of China for 99 years. The area of the New Territories and Islands is about 345 square miles.
Trade gradually developed as China became accustomed to foreign intercourse and it increased greatly owing to the opening of the Suoz Canal. It now stands at about 200 million pounds sterling per annum.
Large local banking, dock, steamboat, and insurance companies were established between 1865 and 1872, and their numbers are being continually added to.
The Colony is the centre of an incessant flow of Chinese emigra- tion and immigration (see XIII Miscellaneous).
The rainfall for 1927 was 107.86 inches, and for 1928, 71.15 inches. There was a serious shortage of rain from the middle of July to the end of the year; only 18.24 inches falling during this period as against an average of 39.50 inches. From October 19 to the end of the year only 0.850 inch fell, 0.585 inch of which fell on November 13-14. In 1927 the mean temperature was 71.4′ and in 1928, 72.4', the mean minimum temperature during the latter year ranging from 79°9′ in July to 55°0' in February and the mean maximum temperature from 88°5′ in July to 63°1′ in February. There was a heat wave from July 4 to August 4. The mean temperature for July, 83°5′, was the highest on record, except in 1889 when it was 83°6′. Typhoons are prevalent during the months July to October, but the Colony was not visited by a typhoon in 1928.
The currency of Hong Kong consists of the following coins (vide Order in Council, 2nd February, 1895):-
1. The silver dollar of Mexico.
2. British dollar.
3. The Hong Kong dollar, half-dollar, and 20 cent, 10 cent, and 5 cent pieces, issued from the Hong Kong Mint. (1866-68).
?
4. Half-dollars, 20, 10, and 5 cent pieces, imported from. England, and coined at the Royal Mint and Birmingham Mint.
5. Copper coins representing one-hundredth part of the dollar (called one cent), and one-thousandth part of the dollar (mil or cash), imported from England.
Local weights and measures are the following:-
1 tael-1.1 oz.;
1 picul=1333rd lbs. (avoirdupois)
7 catties-1 imperial gallon;
1920-1930
3
I. General.
285
The year 1928 showed a continuation of that steady recovery in the financial and commercial position of the Colony reported for the year 1927, which is reflected in the financial figures of the year published in Part II.
The new development of the Kai Tak Aerodrome and Shing Mun Waterworks are typical of the new confidence and vision. The cost of these, though too great to be borne out of revenue was easily met by the flotation of the balance of the Public Works 6% loan issued at a premium of 3% which was promptly over-subscribed; such indeed was the response that further loans for the purpose of financing future development of the waterworks scheme may be assured of a hearty welcome by the Public.
The disastrous events of December 1927 had left Canton with an empty Treasury; a large area of the business quarter of the city had been destroyed by fire; the army of Cheung Fat-fui was still a menace; a Soviet had been established with much blood-shed in the Iloi Luk-tung districts, and brigandage was rampant throughout the province. On January the 4th Marshal Li Chai-sum returned to Canton from Shanghai to find his party again in power and began without delay to evolve some order out of the general chaos. By the end of the first quarter Cheung Fat-fui had been expelled, the communists scattered and driven into the mountains and the currency of the province had almost returned to parity.
:
By the end of February the situation had so improved that H.M's. Minister, Sir Miles Lampson, was able to pay a formal visit to Canton, and on 2nd March Marshal Li Chai-sum came to Hong Kong where he remained as a guest at Government House until Marci the 4th. From March the 9th to the 11th His Excellency the Gover- nor was in return the guest of Marshal Li at Canton. This inter- change of visits leading as it did to the resumption of friendly rela- tions between the Governments of the two cities marked the end of the period of estrangement which had culminated in the boycott, and as a token of this the boycott committee was formally dissolved during the same month. Real progress was made during this period in dealing with brigandage and it could be said with truth that by the end of the year the countryside was safer for honest men than it had been since the revolution. Noteworthy events were the des- patch of a permanent garrison to Bias Bay in the autumn and the operations against the bandits of the Ku Tau Mountains which took place in the winter.
General Chan Ming-shü succeeded Marshal Li as Chairman of the Provincial Council in December. This year saw also the formal re- cognition by Great Britain of the National Government of China.
Although the steps taken by the Kwangtung Government to sup- press piracy in the Bias Bay area were not entirely successful, the number of piracies which took place was at least less than in the
286
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
4
previous year and the prospect of co-operation between the Chinese and foreign Governments in this respect gives promise of greater success in the future.
The list of piracies which took place in 1928 is as follows:-
Date
Vessels
9.3.28 Junk Hoi Cheung
(Chinese Register)
14.4.28 S.S. Hsin Wah
1.5.28
A.P.C. Motor
Boat.
6.5.28 Cargo Junk
S.S. Tean
26.9.28 S.S. Anking
Place
Til Hau Kok in Sham Shui
District.
Bias Bay.
Off Chung Chow Is. (31 miles
outside British Water).
Lunk Ku Yau.
Hoi How.
Tai Chow How.
One of the most interesting events of the year was a Grand Tattoo held early in October, organized by a combined military and civilian committee. This, the first spectacle on such a scale ever organized in the Far East, was attended by over 10,000 persons, and welcomed as a huge success. The proceeds were devoted to charity and it is to be hoped that similar entertainments will be held in the future.
The Shanghai Defence Force, whose presence in the Colony was one of the features of 1927, had for the most part been transferred to Shanghai by the end of that year, leaving in the Colony the two British Garrison battalions and the 2nd Battalion Scots Guards; the latter were also transferred to Shanghai in June, 1928.
The Queen's Regiment, originally part of the Shanghai Defence Force, was relieved in December, by the Somerset Light Infantry. The Garrison was thus maintained at a strength of two British and one Indian, battalions.
His Excellency the Governor, Sir Cecil Clementi, K.C.M.G., sailed for home for eight months' furlough on 9th May, 1928, and the Colonial Secretary, the Hon. Mr. W. T. Southorn, C.M.G., acted as Officer Administering the Government during his `absence.
The honours conferred on residents of Hong Kong by His Majesty the King included the appointment of the following:-
.C.M.G. .M.B.E.
.C.B.E. (Civil)
.O.B.E.
.O.B.E. (Military)
Mr. E. D. C. Wolfe
Miss M. Sloan
Mr. H. K. Holmes
Dr. S. W. T'so, LL.D.
Mr. R. Sutherland, M.B.E.
.O.B.E.
Miss L. E. Mackay
Mrs. C. G. Alabaster
Mrs. H. R. Remington
Mrs. E. D. C. Wolfe
Captain Adey
Mrs. Russell-Brown
.M.B.E. (Civil)
M.B.E. 21
.M.B.E. ""
.M.B.E.
Subadar Major Piran Ditta, D.C.M...M.B.E. (Military)
.I.S.O.
.I.S.O.
.M.B.E.
Mr. A. J. Reed
Mr. P. T. Lamble
1920-1930
5
287
On Sunday, November 18th, 1928, the four "Southampton" flying boats of the Royal Air Force, under Command of Group Captain M. Cave-Brown-Cave, arrived from Salamague, which is situated in the Northern Philippines. The boats left Singapore on November 1st, and had visited Kuchang, Labuan, Port Princessa, Manila and Salamague. After making one week's stay in Hong Kong they returned to Singapore via Tourane Bay, Coconut Bay, Bangkok, Victoria Point and Penang. On reaching Singapore, they had completed 5,340 miles in 41 days.
II. Finance.
1. The total revenue of the year amounted to $24,968,399 which sum exceeded the Estimate by $4,865,009 and the revenue for 1927 by $3,623,863.
It should be noted, however, that included in the revenue is a sum of $1,963,359 which was recovered from the funds of the Public Works Loan (1927) on account of expenditure on Loan Works during the
years 1923-1926.
There were increases under all heads with the exception of Light Dues which showed a slight decrease. The most notable feature was the increase in Land Sales of $1,485,286 and another large increase of $517,790 was shown under Licences and Internal Revenue mainly due to Assessed Taxes, Liquor Duties and Opium Monopoly.
A considerable increase in Radio and Postal Traffic is reflected in the Post Office Revenue which exceeded the Estimate by $151,918 and improved conditions enabling the Kowloon-Canton Railway through service to Canton to be maintained resulted in an increase of $101,800.
2. The expenditure for the year amounted to $21,230,242 which was $952,803 less than the estimate and $385,177 more than the expenditure in 1927.
Substantial savings were effected in the votes of the Public Works Department and the Harbour Department and to a smaller extent in many other departments.
3. The following is a statement of Revenue and Expenditure for the last five years.
Year.
1924
1925
1926
.1927
1.928
Revenue. $24,209,640
23,244,365
21,131,582
21,344,536
24,968,399
Expenditure.
$26,726,428
28,266,817
23,524,716
20,845,005
21,230,242
4. Public Debt:-In November the balance of the 6% Public Works Loan (1927) was issued at a premium of three per cent. The nominal value of this issue was $1,927,000 bringing the amount of the Loan, which is repayable in 1932, up to $4,927,000. The Sinking Fund amounted to £20,666.
288
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
6
The Inscribed Stock Loans of 1893 and 1906 due for repayment in 1943 stood at £1,485,733 and Sinking Fund at £631,051.
5. Trade Loan:-A further 87 loans amounting to $3,403,560 were redeemed during the year thus reducing the number of the loans outstanding on 31st December, 1928, to 83 representing a sum of $4,697,906.13.
In four cases it was found necessary to enforce the security and this was done without loss.
III. Production.
FORESTRY, AGRICULTURE & BOTANY.
Formation of Plantations.-Certain areas were definitely allocated for the purpose of permanent forestry reserves, greatly increased areas were consequently sown with Pinus Massoniana and other trees both in situ and broadcast.
Insect Pests.Pine Tree Caterpillars made their appearance in the early months of the year, the damage done by them was not
serious.
Protection of Plantations.-The total length of fire barriers in all parts of the Colony was increased by three miles and all old barriers maintained in good condition; the presence of the barriers undoubtedly saved many plantations from serious damage and in some cases total destruction.
Cultivation of Foreign Vegetables.-The amount of foreign vegetables grown is increasing annually and such vegetables find a ready sale among the European residents.
Inspection of Nursery Stock.-Eighteen consignments totalling 17,340 bulbs of Narcissus Tazetta were inspected and certified for export to Britain and the United States of America.
Numerous consignments of dried vegetable products were inspected and certified for export to the Philippine Islands.
FISHERIES.
A considerable proportion of the boat population of Hong Kong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shaukiwan, and also many in the New Territories, are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is imported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerable value in Deep Bay.
MINING.
The mineral resources of the Colony are small and little mining was done in 1928.
1920-1930
289
7
Manufactures.
Sugar. The Sugar markets of the world continued, during 1928, to suffer from over-production, mainly in Java, and prices during 1928 were the lowest registered since the pre-war period. The hope that the over-production would be taken up in the replenish- ment of invisible stocks was not realised, and business generally was confined to hand-to-mouth buying. Whilst consumption in Europe increased by a nominal amount, that of America has registered a slight set-back.
Recent development of trade between Java and the consuming centres in China in washed sugar-a much cheaper process than refining-was one of the main factors leading to the permanent closing down of one Hong Kong sugar refinery and the stoppage for six months of another.
Hosiery.-There are established in the Colony over a score of Chinese-owned factories for the knitting of cotton hosiery aud singlets. The factories use, except for the higher grades, Japanese yarn and find an ever-increasing demand for their products in South Africa, the Persian Gulf, and in many parts of the near East, wherever there is a large native population.
Ginger.-A dozen ginger-preserving establishments deal with the raw product which is imported from South China and supplied principally to Great Britain. Holland, the U.S.A. and Australia, to the extent of about £300,000 annually.
Rope Making.-Rope-makers have had a fairly satisfactory year.
SHIPBUILDING
Two ocean-going passenger vessels were built in local dockyards during 1928, four ocean-going motor vessels, and twenty smaller craft.
IV. Trade and Economics.
In the opinion of merchants the recovery of trade-which more settled political conditions in China gave reason to expect-scarcely manifested itself in 1928 to the extent hoped for. The volume of business was, as far as can be estimated in the absence of trade statistics, no more than maintained.
The following figures, taken from returns for 1924 (the last avail- able), show the principal countries with which trade is carried on:-
Imported from £9,450,000
1,835,000 696,000 326,000.
Exported to
United Kingdom
£
744,000
Germany
132,000
Belgium
19,000
Holland
107,000
France
319,000
79.000
Italy
259,000
6,000
Sweden
173,000
2,000
Other European Countries
189,000
16,000
United States of America
5,915,000
2,489,000
290
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
8
Cuba, Central & S. America...
169,000
933,000
Japan, Korea & Formosa
9,127,000
3,523,000
Australia
1,042,000
428,000
Canada
733,000
410,000
New Zealand
54,000
62,000
Foreign Countries Miscellaneous
195,000
38,000
TOTAL
£30,482,000
£ 8,988,000
The Scale of Hong Kong's trade with neighbouring countries is indicated by the following figures, also taken from the statistics for
1924:-
Imported from
Exported to
India Ceylon
£ 1,998,000
£
805,000
21,000
133,000
Burmah
1,051,000
224,000
Straits Settlements & F.M.S. . British North Borneo
1,692,000
2,893,000
277,000
129,000
China
*25,974,000
39,738,000
Netherlands East Indies
9,457,000
1,054,000
French Indo-China
10,994,000
5,135,000
Siam
6,262,000
2,530,000
Philippine Islands
654,000
1,719,000
TOTAL
£58,380,000
£54,360,000
Hong Kong's own consumption and production of commodities is comparatively small; one of its main functions is to act as an entrepot and clearing house for the products of South China and for the world's manufactured goods passing into South China.
However, owing to the fact that no duties are levied upon com- modities, except liquors and tobacco, whereas China levies import and export duties upon all commodities, the tendency has been for a number of manufacturing processes to be established in the Colony, e.g., sugar and tin refining, cement making and ginger preserving: there are also several factories weaving cotton manufactured goods. and hundreds of native workshops manufacturing rattan ware and similar products.
Much of the voluminous trade with neighbouring countries com- prises purely Chinese commodities and is carried on by Chinese firms in Hong Kong with branches elsewhere. Trade with Europe, the Americas and Australasia is principally in the hands of British and foreign import and export firms who do business with the Chinese mercantile community established in Hong Kong, purchasing from them the products of China which have been assembled from thic interior, and selling manufactured goods which pass on from wholesale to retail dealers and so to the small shopkeepers in the interior of of China. The lack of modern means of communication in China necessarily makes the process slow and difficult.
* This figure is obtained from the Chinese Maritime Customs Returns.
1920-1930
9
M
291
The Chinese written language is a great hindrance to direct deal- ings between Chinese traders and merchants and manufacturers in foreign countries; another obstacle is lack of confidence by shippers overseas-the product of many regrettable experiences. The sub- stantial British and foreign firms in Hong Kong, with their branches in the Treaty Ports of China, serve a definitely useful purpose in acting as intermediaries between Chinese and overseas traders. Owing to the hindrances to commerce resulting from the language difficulty and the lack of education of the proprietors of native manufactories it would be impossible for firms abroad to do business direct. As a rule letters would not be answered, and, even if contact were established, there would be no means, of ensuring deliveries in accordance with sample. It is in this matter, especially, that the foreign exporters protect the interests of buyers abroad. Enquiries as to the South China market should be addressed to the General Chamber of Commerce, Hong Kong.
V. Communications.
SHIPPING,
The total Shipping entering and clearing Ports in the Colony during the year 1928 amounted to 300,316 vessels of 44,883,765 tons which compared with the figures of 1927 shows an increase of 1,609 vessels and an increase of 756,604 tons.
Of the above, 52,278 vessels of 37,640,694 tons were engaged in Foreign Trade as compared with 51,289 vessels of 36,834,014 tons in 1927.
There was an increase in British Ocean-going shipping: 652 vessels of 1,132,261 tons.
Foreign Ocean-going vessels show an increase of 603 vessels and an increase of 61,970 tons.
British River Steamers show a decrease of 932 vessels and a decrease of 530,341 tons. This decrease is due to the following vessels not running owing to Fire. Shipwreck and other causes. S.S. "Sui Tai", "Kochow", "Anjou", "Paul Beau" and "Charles Hardouin".
Foreign River Steamers show an increase of 70 vessels and a decrease of 18,855 tons.
In Steamships not exceeding 60 tons employed in Foreign Trade there is an increase of 651 vessels with an increase in tonnage of 7,669 tons.
292
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
10
Junks in Foreign trade show a decrease of 55 vessels and an increase of 153,976 tons. This is due to larger vessels being em- ployed.
In Local Trade (i.c. between places in the waters of the Colony) there is a decrease in Steam Launches of 3,581 Vessels and a decrease in Tonnage of 105,069.
Junks in Local Trade show an increase of 4,201 Vessels entered and cleared and an increase of 54,993 tons.
Of vessels of European construction, 5,912 Ocean-going vessels, 3,927 River Steamers, and 4,249 Steamships not exceeding 60 tons entered during the year giving a daily average of 38.5 vessels as com- pared with 37.3 vessels in 1927 and 20.8 vessels in 1926
Ocean-going Vessels entered as follows:
--- *
Vessels.
No. of times entered.
Total Tonnage
Flag.
1927. 1928.
1927. 1928.
1927.
1928.
British,
Japanese,
U.S.A.,
346 371 5,7025,562 8,466,960 8,786,202 264 250 1,109 1,016 2,927,207 2,829,121
| 79 83 245 251 | 1,495,775 | 1,471,424
Chinese,
81
751,315 1,670
847,073
812,037
German,
43
60 151 163
487,160
564,429
Danish,
11
14
48
70
153,341
196,780
Dutch,
41
36
251
245
849,766
823,506
French,
32
33
246
312
629,144
724,176
Italian,
6
5
26
26
141,566
143,918
Panamanian,
1
1
388
Norwegian,
61
74
472
419
.....
65,7,005
613,765
Portuguese, Swedish,
5
5
73
81
15,526
14,380
9
11
30
43
103,182
128,955
Mexican,
1
1
1,183
Total.....
997 1,018 9,669 9,859 16,774,788 17,109,051
1920-1930
11-
293
A comparison between the years 1927 and 1928 is given in the following table :--
1927.
1928.
Decrease.
Increase.
Class of Vessels
No.
Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
No.
[Tonnage No.
Tonnage.
British Ocean-}
going,
3,861
9,660,440| 4,513 | 10.792,701
:
Foreign Ocean
going,
6,767 | 16,039,724 | 7,370 |16,101,694
:
652 1,132,261
603
61.970
British River
Steamers,. 7,549
7,300,082 6,617
Foreign River
Steamers, ...
1,165
561,155 1,235
6,769,741
542,300
932 530,341
18,855 70
Steamships
under 60
tons For-
eign Trade...
7,898
Junks, Foreign
Trade,
233,374 | 8,544
24,054 3,039,239 |23,999 3.193,215
241,043
651
55
7,669
153,976
Total, Foreign
Trade, |51,289 | 36,834,014 52,278 37,640,694
987
549,196|1,976 | 1,355,876
Steam Laun-
ches, Local
Trade........ 219,555) 5,771,970 215,974 5,666,901| 3,581
Junks, Local
105,069
Trade, *27,863 *1,521,177 †32,064 †1,576,170
...
4,201 54,993
Grand Total... 298,707 44,127,161 300,316 44,883,765 | 4,568 654,265 6,177 | 1,410,869
Net,
1,609 756,601
Year
* Including 15,358 Conservancy and Dust Boats of 993,280 tons.
15,966
+
"
of 903,674
""
HONG KONG SHIPPING STATISTICS.
Number & Tonnage of Vessels in Foreign Trade entered & cleared.
Total Percentage Number Tonnage of British
Tonnage
Total Shipping Entered and Cleared.
British Tonnage Tonnage
Total
1918
1919
43,436 16,955,332 41.7 41,985 21,072,129
7,072,021 29,518,189
43.0
9,095,805 35,615,169
1920
43,364 24,194,022
43.8
11,608,069 40,122,527
1921
52,222
27,852,616
44.3
12,766,492, 43,420,970
1922
50,427
29,543,564
45.4
13,420,118 46,560,764
1923
49,900
35,947,534
47.0
16,920,491 53,402,239
1924
57,765
38,770,499 47.3
18,369,413 56,731,077
1925
41,336 32,179,053
47.6
15,321,935 49,520,523
1926
30,231 28,371,104
51.5
14,730,846 43,796,436
1927
51,289 36,834,014
45.7
16,960,522 44,127,161
1928
52,278 37,640,694 46.6
17,562,442, 44,883,765
294
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
12
KOWLOON-CANTON RAILWAY.
All the through express trains between Kowloon and Canton continued to be hauled by British Section engines daily throughout the year, with the exception of two periods totalling 9 days whea through traffic was temporarily suspended.
Monthly general revenues showed a steady and healthy increase, even throughout the summer months which are usually lean ones, until by the end of the year General Revenues had amounted to $820,994.90 against $713,424.85 for last year.
General Revenues for the first time since the opening of the line exceeded Working Expenses by the very satisfactory sum of $20,040.73 notwithstanding the inclusion of the exceptional sum of $30,526.76 being depreciation of rails in stock, which were written down to market value and depreciation debited to Working Expenses.
Liabilities under Capital decreased by $138,080.45. cumulated deficit stood at $6,978,224.05 on December 31st.
The ac
The Fanling Branch Line was closed in April as of no further service to the public since the opening of the motor road to Sha Tau Kok. A good proportion of the track recovered as also of the rolling stock and buildings, was disposed of.
Additions to Capital Account were light as there were no engineer- ing works of note. The principal items being the Improvements at Taipo Market Station $21,027.31 and Machines for Workshops $6,575.93.
Revenues from Rents which in 1927 amounted to $33,428.00 declined to $7,728.57.
The Railway suffered no damage from typhoons or rainstorms.
Permanent Way and Structures, Rolling Stock and Plant were maintained as usual.
. The Workshops continued to be exceptionally busy until about November, as by arrangement with the Chinese Section 30 of their goods wagons were thoroughly overhauled and reconditioned at our shops.
The total train mileage amounted to 292,345 miles, or 67,581 miles more than last year. This includes trains run over the Chinese Section to Canton.
The Rules applicable to the Public and to the Staff, as also the General Tariff, were all revised and reprinted.
As the result of a decision to adopt concrete sleepers generally, in replacing wooden ones, manufacture was re-started in April and 5,070 concrete sleepers turned out by the end of the year.
1920-1930
13
POST OFFICE.
295
Mails.-The number of mail receptacles of Hong Kong origin despatched during the year was 35,517 as compared with 35,159 in 1927-an increase of 358; the number received was 45,202 as compared with 43,638-an increase of 1,564.
Receptacles in transit, including those to and from British and Foreign Men-of-War, numbered 175,492 as against 194,200 in 1927-- a decrease of 18,708.
The large decrease in the number of receptacles for Men-of-War was due to the withdrawal of a large number of vessels-including a flotilla of destroyers-consequent on the establishment of a more peaceful state of affairs in China.
Registered Articles and Parcels.-The number of registered articles handled amounted to 806,980 as compared with 833,177 in 1927- -a decrease of 26,197; of these figures 15,946 were in respect of Hong Kong postings and 10,251 transit articles.
The figures for insured letters were 17,430 and 17,648 respectively -an increase of 218.
Parcels, ordinary and insured, which were dealt with reached a total of 423,880 as against 424,047 in 1927-a decrease of 167.
WIRELESS.
1. The year 1928
considerable advances made in the reorganisation and establishment on a sound basis of the wireless services of the Colony.
2. The Kowloon Royal Observatory W/T Station was closed as a transmitting station, the transmitter installed there being thorough- ly overhauled, redesigned and installed at Victoria Peak for broad- casting and commercial services. The Observatory station is now used as the receiving station for the ship services and as a distant reception station for the Radio Telegraph Office. The Observatory Station operates, by remote control the transmitters installed at Cape D'Aguilar which are used for the ship services. The station is also used for the reception of time signals, and long distance weather reports.
3. Cape D'Aguilar is now a gouped transmitter station for ship services and for point to point transmitters. Reception is not carried on at this station, operation and control of transmitters being done by remote control from the Radio Telegraph Office and the Observatory Station.
4. Early in the year a new site for a wireless station, to be built and organised on the most up to date lines, was chosen at Victoria Peak. A considerable amount of progress has already been made in the erection of station buildings, masts etc., and two transmitters are already installed there, one working on 300 metres for broadcasting musical programmes, weather reports, news bulletins etc. and when not in use for broadcasting working on 850 metres for
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14
commercial services, and the other one working on 49 metres for communication with points in South China and French Indo-China. The station which is still in course of erection will, when completed, accommodate high power short wave long distance transmitters for commercial working with practically all parts of the world. The cali signal of Victoria Peak Wireless Station is ZBW and its position is Lat. '22°16′ 38′′.56 N., Long. 114°08′ 31′′,95 E.
5. The Radio Telegraph Office which was transferred from the 1st Floor of the General Post Office Building to the Ground Floor of the new P. & O. Building during the month of October is the controlling station for all services. R.T.O. operates by remote control the transmitters installed at Cape D'Aguilar and Victoria Peak which are used for fixed point services, carries on direct and indirect reception, and
and accepts and distributes radiotelegraphic traffic. Commercial wireless telegrapli services are maintained between numerous points in South China, French Indo-China, Siam, British North Borneo, Yunnanfu, Philippines, Dutch East Indies, Dutch Borneo, American Continents, Europe, etc.
The revenue collected by the Post Office during the year from radiotelegrams amounted to $162,517.66. an increase of $20,639.21 on the amount collected in 1927.
Advices of vessels signalled at the Lighthouses yielded $1,021.00, Semaphore messages, $3.60 and Wireless Receiving Station Licences $482.81. The total Revenue from the Telegraph Service amounted to $162,999.97.
The number of paid radio-telegrams forwarded during the year was 38,422 consisting of 322,041 words against 22,793 consisting of 209,171 words in 1927; and 51,951 were received consisting of 477,109 words as against 26,326 consisting of 276,078 words.
In addition to the paid traffic figures given above the wireless service is responsible for the reception of time signals daily from Bordeaux, Rugby, Malabar and Nauen, for the transmission of time signals to ships in the China Sea, the reception of press messages amounting to 373 messages 211,156 words from Rugby, the collection and distribution of meteorological traffic, having forwarded 2,966 messages 205,194 words, and received 10,346 messages 200,623 words, the reception of Saigon Health Bulletins once weekly, the reception and dissemination of distress, piracy and navigation messages, the transmission and reception of Government messages, etc., etc.
An interesting development during the year 1928 was the commencement of local broadcasting. The programmes, which Occupy approximately four hours daily consist of musical items, speeches, weather reports, news bulletins, church services, concerts etc., are transmitted by the transmitter installed at Victoria Peak and controlled from the studio on the First Floor of the General Post Office Building. Broadcasting is gaining in popularity and the demand for receiving licences for which a charge of $5.00 per annum is made, is becoming greater.
1920-1930
15
CABLES.
297
The Eastern Extension Telegraph Company (British) by means of three cables to Singapore, one direct and one each via Labuan and Cape St. James respectively, provide good connections with Europe via India, with Australasia, and with the other British Colonies and possessions. By their cable to Manila connection is made with the direct American cable, thence to San Francisco. Two. cables to Shanghai, belonging respectively to the Eastern Extension and to the Great Northern (Danish) Companies, via Foochow and Amoy respectively, give a good connection with Shanghai, North China, Japan and Russia; and the system of the Great Northern Telegraph Co. gives a good service to Europe via Asiatic Russia.
TELEPHONES.
Telephonic communication, provided by the Hong Kong Telephone Co., is available to most parts of the Colony.
VI. Justice, Police and Prisons.
Serious Crime in 1928 showed a slight increase over 1927-5,351 cases against 4,879. Minor Crime showed a considerable decrease 14,077 cases against 19,891 cases in 1927. The increase in serious crime is accounted for by the increase of burglaries and larcenies in dwellings, and felonies other than murder, robbery, assault with intent to rob, kidnapping, piracy and unlawful possession. Larceny cases showed a marked decrease. In the minor offences, "Miscel- laneous" showed a decrease of 5,000 cases.
There was an increase of 2 murders, and a decrease of 1 robbery.
The murder of Mr. Lee Hysan, a well known member of the Chinese Community, was the most serious outrage of the year. The victim was shot in the back at point blank range while entering his Club, which was accessible only from a little frequented back lane: no hue and cry was raised. and the murderer made good his escape.
There were no sudden variations in the population of the Colony during the year, as conditions in the neighbouring Province remained generally peaceful.
In May, the Japanese Boycott, which was reflected in thic Colony, resulted in nothing more serious than a few isolated cases of window smashing, which were promptly dealt with and checked.
Piracy-Five Piracics were recorded, the two principal being the S.S. "San Nam Hoi" in January, and the S.S. "Anking" in Novem- ber. The Chief Officer of the "San Nam Hoi" and 2 Indian Guards were killed.
15 of the pirates were captured, and 7 were executed by the Kong Mun Authorities. In the "Anking" Piracy, the Chief Officer, the Chief Engineer and Chinese Compradore were killed and
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the bodies thrown overboard. One of the pirates was afterwards arrested in Hong Kong and executed. A number of piracies on junks occurred during the year in waters adjoining the Colony.
year.
Piracy in the Canton River Delta showed an increase.
There were no serious strikes or industrial troubles during the
Labour Associations.-Three events of importance took place :-
(1) Proscription of Cha Kui Tsung Kung Wui.
(2) Proscription of Ki Tuk Kau Siu Nin Tuen.
The closing of these two centres evoked no opposition.
and was merely a continuation of the policy of clos- ing all seditious Political Associations operating under the guise of Labour Unions.
(3) The Chinese Seamens' Associated Union, a local Union working in conjunction with local Institutions opened at the end of 1928.
A most successful "Tattoo" was held early in October at which the attendance reached the large figure of 10,000. A Public Entertain- ment on such a large scale naturally required very special Police, and particularly Traffic arrangements which were carried out to the satisfaction of the general public attending the "Tattoo".
The total number of persons committed to Victoria Gaol was 5,756 as compared with 7,740 in 1927. Of these 1,117 were comi- mitted for criminal offences against 1,740 in 1927. Of committals for non-criminal offences there were 35 less for hawking without a licence, and 19 less for unlawfully cutting trees, than in 1927.
The daily average of prisoners confined in the Gaol was 1,071 the average for 1927 being 1,189 and the highest previous average being 1,116 in 1925. The percentage of prisoners to population, accord- ing to the daily average of the former and the estimated number of the latter was 0.100. The average percentage for the last ten years was 0.121. Owing, however, to the large floating population, which is constantly moving between the Colony and Chinese Territory, the percentage of crime to population does not convey an accurate idea of the comparative criminality of the residents of the Colony. The Victoria Gaol has accommodation for 700 prisoners including patients in Hospital. The Branch Prison at Laichikok has accommodation for 450 prisoners.
The prison discipline was satisfactory, the average of punish- ments per prisoner being 0.49 as compared with 0.52 in 1927 and 0.49 in 1926.
Prisoners are employed at printing. book-binding, tinsmithing. mat-making. tailoring, carpentering, soap-making, gardening etc. Practically all the Government printing and book-binding is done in Victoria Gaol.
1920-1930
17
VII. Public Works.
BUILDINGS.
299
During the year progress as stated was made on the following works:-
Hong Kong.--The New Hospital at Victoria Gaol, an enclosed Revolver Range for the Police, fifty two Village Houses at Wong Nei Chong together with School and Public Trough Closet were com- pleted. The new Reception Block at Victoria Gaol, an additional storey to the Colonial Secretariat Building and the new Wireless Telegraph Station at the Peak were nearing completion by the end of December.
Kowloon.-An open Market at To Kwa Wan and Public Con- veniences at King's Park were completed together with a temporary block of new Class Rooms to the Central British School and the raising of the Time Ball Tower on Signal Hill. A new Store at the Yaumati Slipway was commenced in October.
A number of minor works were also carried out in the district.
New Kowloon.--An open Market at Kowloon City, Quarters for Sextons at Sai Yu Shek Cemetery and 2 Public Trough Closets and 1 temporary latrine at Shamshuipo were completed.
Public Latrine and Bath-house at Shamshuipo and Extension to Shamshuipo Market were in course of erection.
New Territories.-The erection of a new School at Cheung Chau and Pill Boxes for Military Authorities at Lo Wu and Sha Tau Kok were completed. Block House for police at Lin Tong was commenced in June and was nearing completion by the end of the year.
COMMUNICATIONS.
Hong Kong.-Approach road to Tung Wah Hospital at Sookunpoo and Path to Revolver Range at Bowen Road were completed. The site formation and road construction at Wong Nei Chong was nearing completion by the end of the year.
Kowloon.-Waterloo Road Extension to boundary and earthworks for To Kwa Wan Road were completed and the former was partially surfaced by the end of the year. Argyle Street Extension to a width of 60 ft. was nearing completion by the end of the year.
New Kowloon.-Road to Dairy Farm Lots at Diamond Hill and Waterloo Road Extension to foothills were completed. Formation of roads in Kowloon Tong Development Arca was nearing completion and the Widening of Castle Peak Road was in progress.
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New Territories.-Tai Po Bridge reconstruction and road diver- sion, and Patrol Path from Ta Ku Ling to Lin Ma Hang were both completed early in the year.
DRAINAGE.
Hong Kong.-Considerable progress was made with the recon- struction of Wong Nei Chong Nullah, Section No. 3 being completed by the end of November, and Section No. 4 (in front of Jockey Club Stand), commenced in March, being more than half finished.
New sewers and storm water drains were constructed to a length of 8,833 feet, and stream courses (other than the Wong Nei Chong Nullah) trained to a length of 1,618 feet.
Kowloon.-The training of the large nullah in the Cemeteries Valley at Homuntin, commenced the previous year, was completed.
New sewers and storm water drains were constructed to a length of 6,400 feet.
Trenches were formed and swamps filled in, in connection with the anti-malarial campaign.
New Kowloon.-New sewers and storm water drains were con- structed over the area generally to the length of 4,300 feet, and on the Kowloon Tong Development area to the length of 6,900 feet.
The construction of one side wall and invert to nullah on East side of Kowloon Tong Development area was completed.
Anti-malarial work was continued.
New Territories.-Various works of an anti-malarial nature were carried out at Taipo and Taipo Market. Sewers were constructed to the length of 200 feet, while about 300 feet of stream course training was accomplished.
+
WATER WORKS.
Hong Kong.-The Eastern Filter Beds and Service Reservoir were completed. A new 12′′ main has been laid in Queen's Road East from Arsenal Street to Garden Road and a new 18" main laid from Bowen Road Service Reservoir to Kennedy Road. A 2" wrot iron pipe was laid across Aberdeen Harbour to provide a street foun- tain supply to Aplichau.
Seven thousand and sixty-eight feet of 6" pipe and 372 feet of 8" pipe have been laid in the Praya East Reclamation Roads.
Investigations, preparation of preliminary drawings and quantities in connection with the Aberdeen Water Scheme were continued.
Kowloon. The following lengths of distributing mains were laid: -4" C.I. 2,030 lin. ft., 6" C.I. 4,020 lin. ft., and 8" C.I. 1,820 lin. ft.
1920-1930
19
301
New Kowloon.-An additional length of 3,190 lin. feet of 6" C.1. mains were laid in the Kowloon Tong Development area.
The approach path to Kowloon Reservoir was regraded and sur- faced.
New Territories.-The 3′′ main at Taipo was extended to Kam Tsin Village. An intake dam with conduit and pipe line was formed on the Needle Hill Stream to augment the Shing Mun Supply.
Shing Mun Valley Scheme. The laying of the 1st 24" diameter steel main was continued, 9,100 lin. ft. being laid during the year, bringing the total laid to-date to 12,330. lin. ft.
The installation of the Paterson Rapid Gravity Filtration Plant was satisfactorily completed and tested during the year. This plant is now capable of filtering 5 million gallons per day and provision has been made for future extension to 10 million gallons per day.
A commencement was made towards the end of the year on the excavation for the Service Reservoir in the Shek Lai Pui Valley and fair progress was made.
RECLAMATIONS.
Hong Kong.-Praya East, 87 acres were reclaimed out of a total of 90 acres.
The North Point Scheme which is a private undertaking was completed.
Kowloon.-Tai Kok Tsui, about 54 acres, was completed.
New Kowloon.-A contract was let for the construction of the sea wall-about 1,600 feet in length-to protect the Shamshuipo Re- clamation. Approximately 600 lin. feet of walling had been completed at the end of the year.
Approximately 1.7 acres reclaimed at Cheung Sha Wan in con- nection with the dumping of refuse.
The un-reclaimed portion of the Kai Tak Reclamation was filled in by Harbour Dredgings to a height of about 2 feet below formation level, and the filling protected by a sea wall. The area reclaimed to finished levels is about 120 acres, the area to be completed to formation level is approximately 85 acres.
tion.
Little progress was made with the Kowloon Bay West Reclama-
New Territories.-The Standard Oil Co. continued with the for- mation of a site at Lai Chi Kok. About 90% of the work has been completed.
PIERS.
Kowloon.-The repair work to the Police Pier at Kowloon Point was completed.
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- 20
SLIPWAYS.
New Kowloon.-It is proposed to use the Kai Tak Reclamation as a commercial aerodrome. A slipway 380 feet in length providing a depth of 6 feet of water at L.W.O.S.T. is under construction at the Eastern frontage of the reclamation.
SURVEYS.
Further triangulation was carried out to fix additional ground control stations required in connection with new map now in course of preparation.
VIII. Public Health.
The estimated population of the Colony is as follows:--
(1) Non Chinese
18,150
(2) Chinese:-
City of Victoria,
550,000
Villages of Hong Kong
43,000
Kowloon (and New Kowloon)
264,890
Population afloat
103,400
New Territories,
96,250
Total Chinese population
1,057,540)
Total Civil population
1,075,690
The population of Hong Kong is a very variable one and, owing to the large unstable, floating population, and to partial birth registra- tion, no reliable means are available for estimation.
For purposes of statistics, the estimated population of the New Territories has been subtracted.
The Crude Birth Rate for the year 1928 was 9.5 per 1,000; 9.2 per 1,000 among the Chinese Community and 20.4 per 1,000 among the non-Chinese as compared with 8.2 and 19.6 in 1927.
These figures are very inaccurate and unreliable owing to incom- plete registration of Chinese births (especially females) and immigra- tion. There are signs, however, that registration is increasing among the Chinese Community. The non-Chinese rate is more trustworthy.
I
The Crude Death Rate was 15.06 per 1,000; 15.14 per 1,000 among the Chinese Community and 11.20 per 1,000 among the non- Chinese. As registration is essential before burial can take place the figures for deaths are much more accurate and reliable.
The ratio of Infantile Deaths (under 1 year) to total deaths for the year 1928 was 29.5% which is midway between the figures for the years 1927 (31.6) and 1926 (27.3).
The Zymotic Death rate was .45.
1920-1930
21
303
The deaths from Notifiable Infectious Diseases in order of in- cidence were as follows:--
Disease
Chinese
Non- Chinese
Total
1.
Small Pox
303
1
304
(Typhoid
72
2
74
2.
[Paratyphoid
1
0
1
3. Diphtheria
26
1
27
4. Cerebro Spinal Fever
13
3
16
5. Puerperal Fever
13
2
15
6. Plague
2
0
2
Totals
430
9
439
There was a serious epidemic of Smallpox in the last quarter of the year which is still in progress (March 1929); up to 31st December, 1928, there were 616 cases notified of whiclr 304 or 50% have died.
The deaths from special Diseases and locally important causes were as follows:-
Disease
Chinese
Non- Chinese
Totals
Malaria
289
Beri-beri
665
62
6
295 (1)
2
667 (2)
Respiratory Diseases :-
and Phthisis
Tuberculosis (pulmonary)
Non-tubercular
4,388
23
4,4111
4,103
32
4,135 (
(3)
Other forms of Tuberculosis
795
11
806
Venereal disease (Syphilis)
275
275
Dysentery
290
1
291
Heart disease & Heart failure...
269
11
280
Infantile enteritis and Gastro-
enteritis (under 1 year)
391
5
396 (4)
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
22
(1) Further antimalarial work is needed in the Colony but many of the cases are likely to have been imported from China.
(2) There is considerable doubt as to the accuracy of these figures as the disease is by no means easy to diagnose or differentiate.
(3) The total figure for Respiratory Diseases and Pulmonary Tuberculosis is 8,546; that is an average of twenty deaths a day from iung diseases. This figure far exceeds those from all other causes of death in the Colony. Over half the deaths are due to Pulmonary Tuberculosis which is due to bad housing conditions and overcrowding among the poorer section of the Chinese community. The climate and conditions of the Colony are most inimicable to cure.
(4) These and other nutritional diseases are world wide causes of infantile mortality. In death returns they are not always clearly defined. Malnutrition, non-breast feeding, neglect and dust-borne bacteria are the chief factors.
The deaths reported in the Coroners' Returns (Chinese only) are as follows classified according to age and sex:-
Age Periods
Males
Females
1. Under 2 years
2,103
2,350
2
Over 2 years
942
434
Totals
3,045
2,784
Suicides and Deaths from Accidents or Violence amounted to
378:
· ---
(i) Chinese
(ii) Non-Chinese
358
21
These figures include a very large proportion of dumped bodies, especially heavy among infants. This dangerous and revolting prac- tice is hard to eradicate among an ignorant population.
There were four cases of human plague reported in 1928; two on 4th May, one on 23rd June and one on 23rd July, the last two being fatal. The Colony had been free of plague for over four years and it is likely that the infection was brought from China by persons who had gone to their native district to worship at the tombs of their ancestors. A thorough house cleansing was instituted at once in the areas from which the cases came and it is possible that these measures prevented the spreading of the disease.
1920-1930
23
305
Systematic rat catching was carried out throughout the year, the total number of rats and mice destroyed being 155,572, (Hong Kong 95,312, Kowloon 60,260). Of these none was reported from the mor- tuaries as Plague infected.
The routine work authorised under the by-laws for the Prevention of epidemic endemic and contagious or infectious disease was carried out throughout the year; 96,875 floors were cleansed in Hong Kong and 55,710 floors in Kowloon. Practically all premises were cleansed twice in the year, many were cleansed three times and a few four times. Systematic limewashing of all domestic premises within the areas specified which are occupied by the members of more than one family was similarly supervised, 26,588 floors being limewashed in Hong Kong and 17,291 in Kowloon.
These two measures ensure a fair standard of cleanliness among the poorer classes of the community.
There were no cases of hydrophobia throughout the year; 142 dogs were placed under observation and 14 dog brains were examined by the Government Bacteriologist for evidence of rabies with negative results in all cases.
GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS.
Civil Hospital.-This hospital consists of three blocks and contains 198 beds in 23 wards. At times of pressure this number has been increased to 230 beds, 95 beds are allotted to the University Clinic. 4,995 In-patients were treated (4,894 in 1927). Of these 1,286 were under the Staff of the University (1.051 in 1927). The daily average number of patients was 175. Attendances at the Out-patient Depart- ment numbered 56,947. (35,962 in 1927). The greater part of the work of this Department is done by the Staff of the University.
Attached to the hospital is an isolated Maternity Hospital con- taining 23 beds. 776 patients were admitted during the year (686 in 1927). All the patients, except a few treated by the Government Medical Officers, were under the care of the University Professor of Obstetrics and his assistants. Of the admissions 10 were Europeans and 766 Asiatics.
Lunatic Asylum.-The Asylum is situated close to the Civil Hospital and is under the direction of the Medical Officer in charge of that hospital. European and Chinese patients are separated, the European portion containing 13 beds in separate wards and the Chinese portion 19 beds.
298 patients of all races were treated during 1928 and there were 20 deaths.
The Infectious Diseases Hospital is situated on the western out- skirts of the city-it is used mainly for the treatment of Small-pox. The Hospital contains 26 beds to which 11 patients were admitted (9 in 1927).
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24
G
Victoria Hospital.-This hospital is situated on the Peak and con- sists of a Main Block and a Maternity Block.
There are 50 beds in the main block to which 529 patients were admitted, and 25 beds in the Maternity Block to which 67 were admitted.
Kowloon Hospital.-Situated on the mainland has 43 beds. 1,204 patients were treated in 1928 as compared with 980 in 1927.
TUNG WAH HOSPITAL (Government aided).
Number of beds
Number of patients treated in 1928
Number of patients treated in 1927
INFECTIOUS DISEASES BRANCH.
Number of beds
Number of patients treated in 1928 Number of patients treated in 1927
KWONG WAHI HOSPITAL, KOWLOON, (Government aided).
Number of beds
Number of patients treated in 1928
Number of patients treated in 1927
500
11,486
9,726
63
126
31
250
8,822
7,593
The Hospitals are under the supervision of a Visiting Medical Officer who is a member of the Medical Department.
IX. Education
The total numbers of pupils at schools in the Colony, excluding the Police School, are:-
Number of Pupils
English
Schools
Vernacular Schools
Total
Government Schools
3,674
385
4,059
Military School .....
128
128
Excluded Private School
167
167
Grant Schools
4,147
1,011
5,158
Vernacular Schools, Urban
District
35,631
35,631
Vernacular Schools, Rural
District
5,290
5,290
Private English Schools
6,377
6,377
Technical Institute
574
574
Total
15,067
42,317
57,384
1920-1930
25
307
The chief Government Schools are Queen's College, King's Col- lege, and three District Schools for Chinese boys, the Belilios Public School for Chinese girls, the Vernacular Middle School and two Ver- nacular Normal Schools, and the Ellis Kadoorie School for Indians.
The Central British School and Kowloon Junior, Victoria, and Quarry Bay Schools for children of British parentage have an average attendance of 293. There is also a school for children of the Peak District with an average attendance of 49.
There are 5 Grant-in-Aid Anglo-Chinese Schools for boys and 6 for girls, and 4 Grant-in-Aid Vernacular Schools for girls.
The Hong Kong Technical Institute affords an opportunity for high education of students who have left school. Instruction was given in 1928 in Building Construction, Field Surveying, Mathematics, Chemistry (Practical), Metallurgy, Physics, Electricity, French, Shorthand, Sanitation, Seamanship and Cookery. Classes for men and women teachers, both "English" and "Vernacular" are a feature of the Institute.
The lecturers are recruited from members of the medical and educational professions in the Colony, and from the Department of Public Works, and receive fees for their services. The Institute is furnished with a well equipped chemical laboratory and excellent physical apparatus.
The expenditure of the Education Department in 1928 was $1,100,295.08 and the revenue collected from Government School fees was $172,943.76.
THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG.
The University of Hong Kong was incorporated under a local University Ordinance, 1911, and opened in 1912. It is a residential University and open to students of both sexes.
The late Sir Hormusjee Mody bore the entire expense of the erection of the main building and additions have been made through the liberality of benefactors of varied nationality and domicile. The latest addition to the buildings is a workshop built out of a con- tribution from Sir Robert Ho Tung.
•
The annual income of the University now amounts to about $574,000 of which about $315,000 comes from endowments and $50,000 from Government. Messrs. Butterfield and Swire gave £40,000 to the original endowment fund and subsequently $100,000 for engineering equipment. The Rockfeller Institution has endowed the University with three chairs in surgery, medicine and obstetrics. the endowment being in each case $250,000.
The expenditure for the year 1928 amounted to $542,700.
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26
The University includes the three Faculties of Medicine, Engineering and Arts. Admission to all faculties is conditional upon passing the matriculation examination of the University or some examination recognised as equivalent thereto.
The Faculty of Medicine provides a six year course of study in the usual pre-medical and medical sciences, leading to the degree of M.B. and B.S. The degrees of M.D., and M.S., may be obtained for postgraduate work. The degrees above mentioned are recognised by the General Medical Council for registration in Great Britain.
The Faculty of Engineering provides a four year course in practical and theoretical engineering, leading to the degree of B.Sc., (Eng.). Fourth year students specialize in civil, in mechanical or in electrical engineering. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.Sc., (Eng.).
The Faculty of Arts includes departments of pure arts and science, social science, commerce and a department for training teachers. The course is in all cases one of four years and leads to the degree of B.A. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.A.
With a view to securing the maintenance of the desired standard -which is in all three faculties that of a British University degree- external examiners are, in all faculties, associated with the internal examiners in all annual final examinations. In the Faculty of Engineering, but not in other faculties, degrees with honours are granted, the standard being assessed by special examiners chosen from amongst the external examiners in the University of London.
The degree of LL.D., is granted, honoris causa.
The site of the University was given by the Government f Hong Kong. As subsequently enlarged by minor grants and by purchase, the University estate covers an area of 709,789 sq. ft. The view from the grounds over the harbour is magnificent and the grounds are naturally beautiful.
In the main buildings are housed the chemical and physical laboratories, the University library and portions of the engineering laboratories. They further include the Great Hall, a Senate room and the lecture and class rooms used by the Faculty of Arts and for general purposes.
Special medical buildings include schools of anatomy, physiology, pathology and tropical medicine, erected at the cost of Chinese gentlemen resident in the Colony. Clinical instruction is given at the Government Civil Hospital.
Special engineering buildings include:---
(a) a power station, with internal combustion engines of varied types which are maintained for instructional purposes;
1920-1930
27
309
(b) a primemovers (steam) and hydraulics laboratory, at present housed in a converted pumping station, formerly the property of the Government; and
(c) A workshop, for practical instruction of students.
Electrical machinery, electrical technology, the testing of materials and experimental nechanics are dealt with in the main building.
The larger part of the engineering equipment was the gift of British engineering firms.
Other buildings upon the estate include:---
(a) the Vice-Chancellor's Lodge
(b) Staff-quarters
(c) the resident hostels, and
(d) the University Union Building.
Unless exempted from residence (such exemption being ordinarily granted on the ground that the student's "manner of life" is not such as is catered for in the hostels), every matriculated student is required to reside either in a University or recognised hotel.
The University hostels are three in number-Lugard Hall, Eliot Hall and May Hall.
Recognised hostels are at present two in number-Morrison Hall, situated immediately above the University grounds and conducted by the London Missionary Society, and St. John's Hall, immediately opposite the front of the University, conducted by the Church Missionary Society.
Each student occupies a separate room or cubicle, and there are the usual common rooms. Each University hostel is in charge of a member of the staff, as resident warden.
No University hostel at present exists for women students-- whose right to admission to the University was first recognised in 1921: but some arrangements for the accommodation of a few women students in a rented building have been made by the authorities of St. Stephen's Girls' College, a Church of England girls' school which is near the University. The nuns of a neighbouring Italian convent are also prepared to house a few women students.
The tuition fee is $300-the hostel fee which includes board and lodging is $300. A student who is allowed to live in a hostel during a vacation-some have to because of their work, c.g. medical students, and others because their homes are too far away-pay at the rate of $8 a week. When a student joins he is required to deposit caution money to the extent of $25, and to pay a registration fee of $5. The annual subscription to the University Union is $15 and this covers the annual subscription to practically all the athletic
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28
clubs. The graduation fee is $25. Probably about $1,200 repre- sents the minimum amount which at present prices would cover a student's annual expenses including vacations. It would cost a Chinese student who goes abroad $2,500 a year at the very least and this would not cover travelling expenses.
Numerous scholarships are available, including the King Edward VII Scholarships founded by His Majesty's Government. There are also scholarships provided by the Governments of Hong Kong, of the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States. of Kedah and Siam.
The Union is the centre of the social life of the students. It is at once a Club and a centre of athletics. The Union Committee contains certain members of the University teaching staff, but its President and Secretary are undergraduates elected by the under- graduates. The undergraduate members of the Committee are also elected by their fellow students. There is a Union magazine with English and Chinese sections. The editors are students, a member of the teaching staff acting as assistant editor. There are thirty-eight women students; these women students are all members of the Union.
Students of the University come from Kwangtung, Chihli, Hankow, Hupeh, Yunnan, Hunnan, Shanghai, Pekin, Fukien, Singapore, Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Kedah, Jahore, Java, Manila, Burma, Siam, Japan, India and Macao. The present enrolment is 323 of whom 271 are Chinese and 52 non-Chinese.
X. Land and Surveys.
LAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE of Land.
1. (1). The amount of premium received from Sales of Crown Land and Pier Rights exclusive of the New Territories during the year 1928 was $1,191,677.36 an increase of $1,084,043.73 on the preceding year, and $136,112.68 more than the average of the previous five years. The principal items were $120,237.50 for Kowloon Inland Lot No. 2135, $95,025 for Kowloon Inland Lot No. 2158, $92,325 for Kowloon Inland Lot No. 2111 and $71,275 for Kowloon Marine Lot No. 97.
(2). The amount of premium received from Sales .of Crown Land and Pier Rights in the New Territories during the year under review was $437,750.54 being an increase of $405,009.29 on the preceding year, and $219,741.10 more than the average of the preceding five years. The principal item being $120,031.25 for New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 1127.
(3). The foregoing increases indicate a gradual and welcome. return to normal conditions.
2. The total area of land leased during the year was 462 acres 1 rood and 1-2/5 poles which is a slight increase on the preceding
year.
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311
The total area resumed was 1,788 acres 3 roods and 5-4/5 poles.
5. In Hong Kong and Kowloon there was a growing demand for building sites whilst in the Northern District of the New Territories there was little demand for house sites in the development areas but in the villages construction of new houses goes on steadily and there was a fair demand for agricultural land.
There is little to report with regard to the Southern District of the New Territories beyond an increase in the demand for house sites at Hang Hau and Ngong Ping.
SURVEYS.
An Aerial Survey of the Colony was undertaken in 1924 and the groundwork necessary to enable new maps of the Colony to be published was completed in 1927.
The Geological Survey of the Colony was continued by Dr. Brock Dean of the Faculty of Geology, University of British Columbia.
XI. Labour.
Most of the factories in the Colony have worked very much under their full capacity for the greater part of the year. This has resulted in a further decrease in the number of young children employed. The knitting factories in Kowloon and the cigarette factories in Hong Kong formerly employed large numbers of young girls of 12-15 years of age. With trade in an almost stagnant condition no new learners were taken on and those children already employed have outgrown the age of registration. The total number of children now working in factories is 100. These are employed in knitting factories. No European firms in the Colony employ children under the age of 15
years.
During the year investigations were made into the conditions prevailing in the white lead and vermilion factories with a view to ascertaining to what extent the workers in these trades-most. of whom are women-suffer from mercurial or other poisoning contracted during the course of their employment; and to consider what measures can best be taken to minimise the risk from such industrial diseases.
No strikes or other disputes of importance occurred during the year though there were several minor incidents.
In January there was a short-lived strike at the Fung Keung Rubber Factory at Shaukiwan which followed the refusal of the owners to grant certain demands, for more wages, shorter hours, etc., which were suddenly presented to them by the workers. Later on definite evidence was discovered in a Communist den in Percival Street that the whole affair had been deliberately organised by two women Communists.
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In March there was a strike of four or five days duration at the Sincere Perfumery Factory at Kennedy Town, arising from the stricter enforcement of the searching of employees on leaving the premises and a proposal by the management to raise the amount of security deposited by each employee to two dollars. This proposal was dropped and the strike settled itself.
In August the Kowloon Docks became the centre of a violent agitation against the system of engagement through foremen with its alleged "squeezing" of the workmen. The source of the agitation was traced to the Sing Ngai Kwan Workmen's Club. Communist organisations also have been quick to seize on this grievance as an occasion for propaganda and references to it occur frequently in pamphlets distributed from time to time among the Dockyard workers.
A note-worthy event was the proscription of the Hong Kong Teuhouse Employees' Union, an organisation which had for long been notorious for the violence of its methods, the questionable sources of its income and the rascality of its members. The Motorcar Drivers' and Tailors' Unions, which closed down after the 1925 Strike, were revived this year.
XII. Legislation.
Twenty Ordinances were passed during 1928. The most import- ant were the following.
The Secretary for Chinese Affairs Incorporation Ordinance, No. 3, makes the person for the time being performing the duties of that office a corporation sole. A large number of leasehold properties in the Colony were formerly held by various substantive or acting holders of that office, some of whom have now retired. The inconvenience of this was obvious. This Ordinance vests all those properties in the new corporation, which will also have power to hold future property assigned to it. Some of the properties so assigned are District Watch- man Stations, others are Chinese Public Dispensaries, others are temples or temple properties, others are schools, and others are mis- cellaneous trust properties. All are held on trust. One lot has been vested in the new corporation which did not stand in the name of any holder of the office. That was the site of a temple at Shaukiwan. The Crown lease in that case, which was for 999 years, was in the name of Lam Ah Neung. An attempt was made to find Lam Ah Neung but it was unsuccessful, and it was eventually discovered that there was no such person and that the name only represented the goddess of the temple.
The Chinese Temples Ordinance, No. 7, was a very novel piece of legislation. It was a private bill introduced by the two Chinese members of the Legislative Council, and it was put forward on the strong recommendation and urgent request of the leaders of the
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The
Chinese community. It had the full support of the Government. It does not interfere in any way with genuine Chinese religion. objects of the legislation are three-fold:-
(a) It endeavours to prevent the exploitation of the ignorant by pseudo-religious and fraudulent charlatans who have greatly increased in number in recent years.
(b) It recovers for the benefit of the community the control over the funds of public temples which had been slipping into private hands.
(c) It prevents for the future the establishment of temples by private individuals as purely business speculations.
There are certain private temples, originally established by private individuals or particular families, which are managed honestly and unobjectionably, though of course the profits go to the private owners. All the known temples of this kind were included in a Schedule of exempted temples. One of them was the Tin Hau Temple, which was established 180 years ago by the Tai family. The main operative provisions of the Ordinance are as follows:-
(a) All Chinese temples have to be registered, and on re- gistration, particulars have to be given of the funds of the temple and the application of its revenues.
(b) The properties and revenues of all Chinese temples, except those of the exempted temples, are placed under the control of a very strong Chinese committee, known as the Chinese Temples Committee, presided over by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.
(c) To make this control effective, provision is made for vesting temples and temple properties, if necessary, in the new corporation sole created by Ordinance No. 3 of 1928, which has been referred to above.
(d) The revenues of all Chinese temples, except the exempted temples, are to be applied in the first instance to the maintenance of the temple properties and the due obser- vance of the customary ceremonies, and any surplus may be transferred to a fund established by this Ordinance and known as the General Chinese Charities Fund, which may be applied to the purposes of any Chinese charity in the Colony. The fund is under the control of the Chinese Temples Committee.
Control of this kind and with these objects had been tried already and tried successfully, though not with the same machinery. One instance was that of the Man Mo Temple which was regulated by
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Ordinance No. 10 of 1908. That temple has also been exempted from the operation of the present Ordinance. Another example was that of the Hau Wong Temple near Kowloon City. Ten years control of that temple resulted in a surplus sufficient to justify the use of it in building a new out-patient hospital in Kowloon City in connection with the Chinese Public Dispensary. This use of the surplus was suggested by the representatives of the inhabitants of Kowloon City, and it is no doubt an illustration of the kind of policy which will be followed under the Ordinance. The definition of the term "Chinese temple" naturally gave rise to considerable difficulty. The definition which was ultimately adopted is unusual in that it is based mainly on certain Chinese words which are not defined, e.g., the word "Tsz" which means a Buddhist Monastery. It is doubtful if these Chinese words could be defined within reasonable limits, but it is not anti- cipated that any great difficulty will arise in the practical application of the term.
The Carriage of Goods by Sea Ordinance, No. 17, gives effect, as regards outward bills of lading from Hong Kong, to the proposals of the draft Convention on bills of lading agreed to at the meetings of the International Maritime Conference held at Brussels in October, 1922. The Ordinance is practically a copy of the English Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1924.
The United Kingdom Designs (Protection) Ordinance, No. 18, gives to the registered proprietors of designs registered in the United Kingdom under the Patents and Designs Acts 1907 and 1919, the like privileges and rights in Hong Kong as though the certificates of regis- tration in the United Kingdom had been issued with an extension to the Colony.
XIII. Miscellaneous.
EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION.
Two hundred and fifty seven thousand one hundred and sixty two (257,162) Emigrants left Hong Kong for various places during the year 1928 of these 125,338 were carried in British ships and 131,824 in Foreign vessels.
One hundred and eighty seven thousand eight hundred and forty seven (187,847) returning emigrants were reported to have been brought to Hong Kong from the several places to which they had emigrated either from this Colony or from Coast ports as against 181,100 in 1927. Of these 103,127 were brought in British vessels. and 84,720 in Foreign vessels.
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315
Statement of number of emigrants to Straits Settlements 1916- 1927 as compared with total number of emigrants from Hong Kong.
To Straits Settlements.
Total No. of Emigrants.
1916
82,797
117,653
1917
63,292
96,298
1918
8,019
43,830
1919
11,638
59,969
1920
43,935
105,258
1921
87,324
156,011
1922
50,356
98,393
1923
65,584
120,224
1924
75,682
129,859
1925
97,552
140,534
1926
157,285
216,527
1927
202,408
285,593
1928
169,741
257,162
INSTITUTIONS.
Among institutions recognised and encouraged, but not to any considerable extent supported by Government may be mentioned the Pó Leung Kuk, the Eyre Refuge, the City Hall, and the Chinese Public Dispensaries.
The Po Leung Kuk Society was founded in 1878 to aid in the detection and suppression of kidnapping, especially of girls and women, and to shelter such girls or women as had been kidnapped in the interior and brought to Hong Kong for sale or emigration. Its name means "institution for the protection of good women". The initiative in its formation came from the Chinese themselves, and ever since by subscription and personal service, they have continued to support it.
There is a paid Chinese staff-matron, amahs and nurses, and two clerks who are secretaries to the managing committee. This Com- mittee meets every evening from Monday to Friday at 7 p.m. the principal meeting of the week being held at 12 noon on Sunday. It not only manages the Po Leung Kuk, but acts as an advisory com- mittee to the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, in all cases affecting women and children, and Chinese family life generally, which are often extremely difficult and tedious. It corresponds when necessary with charitable institutions and private persons in various parts of China, traces parents of lost children or ill-treated muitsai, and shel- ters for the night any Chinese woman or girl who chooses to go. When parents or relations cannot be traced, the Committee arranges for the girls in its care to be given in marriage (never as concubines) or in adoption. always under bond and always with the consent of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs; and in every case that officer ascer- tains the girl's willingness before giving consent to either adoption or marriage.
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In addition to the annual Committee appointed by co-option there is a Permanent Committee, which serves to maintain con- tinuity of policy, and of which the Secretary for Chinese Affairs is the ex-officio chairman.
The number of inmates of the Po Leung Kuk on 1st January, 1928, was 61 and during the year 622 persons were admitted as against 502 in 1927.
The Chinese Public Dispensaries are institutions maintained in order to provide the Chinese with the services of doctors, whose certificates will be accepted by the Registrar of Deaths, and with the services of interpreters, who can assist the inmates of houses, where a case of infectious disease has occurred. Coolies are engaged and ambulances and dead vans provided in order to remove cases of infectious disease to the Infectious Diseases Hospital and dead bodies to the Mortuary. The Dispensaries receive sick infants and send them to one or other of the Convents and arrange for the burial of dead infants. Free advice and medicine are given and patients are attended at their houses. There are eight Dispensaries in exist- ence. The Government makes an annual grant of $2,000, and the rest of the cost is defrayed by voluntary subscription. The Dis- pensaries are conducted by committees under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.
The Tung Wa Hospital, opened in 1872, is mainly supported by the voluntary subscriptions of Chinese, but receives an annual grant of $8,000 from the Government. Only Chinese are treated in this institution. Various other services not appertaining to a hospital are performed by the institution, such as the free burial of the poor, the repatriation of destitutes, the maintenance of free vernacular schools, and the organisation of charitable relief in emergencies: Chinese as well as European methods of treatment are employed in accordance with the wishes expressed by the patients or their friends.
Over half the number are now treated by Western methods. The hospital is managed by a committee of Chinese gentlemen annually elected, their appointment being submitted to the Governor for con- firmation.
The foundation stone of the Eastern Branch of the Tung Wa Hospital at Sookunpo was laid by His Excellency the Governor on 4th May, 1928, and at the end of the year the building was nearly completed. Funds in hand, which have been raised by subscription, amounted to over $380,000, though a very large further amount will be required.
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[Crown Copyright Reserved.]
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL.
No. 1494.
HONG KONG.
REPORT FOR 1929.
(For Reports for 1927 and 1928 see No. 1414 (Price 1s. 3d.) and No. 1472 (Price 1s. 6d.) respectively.)
PRINTED IN HONG KONG.
LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.
To be purchased directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addı esses : Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2; 120, George Street, Edinburgh; York Street, Manchester; 1, St. Androw's Crescent, Cardiff;
15. Donegall Square West, Belfast:
or through any Bookseller.
1930.
Price 1s. 6d. net.
58-1494
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
CONTENTS.
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY
1. GENERAL
II. FINANCE
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III. PRODUCTION
IV. TRADE AND ECONOMICS...
V. COMMUNICATIONS
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VI. JUSTICE, POLICE AND PRISONS
VII. PUBLIC WORKS
VIII. PUBLIC HEALTH
IX. EDUCATION
X. LANDS AND SURVEY
XI. LABOUR
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XII. LEGISLATION
XIII. MISCELLANEOUS
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History and Geography.
The Colony of Hong Kong is situated off the south-eastern coast of China between latitude 22° 9′ and 22° 17′ N. and longitude 114° 5′ and 114° 18′ E. The island is about 11 miles long and 2 to 5 miles in breadth, its circumference being about 27 miles and its area 284 square miles. It consists of an irregular ridge of lofty hills rising to a height of nearly 2,000 feet above sea level, stretching nearly east and west, with few valleys of any extent and little ground available for cultivation.
The island, then desolate and sparsely inhabited by fishermen, was ceded to Great Britain in January, 1841, the cession being confirmed by the Treaty of Nanking in August, 1842, and the charter bears the date of 5th April, 1843. All that part of Kowloon penin- sula lying South of Kowloon Fort to the northernmost point of Stonecutter's Island together with that island was ceded to Great Britain under the Convention signed at Peking in October, 1860, and under the Convention signed at Peking in June, 1898; the area
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known as the New Territories including, Mirs Bay and Deep Bay was leased to Great Britain by the Government of China for 99 years. The area of the New Territories and Islands is about 345 square miles.
Trade gradually developed as China became accustomed to foreign intercourse and it increased greatly owing to the opening of the Suez Canal. It now stands at about 200 million pounds sterling per annum.
Large local banking, dock, steamboat, and insurance companies were established between 1865 and 1872, and their numbers are being continually added to.
The Colony is the centre of an incessant flow of Chinese emigra- tion and immigration (sec XIII Miscellaneous).
The Rainfall for 1928 was 71.15 inches and for 1929 it was 69.82 inches, against an average of 85.73 inches for the past 45 years. Α serious shortage of rain from the end of February to the middle of June caused a water famine. Disaster was averted by a rainfall of 3.8 inches between June 14th and 25th, followed by frequent heavy rain in July to the extent of 22.7 inches, and in August to the extent of 20 inches.
In 1929 the mean temperature of the air was 72°.6 as against 72°.4 in 1928 and 71°.8 for the past 45 years.
The typhoon season may be said to last from June to October, though typhoons occasionally occur before and after this period. On August 22nd, 1929, a severe typhoon passed between Hong Kong and Gap Rock, on a WNW track, causing a violent gale at Hong Kong, the maximum gust velocity being at the rate of 117 m.p.h. from E. b. S. 1.39 p.m.
The currency of Hong Kong consists of the following coins (vide Order in Council, 2nd February, 1895):-
1. The silver dollar of Mexico.
2. British dollar.
3. The Hong Kong dollar, half-dollar, and 20 cent, 10 cent, and 5 cent pieces, issued from the Hong Kong Mint. (1866-68).
4. Half-dollars, 20, 10, and 5 cent pieces, imported from England, and coined at the Royal Mint and Birminghamı Mint.
5. Copper coins representing one-hundredth part of the dollar (called one cent), and one-thousandth part of the dollar (mil or cash), imported from England.
Local weights and measures are the following:--
1 tael=11 oz.;
1 picul=1333rd lbs. (avoirdupois)
7 catties-1 imperial gallon;
1920-1930
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I.-General.
321
At the close of the year 1928 the accounts of the Colony showed a surplus balance of $8,091,634, and the balance at the end of 1929 was, subject to the final examination of the Crown Agents Accounts estimated to be $9,577,038. Thus, in spite of continued trade de- pression, the general position of the Colony remains sound, but increasing expenditure on normal recurrent charges and demands for new public works are more than overtaking the normal growth of revenue so that fresh sources will have to be explored in search of increased income.
On January 2nd, Marshal Li Chai Sum left Canton for Nanking to take part in the Disarmament Conference. He returned a month later and spent the month of February in an endeavour to reorganize the military establishments of Kwangtung and Kwangsi in conformity with the decisions reached. On March 5th he again left to attend the assembly of the National Party at Nanking. General Chan Ming Shü Chairman of the Kwangtung Provincial Government was follow- ing him a few days later but while in Hong Kong he sustained serious injuries in escaping from the fire which destroyed the King Edward Hotel necessitating his removal to hospital.
Meanwhile the friction which had been growing between the Central Government and the Kwangsi group since the expulsion of Lo Tik Ping from Hunan in February, developed into open warfare and Marshal Li Chai Sum was arrested and detained in Nanking on March 20th on a charge of complicity in the rebellion. His followers in Canton at once prepared to take the field but on March 30th they were expelled and Canton took the side of the Central Government under the leadership of Generals Chang Ming Shü and Chan Tsai Tong and Admiral Chan Chak.
Hostilities then broke out between Kwangtung and Kwangsi. A mutiny of the Cantonese Navy and an attempt to seize Canton by a coup de main on May 7th were frustrated by the use of aeroplanes and subsequently, after severe fighting which continued from May 10th to May 19th, a determined attack by the Kwangsi forces was completely defeated. By the end of June with the help of reinforcements from Nanking the province of Kwangsi was brought under the control of the Central Government. The rebellion of Cheung Fat Fui in September was the signal for a renewed rising in Kwangsi which culminated in a combined attack on Canton in the months of November and December. By December 18th the Cantonese armies had succeeded once more in routing their adversaries and the end of the year saw them in occupation of Wuchow preparing again for the invasion of Kwangsi.
Mr. Chu Chao Hsin resigned his post as Commissioner of Foreign Affairs at the end of May and was succeeded by Mr. Yee Shing L. C. Tao who held this office until the end of the year.
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The office of Chairman of the Provincial Government was held throughout the year by General Chan Ming Shü.
The year showed a gratifying decrease in the number of piracies, the record though was somewhat marred by the piracy of the "Hai- ching" in December. The attack was however frustrated by the gallant efforts of the ship's officers and the co-operation of His Majesty's Navy.
The list of piracies which took place in 1929 is as follows:
Piracy of fishing junk off Cheung Chau Island. Date 18th August, 1929. Piracy of the S.S. "Haiching". Date 8th December, 1929.
The year was rendered memorable by a slight change in the Constitution resulting in an increase in the numbers of the Legislative Council of the Colony. His Excellency the Governor on his return in January was able to announce the appointment of four additional members to the Council, two official and two unofficial. These seats were taken by the Harbour Master and the Director of Medical and Sanitary Services, and by two unofficial members, the Honourable Mr. J. P. Braga, and the Honourable Dr. S. W. Ts'o, O.B.E., LL.D., who made the third Chinese representative.
His Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, K.G., G.C.V.O., who had been entrusted with the mission to present the Order of the Garter to His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Japan, passed through the Colony in April, arriving on the 25th, and leaving on the after- noon of the 27th in H.M.S. "Suffolk." Special arrangements were made for his reception and entertainment by the European and Chinese Communities, including the presentation of addresses on arrival at the City Hall, a dinner given by the General Chamber of Commerce, and a luncheon given by the Chinese Community. A reception and Garden Party on the Hong Kong Cricket Club ground took place on the afternoon of the 26th April. The Colony greatly enjoyed the honour of His Royal Highness' visit and all classes availed themselves of the opportunity of giving concrete evidence of their loyalty to the throne.
The honours conferred on residents of Hong Kong by His Majesty the King included the appointments of the following:-
Mr. Li Yau-tsun ...........C.B.E. ·
Lieutenant Colonel L. G.
Bird, D.S.O..........O.B.E. (Military Division)
Mr. Cheng Cheuk-hin ....I.S.O.
Mr. P. Julyan
.I.S.O.
The Colony experienced a serious water shortage in the first half of the year which lasted until July 13th when a heavy fall of rain. helped to remove further anxiety. The drought had lasted since the
1920-1930
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323
previous September, the year 1928 having a rainfall of only 71.16 inches as compared with 107.87 in 1927 and an average annual rain- fall of 85.73. Pactically no rain had fallen since August 1928 and the position became increasingly serious until on July 11th only 41,000,000 gallons remained in the island reservoirs. It is calculated that under normal conditions the average daily consumption in the Island is 12,000,000 gallons, but restrictions on the supply had been gradually imposed with increasing severity so that by the end of the drought the actual consumption from the reservoirs had been reduced to 3,000,000 gallons a day. These restrictions were more acutely felt by the inhabitants of the more densely populated lower levels. Conditions in Kowloon were also serious, but of shorter duration, and on June 8th the total storage in the mainland was only 76 Mill. Gall. In order to alleviate their sufferings as far as possible a Water Emergency Committee was appointed at the beginning of June, to assist the Government in devising and carrying out schemes for augmenting the reservoir supplies.
To this end water was brought from out-ports in ships and from the Canton River in a specially chartered Tanker and H.M.S. "Cherub"; in addition various small streams in the New Territories were tapped and their yield brought in by lighters and water boats. These supplies were placed in large tanks situated along the water- front from which the population of the lower levels, mainly Chinese, were permitted to draw. A special Water Shipping Committee.was in charge of the transport of such supplies and had evolved schemes for further augmentation when the long expected rainfall in July removed the necessity for these emergency measures.
The unprecedented drought had, however, the effect of emphasis- ing the urgency of increasing the normal supply, and the prepara- tions already begun for the cross-harbour pipe line were hurried on with the utmost speed and it was anticipated that by April 1930, the Island would be in a position to draw extra supplies, if required, from the mainland reservoirs. The construction of the new Aberdeen reservoir was also expedited.
One of the most serious fires recorded in the history of the Colony occurred on March 11th when the King Edward Hotel was almost completely destroyed by fire. The disaster was the more serious owing to the loss of life. Altogether ten persons were killed, including six Europeans, and five persons were injured. Amongst the latter were General Chan Ming Shü, Chairman of the Kwangtung Provincial Government, and his wife who were in the Colony ou a short stay on their way to Nanking.
His Excellency the Governor Sir Cecil Clementi, K.C.M.G., was absent from the Colony on short leave in the Philippine Islands from October 1st until October 28th. During his absence the Honourable Mr. W. T. Southorn, C.M.G., acted as Officer Administering the Government. The Honourable Mr. W. T. Southorn, Colonial Secretary, was absent on short leave from the 29th May to June 22nd, 1929.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
•
6.
On the 21st November it was announced that His Majesty had been pleased to approve the appointment of His Excellency Sir Cecil Clementi, K.C.M.G., as Governor of the Straits Settlements and High Commissioner of the Federated Malay States.
His Excellency Major-General C. C. Luard, C.B., C.M.G., General Officer Commanding the South China Command, left the Colony on the 7th March, 1929, on completion of his term of duty and was succeeded by His Excellency Major-General J. W. Sandi- lands, C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., whose command was enlarged to include all the military forces in China.
Admiral Sir R. Y. Tyrwhitt, G.C.B., D.S.O., Commander-in- Chief of the China Station was succeeded by Vice-Admiral Sir A. K. Waistell, K.C.B., who hoisted his flag on February 1st, 1929.
II.-Finance.
The total revenue of the year amounted to $23,554,475.16 which sum exceeded the Estimate by $1,275,875.16 but fell short of the revenue for 1928 by $1,413,924.
It should be noted however, that included in the revenue for 1928 was a sum of $1,963,359 which was recovered from the funds of the Public Works Loan (1927) on account of expenditure on Loan Works during the years 1923-1926.
There were
increases under all heads with the exception of Licences and Internal Revenue and Fees of Court etc., which showed decreases of $498,585 and $65,595 respectively. The most notable feature was the increase in Land Sales of $936,171 and another large increase of $458,477 was shown under Miscellaneous, Receipts, mainly due to exchange.
1
A considerable increase in Radio and Postal Traffic was reflected in the Post Office Revenue which exceeded the Estimate by ̈$73,665 while improved conditions enabling the Kowloon-Canton Railway through service to Canton to be maintained resulted in an increase of $82,445 in the Railway revenue.
The expenditure for the year amounted to $21,983,257 which was $2,816,393 less than the estimate and $753,015 more than the expenditure in 1928.
Substantial savings were effected in the votes of the Public Works Recurrent and P. W. Extraordinary and the Kowloon-Canton Railway and to a smaller extent in many other departments.
The serious shortage of water during part of the year involved the Colony in an expenditure of $357,993 in emergency measures..
1920-1930
7.
325
The following is a statement of Revenue and Expenditure for
the last five years.
Year.
Revenue.
Expenditure.
1925
$23,244,365
$28,266,817
1926
21,131,582
23,524,716
1927
21,344,536
20,845,065
1928
24,968,399
21,220,242
1929
23,554,475
21,983,257
Public Debt:-The amount of the Public Works Loan (1927) which is repayable in 1932. is $4,927,000. The Sinking Fund amounted to £51,320.
The Inscribed Stock Loans of 1893 and 1906 due for repayment in 1943 stood at £1,485,733 and Sinking Fund at £674,622.
Trade Loan:-A further 29 loans amounting to $1,356,536.86 were redeemed during the year thus reducing the number of the loans outstanding on 31st December, 1929, to 60 representing a sum of $3,340,022.22.
III.-Production.
FORESTRY, AGRICULTURE & Botany.
Formation of Plantations.-Planting of Pinus Massoniana and other trees was carried on chiefly in the areas which have been definitely allocated as permanent forestry reserves. 61,000 more trees were planted than in the previous year.
Insect Pests.-Pine Tree Caterpillars (Dendrolimus punctatus) made their appearance in very small numbers only, and the amount of damage done by them was negligible.
Protection of Plantations.-A large number of serious fires occurred in plantations, where not less than 10,000 mature Pine trees were destroyed. The major portion of the damage was done at the time of the Chung Yeung Festival, when the weather was exception- ally hot and dry.
Inspection of Nursery Stock.-Thirteen consignments, totalling 127,940 bulbs, of Narcissus Tazetta were inspected and certified as fit for export to Britain, United States of America and Hawaii.
One hundred and thirty-four consignments of dried vegetable products were inspected and certified as fit for export to the Philippine Islands.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
8-
Cultivation of Foreign Vegetables.-Increased interest is being shown by residents of the New Territories villages in the cultivation of this crop during the winter months; formerly the major portion of the Padi fields were kept empty for at least three months during the year.
*
Typhoon Damage.-Numerous large trees in the Botanical Gardens, streets and roads on the Island and in the New Territories were destroyed by the gale which passed close to the Colony on August 22nd.
FISHERIES.
A considerable proportion of the boat population of Hong Kong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shaukiwan, and also many in the New Territories, are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is imported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of consider- able value in Deep Bay.
MINING.
The mineral resources of the Colony are small and little mining was done in 1929.
MANUFACTURES.
Sugar.-Hong Kong sugars were more in demand during 1929 than in the previous year, but markets were difficult and results disappointing. The continuation of the anti-Japanese boycott in China induced cautious buying for the first half of the year, and later, on its removal, stocks of sugar at abnormally low prices were forced on the market. Political unrest in China considerably curtail- ed business throughout the year.
Hosiery.-There are established in the Colony over a score of Chinese-owned factories for the knitting of cotton hosiery and singlets. The factories use, except for the higher grades, Japanese yarn and find: an ever-increasing demand for their products in South Africa, the Persian Gulf, and in many parts of the near East, wherever there is a large native population. Business in hosiery manufactured at local knitting factories compares unfavourably with the volume in 1928. Low Japanese grades were less affected than manufactures of better class British yarns. Prospects appeared to be good during the early months of 1929, but an unexpected lack of enquiry set in about March, which left the trade considerably overstocked with both yarn and hosiery. The position at the end of the year showed signs of improvement, but was far from normal.
Ginger.-A dozen ginger-preserving establishments deal with the raw product which is imported from South China and supplied principally to Great Britain, Holland, the U.S.A. and Australia,
1920-1930
9
327
to the extent of about £300,000 annually. Owing to the drought in South China in the early part of 1929, the price of raw ginger was higher than for many years. The high cost affected the demand in the buying markets, and the year on the whole was an unsatisfactory one for local manufacturers and merchants dealing in the product.
Rope Making. The demand for Manila Cordage was not good during 1929, and the year's turnover showed a decrease on that of the previous year.
SHIPBUILDING.
Five coasting steamers, six passenger and cargo motor vessels, three other ocean going vessels, and fifteen smaller craft were built in local dockyards during 1929.
IV. Trade and Economics.
In anticipation of the increased Chinese Customs Import Duties as from 1st February, the year opened with greater activity in import trade and in the clearance of stocks in Hong Kong. China New Year having passed off more or less satisfactorily, internal strife in China and depreciation of Central Bank of China notes proved a serious deterrent to trade for several months. Accentuated depression of the market marked the second half of 1929, autumn trading being handicapped by the fact that heavy shipments of piece gcods and other commodities prior to the increase in the Tariff had not moved into consumption. The premium on the local dollar (as a result of its temporary divorce from silver value) aggravated already unfavourable conditions. The adjustment of exchange in October led to considerable improvement in offtake of piecegoods, and to an increase of activity in regard to exports. The recrudescence of internecine strife in adjoining provinces of China in November and December, in conjunction with general political unrest in Nanking and the North, brought about a most depressed state of affairs for the remainder of the year as regards imports and clearances, and greatly restricted export business in view of the holding-up of supplies.
V.-Communications.
SHIPPING.
The total Shipping entering and clearing Ports in the Colony during the year 1929 amounted to 300,557 vessels of 47,186,181 tons which compared with the figures of 1928 shows an increase of 241 vessels and an increase of 2,302,416 tons.
Of the above, 52,574 vessels of 39,871,149 tons were engaged in Foreign Trade as compared with 52,278 vessels of 37,640,694 tons in 1928.
328
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
10.
·
There was an increase in British Ocean-going shipping of 221 vessels of 358,451 tons.
Foreign Ocean-going vessels showed an increase of 439 vessels and an increase of 1,032,895 tons.
British River Steamers showed an increase of 857 vessels and an increase of 1,040,135 tons.
Foreign River Steamers showed an increase of 366 vessels and an increase of 18,761 tons.
In Steamships not exceeding 60 tons employed in Foreign Trade there was a decrease of 1,110 vessels with a decrease in tonnage of 29,976 tons.
Junks in Foreign trade showed a decrease of 477 vessels and a decrease of 189,811 tons.
In Local Trade (i.e. between places within the waters of the Colony) there was a decrease in Steam Launches of 1,099 Vessels and a decrease in Tonnage of 106,785.
Junks in. Local Trade showed an increase of 1,044 Vessels and an increase of 178,746 tons..
Of vessels of European construction, 6,274 Ocean-going vessels, 4,532 River Steamers, and 3,688 Steamships not exceeding 60 tons entered during the year giving a daily average of 39.7 vessels as compared with 38.5 vessels in 1928 and 37.3 vessels in 1927.
HONG KONG Shipping STATISTICS.
Total Shipping Entered and Cleared.
Number & Tonnage of Vessels in Foreign Trade entered &
cleared.
Year
Total Percentage Number Tonnage of British
British Tonnage Tonnage
Total
Tonnage
1918
43,436 16,955,332
41.7
7,072,021 29,518,189
1919
41,985 21,072,129
43.0:
9,095,805 35,615,169
1920
43,364 24,194,022
43.8
11,608,069 40,122,527
1921
52,222
27,852,616,
44.3
12,766,492; 43,420,970
1922
50,427 29,543,564
45.4
13,420,118 46,566,764
1923-
49,900
35,947,534
47.0
16,920,491 53,402,239
1924
57,765 38,770,499
47.3
18,369,413 56,731,077
1925. 41,336 32,179,053
47.6
15,321,935, 49,520,523
1926
30,231 28,371,104
51.5
14,730,846 43,796,436
1927
51,289 36,834,014
45.7
16,960,522 44,127,161
1928
52,278 37,640,694
46.6
17,562,442 44,883,765
1929
52,574 39,871,149 47.5
18,961,028 47,186,181 :
1920-1930
11
329
A comparison between the years 1928 to 1929 is given in the
following table :-
1928.
1929.
Decrease.
Increase.
Class of Vessels
No. Tonnage.
No. Tonnage.
No.
Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
British Ocean-
7,370 16,101,694
going, Foreign Ocean|
going,
British River
4,513 10,792,701 4,734 11,151,152
|
|
7,809 | 17,131,589
Steamers, 6,617
6,769,741 7,474 7,809,876
:
:
...
:
Foreign River
Steamers. 1,235
542,300 1,601
561,061
...
221 358,451
439 1,032,895
857
1,040,135
366
18,761
Steamships
under 60]
tons For-
cign Trade... 8,514
241,043 | 7,434
211,067
1,110
29,976
Junks, Foreign
Trade,
23,999
3,193,215 23,522 || 3,003,401 477
189,811
Total, Foreign
Trade,
52,278 37,640,694 |52,574|39,871,149| 1,587
219,787 1,883 | 2,150,242
Steam Laun-
ches, Local
Trade......... 215,974 5,666,901 214,875 5,560,116 1,099
Junks.
Local
Trade, †32,064 †1,576,170 *33,108 *1,754,916
106,785
1,044 178,746
Grand Total...300,316 41,883,765 300,557 47,186,181
300,557
2,686
326,572 2,927 | 2,628,988
Net,
241 2,302,416
† Including 15,966 Couservancy and Dust Boats of 903,674 tons.
"
18,012
41 19
"
of 1,109,384
330
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
12
Of vessels of European construction 6,274 Ocean Steamers, 4,532 River Steamers and 3,688 Steamships not exceeding 60 Tons entered during the year, giving a daily average of 39.7 ships. Thus:
Flag,
Steamers.
No. of times entered.
Total Tonnage.
:
1928. 1929. | 1928. 1929. 1928.
1929.
British,
371
395 5,562
|
6,100 8,786.202
9,462,545
Japanese,
250
263 1,016
|
1,074 2,829,121
2,969,284
U.S.A.,
83
87 251
|
343 1,471,424
1,681,683
Chinese,
75
71
1,670
1,620
812,037
610,239
German,
60
48
163
187
564,429
Danish, Dutch, French,
3333
594,325
14
13
70
80
196,780
214,977
36
38
245
290
823,506
1,013,048
33
26
312
293
724,176
669,354
Italian,
5
14
26
53
143,918
250,532
Panamanian,
1
1
388
Norwegian,
74
83
419
468
613,765
656,395
Portuguese..
5
15
81
271
14,380
95,855
Swedish,
11
10
43
22
128,955
83,261
Mexican,
Siamese,
1
(new ship)
Belgian,
4
4
14,787
Finnish,
1
entered under Br. flag)
Greek,
1
3,437
Total. 1,0181,071 9,859 10,806 17,109,051 18,319,722
!
KOWLOON-CANTON RAILWAY.
All the through express trains between Kowloon and Canton continued to be hauled by the British Section engines daily throughout the year with the exception of two periods in May and December, totalling 37 days.
Monthly general revenues showed a steady and healthy increase, and by the end of the year General Revenues had amounted to $890,744.54 against $820,994.90 for the previous year.
General Revenues exceeded Working Expenses by the very satisfactory sunn of $138,767.19.
Linę.
Liabilities under Capital decreased by $82,824.53 under Main
1920-1930
13
-
331
The Fanling Branch Line equipment unsold was written down to market value, the land handed back to the Government and the value written off the Capital Account. Other items were also written off and debited to Loss on Property Retired.
Additions to Capital were light as there were no heavy engineer- ing works. The principal items were-New Siding at Fanling $4,902.55; New Painting Shop $5,289.40; new machines for Work- shops $1,914.96, and other small items, the total Special Expenditure chargeable to Capital being $16,154.09.
Revenues from Rents, which in 1928 amounted to $7,728.57, declined to $5,651.75.
+
The typhoon of August 22nd did considerable damage to roofs and fencing, but no special vote was required for repairs.
Permanent Way and Structures, Rolling Stock and Plant were maintained as usual.
An unfortunate collision at Shek Tan on the Chinese Section, resulted in considerable damage to a British Section engine, but no serious injury was caused to passengers.
The total train mileage amounted to 288,056 miles, being 4,289 less than last year. This includes trains run over the Chinese Section to and from Canton,
8,280 reinforced concrete
sleepers were manufactured and In addition, 735 bridge
4,192 were laid in the track as renewals.
and other timbers were renewed.
POST OFFICE.
Mails. The number of mail receptacles of Hong Kong origin despatched during the year was 43,725 as compared with 35,517 in 1928 an increase of 8,208; the number received was 48,579 as compared with 45,202-an increase of 3,377.
Receptacles in transit, including those to and from British and Foreign Men-of-War, numbered 180,579 as against 175,492 in 1928
an increase of 5,087.
Registered Articles and Parcels.-The number of registered articles handled amounted to 848,135 as compared with 806,980 in 1928-an increase of 41,155.
The figures for insured letters were 19,050 and 17,430 respectively -an increase of 1.620.
Parcels, ordinary and insured, which were dealt with reached total of 411,165 as against 423,880 in 1928-a decrease of 12,715.
332
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
14
WIRELESS.
The year 1929 saw further considerable advances made in the reorganisation and establishment on a sound basis of the wireless services of the Colony.
The Kowloon Royal Observatory station is now used as the receiving station for the ship services and as a distant reception station for the Radio Telegraph Office. The Observatory Station operates by remote control the transmitters installed at Cape D'Aguilar which are used for the ship services. The station is also used for the reception of time signals, and long distance weather reports.
Cape D'Aguilar is now a grouped transmitter station for ship services and for point to point transmitters. Reception is not carried on at this station, operation and control of transmitters being done by remote control from the Radio Telegraph Office and the Observatory Station.
Early in the year a new site for a wireless station, to be built and organised on the most up to date lines, was chosen at Victoria Peak. A considerable amount of progress has already been made in the erection of station buildings, masts etc., and two transmitters are already installed there, one working on 350 metres for broadcasting musical programmes, weather reports, news bulletins etc. and the other one working on 49 metres for communication with points in South China and French Indo-China. The station which is still in course of erection will, when completed, accommodate high power short wave long distance transmitters for commercial working with practically all parts of the world. The call signal of Victoria Peak Wireless Station is ZBW and its position is Lat. 22°16′ 38′′.56 N., Long. 114°08′ 31′′.95 E.
The Radio Telegraph Office on the Ground Floor of the new P. & O. Building is the controlling station for all services. R.T.O. operates by remote control the transmitters installed at Cape D'Aguilar and Victoria Peak which are used for fixed point services, carries on direct and indirect reception, and accepts and distributes radiotelegraphic traffic. Commercial wireless telegraph services are maintained between numerous points in South China, North China, French Indo-China, Siam, British North Borneo, Yunnanfu, Philippines, Dutch East Indies, Dutch Borneo, American Continents, Europe, etc.
.
The revenue collected by the Post Office during the year from radiotelegrams amounted to $162,517.66 an increase of $20,639.21 on the amount collected in 1928.
Advices of vessels signalled at the Lighthouses yielded $1,021.00, Semaphore messages, $3.60 and Wireless Receiving Station Licences $482.31. The total Revenue from the Telegraph Service amounted to $162,999.97.
1920-1930
15
333
The number of paid radio-telegrams forwarded during the year was 72,153 consisting of 708,282 words against 38,422 consisting of 322,041 words in 1928, and 85,571 were received consisting of 817,571 words against 51,951 consisting of 478,109 words, represent- ing a total increase in the number of messages of 74% and words 91%.
In addition to the paid traffic figures given above the wireless service is responsible for the reception of time signals daily from Bordeaux, Rugby, Malabar and Nauen, for the transmission of time signals to ships in the China Sea, the reception of press messages amounting to 396 messages 222,088 words from Rugby, the collection and distribution of meteorological traffic, having forwarded 4,297 messages 272,985 words, and received 10,915 messages 219,441 words, the reception of Saigon Health Bulletins once weekly, the reception and dissemination of distress, piracy and navigation messages, the transmission and reception of Government messages etc., etc.
CABLES.
The Eastern Extension Telegraph Company (British) by means of three cables to Singapore, one direct and one each via Labuan and Cape St. James respectively, provide good connections with Europe via India, with Australasia, and with the other British Colonies and possessions. By their cable to Manila connection is made with the direct American cable, thence to San Francisco. Two cables to Shanghai, belonging respectively to the Eastern Ex- tension and to the Great Northern (Danish) Companies, via Foochow and Amoy respectively, give a good connection with Shanghai, North China, Japan and Russia; and the system of the Great -Northern Telegraph Co. gives a good service to Europe via Asiatic Russia.
TELEPHONES.
Telephonic communication, provided by the Hong Kong Tele- phone Co., is available to most parts of the Colony.
VI.-Justice, Police and Prisons.
Serious crime in 1929 shewed a slight increase over 1928-5349 cases against 5201. Minor crime showed an increase 15792 cases against 14409 cases in 1928. There was an increase in House and Godown Breaking, Larcenies and Robberies, but decrease in Larceny in Dwelling, Larceny on Ships and Wharves and Burglaries. In the minor offences there was an increase of 1383.
There was an increase of 1 murder and 15 robberies. There was an increase of 7 robberies in the New Territories.
Arms.-There were 6 arms seizures of note during the year, the largest of which was on board S.S. Haiching where 111 Automatic pistols and over 11000 rounds ammunition were found.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
10-
The Arms Embargo was lifted on the 19th April.
Communism.-Communists were less active during the year than in 1928. There were no demonstrations but there murder which was the work of communists.
was one
Labour Associations.-No Labour Guilds or Unions were pro- scribed during the year.
Piracy. One piracy and one attempted piracy were recorded on steamships, the piracy being on the Japanese S.S. Deli Maru in September. Three Indian guards were shot and 4 passengers were kidnapped. Officers and guards were overpowered and were not able to put up any resistance. Of the 4 kidnapped persons 2 have been released.
The attempted piracy on the S.S. Hai Ching, in December, was frustrated by the action of the officers and guards on the ship. The pirates set fire to the ship. The 2nd officer was killed, and the 1st officer was wounded, 1 Indian guard was killed and 1 wounded, 9 passengers were known to have been killed by bullet wounds and 23 of the crew and passengers were wounded.
Three of the pirates were arrested and charged with piracy and murder. 3 others were detained for banishment. It is believed that none of the pirates, who numbered about 14, escaped; 5 or 6 were killed by the defenders and others jumped overboard.
There was a considerable decrease of piracies on junks during the year in waters adjoining the Colony. Piracy in the Canton River Delta also showed a decrease.
Gaols. The total number of persons committed to Vieroma Gaol was 5,779 as compared with 5,756 in 1928. Of these 1,117 were com- mitted for criminal offences against 1,117 in 1928. Of committals for non-criminal offences, there were 220 more for hawking without a licence, and 23 less for unlawfully cutting trees, than in 1928.
The daily average of prisoners confined in the 'Gaols was 1,075 the average for 1928 being 1,071 and the highest previous average being 1,116 in 1925. The percentage of prisoners to population, accord- ing to the daily average of the former and the estimated nuinber of the latter was 0.100. The average percentage for the last ten years was 0.123. Owing, however, to the large floating population, which is constantly moving between the Colony and Chinese Territory, the percentage of crime to population does not convey an accurate idea of the comparative criminality of the residents of the Colony. The Victoria Gaol has accommodation for 700 prisoners including patients in Hospital. The Branch Prison at Laichikok has accommodation for 475 prisoners.
The prison discipline was satisfactory, the average of punish- ments per prisoner being 0.46 as compared with 0.49 in 1928 and 0.52 in 1927.
1920-1930
17
335
Prisoners are employed at printing, book-binding, tinsmithing, mat-making, tailoring, carpentering, soap-making, gardening, etc. The bulk of the Government printing and book-binding is done in Victoria Gaol.
VII.-Public Works.
BUILDINGS.
During the year progress as stated was made on the following buildings:-
Hong Kong.-The extension of the Ball Room and other alterations at Government House, the erection of a Wireless Station at Victoria Peak, certain alterations to the Central Police Station and extensions to the Police Club at Happy Valley were completed. The Work of erecting new Water Works Workshops on the Praya East Reclamation was commenced in October and was well advanced at the end of the year.
The 2 Public Trough Closets at Wilmer Street and Water Street and the addition of 6 pens to the Sai Wan Ho Pig Lairage were completed. The Public Latrine at the junction of Spring Garden Lane and Cross Street was nearing completion.
A number of minor works were also executed.
Kowloon. The erection of a Lock-up Store at Yaumati Slipway, additional Latrine accommodation at the Police Training School, and the conversion of "Parkside" for use as a School were completed, and the formation of a Childrens Playground was commenced.
The Public Latrine and Bathhouse at Hung Hom was nearing completion and work on the site for the Maternity Block, Kowloon Hospital, was in progress.
New Kowloon.-The extension to Shamshuipo Market and the Public Latrine and Bathhouse at Shamshuipo were completed. The extension to Kowloon City Market was nearing completion and the Public Latrine and Bathhouse at Kowloon City was in course of erection.
COMMUNICATIONS.
Hong Kong-The site formation and road construction for Village Houses at Wongneichong was completed. Road
Road from Causeway Bay to Quarry Bay, section opposite M.L.'s. 430 and 431; Road Construction at Tai Hang; Barker Road Improvements, from Stubbs Road to Victoria Hospital, and Path to Cape D'Aguilar Wireless Station, 1st Section, were continued.
336
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
-18
Two Bridle Tracks 9 miles in length were constructed during the year:-
:
(1) on the South side of the Island, between Wanchai Gap and
the road from Wongneichong Gap-Little Hong Kong.
(2) on the North side of the Island, between Wongneichong
Gap and Mount Parker Road.
completed.
Kowloon.-Argyle Street Extension to a width of 60 feet was Chatham Road Extension and Boundary Street, (section from Nathan Road to No. 8 Railway Bridge) were in course of construction.
Portions of new roads, an aggregate of 1 mile, were macadamized, kerbed and channeled adjoining new buildings erected during the course of the year.
New Kowloon. In the widening of Castle Peak Road, half width of the roadway was completed. Extension of Roads in Kowloon Tong Development Area was in progress.
Kerbing, channelling and macadamising roads on the Kowloon Tong Estate was completed, the total length of new roads being 34 miles.
New Territories.-Patrol Path from Lin Ma Hang to Sha Tau Kok, Widening Path from Sheung Shui to Ta Ku Ling, Access and Patrol Path to Lo Wu Railway Station Block House, Widening road between Fanling and Sha Tau Kok were in progress.
DRAINAGE.
of
Hong Kong.-The reconstruction of Wongneichong Nullah, Section No. 4 (in front of Jockey Club Stands) was completed in October.
New sewers and storm water drains, including sewers on the Praya East Reclamation, were constructed to a length of 18,064 feet. Existing drains in the Wanchai district were reconstructed to a length of 2,786 feet.
Stream-courses were trained to a length of 1,897 feet.
Kowloon.-New sewers and storm water drains were constructed to a length of 22,261 feet.
Trenches were cut in connection with the anti-malarial campaign.
New Kowloon.-New sewers and storm water drains were con- structed to a length of 7,202 feet.
Anti-malarial work was continued.
1920-1930
19
337
The construction of the nullah to connect streams North of hill area at Kowloon Tong was completed.
New Territories. Various anti-malarial works were carried out at Taipo, and 329 feet of sewers were constructed at Taipo Market.
WATER WORKS.
Hong Kong.-A division wall inside the Albany Service Reservoir was constructed. Turbine and pump for Bowen Road Filters were ordered in England. Extension to Motor House was com- pleted.
1,400 feet 12" main were laid in Whitfield. 3,460 feet 6′′ main were laid through University grounds and along Lyttelton Road and Breezy Path (East). 2,000 feet 6" main were laid to new Tung Wah Eastern Hospital. Contract was let for North Point Service Reservoir and work begun.
Praya East Reclamation.-18,308 feet 6′′, 408 feet 8′′ and 2,756 · feet of 15′′ main were laid and the work completed as far as roads permitted.
Aberdeen Valley Scheme.-Contract was let for Upper Dam etc. and work commenced. Pipes, pumps and filtration plant were ordered in England. Surveys continued for other portions of the
scheme.
Kowloon.-590 feet 3", 230 feet 5" and 2120 feet 6" main were laid to keep up with development. 420 feet 10′′ main were relaid in Pakhoi Street.
New Kowloon.-A new 6′′ supply main 5,700 feet in length was laid from Wong Uk to Shamshuipo. 1,224 feet of 6" main were laid elsewhere to keep up with development. Supply main consisting of 1,900 feet 4′′ and 2,000 feet 3" was laid to Diamond Hill. Kowloon Tong Estate supply completed, 740 feet 5′′ and 780 feet 6′′ laid. Special repairs to Kowloon Catchwater continued.
New Territories.-Lower intake was constructed Mun River for pumping.
across Shing
Shing Mun Valley Scheme.-1st Section. The laying of the 1st 24" diameter Steel Main was continued. 11,800 lin: fect being laid during the year, bringing the total laid to date to 24,130 lin: feet.
Good progress was made with the Service Reservoir in the Sheklaipui Valley and the Eastern half was well forward by the end of the year.
338
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
- 20
A Contract was let for the Byewash Reservoir situated im- mediately below the existing Kowloon Dam and fair progress was made during the year.
Orders for a 12′′ diameter Steel Main were placed in England in June for a pipe line across the Harbour and pipes commenced to arrive in September. Actual laying commenced on 17th December.
2nd Section.-Surveys and investigations were continued.
RECLAMATIONS.
Hong Kong. Praya East, about 90 acres, was completed.
A further reclamation of about 2 acres was commenced at Shaukiwan.
New Kowloon.-Construction was continued on the sea wall to protect the Shamshuipo Reclamation. A length of about 1,400 lineal feet was completed..
The dumping of refuse at Cheung Sha Wan resulted in the reclamation of a total area of approximately 3 acres.
The work of bringing the Kai Tak Reclamation to finished levels was continued.
New Territories.-The Standard Oil Co. continued with the formation of a site at Lai Chi Kok. Progress with this work has been delayed owing to the failure of the sea wall.
PIERS.
Kowloon. At Mong Kok Tsui, construction was commenced on a reinforced concrete ferry pier, 150 feet in length by 50 feet in width.
of a ferry
New Kowloon.-At Shamshuipo, the construction pier, 150 feet in length by 50 feet in width, was commenced.
SLIPWAYS.
New Kowloon.-The construction of the slipway at the Kai Tak Reclamation was completed. The slipway is 380 feet in length at a grade of 1 in 20 and provides a depth of 6 feet at L.W.O.S.T.
1920-1930
21
J
VIII.-Public Health.
The estimated population of the Colony is as follows:-
(1) Non Chinese
(2) Chinese:-
City of Victoria,
Villages of Hong Kong
577,500
46,080
Kowloon (and New Kowloon)... 296,480
Population afloat (Junks &
Sampans)
109,050
New Territories
96,250
Total Chinese population
Total Civil poulation
339
18,150
1,125,360
1,143,510
The population of Hong Kong is a very variable one and, owing to the large unstable, floating population, and to partial birth registration, no reliable means are available for estimation. For pur- poses of statistics, the estimated population of the New Territories has been subtracted.
The Crude Birth Rate for the year 1929 was 9.76 per 1,000; 9.50 per 1,000 among the Chinese Community and 19.3 per 1,000 among the non-Chinese.
These figures are very inaccurate and unreliable owing to incom- plete registration of Chinese births (especially females)
females) and
and im- migration. There are signs, however, that registration is increasing among the Chinese Community. The non-Chinese rate is more trustworthy.
The Crude Death Rate was 16.77 per 1.000; 16.95 per 1,000 among the Chinese Community and 12.06 per 1,000 among the non- Chinese. As registration is essential before burial can take place the figures for deaths are much more accurate and reliable than those for births.
The ratio of Infantile Deaths (under 1 year) to total deaths for the year 1929 was 38.74%, the figures for 1928 and 1927 being 29.5% and 31.6% respectively.
The Zymotic Death rate was 1.36 per mille population.
340
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
22
The deaths from Notifiable Infectious Diseases in order of incidence were as follows:
Disease.
Chinese
Non- Chinese
Total
1 Small Pox
(Typhoid
$52
2
854
54
7
61
2
Paratyphoid
J
3 Diphtheria
61
3
64
4 Cerebro Spinal Fever
18
2
20
5 Puerperal Fever
9
1
10
6 Plague
2
2
Totals
1,411
15
1,426
There was an epidemic of Smallpox in the last quarter of the year which is still in progress (February 1930); up to 31st December, 1929, there were 149 cases notified of which 119 or 79% have died.
The deaths from special Diseases and locally important causes were as follows:
Disease.
Chinese
Non- Chinese
Total
Malaria
408
12
420 (1)
Beri-beri
564
2
566 (2)
Respiratory Diseases.:-
Tuberculosis (pulmonary) ··
and Phthisis
2,137
21
2,1581
Non-tubercular
5,221
27
5,248 (
(3)
Other forms of Tuberculosis
743
6
749
Venereal disease (Syphilis)
227
227
Dysentery
188
1
189
Heart disease & Heart failure...
425
15
440
Infantile enteritis and Gastro-
enteritis (under 1 year)
1,238
7
1,245
1920-1930
23
341
(1) Further antimalarial work is needed in the Colony but many of the cases are likely to have been imported from China.
(2) There is considerable doubt as to the accuracy of these figures as the disease is by no means easy to diagnose or differentiate.
(3) The total figure for Respiratory Diseases and Pulmonary Tuberculosis is 7,406. The climate and conditions of the Colony are most inimical to cure.
The deaths reported in the Coroners' Returns (Chinese only) are as follows, classified according to age and sex:--
Age Periods.
Males
Females
1 Under 2 years
2,329
2,613
2 Over 2 years
1,047
493
312:
Totals
3,376
3,106
Suicides and Deaths from Accidents or Violence amounted to
(i) Chinese
(ii) Non-Chinese
289
23
These figures include a very large proportion of dumped bodies, especially heavy among infants. This dangerous and revolting practice is hard to eradicate amongst an ignorant population.
There were 2 cases of human plague reported in 1929; one on 18th August and one on 2nd September, both being fatal.
Systematic rat catching was carried out throughout the year, the total number of rats and mice destroyed being 135,417, (Hong Kong 87,786, Kowloon 47,631). Of these 4 were reported from the mortuaries as Plague infected.
The routine work authorised under the by-laws for the Prevention of epidemic endemic and contagious or infectious disease was carried out throughout the year; 97,692 floors were cleansed in Hong Kong and 55,070 floors in Kowloon. Practically all premises were cleansed twice in the year, many were cleansed three times and a few four times. Systematic limewashing of all domestic premises within the areas specified which are occupied by the members of more than one family was similarly supervised, 29,785 floors being limewashed in Hong Kong and 19,202 in Kowloon.
342
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
-224
These two measures ensure a fair standard of cleanliness among the poorer classes of the community.
There were 3 cases of hydrophobia (1 human and 2 canine) throughout the year; 109 dogs were placed under observation and 14 dog brains were examined by the Government Bacteriologist for evidence of rabies.
GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS.
Civil Hospital.-This hospital consists of three blocks and contains 212 beds in 23 wards. At times of pressure this number has been increased to 230 beds. 100 beds are allotted to the University Clinic. 5,108 In-patients were treated (4,995 in 1928). Of these 1,385 were under the Staff of the University (1,286 in 1928). The daily average number of patients was 178. Attendances at the Out-patient Depart- ment numbered 52,127. (56,947 in 1928). The greater part of the work of this Department is done by the Staff of the University.
Attached to the hospital is an isolated Maternity Hospital con- taining 21 beds. 807 patients were treated during the year (776 in 1928). All the patients, except a few treated by the Government Medical Officers, were under the care of the University Professor of Obstetrics and his assistants. Of those treated, 9 were Europeans and 798 Asiatics.
Mental Hospital.-The Hospital is situated close to the Civil Hospital and is under the direction of the Medical Officer in charge of that hospital. European and Chinese patients are separated, the European portion containing 14 beds in separate wards and the Chinese portion 18 beds.
290 patients of all races were treated during 1929 and there were 20 deaths.
The Infectious Diseases Hospital is situated on the western out- skirts of the city-it is used mainly for the treatment of Small-pox. The Hospital contains 26 beds to which 40 patients were admitted (11 in 1928).
Victoria Hospital.-This hospital is situated on the Peak and con- sists of a Main Block and a Maternity Block.
There are 42 beds in the main block in which 506 patients were treated, and 22 beds in the Maternity Block in which 92 were treated.
Kowloon Hospital.-Situated on the mainland has 57 beds. 1,277 patients were treated in 1929 as compared with 1,204 in 1928.
TUNG WAH HOSPITAL (Government aided).
Number of beds
Number of patients treated in 1929
Number of patients treated in 1928
160
12,806
11,486
1920-1930
25
343
Number of beds
INFECTIOUS DISEASES BRANCH.
Number of patients treated in 1929
63
186
Number of patients treated in 1928
126
KWONG WAIL HOSPITAL, KOWLOON, (Government aided).
Number of beds
292
Number of patients treated in 1929
9,065
Number of patients treated in 1928
8,822
The Hospitals are under the supervision of a Visiting Medical Officer who is a member of the Medical Department.
TUNG WAH EASTERN HOSPITAL (Government aided).
Number of beds
Number of patients treated in 1929
(Hospital opened November, 1929).
IX.-Education.
120
223
The total numbers of pupils at schools in the Colony, excluding the Police School, are:-
Number of Pupils
Total
English Vernacular Schools Schools
Government Schools
4,020
380
4,400
Military Schools
210
210
Excluded Private School
152
152
...
Grant Schools
4,620
987
5,607
Vernacular Schools, Urban
District
Vernacular Schools, Rural
36,107
36,407
•
District
5,747
5,747
Private English Schools
6,361
6,361
Technical Institute
598
598
Total
15,961
43,521
59,482
344
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
26
The chief Government Schools are Queen's College, King's Col- lege, and three District Schools for Chinese boys, the Belilios Public School for Chinese girls, the Vernacular Middie School and two Ver- nacular Normal Schools, and the Ellis Kadoorie School for Indians.
The Central British School and Kowloon Junior, Victoria, and Quarry Bay Schools for children of British parentage have an average attendance of 295. There is also a school for children of the Peak District with an average attendance of 57.
There are 6 Grant-in-Aid Anglo-Chinese Schools for boys and 6 for girls, and 4 Grant-in-Aid Vernacular Schools for girls.
The Hong Kong Technical Institute affords an opportunity for high education of students who have left school. Instruction was given in 1929 in Building Construction, Chemistry (Practical), Metal- lurgy, Physics, Electricity, English, Shorthand, Physical Instruction and Seamanship. Classes for men and women teachers, botla "English" and "Vernacular" are a feature of the Institute.
The lecturers are recruited from members of the medical and educational professions in the Colony, and from the Department of Public Works, and receive fees for their services. The Institute is furnished with a well equipped chemical laboratory and excellent physical apparatus.
The expenditure of the Education Department in 1929 was $1,152,375.00 and the revenue collected from Government School fees. was $185,659.90.
THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG.
The University of Hong Kong was incorporated under a local University Ordinance, 1911, and opened in 1912. It is a residential University and open to students of both sexes.
The late Sir Hormusjee Mody bore the entire expense of the erection of the main building and additions have been made through the liberality of benefactors of varied nationality and domicile. The latest addition to the buildings is a workshop built out of a con- tribution from Sir Robert Ho Tung.
The annual income of the University now amounts to about $603,000 of which about $290,000 comes from endowments and $90,000 from Government. Messrs. Butterfield and Swire gave £40,000 to the original endowment fund and subsequently $100,000 for engineering equipment. The Rockfeller Institution has endowed the University with three chairs in surgery, medicine and obstetrics, the endowment being in each case $250,000.
The annual expenditure now amounts to about $666,000.
1920-1930
27
345
The University includes the three Faculties of Medicine, Engineering and Arts. Admission to all faculties is conditional upon passing the matriculation examination of the University or some examination recognised as equivalent thereto.
The Faculty of Medicine provides a six year course of study in the usual pre-medical and medical sciences, leading to the degree of M.B. and B.S. The degrees of M.D., and M.S., may be obtained for postgraduate work. The degrees above mentioned are recognised by the General Medical Council for registration in Great Britain.
in
The Faculty of Engineering provides a four year course practical and theoretical engineering, leading to the degree of B.Sc., (Eng.). Fourth year students specialize in civil, mechanical or electrical engineering. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.Sc., (Eng.).
The Faculty of Arts includes departments of pure arts and science, social science, cominerce and a department for training teachers. The course is in all cases one of four years and leads to the degree of B.A. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.A.
With a view to securing the maintenance of the desired standard -which is in all three faculties that of a British University degree- external examiners are, in all faculties, associated with the internal examiners in all annual final examinations. In the Faculty of Engineering, but not in other faculties, degrees with honours are granted, the standard being assessed by special examiners chosen from amongst the external examiners in the University of London.
The degree of LL.D., is granted, honoris causa.
1
The site of the University was given by the Government of Hong Kong. As subsequently enlarged by minor grants and by purchase, the University estate covers an area of 709,789 sq. ft. The view from the grounds over the harbour is magnificent and the grounds are naturally beautiful.
In the main buildings are housed the chemical and physical laboratories, the University library and portions of the engineering laboratories. They further include the Great Hall, a Senate room and the lecture and class rooms used by the Faculty of Arts and for general purposes.
་
Special medical buildings include schools of anatomy, physiology, pathology and tropical medicine, erected at the cost of Chinese gentlemen resident in the Colony. Clinical instruction is given at the Government Civil Hospital.
Special engineering buildings include:-
(a) a power station, with internal combustion engines of varied types which are maintained for instructional purposes;
346
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
:
28
(b) a primemovers (steam) and hydraulics laboratory, at present housed in a converted pumping station, formerly the property of the Government; and
(c) A workshop, for practical instruction of students.
Electrical machinery, electrical technology, the testing of materials and experimental mechanics are dealt with in the main building.
་
The larger part of the engineering equipment was the gift of British engineering firms.
Other buildings upon the estate include:-
(a) the Vice-Chancellor's Lodge
(b) Staff-quarters
(c) the resident hostels, and
(d) the University Union Building.
Unless exempted from residence (such exemption being ordinarily granted on the ground that the student's "manner of life" is not such as is catered for in the hostels), every matriculated student is required to reside either in a University or recognised hostel.
The University hostels are three in number-Lugard Hall, Eliot Hall and May Hall.
Recognised hostels are at present three in number-Morrison Hall, situated immediately above the University grounds and conducted by the London Missionary Society, St. John's Hall, im- mediately opposite the front of the University, conducted by the Church Missionary Society and Ricci Hall. This hostel, situated in the Pokfulam Road, will be conducted by the Irish Jesuits. It is o be opened in the first month of 1930.
Each student occupies a separate room or cubicle, and there are the usual common rooms. Each University hostel is in charge of a member of the staff, as resident warden.
No University hostel at present exists for women students-- whose right to admission to the University was first recognised in 1921: but some arrangements for the accommodation of a few women students in a rented building have been made by the authorities of St. Stephen's Girls' College, a Church of England girls' school which is near the University. The nuns of a neighbouring Italian convent are also prepared to house a few women students.
The tuition fee is $300-the hostel fee which includes board and lodging is $300. A student who is allowed to live in a hostel during vacation-some have to because of their work, e.g. medical students, and others because their homes are too far away-pay at the rate of $8 a week. When a student joins he is required to
a
1920-1930
29
347
deposit caution money to the extent of $25, and to pay a registration fee of $5. The annual subscription to the University Union is $20 and this covers the annual subscription to practically all the athletic clubs. The graduation fee is $25. Probably about $1,200 repre- sents the minimum amount which at present prices would cover a student's annual expenses including vacations. It would cost a Chinese student who goes abroad $2,500 a year at the very least and this would not cover travelling expenses.
Numerous scholarships are available, including the King Edward VII Scholarships founded by His Majesty's Government. There are also scholarships provided by the Governments of Hong Kong, of the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States.
The Union is the centre of the social life of the students. It is at once a Club and a centre of athletics. The Union Committee contains certain members of the University teaching staff, but its President and Secretary are undergraduates elected by the under- graduates. The undergraduate members of the Committee are also elected by their fellow students. There is a Union magazine with English and Chinese sections. The editors are students, a member of the teaching staff acting as assistant editor. There are thirty-eight women students; these women students are all members of the Union.
Students of the University come from Kwangtung, Ho Pe, Hankow, Hupeh, Yunnan, Hunan, Shanghai, Pekin, Fukien, Singapore, Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Kedah, Jahore, Java, Manila, Burma, Siam, Japan, India and Macao. The present enrolment is 315 of whom 266 are Chinese and 49 non-Chinese.
X.-Lands and Surveys.
LAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE OF LAND.
(1). The amount of premium received from Sales of Crown Land and Pier Rights, exclusive of the New Territories, during the year 1929 was $1,378,301.74 an increase of $186,624.38 on the preceding year, and $662,890.74 more than the average of the previous five years. The principal items were $136,000.00 for Kowloon Inland Lot No. 2175 and $102,000.00 for Kowloon Inland Lot No.2205.
(2). The amount of premium received from Sales of Crown Land and Pier Rights in the New Territories during the year under review was $548,312.25 being an increase of $110,561.71 on the preceding year, and $360,712.57 more than the average of the preceding five years. The principal items were $30,010.00 for New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 1274 and $25,708.00 for New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 1285.
(3). The foregoing increases indicate a further gradual and welcome return to normal conditions.
348
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
30
The total area of land leased during the year was 455 acres 1 rood and 13-1/5 poles which is a slight decrease on the preceding year.
The total area resumed re-entered and surrendered was acres 3 roods and 32-2/5 poles.
:
279
In Hong Kong and Kowloon there was a steadily growing demand for building sites whilst in the Northern District of the New Territories there was little demand for house sites in the develop- ment areas but in the villages construction of new houses goes on steadily and there was a fair demand for agricultural land.
There is little to report with regard to the Southern District of the New Territories beyond an increase in the demand for house sites at Cheung Chau which cannot be met until the Reclamation is made, and an increase in the building of new houses at Tai O.
XI.-Labour.
Trade in general remained very dull during the year and with the factories still working much below their full capacity, there was no increase in the number of women and children employed. The knitting factories in Kowloon and the cigarette and perfumery factories in Hong Kong are the largest employers of women and girls, such work being peculiarly suitable for female labour. Several glass factories closed down during the year owing to lack of trade and the high price of coal.
The Industrial Employment of Children Ordinance No. 22 of 1922 was amended by ordinance No. 24 of 1929, and its scope extended to include women and young persons as well as children. The most important regulations made under the amended ordinance are those prohibiting the employment of women in certain dangerous trades and also in any factory between. the hours of 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.
The year 1929 was remarkably uneventful as regards labour troubles, not a single strike in which more than very few workers were engaged having taken place. A strike threatened amongst the lightermen at the Kowloon Godowns in July, but the trouble came to an end when the masters granted a slight concession in the matter of night-work pay.
There are known to exist in the Colony, 150 labour Guilds, with a total membership of over 100,000, but one-third of this figure would probably represent, the number of active members. With one or two exceptions Guild activities seem to be at a low ebb, and the interest taken in their Guilds by so-called members is very slight. The supply of labour in the Colony is good, possibly as a result of trouble in the adjacent provinces, and the Guilds are still financially crippled as a result of the 1925 strike. Guilds in Canton are kept under close surveillance by the Government, and this has probably also had a beneficial effect on those in Hong Kong.
1920-1930
31
349
In August, 1929, there appeared evidence of the existence of a communistic organisation known as the Hong Kong Kung Toi Wui (Hong Kong Labour Representatives' Union), which made a systematic attempt to stir up trouble among various bodies of workers, though most of the Guilds remained impervious to its influence. It was eventually located on the 29th September, and of 50 persons then arrested 19 were finally banished. Documents seized proved that it aimed to revive the Hong Kong General Labour Union as an organisation on communist lines carrying on a political agitation against the Government of China.
The Tobacco Workers' Union closed down during the year following the discovery of communist propaganda on its premises and an attempt to injure the manager of a cigar factory by throwing vitriol on him from behind.
XII.-Legislation.
·
Thirty-four Ordinances were passed during 1929. The most important were the following.
The Tobacco Ordinance, No. 3, abolished the system of manu- facture of tobacco in bond and introduced the principle of taxation on the raw material on importation.
·
The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank Ordinance, No. 6, consolidat- ed and amended the provisions of two Ordinances and of the deed of settlement of 1867. The principal changes are that the powers of the Bank have been increased in accordance with modern develop- ments, and that the Bank is now incorporated for an indefinite period instead of for a limited time.
The Offences Against the Person Amendment Ordinance, No. 13, attempts to legislate for a matter which has been discussed on and off for five years. Section 3 of the Ordinance makes it an offence to take any part in any transaction the object of which is to transfer the possession or control of any minor under eighteen for any valuable consideration, unless the accused can prove that the transaction was bona fide and solely for the purpose of a proposed marriage or adoption in accordance with Chinese custom....This is an endeavour to strike at the traffic in children. The cases of boná fide marriage and adoption according to Chinese custom are excepted because money does pass on those occasions, and though the payment of money confers no rights over the minor in Hong Kong law yet it is obviously undesirable to make criminal regular and unobjection- able customs observed by a large part of the population of the Colony.
The British Mercantile Marine Uniform Ordinance. No. 19. prohibits the improper use within
within the Colony of the British Mercantile Marine uniform prescribed by Order of His Majesty in Council. It is based on the British Mercantile Marine Uniform Act, 1919, 9 and 10 Geo. 5, c. 62.
350
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
32
The Protection of Women and Girls Amendment Ordinance, No. 21, made various minor alterations in the principal Ordinance, some with a view to strengthening the hands of the authorities in dealing with the traffic in women and girls, and some in order to get rid of certain difficulties and inconsistencies which then existed in the legislation of the Colony.
The Female Domestic Service Amendment Ordinance, No. 22, made various detailed amendments in the principal Ordinance in order to increase its efficiency. Perhaps the most important provision of the Ordinance is one which provides that in every prosecution under the principal Ordinance it shall, until the contrary is proved, be presumed that the girl in question was a mui tsai in the employment of the accused at the time of the alleged offence. This may appear
appear to be drastic, but the difficulties of proof are enormous. In order to prove that a girl was a mui tsai it might be necessary to prove a payment made years ago, outside the Colony, to persons of whom all trace has been lost, and in the absence of the girl herself. On the other hand, the accused should find it com- paratively easy to prove the real status of any girl in his household, and the burden is therefore less heavy than it might appear. It must also be remembered that the consent of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs is required for any prosecution under the Ordinance.
The Industrial Employment of Women, Young Persons and Children Amendment Ordinance, No. 24, is intended as a further step in the improvement of factory conditions in the Colony. Such improvement must be slow and gradual, and it is very difficult in such matters to travel far ahead of neighbouring countries. The principal effect of the Ordinance is to include women and young persons within the scope of the principal Ordinance so that their employment in factories,
as that of children, can be regulated.
as
well
XIII.-Miscellaneous.
EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION.
Two hundred and twenty seven thousand five hundred and twenty-three (227,523) Emigrants left Hong Kong for various places. during the year 1929; of these 114,323 were carried in British ships and 113,200 in Foreign vessels.
One hundred and eighty five thousand three hundred and ninety (185,390) returning emigrants were reported to have been brought to Hong Kong from the several places to which they had emigrated either from this Colony or from Coast ports as against 187,847 in 1928. Of these 103,261 were brought in British vessels and 82,129 in Foreign vessels.
1920-1930
33
351
To Straits
Settlements.
Statement of number of emigrants to Straits Settlements 1920- 1929 as compared with total number of emigrants from Hong Kong.
Total No. of
migrants.
1920
43,935
105,258
1921
87,324
156,011
1922
50,356
98,393
1923
65,584
120,224
1924
75,682
129,859
1925
97,552
140,534
1926
157,285
216,527
1927
202,408
285,593
1928
169,741
257,162
1929
146,516
227,523
INSTITUTIONS.
Among institutions recognised and encouraged, but not to any considerable extent supported by Government may be mentioned the Po Leung Kuk, the Eyre Refuge, the City Hall, and the Chinese Public Dispensaries.
The Po Leung Kuk Society was founded in 1878 to aid in the detection and suppression of kidnapping, especially of girls and women, and to shelter such girls or women as had been kidnapped in the interior and brought to Hong Kong for sale or emigration. Its name means "institution for the protection of good women. The initiative in its formation came from the Chinese themselves, and ever since by subscription and personal service, they have continued to support it.
"
This
There is a paid Chinese staff-matron, amahs and nurses, and two clerks who are secretaries to the managing committee. Committee meets every evening from Monday to Friday at 7 p.m. the principal meeting of the week being held at 12 noon on Sunday. It not only manages the Po Leung Kuk, but acts as an advisory committee to the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, in all cases affecting women and children, and Chinese family life generally, which are often extremely difficult and tedious. It corresponds when necessary with charitable institutions and private persons in various parts of China, traces parents of lost children or ill-treated mui tsai, and shelters for the night any Chinese woman or girl who chooses to go. When parents or relations cannot be traced, the Committee arranges for the girls in its care to be given in marriage (never as concubines) or in adoption, always under bond and always with the consent of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs; and in every case that officer ascertains the girl's willingness before giving consent to either adoption or marriage.
352
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
31
In addition to the annual Committee appointed by co-option there is a Permanent Committee, which serves to maintain continuity of policy, and of which the Secretary for Chinese Affairs is the ex- officio chairman.
The number of inmates of the Po Leung Kuk on 1st January, 1929, was 61 and during the year 636 persons were admitted as against 622 in 1928.
The Chinese Public Dispensaries are institutions maintained in order to provide the Chinese with the services of doctors, whose certificates will be accepted by the Registrar of Deaths, and with the services of interpreters, who can assist the inmates of houses, where a case of infectious disease has occurred. Coolies are engaged *nd ambulances and dead vans provided in order to remove cases or infectious disease to the Infectious Diseases Hospital and dearl bodies to the Mortuary. The Dispensaries receive sick infants and send them to one or other of the Convents and arrange for the burial of dead infants. Free advice and medicine are given and patients. are attended at their houses. There are eight Dispensaries in existence. The Government makes an annual grant of $2,000, and the rest of the cost is defrayed by voluntary subscription. The Dispensaries are conducted by committees under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.
The Tung Wah Hospital, opened in 1872, is mainly supported by the voluntary subscriptions of Chinese, but receives annual grants from the Government amounting to $20,500. Only Chinese are treated in this institution. Various other services not appertain- ing to a hospital are performed by the institution, such as the free burial of the poor, the repatriation of destitutes, the maintenance of free vernacular schools, and the organisation of charitable relief in emergencies; Chinese as well as European methods of treatment are employed in accordance with the wishes expressed by the patients or their friends.
The hospital is managed by a committee of Chinese gentlemen annually elected, their appointment being submitted to Governor for confirmation.
the
The Eastern Branch of the Tung Wah Hospital at Sookunpo was formally opened by His Excellency the Governor on November 27th.
The building which was erected and equipped at a cost of over $300,000 is in every way a credit to the promoters of the scheme and to the Chinese community generally which contributed 95% of the funds required for the purpose.
The Kwong Wah Hospital opened in 1912 is situated on the Kowloon Peninsula at Yaumati. It is similar to the Tung Wah Hospital with which it is closely affiliated and is managed by its own committee of directors under the guidance of the parent institu- tion. About 50% of its expenditure is met by grants from govern- ment and the balance from endowments and voluntary subscriptions. During the year a new block of four storeys was erected for the accommodation of maternity cases at a cost of some $60,000.
1920-1930
COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL
No. 1558.
HONG KONG
REPORT FOR 1930
(For Report for 1928 see No. 1472 and for Report for 1929 see No. 1494, Price 1s. 6d. cach.)
Crown Copyright Reserved
353
PRINTED IN HONG KONG.
LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.
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1931.
Price 18. 3d. Net.
58-1558
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
CONTENTS.
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY
I. GENERAL
II. FINANCE
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III. PRODUCTION
IV. TRADE AND ECONOMICS
V. COMMUNICATIONS
VI. JUSTICE, POLICE AND PRISONS
VII. PUBLIC WORKS
VIII PUBLIC HEALTH
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IX. EDUCATION
X. LANDS AND SURVEY
XI. LABOUR
XII LEGISLATION
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XIII. MISCELLANEOUS
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27
History and Geography.
The Colony of Hong Kong is situated off the south-eastern coast of China between latitude 22°9′ and 22°17′ N. and longitude 114°5' and 114°18′ E. The island is about eleven miles long and two to five miles in breadth, its circumference being about 27 miles and its area 28 square miles. It consists of an irregular ridge of lofty hills rising to a height of nearly 2,000 feet above sea level, stretching nearly east and west, with few valleys of any extent and little ground available for cultivation.
The island was ceded to Great Britain in January, 1841, the cession being confirmed by the Treaty of Nanking in August, 1842. The charter bears the date of 5th April, 1843. The Kowloon peninsula and Stonecutter's Island were ceded to Great Britain under the Convention signed at Pcking in October, 1860, and under the Convention signed at Peking in June, 1898, the area known as the New Territories including Mirs Bay and Deep Bay was leased to Great Britain by the Government of China for 99 years. The area of the New Territories and Islands is about 345 square miles.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
2
The importance of Hong Kong has grown with the increase of China's trade with foreign countries. It is now in respect of tonnage entered and cleared one of the largest ports in the world. It is the most convenient outlet for the produce of South China as well as for the incessant flow of Chinese emigration to the Netherlands East Indies, Malaya, and elsewhere. It is also the natural dis tributing centre for imports into China from abroad.
འ
The Colony is not to any extent a manufacturing centre, its most flourishing industries being those connected directly or indirectly with shipping, such as dock and warehouse, banking and insurance undertakings.
The climate of Hong Kong is sub-tropical, the winter being normally cool and dry and the summer hot and humid; the seasons are marked by the prevalence of the S.W. monsoon in summer and the N.E. monsoon in winter. The temperature seldom rises above 95' or falls below 40°. The average rainfall is 83.14 inches, May to September being the wettest months. In spring and summer the humidity of the atmosphere is often very high, at times exceeding 95% with an average over the whole year of 77%. The typhoon season may be said to last from June to October though typhoons occasionally occur before and after this period.
The rainfall for 1929 was 69.82 inches and for 1930 96.08 inches of which 28.24 inches fell in September. The mean temperature of the air was 72°4 against an average of 71°9. The maximum wind velocity was 83 m.p.h. from E.S.E. on July 24th, when a typhoon passing near Macao produced a strong gale at Hong Kong.
The currency of the Colony is based on silver and consists of the British dollar of one hundred cents.
Bank notes issued by the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, and the Mercantile Bank of India are also in circulation, together with silver subsidiary coinage of the value of 5, 10. 20 and 50 cents, and one cent pieces in bronze. The average rate of exchange of the dollar during the year was 1/4.36.
I.-General.
At the close of the year 1929 the accounts of the Colony showed a surplus of $9,662,852 and the balance at the end of 1930 was $9,361,680. Thus the year's working resulted in a deficit of $301,173 which was due to the abnormal financial conditions ruling in 1930. The steady depreciation of the sterling value of the dollar from 1/6.83 in January to 1/1.69 in December added to the difficulties of the situation.
In the neighbouring provinces desultory fighting continued throughout the year between the Cantonese forces with their base at Wuchow and the various Kwangsi factions with their headquarters
.
1920-1930
3
-
357
at Nanning. The situation was relieved by the victory in the autumn of the Central Government over the North Western provinces and by the end of the year a settlement appeared to be in sight. Mean- while the preoccupation of the authorities with the civil war has fostered the growth of what may prove a serious menace. Large areas of South and Central China are occupied and controlled by irregular organisations called by themselves Red armies' and by the Chinese authorities 'communist-bandits'.
The office of Chairman of the Kuangtung Provincial Government was held throughout the year by His Excellency General Chan Ming Shü, and no changes of importance occurred in official posts.
Two major piracies occurred during the year, those of the British S.S. "Helikon" and the Norwegian S.S. "Hirundo". The provincial government of Kuangtung has now established a naval station with a permanent piracy patrol of three gunboats in Bias Bay, and is constructing a wireless station there.
A disastrous accident occurred on board H.M.S. "Sepoy" ou April 8th while she lay off Hong Kong, through the explosion of a depth charge, which resulted in the death of six of her complement.
The Colony was struck by the fringe of a typhoon on July 24th and some small damage was occasioned by landslides.
Over seven inches of rain fell within 24 hours.
In January the Opium Commission of the League of Nations under the Chairmanship of Mr. E. E. Ekstrand arrived in the Colony and in April a conference of Far Eastern Meteorologists under the chairmanship of Mr. T. F. Claxton was held in Hong Kong.
His Excellency the Governor Sir Cecil Clementi, K.C.M.G., left on February 1st to assume the governorship of the Straits Settle- ments. He was succeeded by His Excellency Sir William Peel, K.B.E., C.M.G., who took the oath of office on May 9th. During the interval the Government was administered by the Honourable Mr. W. T. Southorn, C.M.G.
Sir Joseph Kemp, Kt., K.C., C.B.E., succeeded Sir Henry Gollan, Kt. K.C., C.B.E., as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Distinguished visitors to the Colony during the course of the year included:
T. I. H. Prince and Princess Takamatsu of Japan.
H. H. Prince Purachatra of Siam.
Mr. T. V. Soong, Finance Minister to the National Govern-
ment of China.
His Excellency General Chan Ming Shü, Chairman of the
Kuangtung Provincial Government.
His Excellency Senor Tamagnini de Souza Barbosa, Governor
of Macao.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
4
The Honours conferred by His Majesty the King on residents of Hong Kong included
Vice-Admiral Sir A. K. Waistell, K.C.B.
Mr. D. W. Tratman, C.M.G.
Rear-Admiral R. A. S. Hill, C.B.E.
Mr. R. M. Dyer, C.B.E.
Dr. W. I. Gerrard, O.B.E.
Captain O. H. Farrar, O.B.E.
Mr. R. Perry, O.B.E.
Mrs. L. Morris, M.B.E.
Mr. F. C. Dixon, M.B.E.
Mr. A. D. Johnson, M.B.E.
Lieut. W. R. Stevens, M.B.E. (Military).
Mr. A. de Mello, Honorary M.B.E.
II.-Finance.
The total revenue for the year amounted to $27,818,473 exceeding the Estimate by $5,105,553 and the revenue for 1929 by $4,263,998.
There were increases under all heads over the 1929 collections; the most notable being:-Assessed Taxes $211,164; Liquor Duties $190,954; Tobacco Duties $347,098; Post Office $371,542 and Premia on New Leases $928,726.
Owing to the low exchange Tobacco Duties were raised in June and Postal Rates in August. A tax of 15 cents per gallon was levied on motor spirit in July.
Increased Premia paid and more Land Sales resulted in a total collection under Land Sales of $2,864,897 against $1,936,171 for the year 1929.
The expenditure for the year amounted to $28,119,646 being $851,131 more than the estimate and $6,136,389 more than the expenditure in 1929. ·
Severai works provided for in the Estimates were postponed or curtailed thereby effecting substantial savings under Public Works Extraordinary, Fublic Works Recurrent and Kowloon Canton Railway.
On the other hand nearly all other heads of expenditure showed an excess over the estimates mainly as a result of the adoption of the Salaries Commission Report coupled with the fall in the sterling value of the dollar.
1920-1930
5
359
The following is a statement of Revenue and Expenditure for the last five years.
Revenue.
Year.
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
$21,131,582
21,344,536-
24,968,399
23,554,475
27,818,473
Expenditure.
$23,524,7.16
20,845,065
21,230,242
21,983,257
28,119,646
Public Debt:-The amount of the Public Works Loan (1927) which is repayable in 1932,
1932, is $4,927,000. The Sinking Fund amounted to £75,749.
The Inscribed Stock Loans of 1893 and 1906 due for repayment in 1943 stood at £1,485,733 and Sinking Fund at £719,664.
Trade Loan:-Further 36 loans amounting to $1,280,842.65 were redeemed during the year thus reducing the number of the loans outstanding on 31st December, 1930, to 32 representing a sum of $2,064,181.75.
A list of the average monthly exchange rates is appended:-
Month.
January
Sterling.
Taels.
1/6.8376
78.8333
March
February
April
May
June
1/6.1698
78.6413
1/5.7762
78.2115
1/6.0534
78.4782
1/5.4123
78.5833
1/3.1552
81.3586
July
1/3.1511
82.7307
August
1/8.5718
83.6354
September
1/3.6850
80.4400
October
1/3.5174
80.2870
November
1/3.2955
S0.1354
December
1/1.6924
77.7282
III.-Production.
FORESTRY, AGRICULTURE AND BOTANY.
plantings of
Pinus
Formation of Plantations.-Increased Massoniana were again carried on in areas which have been definitely allocated as forestry reserves and water catchment areas. 20,000 more trees were planted than in the previous year.
Insect Pests.-Pine Tree Caterpillars (Dendrolimus punctatus) did serious damage in the Pine plantations, chiefly in the New Territories; the total weight of those collected and destroyed amounted to 17,472 pounds.
Protection of Plantations.-No serious fires in planted areas occurred during the year. A number of new fire-barriers were made.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
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Inspection of Nursery Stock.-158 consignments of Narcissus bulbs (Narcissus Tazetta), dried vegetable products and Sugar Cane were inspected and certified as fit for export to Britain, Holland, Germany, Australia, Canada, United States of America (including Hawaii) and Philippine Islands, Fiji and the Straits Settlements.
Cultivation of Foreign Vegetables.-A slight increase in cultiva- tion of these vegetables, for which there is a steady demand locally, was recorded during the year both on the Island and in the New Territories.
Typhoon Dumage.-The amount of damage during the year was negligible.
FISHERIES.
A considerable proportion of the boat population of Hong Kong supports itself by deep-sea fishing, in which pursuit a large number of junks are engaged. The villages of Aberdeen, Stanley, Shaukiwan, and also many in the New Territories, are largely dependent upon this industry for their prosperity. Fresh water fish is imported from Canton and the West River. There are oyster beds of considerabie value in Deep Bay.
MINING.
A
The mineral resources of the Colony are inconsiderable. little woltramite was produced in 1930 as well as a small quantity of kaolin. Iron, lead and silver mines exist and have been worked from time to time.
MANUFACTURES.
Sugar.-Throughout 1930 Hong Kong, as a refining centre, laboured under the same difficulties that beset all holders of sugar stocks, i.e., steadily declining raw sugar markets. On the other hand, China, Hong Kong's biggest market, suffered even more than usual from civil war and communistic outbreaks, with consequent disruption of normal trading conditions. Selling was further rendered difficult by the rapid decline of silver, thereby reducing China's buying capacity through the depreciation of her currency value. Statistics reveal that low prices actually brought about some increase of quantity handled, but many dealers were forced to close their doors. The year closed on a strong market due to feverish endeavours to anticipate China's new Custoins Tariff.
It is anticipated that the new scale of protective duties enforced on sugar as from 1st January, 1931, will adversely affect the volume of imports in this commodity.
Hosiery. There are established in the Colony over a score of Chinese-owned factories for the knitting of cotton hosiery aud singlets. Generally speaking, the turnover in locally manufactured knitted goods is estimated to be similar to that of 1929, and considering the conditions prevailing this can be taken as very satisfactory. The best outlet for the low grade cotton socks is
1920-1930
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361
India, and in view of the very disturbed conditions in that market a considerably decreased business was anticipated. The better class socks are mainly used locally and in Java and the Straits. The two last-named markets have been extremely depressed and the outlets up-country, particularly Kuangsi, have been partially closed. The trade in higher grade singlets has been distinctly good and the position leads one to believe that with more normal conditions ct the East generally, this industry should develop appreciably.
Ginger. A dozen ginger-preserving establishments deal with the raw product which is imported from South China and supplied principally to Great Britain. Holland, the U.S.A. and Australia, to the extent of about £300,000 annually. Although the low exchange value of the Hong Kong dollar led to correspondingly low prices in terms of gold, the volume of trade during 1930 was no greater than in normal years, due principally to industrial depression abroad and the accumulation of stocks. An additional adverse factor as regards the London market was the large number of claims on shipments during the early part of the year.
Rope Making.-There was a normal demand for locally manu- factured rope during 1930, no special features being met with in this industry.
SHIPBUILDING.
Four ocean-going vessels, one coasting steamer,
one river steamer and seventeen smaller craft were built in local dockyards during 1930.
IV. Trade and Economics.
The steady decline in the exchange value of the Hong Kong dollar, due to the drop in silver values. greatly restricted imports in all lines during 1930. particularly during the first six months when demand was principally met by stocks imported during 1929 and earlier at more favourable exchange rates. Carry-over of stocks to next year is therefore negligible.
The buying season for Faney Cotton Piece Goods, which usually opens about April/May was delayed until the end of July when, as exchange showed no sign of improvement, dealers began catering for Spring, 1931, requirements. Notwithstanding the low rate of exchange, an appreciable business was done, mainly owing to much reduced Lancashire costs offsetting to some extent the low exchange. The volume of business booked in woollens was much smaller than that of previous years, the falling off being most marked in the Shoddy and Mixture (Wool and Cotton) sections.
The decreased purchasing capacity of the individual consumer in China as
a result of the decline in silver values has militated against the sale of many goods of British manufacture which are of better quality but more expensive than those of competitors.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
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The value of imports into Hong Kong for the nine months ended 31st December, 1930, (the Statistical Department was reinstituted as from 1st April) totalled $455,464,599 (£29,889,864). Total value of exports amounted to $356,824,278 (£23,416,593). Figures for the corresponding period in 1924 (the latest year in respect of which comparison is possible owing to the closure of the statistical department during the intervening period) are as follows: imports-$443,078.342 (£52,846,323); exports-$380,153,720 (£45,341,251).
The comparison is the more unfavourable if from the 1930 import figures is subtracted the value of imports from South China, Kwong- chowan and Macao (approximately $60,000.000) which were not included in the 1924 rigures. On the other hand, there has been a world-wide drop of approximately 25 per cent in wholesale prices, so that the sterling value of imports during 1930 represents quantity of goods than an equivalent sterling sum in 1924.-
V.-Communications. SHIPPING,
greater
The total Shipping entering and clearing Ports in the Colony during the year 1930 amounted to 94,090 vessels of 40,190,612 tons which, compared with the figures of 1929, shows a decrease of 206,487 vessels and a decrease of 4,995,569 tons.
Of the above, 49,609 vessels of 38,511,650 tons were engaged in Foreign Trade as compared with 52,574 vessels of 39,871,149 tons in 1929.
There was a decrease in British Ocean-going shipping of 13 vessels and an increase of 206,453 tons.
Foreign Ocean-going vessels show a decrease of 60 vessels and an increase of 858,613 tons.
British River Steamers showed a decrease of 185 vessels and a decrease of 340,386 tons.
Foreign River Steamers showed an increase of 668 vessels and an increase of 323,848 tons.
In Steamships not exceeding 60 tons employed in Foreign Trade there was a decrease of 1,108 vessels with a decrease in tonnage of 6,888 tons.
Junks in Foreign trade showed a decrease of 2,287 vessels and a decrease of 401,139 tons.
In Local Trade (i.c. between places within the waters of the Colony) there was a decrease in Steam Launches of 190,342 vessels and a decrease in tonnage of 4,755,085. This is caused by the omission of Ferries plying between Victoria and the mainland.
Junks in Local Trade show a decrease of 13,160 vessels and a decrease of 880,985 tons. Conservancy and dustboats were included in 1929 but have been omitted in 1930.
Number & Tonnage of Vessels
in Foreign Trade entered &
1920-1930
9
-
HONG KONG SHIPPING STATISTICS.
Total Shipping
363
Entered and Cleared.
cleared.
Year
Total
Number
Percentage Tonnage of British Tonnage
British Tonuage Tonnage
Total
1918 1919
43,436
16,955,332 41.7
7,072,021:29,518,189
41,985
21,072,129 43.0
9,095,805 25,615,169
1920
43,364
24,194,022 43.8
11,608,069 40,122,527
192.1
52,222
1922
1923
49,900
1924
57,765
1925
1926
1927
1926
27,852,616 50,427 29,543,564 35,947,534 38,770,499 47.3 41,336 32,179,053 47.6 20,231 28,371,104 51.5 51,289 36,834,014 45.7- 52,278 37,640,694 46.6
44.3
12,766,492 43,420,970
45.4
13,420,118 46,566,764
47.0
16,920,491 53,402,239
18,369,413 56,731,077
15,321,935 49,520,523
14,730,846 43,796,436
16,960,522 44,127,161
17,562,442 44,883,765
1929
1930
52,574 39,871,149 47.5 49,609 38,511,650 48.8
18,961,028 47,186,181
18,827,095 40,190,612
A comparison between the years 1929 and 1930 is given in the following table: ---
1929.
1930.
Decrease.
Increase.
Class of Vessels
No. Tonnage. No. Tonnage.
No. Tonnage. No. Toonage.
British Ocean-
going,
4,734 | 11,151,152| 4,721 | 11,357,605
13
206,453
Foreign Ocean
going,
7,809 | 17,131,589 | 7,749 | 17,993,202
60
858,613
British River
Steamers,
7,474
7,809,876 | 7,289
7,469,490
185
340,326
...
Foreign River
Steamers.... 1,601
561,061 | 2,289
884,909
668
323.548.
Steamships
under 60
tons For-
eign Trade...
7,134
211,067 6,326
Junks, Foreign
Trade, ............| 23,522 | 3,003,404 |21,235
204,179 1,108
2.602,265 2,287
6,588
401,139
Total, Foreign
Trade,
52,574 39,871,149 49,609 | 38,511,650 3.653 718.413
668
1,388,914
Steam Laun-{
ches, Local
Trade......... 214,875 5,560,116 (24,533
805,031|190,342 4,755,085
Junks, Locali
Trade,
*33,108; 1,754,916 19,948
873,931 | 13,160
880.985
:
Grand Total... 300,557 47,186,181 94,090 40,190,612 207,155 6,334,483
Net,
206,487 4,995,560|
*
Including 18,012 Conservancy and Dustboats of 1,109,384 Tons.
668
1,388,911
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
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KOWLOON-CANTON RAILWAY,
All the through express trains between Kowloon and Canton continued to be hauled by the British Section engines daily through- out the year with the exception of the first 7 days of January. This suspension was necessitated through damage to a bridge at Shek Ha on the Chinese Section.
Monthly general revenues showed a steady and healthy increase and by the end of the year General Revenues had amounted to $973,128.63 against $890,744.54 for the previous year.
General Revenues exceeded Operating Expenses by the very satisfactory sum of $133,106.47.
Additions to Capital were light as there were no heavy engineering works. The principal items were-Fencing $40,416.50; New Painting Shop $14,267.61; Locomotive Wheel Balancing Machines $7,975.85; Crankpin Turning Machine $4,577.00 and Water Cranes $4,888.45.
The Fanling Branch Line equipment unsold at the beginning of the year amounted to $15,815.15. During the year one Locomotive was sold and a small quantity of rails.
Revenues from Rents which in 1929 amounted to $5,651.75 increased to $6,512.29.
Three new express locomotives were obtained on behalf of the Chinese Section. These engines will remain in the possession of. and be worked by, the British Section until paid for. They were ali erected by the middle of December, but will not be brought into use until the track on the Chinese Section is reconditioned.
The total steam train mileage run amounted to 305,913 miles. This includes trains run over the Chinese Section to and from Canton. The Motor Coach mileage was 17,493 miles.
POST OFFICE.
Mails. The number of mail receptacles of Hong Kong origin despatched during the year was 48,123 as compared with 43,725 in 1929 an increase of 4,398; the number received was 50,424 as com- pared with 48,579--an increase of 1,845.
Receptacles in transit, including those to and from British and Foreign Men-of-War, numbered 182,030 as against 180,579 in 1929- an increase of 1,451.
Registered Articles and Parcels -The number of registered articles handled amounted to 842,673 as compared with 848,135 in 1929-a decrease of 5,157.
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365
The figures for insured letters were 18,887 and 19,050 respective- ly-a decrease of 163.
Farcels, ordinary and insured, which were dealt with reached total of 428,849 us against 411,165 in 1929-an increase of 17,684.
WIRELESS.
The revenue collected by the Post Office during the year from radio-telegrams amounted to $431,390.68, an increase of $244,846.71 on the amount collected in 1929.
Advices of vessels signalled at the Lighthouses yielded $1,220.80, Semaphore messages $8.05. The total Revenue from the Telegraph. Service amounted to $432,619.53.
Ship Station Licences yielded $1,568.75, Amateur Transmission Station Licences $150.00, Broadcast Receiving Licences $6,640.50, Dealers Licences $363.00 and Examination Fee for Operators Certificates of Proficiency $206.00.
The number of paid radio-telegrams forwarded during the year was 132,432 consisting of 1,125,559 words against 72,153 consisting of 708,282 words in 1929, and 124,855 were received consisting of 1,161,115 words against 85,571 consisting of 817,571 words, represent- ing a total increase in the number of messages of 63.12% and words 49.85%
In addition to the paid traffic figures given above the Wireless Service is responsible for the reception of time signals daily from Bordeaux, Rugby, Malabar and Nauen, for the transmission of time signals to ships in the China Sea, the reception of press messages amounting to 447 messages 242,326 words from Rugby, the collection and distribution of meteorological traffic, having forwarded 4,616 messages 290,283 words, and received 12,432 messages 245,415 words, the reception and dissemination of distress, piracy and navigation messages, the transmission and reception of Government messages etc., etc.
CABLES.
The Eastern Extension Telegraph Company (British) by means of three cables to Singapore, one direct and one each via Labuan and Cape St. James respectively, provide good connections with Europe via India, with Australasia, and with the other British Colonies and possessions. By their cable to Manila connection is made with the direct American cable, thence to San Francisco. Two cables to Shanghai, belonging respectively to the Eastern Ex- tension and to the Great Northern (Danish) Companies, viâ Foochow and Amoy respectively, give a good connection with Shanghai, North China, Japan and Russia; and the system of the Great Northern Telegraph Co. gives a good service to European viâ Asiatic Russia.
TELEPHONES.
Telephonic communication, provided by the Hong Kong Tele phone Co., is available to most parts of the Colony.
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VI.-Justice, Police and Prisons.
Serious Crime in 1930 showed an increase over 1929-5,691 cases against 5,348. There was an increase of 40 cases in house and godown breaking, 20 burglaries and 341 larcenies. Murders stand the same as for 1929-22 cases. Robberies decreased by 55 cases, 47 in Hong Kong and 8 in the New Territories.
1929.
Minor crime showed an increase-19,250 against 15,792 cases in
Arms.-There were 26 arms seizures during the year, of which 19 were charge cases and seven no-charge cases. The only seizure of note was on board the S.S. "'D'Artagnan" on 15th July, when Revenue Officers seized 168 Automatic Pistols of French make and 18,000 rounds of ammunition.
Communism.-There was a marked increase in the activities of Communists during the year and there were a few occasions, notably Communist Anniversaries, when demonstrations were attempted in the more populous districts of the Colony.
In June, the Siu Yat Po newspaper was suppressed by order of Government owing to its Communistic tendencies.
In December, a Chinese Detective (L.S.C. 384 Tse On) was shot and murdered by Communists in a Restaurant at Yaumati.
Piracy. Two piracies were recorded on steamships, one being on the British S.S. "Helikon" owned by Messrs. Wo rat Shing & Co., Hong Kong. The pirates boarded the ship as passengers and waited until the ship was about 132 miles south of Hong Kong. The attack was made during the early hours of the morning while all officers with the exception of two on watch, one on the Bridge and one in the Engine koom, were asleep. Resistance was impossible. No guards were carried on board. No shots were fired and no one was injured. The ship was taken to Bias Bay. Considerable cargo was stolen and sixteen persons, including the Compradore, were kidnapped.
The second was on the Norwegian S.S. "Hirundo". As in the first case, pirates boarded the ship as passengers: The attack was made about noon when the ship was about 130 miles south of Hong Kong. All officers were taken by surprise and were unable to offer any resistance. Guards are not carried on this ship. The pirates expected to find bullion ou board; being disappointed in this respect they confined themselves to the officers and passengers; the latter being of the poorer class, the pirates' haul was comparatively small. A Chinese saloon waiter was wounded in the shoulder by a shot from a small firearm, and the 1st and 3rd Compradores were kidnapped. The ship was taken to Mirs Bay, and it is believed that the pirates went overland to Bias Bay.
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13
367
Two piracies on junks were reported (one of which was a very doubtful report), against six during 1929. No piracies were reported in the Canton River Delta.
Gaols. The total number of persons committed to Victoria Gaol was 6,493 compared with 5,779 in 1929. Of these 2,334 were com- initted for criminal offences against 2,056 in 1929. Of committals for nón-crimal offences there were 155 more for hawking without a licence, and 11 more for unlawfully cutting trees, than in 1929.
The daily average of prisoners confined in the Gaols was 1,175, the average for 1929 being 1,075 and the highest previous average being 1,116 in 1925. The percentage of prisoners to population, according to the daily average of the former and the estimated number of the latter was 0.103. The average percentage for the last ten years was 0.121. Owing, however, to the large floating population, which is constantly moving between the Colony and Chinese Territory, the percentage of crime to population does not convey an accurate idea of the comparative criminality of the residents of the Colony. The Victoria Gaol has accommodation for 645 prisoners including patients in Hospital. The Branch Prison at Laichikok has accommodation for 475. prisoners.
The prison discipline, except for two agitations in Victoria Gaol, was satisfactory, the average of punishments per prisoner being 0.33 as compared with 0.46 in 1929 and 0.49 in 1928.
Prisoners are employed at printing, book-binding, tinsmithing, mat-making, tailoring, carpentering, soap-making, gardening, etc. The bulk of the Government printing and book-binding is done in Victoria Gaol.
VII.-Public Works.
The following works were executed during the year 1930:--
BUILDINGS.
COMPLETED-Hong Kong.-In the City the Public Conveniences at the junction of Spring Garden Lane with Cross Street and at the junction of Water Street and Queen's Road West, also one outside the City at Aberdeen. Erection of an additional Transmitting Block at Cape D'Aguilar Wireless Station. A new P.W.D. workshop at Wood Road. A new cookhouse at Victoria Gaol. Alterations to Belilios School, Kennedy Town Police Station, and Sailors' Home.
Kowloon.-Erection of a garage for motor lorries at the Kowloon Disinfectant Station. Forming and levelling of the site for new Government Store at Hung Hom.
Hom. Work on the site of the Maternity Block, Kowloon Hospital. New Garage at Kowloon Hospi- tal. Public Latrine & Bathhouse at Hung Hom. Barrack Sheds for Police at Tsim Sha Tsui Police Station and a children's playground.
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New Kowloon.-Market at Kowloon Tong. Extension to the Kowloon City Market. Public Latrine and Bathhouse at Kowloon City. Alterations to Field Cottage for use by the Flying Club.
UNDER CONSTRUCTION-Hong Kong.-Latrines over Bowrington Canal and at Davis Street, New No. 2 Police Station. New Market at Sai Ying Pun. Printing shop at Victoria Gaol.
Kowloon.-Erection of new Maternity Block, Kowloon Hospital
New Kowloon.-Site for a Female Prison at Lai Chi Kok. Erec- tion of new Married Quarters for Warders at Lai Chi Kok,
New Territories.-Erection of a new school at Un Long.
COMMUNICATIONS.
COMPLETED-Hong Kong.-Road from Causeway Bay to Quarry Bay. Tai Hang Development Road construction. Barker Road improvements. 1st section of the Path to Cape D'Aguilar. Widening of road connecting Garden Road & Bowen Road with May Road (Aigburth Hall). Widening of lower portion of Garden Road adjoining Murray Barracks. Extension to the Indian Recreation Ground. A new terrace in the Colonial Cemetery. for burial purposes. Work of diverting and widening Ewo Street to its approved alignment.
Kowloon. Boundary Street (section from Nathan Road to No. 8 Railway Bridge). An area cleared and surfaced between Jordan Road, Battery Street and Shanghai Street for Hawkers' stalls.
New Kowloon.-The greater part of Prince Edward Road kerbed and channelled, preparatory to laying improved surfacing for motor traffic. Widening of Nathan Road Extension Northward to Nan Chang Street. Surfacing of the New Castle Peak Road from Nan Chang Street to Wong Uk. Extension of Roads in Kowloon Tong Development area. Widening Castle Peak Road.
New Territories.-Patrol Path from Lin Ma Hang to Sha Tau Kok (section from Sha Tau Kok Village to No. 11 Boundary Stone). Widening Path from Sheung Shui to Ta Ku Ling. Access and Patrol Path to Lo Wu Railway Station Block House. Widening Road between Fan Ling and Sha Tau Kok.
UNDER CONSTRUCTION-Hong Kong.-Work of erecting new plant and offices at Tsat Tsz Mui Quarry. Surfacing roads on the Praya East Reclamation. Widening Gough Hill Road.
Kowloon.-Chatham Road Extension. Reconditioning and Streng-
thening of Nathan Road with 7′′ reinforced cement concrete. tions to the traffic arrangements at Tsim Sha Tsui.
Altera
New Kowloon.-Access Road to Christian Chinese Cemetery. Kowloon City. Castle Peak Road (section from Cheung Sha Wan tɔ Lai Chi Kok).
1920-1930
15
369
New Territories.-Patrol Path from Lin Ma Hang to Sha Tau Kok (section from No. 11 Boundary Stone to Lin Ma Hang Village). Reconditioning of New Territory roads.
DRAINAGE.
Hong Kong.-New sewers & storm water drains, including sewers on the Praya East Reclamation and one at Deep Water Bay were constructed to a length of 19,603 feet. Existing drains in the Wantsai district were reconstructed to a length of 384 feet. Stream-courses were trained to a length of 3,314 feet
Kowloon.-Extension of one side wall and invert of nullah North of Shamshuipo Camp area, length 900 feet. New sewers and storm water drains were constructed to a length of 18,993 feet.
New Kowloon.-New sewers & storm water drains were constructed to a length of 7,038 feet.
New Territories.-Anti-Malarial work was continued.
WATER Works.
Hong Kong.-North Point. Service Reservoir was completed with a capacity of 1,146 million gallons, excepting connecting main. Bowen Road turbines & pumps were finished and in use. The follow- ing mains were laid, viz:-1,482 feet of 12′′ in Shaukiwan Road; 1,164 feet of 15′′ in Ewo Street; 2,060 feet of 18′′ between Monument and Hennessy Road; 270 feet of 8" in Shaukiwan Road near Tai Hang, and 2.580 feet of 6" and 1,200 feet of 4" in Wongneichong Valley. The Aberdeen Village main was relaid in 4" for 1,044 feet. 600 feet of 6′′ main was laid in Kennedy Road East. 72 feet of 10" main was laid at junction of Johnston and Hennessy Roads, Praya East Reclamation.
Aberdeen Valley Scheme.--Work on the Upper Dam was con- tinued and by the end of the year concrete had reached 285 A.O.D.
About two thirds of the 18′′ diam. steel supply main was laid by the end of the year and the tunnel at Sandy Bay Gap was about haif completed.
Contracts for the Lower Pumping Station, Fast Gravity Filters at Elliot, and 1st section of the East Catchwater were let and works commenced.
Kowloon.-3,700 feet of 6", 1,143 feet of 4" and 500 feet of 3" mains were laid to keep up with development.
New Kowloon.-626 feet of 10", 1.046 feet of 8". 1,664 feet of 6′′ and 300 feet of 5" mains were laid to keep up with development.
New Territories.-Improvements to the Taipo supply main were made.
Shing Mun Valley Scheme.-The Eastern half of the Shek- laipui Service Reservoir was completed and brought into use and the Western half was nearly completed by the end of the year.
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16
The 24" diam. steel main was completed and connections were made to the Kowloon distribution system at Gascoigne and Salisbury Roads.
The laying of the Cross Harbour Pipe Line was completed and connections made at Hong Kong and Kowloon. The laying of the submarine section took fifty-seven working days. The pipe line was in use throughout the Summer.
Works on the Byewash Reservoir was continued and the level of the concrete had reached 330 A.O.D. by the end of the year.
2nd section.-Surveys and investigations were continued.
RECLAMATIONS.
Hong Kong.-Shaukiwan reclamation, about 21 acres was com- pleted.
New Kowloon.-The covering of refuse dumped at Cheung Sha Wan by the Sanitary Department resulted in the extension of the reclamation by 3.34 acres bringing the total area now reclaimed to 10.7 acres.
The work of bringing the Kai Tak Reclamation to finished levels was continued. The sea wall at Shamshuipo aggregating 1,580 lineal feet in length was completed and work on a further extension of the wall was commenced.
New Territories.-The Standard Oil Company continued with the formation of a site at Lai Chi Kok.
PIERS.
Hong Kong. The construction of a pier 150 feet in length and 50 feet in width was commenced on the sea front near Wilmer Street.
Kowloon. The construction of a pier at Mong Kok Tsui was completed less the roofing over the deck.
New Kowloon.-The construction of a pier at Shamshuipo made similar progress to that at Mong Kok Tsui.
VIII.-Public Health.
The estimated population of the Colony is as follows:-
(1) Non Chinese
19,000
(2) Chinese-
City of Victoria,
592,100
Villages of Hong Kong
47,000
Kowloon (and New Kowloon)
307,250
Population afloat (Junks & Sampaus) New Territories
109,050
97,000
Total Chinese population
1,152,400
Total Civil population
1,171,400
1920-1930
17
371
The population of Hong Kong is a very variable one and, owing to the large unstable, floating population, and to partial birth registration, no reliable means are available for estimation. For purposes of statistics, the estimated population of the New Territories has been subtracted.
The Crude Birth Rate for the year 1930 was 10.36 per 1.000; 10.19 per 1,000 among the Chinese Community and 19.89 per 1,000 among the non-Chinese.
These figures are very inaccurate and unreliable owing to incom- plete registration of Chinese births (especially females) and immigra- tion. There are signs, however, that registration is increasing among the Chinese Community. The non-Chinese rate is more trustwor ́hy.
The Crude Death Rate was 15.14 per 1,000; 15.51 per 1.000 among the Chinese Community and 9.79 per 1,000 among the non- Chinese. As registration is essential before burial can take place the figures for deaths are much more accurate and reliable than those for births.
The ratio of Infantile Deaths (under 1 year) to total deaths for the year 1930 was 38.16%, the figures for 1929 and 1928 being 38.74% and 29.5% respectively.
The Zymotic Death rate was 0.36 per mille population.
The returns of the 1931 census were not available when these returns were compiled and the figures quoted represent en estimate only.
The deaths from Notifiable Infectious Diseases in order of incidence were as follows:
Disease.
Chinese
Non- Chinese
Total
1
Small Pox
(Typhoid
249
249
74
5
79
2
Paratyphoid
3 Diphtheria
41
41
4 Cerebro Spinal Fever
11
2
13
5 Puerperal Fever
10
1
11
6 Plague
Total
385
00
8
393
372
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
18
There was an epidemic of Smallpox in the last quarter of the year which is still in progress (February 1930); up to 31st December, 1929, there were 149 cases notified of which 119 or 79% have died.
The deaths from special Diseases and locally important causes were as follows.-
Disease.
Nea.
Chinese
Total
Chinese
Malaria
507
3
515 (1)
Beri-beri
635
635 (2)
Respiratory Diseases :-
Tuberculosis (pulmonary) and Phthisis
1,969
25
Non-tubercular
4,391
27
Other forms of Tuberculosis
841
Venereal disease (Syphilis)
336
Dysentery
209
Heart disease & Heart failure...
417
RAP19
4,418
1,994 (3)
5
846
336
209
16
433
Infantile enteritis and Gastro-
enteritis (under 1 year)
1,463
1,466
(1) Further antimalarial work is needed in the Colony but many of the cases are likely to have been imported from China.
(2) There is considerable doubt as to the accuracy of these figures as the disease is by no means easy to diagnose or differentiate.
(3) The total figure for Respiratory Diseases and Pulmonary Tuberculosis is 6,412. The climate and conditions of the Colony are most inimical to cure.
The deaths reported in the Coroners' Returns (Chinese only) are as follows, classified according to age and sex:--
Age Periods.
1 Under 1 year
2 Over 2 years
Total
Males
Females
2,329
2,613
1,047
493
3,376
3,106
1920-1930
19
373
These figures include a very large proportion of dumped bodies, especially heavy among infants. This dangerous and revolting practice is hard to eradicate amongst an ignorant population, but further steps are being taken which, it is hoped, may lead to improve-
ment.
277:
Suicides and Deaths from Accidents or Violence amounted to
(i) Chinese (ii) Non-Chinese
252
25
There were no cases of human plague reported in 1930.
Systematic rat catching was carried out throughout the year, the total number of rats and mice destroyed being 141,286, (Hong Kong 88,842, Kowloon 52,444). Of these none were reported from mortuaries as Flague infected.
the
The routine work authorised under the by-laws for the Prevention of epidemic endemic and contagious or infectious disease was carried out throughout the year; 123,164 floors were cleansed in Hong Kong and 57,788 floors in Kowloon. Practically all premises were cleansed twice in the year, many were cleansed three times and a few four times. Systematic limewashing of all domestic premises within the areas specified which are occupied by the members of more than one family was similarly supervised, 29,797 floors being limewashed in Hong Kong and 14,104 in Kowloon.
These two measures ensure a fair standard of cleanliness amongst the poorer classes of the community.
There were no human cases of hydrophobia throughout the year; 125 dogs were placed under observation and seven dog brains were examined by the Government Bacteriologist for evidence of rabies.
GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS.
Civil Hospital.-This hospital consists of three blocks and contains 225 beds in 23 wards. At times of pressure this number has been increased to 230 beds. 100 beds are allotted to the University Clinic. 4,788 In-patients were treated (5,108 in 1929). Of these 1,124 were under the Staff of the University (1,385 in 1929). The daily average number of patients was 184. Attendances at the Out-patient Department numbered 45,682. (52,127 in 1929). The greater part of the work of this Department is done by the Staff of the University.
Attached to the hospital is an isolated Maternity Hospital containing 21 beds. 760 patients were treated during the year (807 in 1929). All the patients, except a few treated by the Government Medical Officers, were under the care of the University Professor of Obstetrics and his assistants. Of those treated, one was European and the remainder Asiatics.
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20
-
Mental Hospital.-The Hospital is situated close to the Civil Hospital and is under the direction of the Medical Officer in charge of that hospital. European and Chinese patients are separated, the European. portion containing fourteen beds in separate wards and the Chinese portion eighteen beds.
293 patients of all races were treated during 1930 and there were eight deaths.
The Infectious Diseases Hospital is situated on the western outskirts of the city-it is used mainly for the treatment of Small- pox. The Hospital contains 26 beds to which seven patients were admitted (40 in 1929).
Victoria Hospital. This hospital is situated on the Peak and consists of a Main Block and a Maternity Block.
There are 42 beds in the main block in which 500 patients were treated, and 32 beds in the Maternity Block in which 82 were treated.
Kowloon Hospital.-Situated on the mainland has 57 beds. 1,694 patients were treated in 1930 as compared with 1,277 in 1929.
TUNG WAH HOSPITAL (Government aided).
Number of beds
460
Number of patients treated in 1930
12,772
Number of patients treated in 1929
12,806
INFECTIOUS DISEASES BRANCH.
Number of beds
Number of patients treated in 1930
Number of patients treated in 1929
63
73
186
KWONG WAN HOSPITAL, KOWLOON, (Governinent aided).
Number of beds
292
Number of patients treated in 1930
9,777
Number of patients treated in 1929
9,065
TUNG WAH EASTERN HOSPITAL (Government aided).
Number of beds
120
Number of patients treated in 1930 ..
3,122
Number of patients treated in 1929
223
(Hospital opened November, 1929).
The above Hospitals are under the supervision of a Visiting Medical Officer who is a member of the Government Medical Depart- ment.
1920-1930
-
21
IX.-Education.
375
The total numbers of pupils at schools in the Colony, excluding the Police School, are:-
Number of Pupils
English
Vernacular
Total
Schools
Schools
Government Schools
4,172
456
4,628
Military Schools
244
244
Excluded Private School
125
125
Grant Schools
4,738
911
5,649
Vernacular Schools, Urban
District
39,152
39,152
Vernacular Schools, Rural
District ....
4,849
4,849
Private English Schools
6,748
6,748
Technical Institute
798
798
Total
16,825
45,368
62,193
The chief Government Schools are Queen's College, King's College, and three District Schools for Chinese boys, the Belilios Public School for Chinese girls, the Vernacular Middle School and two Vernacular Normal Schools, and the Ellis Kadoorie School for Indians.
The Central British School and Kowloon Junior, Victoria, and Quarry Bay Schools for children of British parentage have an average attendance of 320. There is also a school for children of the Feak District with an average attendance of 48.
There are six Grant-in-Aid Anglo-Chinese Schools for boys nd six for girls, and four Grant-in-Aid Vernacular Schools for girls.
The Hong Kong Technical Institute affords an opportunity for high education of students who have left school. Instruction was given in 1930 in Building Construction, Field Surveying, Chemistry (Practical), Metallurgy, Physics, Electricity, English, Shorthand, Physical Instruction and Seamanship. Classes for men and women teachers, both "English" and "Vernacular" are a feature of the Institute.
The lecturers are recruited from members of the medical and educational professions in the Colony, and from the Department of Public Works, and receive fees for their services. The Institute is furnished with a well equipped chemical laboratory and excellent physical apparatus.
376
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
22
The expenditure of the Education Department in 1930 was $1,662,179.55 and the revenue collected from Government School fees was $209,945.02.
THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG.
The University of Hong Kong was incorporated under a local University Ordinance, 1911, and opened in 1912. It is a residential University and open to students of both sexes.
The late Sir Hormusjee Mody bore the entire expense of the erection of the main building and additions have been made through the liberality of benefactors of varied nationality and domicile. The latest addition to the buildings is a workshop built out of a contribution from Sir Robert Ho Tung.
1
The annual income of the University now amounts to about $892,000 of which about $290,000 comes from endowments and $390,000 from Government. Messrs. Butterfield and Swire gave £40,000 to the original endowment fund and subsequently $100,000 for engineering equipment. The Rockfeller Institution has endowed the University with three chairs in surgery, medicine and obstetrics, the endowment being in each case $250,000.
The Government Grant was increased in 1930 from $90,000 to $390,000 to meet additional Expenditure due mainly to the fall in Exchange.
The annual expenditure now amounts to about $846,000.
The University includes the three Faculties of Medicine, Engineering and Arts. Admission to all faculties is conditional upon passing the matriculation examination of the University or some examination recognised as equivalent thereto.
The Faculty of Medicine provides a six year course of study in the usual pre-medical and medical sciences, leading to the degree of M.B. and B.S. The degrees of M.D., and M.S., may be obtained for postgraduate work. The degrees above mentioned are recognised by the General Medical Council for registration in Great Britain.
The Faculty of Engineering provides a four year course in practical and theoretical engineering, leading to the degree of B.Sc., (Eng.). Fourth year students specialize in civil, mechanical or electrical engineering. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.Sc., (Eng.).
The Faculty of Arts includes departments of pure arts and science, social science, commerce and a department for training teachers. The course is in all cases one of four years and leads to the degree of B.A. The degree for post-graduate work is that of M.A.
With a view to securing the maintenance of the desired standardl --which is in all three faculties that of a British University degree- external examiners are, in all faculties, associated with the internal examiners in all annual final examinations. In the Faculty of
1920-1930
23
377
Engineering, but not in other faculties, degrees with honours are granted, the standard being assessed by special examiners choseu from amongst the external examiners in the University of London.
The degree of LL.D., is granted honoris causa.
The site of the University was given by the Government of Hong Kong. As subsequently enlarged by minor grants and by purchase, the University estate covers an area of about 800,000 sq. ft. The view from the grounds over the harbour is magnificent and the grounds are naturally beautiful.
In the main buildings are housed the chemical and physical laboratories, the University library and' portions of the engineering laboratories. They further include the Great Hall, a Senate room and the lecture and class rooms used by the Faculty of Arts and for general purposes.
Special medical buildings include schools of anatomy, physiology, pathology and tropical medicine, erected at the cost of Chinese gentlemen resident in the Colony. Clinical instruction is given at the Government Civil Hospital.
Special engineering buildings include :----
(a) a power station, with internal combustion engines of varied types which are maintained for instructiona! purposes;.
(b) a primemovers (steam) and hydraulics laboratory, at present housed in a converted pumping station, formerly the property of the Government; and.
(c) A workshop, for practical instruction of students.
Electrical machinery, electrical technology, the testing materials and experimental mechanics are dealt with in the main building.
The larger part of the engineering equipment was the gift of British engineering firms.
Other buildings upon the estate include:-
(a) the Vice-Chancellor's Lodge
(b) Staff-quarters
(c) the resident hostels
() the University Union Building, and
(e) The School for Chinese Studies, which is in process of construction and will probably be ready for occupation by the end of the year 1931.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
24
Unless exempted from residence (such exemption being ordinarily granted on the ground that the student's "manner of life" is not such as is catered for in the hostels), every matriculated student is required to reside either in a University or recognised hostel.
The University hostels are three in number-Lugard Hall, Eliot Hall and May Hall.
Recognised hostels are at present three in number-Morrison Hall, situated immediately above the University grounds and conducted by the London Missionary. Society, St. John's Hall, im- mediately opposite the front of the University, conducted by the Church Missionary Society and Ricci Hall which is situated in Pokfulam Road and is conducted by the Irish Jesuits. It was opened in January 1930.
Each student occupies a separate room or cubicle, and there are the usual common rooms. Each University hostel is in charge of a member of the staff, as resident warden.
No University hostel at present exists for women students- whose right to admission to the University was first recognised in 1921: but some arrangements for the accommodation of a few women students in a rented building have been made by the authorities of St. Stephen's Girls' College, a Church of England girls' school which is near the University. The nuns of a neighbouring Italian convent are also prepared to house a few women students.
The tuition fee is $400-the hostel fee which includes board and lodging is $300. Students who are allowed to live in a hostel during a vacation some have to because of their work, e.g. medical students, and others because their homes are too far away--pay at the rate of $8 a week. When a student joins he is required to deposit caution money to the extent of $25, and to pay a registration fee of $5. The annual subscription to the University Union is $20 and this covers the annual subscription to practically all the athletic clubs. The graduation fee is $25. Probably about $1,400 repre- sents the minimum amount which at present prices would cover a student's annual expenses including vacations. It would cost Chinese student who goes abroad $4,500 a year at the very least and this would not cover travelling expenses.
Numerous scholarships are available, including the King Edward VII Scholarships founded by His Majesty's Government. There are also scholarships provided by the Government of Hong Kong, and by private individuals and firms.
The Union is the centre of the social life of the students. It is at once a Club and a centre of athletics. The Union Committee contains certain members of the University teaching, staff, but its President and Secretary are undergraduates elected by the under- graduates. The undergraduate members of the Committee are also elected by their fellow students. There is a Union magazine with
1920-1930
25
379
English and Chinese sections. The editors are students, a member of the teaching staff acting as assistant editor. There are forty women students; these women students are all members of the Union.
Students of the University come from Kuangtung, Ho Pe, Hankow, Hupeh, Yunnan,
Hupeh, Yunnan, Hunan, Shanghai, Pekin, Fukien, Singapore, Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Kedah, Johore, Java, Manila, Burma, Siam, Japan, India, Macao, Harbin, the Philippine Islands and Borneo. The present enrolment is 336 of whom 286 are Chinese and 50 non-Chinese.
X.-Lands and Surveys.
LAND GRANTS AND GENERAL VALUE OF LAND.
The amount of premium received from Sales of Crown Land and Pier Rights, exclusive of the New Territories, during the year 1920 was $2,060,259.06, an increase of $68!,957.32 over the preceding year. The principal items were $109,250 for Inland Lots 3053/4, (Jockey Club Stables); $100,600 for K.I.L. 2372 (an area at Prince Edward Road), and $280,875 for K.M.L. 100 at Tai Wan.
The amount of premium received from Sales of Crown Land and Pier Rights, in the New Territories during the year 1930, was $795,631.22, being an increase of $247,318.97 over the year 1929. The principal items were $54,100 for N.K.I.L. 1403, $53,500 for N.K.I.L. 1414 and $100,625 for N.K.I.L. 1419.
The foregoing increases indicate that there is still a good demand for building land.
The total area of land leased during the year was 632 acres and 5-9/10 poles which is a considerable increase on the preceding
year.
The total area resumed re-entered and surrendered was 208 acres 2 roods and 31-1/10 poles.
There was
an increased demand for shop-building sites at Tai Po and Un Long Markets in the Northern District of the New Territories, but in the former place applications fell through because of formation and levelling difficulties. The demand for land for agricultural purposes in the District steadily increases.
In the Southern District of the New Territories there was an apparent decline in the demand for building sites, but there was a fair demand for agricultural land.
XI. Labour.
During the year the fall in exchange led to a considerable rise in prices of articles imported from countries having a gold standard. Local products were however not affected to any great extent and good harvests helped to maintain the cost of rice at something like
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
26-
its normal figure. Conditions in most trades remained quiet and the only disputes of importance arose from the attempts made by employers in one or two trades to reduce wages-attempts which were in most cases successfully resisted.
During the year the regulations dealing with the employment of women and children were amended to prohibit the employment of women and young persons in factories between the hours of 9 p.m. and 7 a.m., and the minimum age at which children may be employed was raised from 10 to 12 years.
XII. Legislation.
Thirty-two Ordinances were passed during 1930. They comprised two appropriation, twenty-one amendment or revision, three consolida- tion, two incorporation and two mixed Ordinances as well as two which dealt with subjects which were new to the Colony though obtaining elsewhere.
The Appropriation Ordinance (No. 19) applied a sum not exceeding $23,365,335 to the public service of the year 1931, and Ordinance No. 5 appropriated a supplementary sum of $304,538.83 to defray the charges of the year 1929.
Of the amending Ordinances calling for special remark No. 11 requires newspapers registered under the Printers and Publishers Ordinance, 1927, to deposit $3.000 as security available for the pay- ment of fines and damages for libel. No. 7 makes the 10th October, which is observed by the Chinese as their National Day, a permanent general holiday and transfers to the first Monday in September the general holiday previously appointed for the second Monday in October. No. 9 makes provision for connecting the system of the Hong Kong Telephone Company Ltd. with the trunk telephone line. which is being laid from Canton to the British border. No. 12 gives conditional legal sanction to the ordinary club sweepstakes on horse and pony races, but prohibits the sale of tickets otherwise than on the course during a race-meeting. Nos. 13 and 14 provide for the continuity of Office of the Registrar of Companies with regard to deposits by Life and Fire Marine Insurance Companies. No. 17 gives the court a discretion as to the acceptance of a plea of guilty in capital cases and abolishes the old presumption of law that an offence com- mitted by a wife in the presence of her husband is to be deemed as committed under his coercion. No. 18 favs down rules for the construction of future stairways which will make for safety in cases of fire. No. 21 gives effect to an arrangement between H.M. Govern- ment and the United States Government to ensure notification of the death of. U.S. citizens to the nearest Consular officer under the Washington Convention. No. 27 simplifies the procedure of resumption of Crown lands. No. 30 amends the Stamp Ordinance, 1921, and raises the duty, inter alia, on cheques and receipts from 5 to 10 cents but in the latter case exempts amounts not exceeding $20.
1
1920-1930
27
381
The Pilots (No. 11), Pawnbrokers (No. 16) and the District Watch Force (No. 23) Ordinances are consolidatory in character; but contain some new provisions. Licensed pilots are in general to be British subjects. Many of the provisions of the Pilots Ordinance are taken from the Pilotage Act, 1931. Provision for charging simple interest only is made in the Pawnbrokers Ordinance. Penalties are provided for the impersonation of members of the District Watch Force.
Ordinance No. 8 incorporates the Committee of the Sailors' Home and Mission to Seamen on the lines usual in such cases. No. 15 in- corporates the Colonial Treasurer to facilitate the taking of securities on behalf of the Government. Nos. 2 and 31 are mixed in character as they respectively incorporate the Trustees of the Church of England in the Diocese of Victoria Hong Kong and the Tung Wah Hospital, repeal previous Ordinances relating to these subjects and establish constitutional regulations for the bodies so incorporated.
The new subjects for legislation were taxation of light hydrocarbon oils dealt with by the Motor Spirit Ordinance (No. 4) and the im position of duties in respect of admission to entertainments (Ordin- ance No. 28).
XIII.-Miscellaneous.
EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION,
One hundred and eighty eight thousand nine hundred (188,900) Emigrants left Hong Kong for various places during the year 1930, of these 93,580 were carried in British ships and 95,320 in Foreign vessels.
Two hundred and twenty-three thousand one hundred and thirty- six (223,136) returning emigrants were reported to have been brought to Hong Kong from the several places to which they had emigrated either from this Colony or from Coast ports as against 185,390 in 1929. Of these 118,674 were brought in British vessels and 104,462 in Foreign vessels.
Statement of number of emigrants to Straits Settlements 1921- 1930 as compared with total number of emigrants from Hong Kong
Total No. of
To Straits Settlements.
Emigrants.
1921
87,324
156,011
1922
50,356
98,393
1923
65,584
120,224
1924
75,682
129,859
1925
97,552
140,534
1926
157,285-
216,527
1927
202,408
285,593
1928
169,741
257,162
1929
146,516
227,523
1930
121,385
188,900
382
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
28
INSTITUTIONS.
Among institutions recognised and encouraged, but not to any considerable extent supported by Government may be mentioned the Po Leung Kuk, the Eyre Refuge, the City Hall, and the Chinese Public Dispensaries.
The Po Leung Kuk Society was founded in 1878 to aid in the detection and suppression of kidnapping, especially of girls and women, and to shelter such girls or women
women as had been kidnapped in the interior and brought to Hong Kong for sale or emigration. Its name means "institution for the protection of good women.' The initiative in its formation came from the Chinese themselves, and ever since by subscription and personal service, they have continued to support it.
It
There is a paid Chinese staff-matron, amahs and nurses, and two clerks who are secretaries to the managing committee. This Com- mittee meets every evening from Monday to Friday at 7 p.m., the principal meeting of the week being held at 12 noon on Sunday. not only manages the Po Leung Kuk, but acts as an advisory com- mittee to the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, in all cases affecting women and children, and Chinese family life generally, which are often extremely difficult and tedious. It corresponds when necessary with charitable institutions and private persons in various parts of China, traces parents of lost children or ill-treated mui tsai, and shelters for the night any Chinese woman or girl who chooses to go. When parents or relations cannot be traced, the Committee arranges for the girls in its care to be given in marriage (never as con- cubines) or in adoption, always under bond and always with the consent of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs; and in every case that officer ascertains the girl's willingness before giving consent to either adoption or marriage.
In addition to the annual Committee appointed by co-option there is a Permanent Committee, which serves to maintain continuity of policy, and of which the Secretary for Chinese Affairs is the ex- officio chairman.
The number of inmates of the Po Leung Kuk on 1st January, 1930, was 53 and during the year 469 persons were admitted as against 636 in 1929. The existing premises of this institution having become inadequate for the demand made upon it, Government gave a new site in the Eastern part of the town to enable a more commodious building to be erected.
The Chinese Public Dispensaries are institutions maintained in order to provide the Chinese with the services of doctors, whose certificates will be accepted by the Registrar of Deaths, and with
1920-1930
29
383
the services of interpreters, who can assist the inmates of houses, where a case of infectious disease has occurred. Coolies are engaged and ambulances and dead vans provided in order to remove cases of infectious disease to the Infectious Diseases Hospital and dead bodies to the Mortuary. The Dispensaries receive sick infants and send them to one or other of the Convents and arrange for the burial of dead infants. Free advice and medicine are given and patients are attended at their houses. There are eight Dispensaries in existence. The Government makes an annual grant of $2,000, and the rest of the cost is cost is defrayed by voluntary subscription. The Dispensaries are conducted by committees under the chairmanship of the Secretary for Chinese Affairs.
The Tung Wah Hospital, opened in 1872, is mainly supported by the voluntary subscriptions of Chinese. but receives annual grants from the Government amounting to $20,500. Only Chinese are treated in this institution. Various other services not appertain- ing to a hospital are performed by the institution, such as the free burial of the poor, the repatriation of destitutes, the maintenance of free vernacular schools, and the organisation of charitable relief in emergencies; Chinese as well as European methods of treatment are employed in accordance with the wishes expressed by the patients or their friends.
The Kwong Wa Hospital, opened in 1912, is situated on the Kowloon peninsula at Yaumati. About 50% of its expenditure is met by grants from Government and the balance by voluntary subscrip- tions.
The Tung Wah Eastern Branch Hospital, erected and equipped at a cost of over $300,000, was opened in November 1929. In 1930 two new wings were added costing $50.000.
These hospitals are now managed by a Joint Committee of Chinese gentlemen annually elected in accordance with the provisions of the Tung Wah Hospital Ordinance of 1930.
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
385
HISTORICAL
AND
STATISTICAL ABSTRACT
OF THE
COLONY
OF
HONG KONG
1841-1930
THIRD EDITION
PRINTED BY NORONHA & COMPANY,
GOVERNMENT PRINTERS, HONG KONG
1932
386
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
First Edition 1911
Second Edition 1922
Third Edition 1932
1920-1930
iii
First Preface.
387
The Principal Events and notes on Trade and Industry for the period prior to the close of Sir JOHN POPE HENNESSY'S administration in March, 1882, have been taken largely from Dr. E. J. EITEL'S History of Hong Kong. The information under these headings subse- quent to that date has been mainly extracted from official publications. The notes on Public Works have been furnished by the Director of that department. In the brief summary of Legislation the Ordinances in force at the end of 1901 have been given the numbers they bear in Sir JOHN CARRINGTON's edition.
Under the heading Trade the figures dealing with ships cleared and entered exclude steam-launches and junks whether engaged in foreign or local trade. The excess in numbers of emigrants returned over emigrants left is accounted for by many that leave from various Treaty Ports of China returning via Hong Kong.
Under Finance the percentage of expenditure devoted to Non-effective Charges is based on the inclusion under that head of Pensions and Interest. General Administration covers the Governor's Office, the Colonial Secretary's, Registrar General's and Audit Departments, the Treasury, the Post Office, the Harbour Department, the Observatory, Charitable Allowances, Transport and Miscellaneous Services. Law and Order include the Supreme Court, Magistracy, Law Officers, Land Registry, Police, Fire Brigade and Gaol. The Botanical and Afforestation as well as the Medical and Sanitary Depart- ments are included under Public Health. Public Instruction comprises the Education Department, Queen's College and Ecclesiastical Allowances; Public Works covers the Public Works establishment as well annually recurrent and extraordinary works. Defence includes the Military Contribution and Volunteers.
as
388
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
iv
The statistics given under Climate were obtained from various sources prior to 1884 when the Observatory at Kowloon was established.
The Population statistics prior to 1869 are exclusive and for that and subsequent years inclusive of the Army and Navy in the Colony. Except for the years 1904 and 1905, when the population of New Kowloon, i.e., of the New Territories South of the Kowloon Hills, is included, these statistics do not take those Territorics into consideration. The population of the New Terri- tories according to the Census taken in 1901 was 102,254 of which 17,243 were in New Kowloon.
Under Public Instruction the figures given from the year 1875 onward show the number of Grant-in-Aid Schools in place of the number of Mission Schools, and the average daily attendance in place of the total num- ber of scholars, as the progress of education is considered to be thereby more correctly indicated. In the earlier years the total number of schools under European super- vision and of scholars enrolled in them are alone avail- able.
The statistics under the heading Public Order require no comment. Those under Defence referring to regular troops are taken from returns by the Principal Medical Officer.
GOVERNMENT HOUSE,
December, 1906.
M. NATHAN.
1920-1930
V
Second Preface.
389
In 1910 it was decided that the Historical and Statistical Abstract, being a most useful record for reference, should be printed as a separate publication once in every 10 years, the unexpired decade only appearing in the Civil Service List, the first issue of this separate record to be compiled and published in 1911-up to and including 1910.
Under Finance a new sub-head has been added for 1910, Undertakings of Government. This column includes the Post Office and Kowloon-Canton Railway. Previously the Post Office had been included in General Administration.
To the Departments under Public Order has been added District Office. A District Officer was appointed for the New Territories on 23rd September, 1907.
Queen's College is no longer a separate Department. On 20th May, 1909, the Secretary of State approved of its being brought under the Education Department.
The Army and Navy and the New Territories have been included in the figures shown under Population since the year 1907. The figures given are approximate only except for the years in which a census has been taken.
GOVERNMENT HOUSE,
1st April, 1911.
F. D. LUGARD.
east view
INFORMATION SERVICES
1920-1930
391
1
(1.)-HISTORY.
PRINCIPAL EVENTS, TRADE AND INDUSTRIES,
PUBLIC WORKS, LEGISLATION.
1841.
Captain Charles Elliot, R.N., administered from
26.1.1841 to 10.8.1841.
Principal Events.-II.K. is taken over (26/1) and Govt. administered by Capt. ELLIOT as Chief Superintendent of the Trade of Br. subjects in China in accordance with proclamation issued by him (29/1). which also declared that Chinese should be governed according to laws of China and others according to laws of Gr. Britain. 2nd proclamation (1/2) promised free exercise of religious rites, social customs and private rights. Br. and foreign merchants came from Macao to prospect (Feb.). "Building commenced (March). Messrs. Jardine, Matheson & Co. erected first substantial house and godowns at East Point. Military and naval establishments first located near West Point and mer- cantile centre at Wong Nei Cheong Valley but this proved too unhealthy. Chinese settled to W. of this valley in "the Canton Bazaar" and near site of later Central Market in the Bazaar". About 2,000 Tan-ka or boat people came to Colony. In 1st issue of H.K. Govt. Gazette (1/5) Ch. Magistrate appointed and in 2nd issue (15/5) original census published. Proclamation of 7/6 declared H.K. a free port. At 1st sale of lands, subse- quently disallowed, 33 marine lots aggregating about 9 acres sold for total annual rent of £3,032. Outbreak of malignant malarial fever in June, violent typhoons on 21-22 & 25-20/7 and destructive fire on 12/8 retarded progress of new Colony. Harbour Master, Clerk of Works, Colonial Surgeon and Land Officer appointed.
392
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
2
1842.
Sir Henry Pottinger, Bart., G.C.B., in charge of Govern- meni from 11.8.1841 to 25.6.1843; Governor 26.6.1843 to 7.5.1844.
(Mr. A. R. Johnston administered during the latter half
of 1841 and 1842).
Principal Events.-Establishment of Superin- tendent of Trade moved from Macao to H.K. (27/2). Treaty of Nanking (29/8) confirmed cession of H.K. On conclusion of war fleet and troops, except garrison of 700, left and arrangements made to bring local affairs under Col. Office, Superintendency of Trade, held by Gov., still remaining under Foreign Office. Post Office organized. Committee appointed (29/3) to investigate claims to land and lay out town; main street called Queen's Road. Baptist Chapel opened there (7/7). "Friend of China" newspaper established (17/3).
Trade & Industries.-Mexican and other Repub- lican dollars declared to be standard in all matters of trade (27/4).
Public Works.-Barracks erected on Canton- ment Hill, at Stanley and at Aberdeen. Central Market, subsequently removed to site on other side of Queen's Road, opened (10/6). Road constructed from Wong Nei Cheong to Shau Ki Wan.
1843.
Principal Events.-Following on Royal Warrant appointing the Chief Superintendent of Trade, Sir HENRY POTTINGER, to be Gov. & C. in C. of the Colony of H.K. and its Dependencies, Col. Govt. was organized with a Lieut. Gov., Col. Sec., Treasurer, Chinese Sec., Legal Adviser, Col. Surgeon, Col. Chaplain, Ch. Magist., Harbour Mr., Col. Surveyor and Land Officer, and Post- master. Also 18 officials and 26 unofficials appointed J.s of P., City named "Victoria" (29/6). Col. Chaplain
1920-1930
3
393
first officiated in matshed church (24/12); he started St Paul's College for training Chinese to be C. of E. ministers. R. C. church in Wellington Street con- secrated (18/6). Mosque built. Morrison Education Society, transferred from Macao, opened school on Mor- rison Hill (11/1). Hosps. established by Med. Missionary Society and by naval and milit. authorities. Health very bad; between May and Oct. 21% of troops and 10% of European civilians died of fever. Committee of Public Health and Cleanliness appointed. Attempts made to check land jobbing.
Trade & Industries.-At end of year 12 large English firms, 10 English merchants on smaller scale and about 6 Indian firms. As a result of peace junk trade declined and opening of 5 treaty ports including Shanghai (11/1) adversely affected trade of H.K. First H.K. built vessel "The Celestial" of 80 tons launched from patent slip at E. Point (7/2).
Legislation.-Royal Instructions of 6/4 con- stituted Ex. and Leg. Councils, each of 3 members exclusive of Gov.
1844.
Governor Sir John Francis Davis, Bart., (8.5.1844 to
18.3.1818).
(Major-General G. C. D'Aguilar administered on various
occasions).
Principal Events.-Attempt to regulate popula- tion by Registration Ord. opposed at first public meeting in H.K. (28/10) and by general strike (30/10). Supreme Court opened (1/10). Police force organized (1/5) At land sale on 22/1 101 lots aggregating 25ac. sold for £2,562 annual rental. Anglo-Ch. College for training Ch. ministers opened by London Miss. Soc., Seamen's Hosp. built by public subscription (38/9). Tai Ping Shan Market started. Amateur Dramatic Club formed (18/12).
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
4
Trade & Industries.-Trade, except in opium, declined, partly owing to restrictions imposed by Ch. authorities under Sir H. POTTINGER'S Supplementary Treaty of 8/10/43. Piracy around H.K. also affected junk trade. First opium ord. passed (26/11) and farm let for $720 p.m. Salt tax instituted.
Legislation.-First sitting of Leg. Council (11/1). Land Registration Ord. (No. 1) established office for registration of conveyance of realty and made provision for security of titles.
1845.
Principal Events.-Police rates introduced and house property rated after some opposition. Consul for U. S. A. appointed (12/11). P. & O, S, N. Co. started monthly mail steamers (1/8). School for English chil- dren and Union Church opened. "China Mail" news- paper started (20/2).
Trade & Industries.-Attempt made to put currency on gold basis soon failed. Branch of Oriental Bank Corporation established (April). Opium farm let for $1,710 p.m.
Public Works.-Wong Nei Cheong Valley drained, road made round it, and colonial cemetery with chapel opened. Road constructed from Shau Ki Wan to Tytam (5.3 m.). 3 landing Piers on City front and 3 Police Stations in City built. Temporary Govt. Ho. completed (11/1).
Legislation. Summary Offences Ord. (No. 1)
passed.
1846.
Principal Events.-Much friction between judicial and executive branches of Govt. Vice-Admiralty Court established (4/3). Consuls for Denmark and Portugal appointed (11 & 12/3). H.K. Club opened (26/5).
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5
395
Trade & Industries.-Junk trade revived. Attempt of merchants to obtain protection for tea shipped at H.K. failed. Opium farm let for $1,560 p.m.
1847.
Principal Events. Sir J. DAVIS made ineffec- tual milit. expedition to Canton (2/4 to 8/4) to secure fulfilment of terms of Nanking Treaty of 1842. Also failed in attempt to establish commercial relations with Annam (Oct.). Difficulties between judicial and execu- tive branches of Govt. culminated in trial of Ch. Justice by Ex. Council (22/11). Parliamentary Comm appointed (March) to enquire into commercial relations in China reported adversely on monopolies, petty regulations and expensive establishment in H.K. Milit. authorities decided to erect defensible barracks at Stanley (8/3). Foundation stone of St. John's Cathedral laid (11/3). China Branch of Royal Asiatic Soc. organized (15/1). Court ho. purchased from Dent & Co.
Trade & Industries.-Licences substituted for opium farm.
Public Works.-Magistracy, Victoria Gaol (re- constructed in 1865) and Police Stations at Queen's Road East (now abolished) and at Aberdeen (since superseded) constructed. 2,440 yards of City drains laid.
1848.
Governor Sir Samuel George Bonham, G.C.B., (20.3.1818
to 12.4.1854.)
(Major-General Staveley, C.B., administered on various
occasions up to 25.2.1851).
Principal Events.-Large excess of expenditure over revenue required reduction in establishments and stoppage of Public Works.. Colonial Hosp. organized (1/10). 13 vessels lost in tvphoon (31/8-1/9). Amateur Dramatic Club-revived. (2/12).
396
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
6
Trade & Industries.-Opening up of goldfields in Sacramento Valley initiated commerce and coolie emigration to San Francisco which grew rapidly in following years. H.K. & Canton Steam Packet Co.
established (19/10).
Public Works.-Govt. Offices near Cathedral and Court house in Queen's Road completed and road from Aberdeen to Stanley (63 m.) constructed.
1849.
Principal Events.-HIEN FUNG became Emperor of China (25/2). Sir G. BONHAM's interview with Viceroy SEN (17/2) failed to gain permission for mer- chants to enter Canton City. 83 pirate junks destroyed (Oct.). 15 Justices of Peace selected by Gov. to advise him. Commission of enquiry into land tenure appointed (Oct.). St. John's Cathedral opened (11/3) and placed under Bishop of Victoria created by Letters Patent of 11/5. Various missionary schools including the one for English children had to be closed for want of support. Victoria Regatta Club formed (25/10).
Trade & Industries.-P. & O. S. N. Co. com- menced running regular steamer between H.K. and Shanghai.
Legislation.-Various Ords. connected with administration of justice passed this year were superseded later.
1850.
13
Principal Events.-Revolt originating in Kwang Si afterwards developed into Tai Ping rebellion. pirate junks destroyed in Mirs Bay (4/3). 136 men of 59th Regt. died out of strength of 568, mostly from fever. Plague broke out in Canton in May but did not
1920-1930
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397
spread to H.K. London Mission Hosp. closed for want of funds. First Bishop-G. SMITH-arrived (29/3): became chairman of Educational Committee which administered Govt. grants to schools and took charge of St. Paul's College.
Trade & Industries.-Attempt of Canton Hoppo to prevent H.K. river steamers carrying cargo from H.K. to Canton checked.
Legislation.-Two unofficial members nominated by J.s of P. to Leg. Council which previously consisted of 3 officials exclusive of Governor.
1851.
Major-General Jervois, K.H., administered on various occasions between February, 1851 and April. 1854.
Principal Events.-Discussion between Govt. & J.s of P. re Municipal Govt. which had been going on since 1849 led to no result. London Missionary Society opened chapel for treatment of out-patients (May). 472 houses North of Queen's Road destroyed by fire. Cricket Club established (June). ·
Public Works.-5 wells sunk for City Water Supply. Road from Albany Godowns to Wong Nei Cheong (now called Wan Chai Road) constructed and first Praya reclamation scheme partly carried out.
1852.
Principal Events.-Disturbances in S. China incident on Tai Ping rebellion sent many Chinese to H.K. 19 cases of piracy in H.K. waters.
Trade & Industries.-Great increase in emigra- tion to Straits Settlements and California. Emigration to Peru also benefited H.K. for a time till abuses con- nected with its trade necessitated abandonment. Coin- age of Br. dollar first mooted on account of Mex. dollars, Ind. rupees and Br. coins being at a discount. P. & O.
398
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
S
S N. Co. established regular. monthly steamer between H.K. and Calcutta, thereby giving Colony fortnightly communication with England. Exchange at 6 months' sight stood at 4/10 to 5/- on December 30th.
1853.
Principal Events.--Shortlived Tai Ping dynasty established at Nanking visited by Sir G. BONHAM who decided no liberal policy to be expected from it. Piratical fleet destroyed (10/5); nevertheless 70 cases of piracy during year including that of S.S. Aratoon Apcar (5/8). Attempt to revive school for English children failed.
Trade & Industries.-Emigration to Br. Guiana put on regular footing and that to Australia commenced. Chinese Govt. legalised importation of opium. Exchange at 6 months' sight stood at 5/- on December 29th.
Public Works.-Wong Nei Cheong Police Stn., Police Stn. No. 9 in Caine Road and 2 slaughter houses constructed; all subsequently abolished.
Legislation.-Ord. No. 1 made it lawful for aliens. to hold and transfer real property.
1854.
Governor Sir John Bowring, Kt., LL.D., (13.4.1854 to
5.5.1859).
(Colonel W. Caine administered on various occasions up
to 8.9.1859).
Principal Events.-Kowloon City and other towns to N.E. of H.K. taken and re-taken by Tai Pings and Imperialists. Rebels blockaded Canton River and threatened city, many Chinese taking refuge in H.K. (Dec.). On outbreak of Crimean war batteries erected for defence of Colony. 73 soldiers stricken with fever and dysentery in one month. 6 cases of beri-beri, previously unknown in H.K., occurred among troops.
Ind.
1920-1930
9
399
Trade & Industries.-Emigration to Jamaica started (Nov.). Opening of Japan by convention of 14/10 had little immediate though important ultimate effect on H.K. trade. H.K. and Canton Steam Packet Co. broke up (13/12).
Public Works.-Wong Nei Cheong School (26 scholars) completed; afterwards given up.
1855.
Principal Events.-Tai Ping and Imperialist fleets of war junks ordered out of H.K. harbour (Jan.). Rebels retired from Canton river before Br. force sent from H.K. Sir J. BOWRING failed to get recognition of this service from Viceroy YEH. Commission enquired into administration of Police force (Aug.). 800 deaths among
Chinese from fever between 6/2 & 28/4. Serious conflagration in centre of town (16/2). St. Andrew's school for Br. children established but failed after a few years.
Trade & Industries.-Sir J. BOWRING's treaty with Siam started trade between H.K. and that country. 3 new ports in Philippine Is. opened.
Public Works.-Praya scheme which re- established crown rights over reclaimed foreshore in front of town opposed by European lot-holders (5/12).
Legislation.-Leg. Council increased to 3 un- official and 6 official members.
1856.
Principal Events.-Anti-foreign placards and hostility of officials in Canton culminated in arrest there of Chinese crew of H.K. Lorcha "Arrow". Surrender and apology refused by Viceroy and forts and official residences in Canton bombarded without result except destruction of European Canton and Whampoa factories by Chinese mob. S. of S. refused to consider proposal (17/4) to license gambling houses. Serious fires at Tai
400
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
10
Ping Shan (27/1) and Western Market (23/2). Volunteer Fire Brigade (23/1) and Chinese Fire Brigade (7/3) organized. Govt. Ho. completed. Villas and farms established at Pok Fu Lam. Anglo-Chinese College closed at end of year.
Legislation. Ord. No. 1 authorized recognition of Chinese wills in local courts.
1857.
Principal Events.-S.S.s Feimu and Thistle cap- tured by Chinese soldiers (Jan.). 400 Europeans poisoned with arsenic believed to have been introduced into bakery at instance of Chinese officials (15/1): great excitement caused thereby in H.K. and in England led to Lord ELGIN superseding Sir J. BOWRING as pleni- potentiary in China and to "Arrow" war with that country, which was not however prosecuted during year owing to Ind. mutiny. France joined Gr. Br. and ultimatum issued to Viceroy (24/12). 32 cases of piracy between 1/11/56 and 15/2/57; afterwards decreased. Local educational movement at low ebb.
Trade & Industries.-Junk trade fell off owing to blockade of Canton River. New docks established at Aberdeen (June).
Public Works.-Three Police Stations erected. Praya scheme partly carried out. Town now lighted by 350 oil lamps (1/10). Central Police Station finished.
Legislation. Three official and one unofficial members added to Leg. Council.
1858.
Principal Events.-Canton captured by allied forces (5/1) and administered till 21/10/61 by allied commissioners. War transferred to N. where Taku Forts captured (20/5) and Treaty of Tientsin signed (26/6) but not ratified. Public meeting (29/7) to discuss exodus of Chinese from and stoppage of supplies to H.K.
1920-1930
11
401
enforced by Chinese officials led to capture of Nam Tau in San On district. H.K. passage boat Wing Sun cap- tured by pirates. Much disease; Asiatic cholera and hydrophobia said to have been first introduced. Violent discords in Civil Service and prosecutions of newpapers.
Trade & Industries.-Opium farm re-established and let for $33,000 p.a. Salt tax abolished.
Public Works.-Central, Western, Eastern, Tai Ping Shan, So Kun Poo (46 stalls) and Wan Chai (40) stalls) Markets constructed; all except last two abolished or superseded later. Police Station No. 7 erected; superseded in 1902.
Legislation. The Markets Ord. passed this year lasted till 1887. An Ord. for practitioners in law em- powered barristers to act as their own solicitors. Meet- ings of Leg. Council made public (25/3).
1859.
Governor Sir Hercules Robinson, Kt., (9.9.1859 to 15.3.
1865).
(Mr. W. T. Mercer administered from 17.7.1861 to 8,9.
1861 and from 12.7.1862 to 1864).
Principal Events.-Defeat of Br. fleet at the Pei Ho (25/6) and ultimatum to China (Dec.). Sir J. BOWRING recommended annexation of Kowloon for commercial and sanitary value (29/3) and C. O. urged this on W. O. in connection with renewal of war. Operation of Imp. Ch. Mar. Customs commenced at Canton, opposed by H.K. merchants. S.S. Cumfa plundered by pirates. Agitation in England on account of disclosures with reference to Civil Service discord prejudicial to H.K. Ophthalmia epidemic. Diocesan native training school started. H.K. Branch of R. Asiatic Soc. wound up and library embodied in that of Morrison Education Soc.
402
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
12
Trade & Industries.-Contract Emigration con- fined to Br. Colonies. Native boat-building greatly increased.
Public Works.-Civil hosp. (9 wards with 71 beds) completed; superseded in 1874. Schools built at Shek Ho (26 scholars), Little H.K. (13 scholars) and Aberdeen; all subsequently given up or superseded. Police station erected at Stanley. Bill to complete Praya scheme thrown out by influence of commercial houses.
1860.
Principal Events.-Renewal of war with China. Chusan Is. occupied (21/4), Taku Forts taken (26/8). Peking occupied (13/10) and Peking Convention (24/10) secured ratification of Treaty of Tientsin and further converted into cession a lease of the Kowloon Penin. which had been obtained from Canton Viceroy on (21/3). Pawnbrokers closed their shops in ineffectual protest against new Ord. P.O. transferred to local Govt. (1/5). Great rise in value of land and consequent increase in revenue. Board of Education formed for management of Govt. schools (21/1).
Trade & Industries.-Shipping interests de- veloped by commissariat and transport services during
war.
Public Works.-Tanks constructed at Bonham Road for City Waterworks. Station St., Tai Ping Shan, Centre St., Second St., West St., East St., Sai Ying Pun and Peak Roads laid out. Shau Ki Wan School (57 scholars) built.
Legislation. The Pawnbrokers Ord. (No. 1) regulated this business. Ords. constituting a marine court of enquiry and a board to grant navigation certi- ficates were subsequently superseded.
1920-1930
13
1861.
403
Principal Events.-Emperor of China HIEN FUNG died (Jan.), and Prince KUNG head of regency. Occupation of Canton by allies terminated 21/10. Kow- loon Peninsula formally handed over to Great Britain (19/1) and discussion with regard to military lands there at once commenced. Piracy of "North Star" 4 miles out of H.K. Three district schools merged into new Govt. Central School.
Trade & Industries.-H.K. Chamber of Com- merce formed and establishment of Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs opposed by it.
Public Works.-Accommodation for 610 Scholars provided for Central School in Gough Street. Robinson Road with bridge across Glenealy laid out. Police Stations built at Pok Fu Lam and Shau Ki Wan; latter superseded in 1872. Quarters for signalmen provided on Peak. Lock Hosp. constructed this year afterwards became part of Govt. Civil Hosp.
1862.
Principal Events.-Chinese
issue of
H.K.
Gazette started (1/3). Registrar Gen. made intermediary between Govt. and Chinese. Cadet system introduced by appointment of 3 student interpreters (3/4). Strike of cargo boatmen against registration under Ord. of previous year. Trial made of recruiting Indian police in Bombay and Madras and floating station for water police established. Military opened sanitarium at Peak which proved failure. Volunteer Corps consisting of battery of artillery armed with 3 prs. and 43" howitzers first formed (1/3). Miss BAXTER started Eurasian Schools. Piracies of Henrietta Louise", "Imogen", "Eagle" and Iron Prince"" all close to H.K. Typhoon (27/7) resulted. in considerable loss of life..
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
14
Public Works.-Road from Victoria Gap to Pok Fu Lam (11⁄2 m.) laid out. Timber landing piers provided at Pottinger and Ice House Streets and Observation Place. Town Clock Tower (124 ft. high) erected by public subscription.
Legislation. Military Stores Ord. (No. 1) passed to stop supply of stores to Tai Ping rebels. Volunteer, P. O. and Police Ords. passed this year subsequently superseded. Ord. empowering barristers to act as their own solicitors repealed in 1871.
1863.
Principal Events.-Commission appointed to enquire into unsatisfactory working of Victoria Gaol. Chair coolies struck for nearly 3 months when brought under a licensing Ord. of this year. Piracy of "Bertha" near Stonecutters' Island (22/7). Sailors' Home at West Point opened (31/1). Drinking fountain erected opposite City Hall site.
Trade & Industries.-Fluctuations in value of Mexican dollar led to proposal to establish mint at H.K. and to make standard dollar and sub. coins based on it only legal tender. Messageries Maritimes mail steamers started (1/1) and regular steamer communication with Br. N. Borneo established (Dec.).
Public Works.-Reservoir (2,000,000 galls.) at Pok Fu Lam, connected by aqueduct with 2 tanks above City, completed; .superseded in 1871. No. 4 Police Station constructed this year afterwards abolished and quarters built for Supt. Bot. and Afforest. Dep. superseded in 1892.
1864.
Principal Events.-Sir R. HART head of Ch.. Imp. Maritime Customs (19/7). Tai Ping rebellion crush- ed by capture of Nanking (19/7). Wholesale deportation to Canton of professional beggars. Many "drain-gang"
1920-1930
15
405
and other burglaries and murderous attacks. Riot of Malay seamen, police, and 99th reg. (12-14/9). Piracy of "Chico" (28/1). Marine and inland lots at Kowloon sold on short leases. Military contribution of £20,000 p.a., estimated to be 1/5th of imp. military expenditure, imposed on Colony. Band (11/4), Rifle Co. (24/5) and Canton Det. (17/9) added to Volunteer Corps which numbered 200 active and 200 hony. members at end of year. Public Garden (9 acres) between Garden and Albany Roads opened (6/8). First gas lighting in Victoria (12/11). Heavy rainfall (6/6) caused collapse of houses.
Trade & Industries.-Prospectus issued in July of H.K. & Shanghai Banking Co.; 6 banks already established at H.K.
Public Works.-Proposal for new Praya wall and reclamation fell through owing to opposition of lot-holders. Carriage road laid out to Shau Ki Wan. Bowrington Canal (600′ long and 90′ wide) formed. Sai Ying Pun Market (6 shops and 81 stalls) built.
Legislation. Mercantile Law Amendment Ord. (No. 1) amended laws of trade and commerce. Com- pilation of edition of ord. in force completed (Oct.).
1865.
Mr. W. T. Mercer administered from 16.3.1865 to 10.3.
1866.
Principal Events.-Project of railway to con- nect Calcutta with Canton and H.K. mooted. Decided that criminals not to be extradited to China without guarantee that they will not be tortured. Committee appointed to enquire into mortality of troops. Board of Education abolished and Education Dep. placed under Inspector who was also head of Central School. St. Saviour's (R.C.) commercial school established. Piracy of "Georg Andrews" outside Lyemun Pass and of "Nuevo Lepanto" near Lan Tao..
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
16
Trade & Industries.-Union Dock Co. registered (31/7) with capital of $500,000. H.K. Canton & Macao. Steamboat Co. started (19/10) with capital of $750,000.
Public Works.-Central Police Station (for officers and 176 constables), Victoria Gaol (120 single and S associated cells and accommodation for debtors), Post Office (sorting and 11 other rooms), Volunteer H.Q. (demolished 1905), Su Kun Pu School (for 150 scholars) and Sai Ying Pun School (for 75 scholars) completed. City lighted with 400 gas lamps in March. Battery Road laid out at West Point and first sections of Robinson and MacDonnell Roads in Kowloon.
Legislation.-Companies, associations and part- nerships of more than 20 regulated by Companies Ord. (No. 1). Ords. Nos. 2 to 7 consolidated criminal law of H.K. on lines of U.K. Acts of 1861.
1866.
Governor Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell, Kt., C.B.
(11.3.1866 to 11.4.1872).
(Major-General H. W. Whitfield administered from 29.10.1868 to 12.12.1868 and from 13.1.1870 to 8.10.1871).
Principal Events.-H.K. Royal Mint opened (7/4); it had cost $400,000 to establish and involved annual expenditure of $70,000; commission appointed in Oct. to enquire into its working. System of branding and deporting criminals and flogging them if they return- ed to H.K. introduced. Volunteer Corps disbanded owing to non-attendance of members.
Trade & Industries.-Period of commercial depression which lasted till 1869 set in; 2 banks suspended payment. H.K. & Shanghai Bank converted into Corporation by Ord. (No. 2); capital $5,000,000. H.K. & Whampoa Dock Co. formed (11/10); capital $750,000.
1920-1930
17
407
Public Works.-Mint Buildings and Harbour Office completed; latter re-constructed in 1874.
Legislation. The Companies Registration Ord. (No. 1) extended provisions of Companies Ord. of previous year.
1867.
Principal Events.-Commencement (15/10) of what henceforth was known as Blockade of H.K.; Chinese cruisers patrolled neighbouring waters levying tax on junks trading with non-treaty ports; this was at first supported by British representative at Peking as means of checking smuggling from H.K. Commission reported in favour of closing Mint. Expenditure decreased to secure balance, in estimates. 11 licensed gaming houses opened (15/9/; afterwards increased to 16. St. Paul's College (C. of E.) closed for lack of funds. Praya wall destroyed by typhoon (S/S) in which several large vessels and many junks lost. Nearly 500 houses destroyed by fire (28/11).
Trade & Industries.-New dock of H.K. & Whampoa Dock Co. opened at Aberdeen (15/6). First of regular Pacific Mail S. S. Co.'s steamers from San Francisco arrived (31/1). H.K. Hotel Co. started operations in July. Two important and some smaller firms failed. Exchange at 6 months' sight stood at 4/4 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Slaughter House at Belcher's Bay (superseded 1894), Governor's Peak Residence (re- constructed 1902) and Gaol on Stonecutters' Island (since abandoned) completed. Land reclaimed at Kowloon Point by 500 ft. of sea-wall.
Legislation.-A Stamp Ord. passed for revenue purposes, after much opposition from commercial com- munity. An Ord. for the maintenance of order and cleanliness authorized licensing of gaming houses. An Emigration Ord. directed against abuses such as had
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
18
come to light in connection with coolie emigration from Macao was subsequently strengthened.
1868.
►
Principal Events.-Attempt made by Canton Viceroy to collect customs dues in H.K. from junks proceeding to China defeated. Agitation against licensing of gaming houses started by H.K. Missionaries was taken up in the U.K. Mint closed after making only $20,000 in seigniorage; buildings sold for $65,000 and plant to Japan for $60,000 (June). Marine lot- holders successfully resisted attempt of Govt. to make them re-construct sea-wall. Exchange at 6 months' sight stood at 4/4 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Police Station No. 2 built. S acres reclaimed by 2,700 ft. of sea-wall from Wilmer St. to Bonham Strand West.
Legislation.-Amendments made to Stamp Ord. The Suppression of Piracy Ord. (No. 1), directed against assistance given in H.K. to pirates, soon had good result. Volunteer Fire Brigade established by Fire Brigade Ord. (No. 2). The Treasonable Offences Ord. (No. 3) assimilated law on this subject with that of U.K.
1869.
Principal Events.-The Suez Canal, destined to have great effect on H.K. trade a few years later, was opened on 18/3. The S. of S. expressed strong dis- approval of raising of revenue from gaming house licences and of manner in which this revenue was used. Police Schools established. District watchmen, paid for by Chinese, first enrolled and placed under Reg. Gen.; immediate effect was friction between Reg. Gen. and Capt. Supt. of Police. Duke of Edinburgh visited H.K. (31/10 to 16/11) and opened City Hall (2/11).
1920-1930
19
409
trade
Trade & Industries.-Improvement in in spite of falling off of junk traffic due to Blockade. Messageries Maritimes and Pacific Mail doubled number of steamers and 2 new local Steamship Cos. started. Exchange at 6 months' sight stood at 4/5 on December 30th.
Public Works.-Police Station No. 6 at Victoria Gap and Harbour Inspectors' Quarters built; latter after- wards given up.
Legislation.-Proportion of unofficial to official members in Leg. Council increased from 3-7 to 4-6 (25/8). Promissory Oaths Ord. (No. 1) and Public Assemblages (Regulation of Traffic) Ord. (No. 2) passed.
1870.
Major-General IV. H. Whitfield administered from 13.4.1870 to 8.10.1871.
Principal Events.-Proposal of H. M. Minister at Peking that Chinese consul should reside at H.K. opposed by Governor. Notice given by Lieut.-Gov. as to closing gaming houses from 1/1/71 disallowed by S. of S. The Tung Wa-a Chinese free hosp. to he managed by Chinese directors under Govt. supervision- established by Ord. (No. 3). Typhoon of 26/9 caused great loss of life and property. H.K.-Amoy-Shanghai (Gt. Northern Co.) cable opened for traffic.
Trade & Industries.-Commercial exploring Expedition to Kwang Tung and Kwang Si initiated by Chamber of Commerce. H.K. and Whampoa Dock Co. absorbed Union Dock Co. and increased capital to $1,000,000. Exchange at 6 months' sight stood at 4/4 on December 31st.
Public Works. Gacl Officers' Quarters built: afterwards used mostly as gaol hosp.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
20
Legislation: Public Places Regulation Ord. (No. 2) passed to maintain order, etc., in public buildings, gardens and other places.
1871.
Principal Events.-Monopoly of gaming house licences sold (21/1) for $15,000 p.m.; protests from Colony and agitation in U.K. resulted in abandonment of licensing system (8/12). System of branding and deporting Chinese criminals and flogging them if they returned to Colony abolished (25/5). Agitation against inefficiency of police force. Typhoon of 2/9 damaged houses and shipping. H.K.-Cape St. Jacques-Singapore (Eastern Extension Co.) cable opened for traffic on 9/6.
Trade & Industries.-H.K. Wharf and Godown Co. formed. Exchange at 6 months' sight stood at 4/42 on December 30th.
Public Works.-Public Gardens extended by 8.2 acres between Albany Road and Glenealv Ravine. Whitfield Police Station built at Causeway Bay. Pok Fu Lam Reservoir (66,000,000 galls.) completed for City Waterworks.
Legislation.-Legal Practitioners Ord. (No. 1) dealt with the enrolment, etc., of barristers and attorneys.
1872.
Governor Sir Arthur E. Kennedy, K.C.M.G., C.B., (16.1.1872 to 1.3.1877).
(Mr. J. Gardiner Austin administered from 15.10.1874
to 5.11.1875 and from 11.3.1875 to 2.12.1875).
Principal Events.-Board of Examiners in Chinese for Govt. Officers established. Gardens and Afforestation Dept. placed under representative advisory committee. Provision. made for registering all births and deaths. System of branding and deporting Chinese
•
1920-1930
21
411
criminals re-introduced. Coolies struck (Aug.) against tax on coolie lodging-houses. Bad year for malaria; dengue cases occurred for first time (Sept.). St. Peter's (C. of E.) church for seamen (14/1), Tung Wa Hosp. for Chinese, and St. Joseph's (R. C.) Church (30/11) opened. Victoria Recreation Club amalgamated boat club, gymnasium and swimming bath (30/11).
Trade & Industries.-New period of depression commenced. Much discussion on Blockade of H.K., and on adulteration of grey shirting in England. Attempts to form brokers association failed. Com- mercial capabilities of West River explored. 1st issue of one dollar notes by H.K. & Shanghai Bank (Oct.). Revenue from opium farm $122,400 and Commission appointed (S/6) to enquire into working of monopoly recommended letting for 3 years instead of for 1 year as had been done since 1858. Exchange at 6 months' sight stood at 4/4 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Wan Chai School (for 119 Scholars), Shau Ki Wan Market (30 stalls) and Shan Ki Wan and Hung Hom Police Stations built, last superseded
in 1885.
1873.
Principal Events.-Gardens and Afforestation. Dept. constituted sub-dept. under Surveyor Gen. (15/12). Horticultural Society started for annual flower and vegetable shows (13/2). System introduced (24/4) of Govt. grants-in-aid for secular education based on result of examinations; R.C. schools declined to take advantage of it. Victoria English School established but eventually became Portuguese (R.C.). First newspaper under solely Chinese management published in H.K.
Trade & Industries.-Several important com- mercial undertakings failed. Commission appointed to consider question of Blockade of H.K. Exchange stood at 4/1 on December 31st.
412
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
22
Public Works.-Yau Ma Ti Police Station built and East Praya partly constructed.
Legislation.-Standing Rules of Leg. Council revised (2/7). Law with respect to carriage and deposit of explosives, etc. amended by Dangerous Goods Ord. (No. 1). Puisne Judge added to Supreme Court for summary jurisdiction by Supreme Court Ord. (No. 3) and Summary Court, established in 1871, abolished by Supreme Court (Summary Jurisdiction) Ord. (No. 4).
1874.
Principal Events:-Attempts to enforce pro- visions for registration of servants contained in an Ord. of 1866 failed. Scholarship established in connection with Govt. Central School (Jan.). In typhoon of 22-23/9, 35 foreign ships, over 2,000 lives and about $5,000,000 worth of property lost in 6 hours. On other occasions 2 ships lost on rocks and 1 by collision in or near harbour.
Trade & Industries.-Chinese petition sent to Queen and memorial to S. of S. with regard to Blockade. Increased export of tea from China accompanied by complaints of adulteration. China Merchants S. N Co. started with design of taking coasting trade from foreign ships. H.K. & Shanghai Bank lent $600,000 to Chinese Government at 8% on security of maritime customs. Exchange stood at 4/14 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Temporary Hosp. (54 beds) provided in Hollywood Road; it was destroyed by fire on 26/12/78. Harbour Office in Victoria re-constructed and new Harbour Office built at Aberdeen. Mint Dam and Blue Pool Dam re-constructed for City Waterworks. Roads and wells provided at Peak,
1920-1930
23
413
Legislation.-Emigration Ord. passed to super-
sede legislation of previous year in connection with coolie trade from Macao.
1875.
Principal Events.-TSAI TIEN became, under the style of KwONG SAI, Emperor of China with the two Empresses as regents (23/2). St. Saviour's (R.C.) School re-organized as St. Joseph's College (15/11).
Trade & Industries.-Depression in trade in- dicated by further failures. New proposals put forward for dealing with Blockade. Hanoi and Haiphong under French protection opened for trade (15/9). Supply to H.K. of subsidiary coins from London Mint started (19/7). Mr. (afterwards Sir THOMAS) JACKSON Manager of H.K. & Shanghai Bank. Cosmopolitan Docks completed (Oct.).
(Oct.). Exchange stood at 3/113 on
December 31st.
Public Works.-Lighthouses at Cape D'Aguilar (1st order) and on Green Island (4th order) completed and lights exhibited on 16/4 and 1/7 respectively. 30 market stalls provided at Shek Tong Tsui.
Legislation. Letters Patent (8/6) vested Govt. in Lieut.-Gov. or Col. Sec. in event of Governor's death, incapacity or absence. Ord. No. 7 provided for systematic record of marriages in one general register.
1876.
Principal Events.-Census taken. Extensive housebuilding operations on Peak. Fir trees planted on Mount Davis and above Kennedy Road.
Trade & Industries. Opium Farm let for 1 year from 1/3 at $110,000. Exchange stood at 4/14 on December 30th.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
24
Public Works.-Cape Collinson Lighthouse com- pleted and 6th order light exhibited from 1/3. Kennedy Road, (1.82 m. long) opened. Powder Magazine con- structed at Stonecutters' Island; superseded in 1905.
Legislation. Chinese Passenger Ships, Public Gambling, and P.O. Ords., passed this year, subsequently superseded.
1877.
Governor Sir John Pope Hennessy, K.C.M.G., (22.4.1877
lo 7.3.1882).
(Mr. W. H. Mursh administered from 31.5.1877 to
6.9.1877).
Principal Events.-Public branding and flogging of criminals stopped and their deportation restricted and lenient treatment of first offenders advocated by new Governor. First Chinese Civil marriage solemnized at Reg. Gen.'s office (7/6). First Chinese (NG CHOY) ad- mitted to local bar (18/5). St. Joseph's (R.C.) Cathedral re-opened for service (3/6). H.K. entered postal union and postage rates reduced.
Trade & Industries.-Opium Farm let for 2 years at $132,000 p.a. Exchange stood at 3/10 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Cattle Depôt (for 120 head) first provided at Kennedy Town. Conduit, (3.38 m. long), constructed to convey water from Pokfulam Reservoir to City.
Legislation.-Letters Patent of 9/4 revoked supplementary Charter of 8/6/75 and made minor altera- tions in constitution of Colony. Companies Ord. passed this year afterwards incorporated in No. 1 of 1865.
1920-1930
25
1878.
415
Principal Events.-Po Leung Kuk established by Chinese to prevent kidnapping of girls and ill treat- ment of domestic servant girls. Many burglaries includ- ing armed attack on Chinese Bank in Wing Lok Street (25/9). Public meeting to discuss insecurity of life and property in Colony (7/10). Serious fire in Victoria : 368 houses and $1,000,000 worth of property destroyed (25-26/12). Volunteer corps formed under Ord. of 1862 at time of strained relations with Russia.
Trade & Industries.-China Sugar Refinery Co., Ltd. established. Exchange stood at 3/03 on December 31st.
1879.
Principal Events.-System of deporting criminals resumed. Two thirds of police force ordered (17/3) to be always on night duty. Local Committee reported on defence questions for Royal Commission at home. Revision of education code confined secular system to Government schools and gave freedom to grant-in-aid schools as to religious instruction. Botanical separated from Survey Department. St. Patrick's Hall in Garden Road opened on 17/3 and R. C. Church at West Point on 22/3. Lutheran Church erected. Visit of General ULYSSES GRANT (30/4 to 12/5).
Trade & Industries.-Trade depressed: much discussion on detriment to it resulting from action of Chinese revenue cruisers. H.K. & Whampoa Dock Co. purchased ship-building slips of late Capt. Sands (1/9). Opium Farm let for 3 years at $205,000 p.a. Exchange stood at 3/93 on December 30th.
Legislation.-Merchant Shipping Consolidation Ord. passed this year superseded in 1891.
416
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
26
1880.
Principal Events.-Military authorities reported on insanitary condition of Colony. Telegraphic com- munication established with Philippine Islands (1/5). Rickshaws first used in H.K. (22/4). Polo Club started (27/4).
Trade & Industries.-Cosmopolitan Dock Co. established at Sham Shui Po (3/2) but their dock subse- quently (31/12) purchased by H.K. & Whampoa Dock Co. H.K. Ice Co. registered (81/2). Exchange stood 3/93 on December 30th.
Public Works.-Additional block erected at Govt. Civil Hosp. originally used for Lock Hosp.
Legislation.-Naturalisation Ord. giving Euro- pean resident (E. J. EITEL) privileges of British Subject within Colony but not elsewhere, passed this year, formed precedent frequently followed afterwards.
1881.
Mr. M. S. Tonnochy administered from 11.9.1881 to
24.10.1881.
Principal Events.-Census taken. Speculation in land and house property resulted in considerable increase in Colonial revenue. Severe gale (14/10) damaged small craft in harbour. 36 houses destroyed by fire in Tai Ping Shan (19/1). Telephones taken into use in Colony. First issue of "Hongkong Telegraph" newspaper (15/6). Visit of Prince ALBERT VICTOR and Prince GEORGE of Wales (20/12 to 31/12). Exchange stood at 3/84 on December 31st.
Public Works.-A smaller proportion of the public revenue devoted to Public Works than in any year since 1851 and no works of importance in hand.
Legislation.---Macao Extradition Ord. (No. 1) provided for apprenhension of fugitives from justice from Macao.
1920-1930
27
1882.
417
Mr. William Marsh, C.M.G., administered from 8.3.1882
to 29.3.1883.
Principal Events. Previous year's speculation, in land and house property followed by numerous bank- ruptcies. Mr. O. CHADWICK, C.M.G., reported as Sanitary Commissioner on sanitary condition of Colony. Enrolment of Volunteers in new Artillery Corps com- menced (20/12).
Trade & Industries.-Luzon Sugar Refinery Co. established (25/3). Opium Farm let for 1 year at $210,000 p.a. Exchange stood at 3/73 on December 30th,
Legislation.-Banishment and Conditional Pardons Ord. (No. 1) enabled Gov.-in-Council to banish aliens for 5 years. New Volunteer Ord. superseded Ord. of 1862.
1883.
Governor Sir George Ferguson Bowen, G.C.M.G., (30.3.1883 to 19.12.1885).
Principal Events.-Sanitary Board first estab lished. Disturbance among hawkers owing to enforce- ment of new regulations (22/5). Belilios Scholarships instituted (29/11). New St. Joseph's (R. C.) College for boys inaugurated (6/1). The Peak Church (C. of E.) opened (17/6). H.K. connected by cable with Shanghai (29/5) and Foochow (18/6). Canton-Kowloon Telegraph Line opened for traffic (9/7).
Trade & Industries.-Opium boiled at Govt. Factory and Dross Farm let. Exchange stood at 3/83 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Breakwater, 1,400 ft. long, constructed at Causeway Bay to provide safe anchorage of 100 acres for small craft. Observatory at Kowloon completed.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
28
Legislation.-Distress for Rent Ord. (No. 1).
1884.
Principal Events.-War broke out between France and China (5/8) and gave rise to some unrest in Colony. Piratical attack on S.S. "Greyhound" a few hours out of H.K. Strikes of butchers (10/6) and of cargo-boat people and coolies (3/10). Severe typhoon (10/9). Serious fires at Hung Hom in Br. Kowloon (11 and 16/12). Jockey Club formed (4/10). Hongkong- Macao cable opened for traffic (4/7).
Trade & Industries.-Opium boiled at Govt. Factory and Dross Farm let. Exchange stood at 3/64 on December 31st.
Public Works.-European Lunatic Asylum (S cells, etc.) constructed near Govt. Civil Hosp. 23 acres reclaimed at Causeway Bay. Water Police Station and Time-ball Tower erected at Tsim Sha Tsui. Yau Ma Ti Market extended (30 stalls).
Legislation. Medical Registration Ord.
1885.
Sir William Marsh, K.C.M.G., administered from
20.12.1885 to 25.4.1887.
Principal Events.-Peace
declared between
France and China (6/4) allayed unrest. Agitation with regard to overcrowding of City of Victoria led to appointment of Land Commission.
Trade & Industries.-Ropeworks established at Kennedy Town. Opium Farm let for 1 year at $159,000. Exchange stood at 3/4 on December 31st.
1920-1930
29
419
Public Works.-Police Boat Basin (0.43 acre) with launch slip and boat shed constructed at Tsim Sha Tsui and Police Station at Hung Hom.
Legislation.-Weights and Measures Ord. (No. 2), Bills of Exchange Ord., modelled on English Act, (No. 3), and Married Women (Disposition of Property) Ord. (No. 5) passed. Municipal Rates Ord., subsequent- ly modified, fixed rates at 13% for Victoria (police 83, lighting 1, fire-brigade and water 2), at 83% for the Peak, at 6% for Kowloon, etc.
1886.
recom-
Principal Events.-Land Commission mended reclamation by Govt. Agreement (11/9) with China by which movement of opium to and from H.K. was to be registered and arrangements made for settling disputes between H.K. junks and Chinese Customs put a stop to so called H.K. Blockade which had been detrimental to trade.
Trade & Industries.-Opium Farm let for 3 years at $182,400 p.a. Exchange stood at 3/33 on December 31st.
Public Works.-22 acres reclaimed at Kennedy Town by sea-wall 3,690 ft. long. Lazaretto (for 4 Europeans and 16 Chinese) constructed on Stonecutters' Island. Loan of £200,000 at 44% for carrying out public works raised by issue of debentures.
Legislation.-Royal Instructions of 11/10 re- voked previous and enacted new instructions: official members of Leg. Council fixed at 7, unofficial at 5. Printers and Publishers Ord. (No. 4) regulated printing of newspapers and books. Usury Ord. (No. 5) made 8% legal rate of interest. Bills of Sale Ord. (No. 7) passed to prevent fraud on creditors and Peace Preserva- tion Ord. (No. 10) for prevention and suppression of
riots.
420
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
30
1887.
Major-General W. Gordon Cameron, C.B., administered
from 26.1.1887 to 5.10.1887.
Principal Events.-Chinese School of Medicine founded. Alice Memorial Hosp. (London Missionary Society) for Chinese opened (17/2). Exchange stood at 3/13 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Police Stations erected at Kennedy Town (subsequently used as Infectious Diseases Hospital) and Gough Hill.
Legislation.-Defamation and Libels Ord. (No. 1) passed. Triad and other Unlawful Societies sup- pressed (No. 2). Jury Ord. (No. 5) amended and consolidated law relating to Jurors, and Raw Opium Ord. (No. 9) better regulated trade in opium.
1888.
Governor Sir William Des Vœux (6.10.1887 to 7.5.1891). (Mr. Frederick Stewart administered from 7.3.1888 to 20.3.1888, from 24.11.1888 to 18.12.1888 and from 30.8.1889 to 23.9.1889).
Principal Events.-Sanitary Board reconstituted under a Public Health Ord. of previous year and Colonial Surgeon made president. Bad year for small- pox, 99 cases being admitted into hospital. Wire-rope tramway,
commenced 20/9/85, from St. John's Cathedral (100 ft.) to Victoria Gap (1,300 ft.) opened for traffic (30/5). Exchange stood at 3/0 on
December 31st.
Public Works. Cattle Depôt at Kennedy Town extended for 240 additional head.
Legislation.-Letters Patent of 19/1 revoked Charter of 5/4/43 and Letters Patent of 9/1/77 and re-enacted provisions for govt. of Colony. Royal Instructions of 19/1 revoked those of 11/1/56 and
1920-1930
31
421
re-enacted them with slight modifications. Regulation of Chinese Ord. (No. 3) provided for registration of householders and tenants, for appointment of District Watchmen, for regulation of ceremonies, etc., and for issue of night passes. Coroner's duties transferred to Magistrates by Coroners Abolition Ord. (No. 5).
1889.
Principal Events.-33.11 inches of rain fell in great storm of 29/5 and 30/5 (16.16 in 7 hours) and did considerable damage.
Trade & Industries.-Opium Farm let for 3 years at $447,600 p.a. Exchange stood at 3/11 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Queen's College, commenced in 1884, completed and provided accommodation for 924 scholars, subsequently increased. Original Tytam Scheme for City Waterworks completed and provided impounding reservoir (312,330,000 galls.), tunnel (1.38 m. long), conduit (3 m. long), 6 filter beds (3.245 sq. yds. agg. area), and service reservoir (5,700,000 galls.); total. capacity of storage reservoirs now 378,330,000 galls.
Legislation.-Chinese Emigration regulated by Ord. No. 1 and law of evidence consolidated by Evidence Ord. (No. 2). Praya Reclamation Ord. (No. 6) provided for extensive reclamation in front of West Prava at cost of Marine lot-holders. Chinese Extradition Ord. (No. 7) gave effect to Art. XXI of Treaty of Peking.
1890.
Mr. Francis Fleming, C.M.G., administered from
19.2.1890 to 22.12.1890.
Principal Events.-Visit of Duke and Duchess of Connaught (April); Duke laid memorial stone of Praya Reclamation. The Scheme initiated by Mr. (afterward Sir) PAUL CHATER was to reclaim 65 acres extending 2 miles from Naval Yard to beyond Gasworks at West
422
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
32
Point; new road along front to be called Connaught Road. Lighting of low levels in Victoria by 50 arc lamps begun 1/12. Piracy of Passenger S.S. Namoa 50 m. from Hong Kong (Dec.). Exchange averaged 3/2 for the year and stood at 3/5 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Pokfulam filter beds (4). with area of 1,360 sq. yds., constructed for City Water- works.
Legislation.-Law relating to infant vaccination amended by Vaccination Ord. (No. 2) and those relating to jurisdiction, etc., of Magistrates by Magistrates Ord. (No. 3). Merchandise Marks Ord. (No. 4) framed on lines of English Act.
1891.
Major-General Digby Barker administered from 7.5.1891
to 9.12.1891.
Principal Events.-Census taken.
Trade & Industries.-Fluctuation in exchange and speculation mostly in trading and mining ventures outside Colony resulted in financial depression. Ex- change averaged 3/14 for the year and stood at 3/1 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Foreshore at Kennedy Town (8.55 acres) reclaimed. Lunatic Asylum for Chinese (16 cells, etc.) near Civil Hosp., District School at Sai Ying Pun (for 186 scholars), and new Police Station at Aberdeen erected. The Peak, previously dependent on well water, now supplied from City Waterworks by pumping.
Legislation.-Gambling Ord. (No. 2)- passed to stop gambling among Chinese, and Companies (Sale of Shares) Ord. (No. 5) to stop gambling in shares. Bank- ruptcy Ord. (No. 7) brought law of Colony into line with that of U.K. Opium Farm regulated by Prepared Opium Ord. (No. 8).
1920-1930
33
1892.
423
Governor Sir William Robinson, K.C.M.G., (10.12.1891
to 1.2.1898).
(Mr. G. T. M. O'Brien administered during absence of
Governor in 1893).
Principal Events.-State aid withdrawn from Church of England in Colony, and Cathedral handed over to trustees. Gas lighting introduced at Kowloon
Trade & Industries.-Opium Farm let for 3 years at $340,800 p.a. Exchange averaged 3/41 for the year and stood at 2/83 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Gap Rock Lighthouse completed and connected with H.K. by cable; 1st order light exhibited 1/4. City Waterworks distribution scheme completed. 10 Public Laundries opened at Wan Chai. Cattle depôt at Kennedy Town extended for 120 addi- tional head. Albany Nullah trained.
Nullah trained. Govt. house ball-room, new quarters, etc., for Supt. B. & A. Dept. & staff quarters (for 11) at Govt. Civil Hosp. completed. Hosp. Ship Hygeia (since abolished) opened (Aug.).
Legislation. The Patents Ord. (No. 2).
1893.
✔
Principal Events.-Heavy fall in silver seriously affected public expenditure and
expenditure and new 31% loan of £200,000 raised for carrying out certain public works. School for girls on site of former Central School with accommodation for 608 presented by Mr. E. R. BELILIOS, taken over by Govt. The Po Leung Kuk, a Chinese institution for the protection of women and children, formed in 1878, incorporated. Volunteers organized as a field battery and machine gun company. Waglan Lighthouse completed by Chinese Govt. ; light exhibited 9/5. Severe typhoon (2/10). Exchange averaged 2/8 for the year and stood at 2/3 on December 30th.
424
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
34
Legislation.-Volunteer Ord. (No. 4) superseded Ord. of 1882. Nethersole Hosp.
Nethersole Hosp. (London Missionary Society) for Chinese women opened (5/9).
1894.
Principal Events. Some trouble caused by clan fight in March. First outbreak of bubonic plague, at its height between May and July, produced temporary exodus, estimated at 100,000, and great interference to trade. War between China and Japan, declared 1/8, for a time partially paralyzed Chinese markets. Cater- pillar plague injured pine tree plantations. Severe typhoons (25/9 and 5/10). £140,000 of the 1886 41% loan of £200,000 converted to 34% at cost of £1,800 and balance of £60,000 redeemed from sinking fund; total loan now £341,800 of 31% stock. Hong Kong- Labuan (Borneo)-Singapore cable opened for traffic 4/5. Exchange averaged 2/2 for the year and stood at 2/- on December 31st.
Public Works.-New Slaughter Houses provided at Kennedy Town. Roads laid out in E. of Kowloon.
1895.
Principal Events.-Strike as protest against new lodging house regulations lasted from 23/3 to 4/4; on 27/3 over 20,000 coolies out.
Trade & Industries.-New British dollar intro- duced. General improvement in local stocks and under- takings. Opium Farm let for 3 years at $296,000 p.a. Exchange averaged 2/02 for the year and stood at 2/18 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Resumption of insanitary pro- perties at Tai Ping Shan completed. Central Market (138 shops and 150 stalls), commenced 1890, and Gaol extension (155 cells, etc.), commenced 1893, completed. Additional 4,400,000 gallons impounded at Pokfulam for City Waterworks; total capacity of storage reservoirs
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35
425
now 382,730,000 gallons. At Kowloon original water- works to supply 250,000 gallons a day from 3 wells N. of Yau Ma Ti opened, Macdonnell Road extended to N., Cattle Depôt (112 head) built at Hung Hom, and Signalling Station established at Blackhead's Hill.
Legislation. The Private Vehicles Licensing Ord. (No. 5).
1896.
Principal Events.-In second plague epidemic 8 Europeans died but dislocation of business much less than in 1894. Commission appointed to report on insanitary dwellings. Military contribution of Colony fixed at 17% of gross revenue exclusive of capital expenditure on works and buildings. Typhoon of 29/7 caused considerable damage to property.
Trade & Industries.-Unprofitable year for trade, importations except of flour and kerosine oil being on limited scale and sales generally unsatisfactory. Exchange averaged 2/24 for the year and stood at 2/1 on December 30th.
Public Works.-Streets laid out at Tai Kok Tsui. Legislation.-Additional Roval Instructions of 7/7 substituted O. C. Troops for Ch. Justice on Leg. Council and increased numbers of Unofficial Members from 5 to 6. British North Borneo Extradition Ord. (No. 1) passed. Factors Ord. (No. 3) and Sale of Goods Ord. (No. 4) introduced mutatis mutandis pro- visions of English Acts.
1897.
Principal Events.-Area at Causeway Bay set apart as Queen's Recreation Ground.
Trade & Industries.-Trade
on the whole unsatisfactory and adversely affected by fluctuations in exchange and scarcity of money. Exchange averaged 2/02 for the year and stood at 1/11 on December 31st.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
36
Public Works.-For City Waterworks Tytam dan raised to impound additional 94,670,000 galls.; total capacity of storage. reservoirs now 477,400,000 galls. Maternity Hosp. provided at Govt. Civil Hosp.
Legislation.-Partnership Ord. (No. 1) on lines. of U.K. Act, Probate Ord. (No. 2), Protection of Women and Girls Ord. (No. 4) and Vagrancy Ord. (No. 9):
1898.
Major-General Wilsone Black, C.B., administered from
2.2.1898 to 24.11.1898.
Principal Events.-Penny post established. By convention between U.K. and China, signed at Peking on 9/6, area on the mainland S. of line joining Deep Bay with Mirs Bay (270 sq. m.) together with Lantao and other islands (90 sq. m.) leased to Great Britain for 99 years; this area designated The New Territories.
Trade & Industries.-West River opened for trade on 3/6 and regular communication established but interfered with by piracy. Import trade of Colony improved particularly in rice and coal. Opium Farm let for 3 years at $372,000 p.a. Exchange averaged 1/104 for the year and stood at 1/11 on December 31st.
Public Works.-1893 loan fully expended. Tai Ping Shan improvement scheme completed. Barker Road (5,660 ft. long) and Chamberlain Road (2.340 ft. long) opened on Peak. Tai Kok Tsui Market (32 st
stalls) erected.
Legislation.-Registration of Trade Marks Ord.
(No. 6) and Liquor Licences Ord. (No. 8).
1920-1930
37
1899.
427
Governor Sir Henry Arthur Blake, K.C.M.G., (25.11.
1898 to 21.11.1903).
Principal Events.-New Territories taken over by hoisting British flag at Tai Po on 16/4; on account of opposition including attack on Br. Troops by some 2,600 Chinese on 19/4, in which Chinese authorities were believed to have connived, Sham Chun City beyond new boundary occupied from 16/5 to 13/11. 2 machine gun, 1 infantry and 1 engineer companies added to Volunteers.
Trade & Industries.-Hong Kong Cotton Spin- ning, Weaving & Dyeing Co. started operations (1/6). Green Island Cement Co. previously at Macao commenced manufacture at Hok Un near Kowloon for local use and export. Sugar refineries did well. Exchange averaged 1/111 for the year and stood at 1/11 on December 27th.
Public Works.-Laying out of streets at Mong Kok Tsui, N. of Yau Ma Ti, begun. Wong Nei Cheong Reservoir (33,994,000 galls.) completed for City Water- works; total capacity of storage reservoirs now 511,394,000 galls.
Legislation.-N.T. Exemption of Laws and Regulation Ords. (Nos. 6 and 8) for administering N.T., Prisons Ord. (No. 4), Criminal Procedure Ord. (No. 9), Merchant Shipping Ord. (No. 10) supplementary to English Acts, and an Ord., afterwards superseded, for sanitary regulation of buildings.
1900.
Principal Events.-H.K. served as Br. base during Boxer troubles in the North. In typhoon of 10/11 H.M.S. Sandpiper, 10 launches and over 110 junks sunk and over 200 lives lost in 3 hours. Soldiers' Club opened (14/4).
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
38
Trade & Industries.-Chinese Customs placed difficulties in way of river steamers trading with West River Ports. Output of granite from Shau Ki Wan and Kowloon quarries estimated at $45,000 and $80,000 respectively. Cotton Spinning Co. experienced ́ difficul- ties on account of labour supply. Exchange averaged 2/0-4099 for the year and stood at 2/1 on December
31st.
Public Works.-Blake Pier (200' x 40') built. City Disinfecting Stn. completed. Signalling Station established on Green Island, and Waglan connected by cable with H.K. Wong Nei Cheong Recreation Ground extended Police Stations erected at Tai Po, Sha Tau Tok, Au Tau and Ping Shan in N.T. and connected by telephone.
Legislation.-N.T. Extension of Laws and Land Court Ords. (Nos. 4 and 8) for administering N.T., P.O. Ord. (No. 6), and Police Force Ord. (No. 11). New Edition of the Statute Laws of the Colony put in hand by Sir J. CARRINGTON.
1901.
Principal Events.-Census taken. Plague mor- tality higher than in any year since 1894 and S. of S. petitioned to send out Sanitary experts to investigate.
Trade & Industries.-Import trade depressed. Cotton Spinning Co. wrote down shares and brought in fresh capital. Opium Farm let for 3 years at $750,000 p.a. Exchange averaged 1/11-4005 for the year and stood at 1/10 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Associated block converted into single cells and new block (78 cells) constructed at Gaol Police Station erected at Sai Kung in N. T.
Legislation.-Defence Contribution Ord: (No. 1) raised annual military contribution of Colony from 171% to 20% of gross revenue. Code of Civil Procedure
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429
(No. 3) regulated procedure in Supreme Court. Another Ord., afterwards superseded, was passed for sanitary regulation of buildings. Trustees Ord. (No. 5) and Fine Arts Copyrighht Ord. (No. 18) were on lines of U.K. Acts. Rating Ord. (No. 6) left rates at Victoria at 13% and raised them to 103% at the Peak, 121% at Kowloon and 7 to 10% at other places.
1902.
Major-General Sir W. J. Gascoigne, K.C.M.G., adminis-
tered from 4.1.1902 to 8.9.1902.
Principal Events.-Mr. O. CHADWICK & Prof. SIMPSON reported on Sanitation of Colony. Committee on Education made various recommendations including more instruction in Chinese. Penny letter postage ex- tended to Br. Agencies in China. Volunteer Corps re-organized into 2 Artillery and 1 Engineer Co. Serious shortage of water in spring; water brought in lighters from Isun Wan. Severe typhoon (2/8).
Trade & Industries.-Manufacture of rattan furniture for export started on large scale by American firm. Cotton spinning did better than in previous years, sugar refining worse. Exchange averaged 1/8-6724 for the year and stood at 1/7 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Governor's new Peak Residence completed. New quarters provided for gaol staff (6 married and 40 single Europeans and 56 Indians). Police Stations erected in Victoria (No. 7), at Sheung Shui in N. T., and at Tai O in Lantao. New Kowloon Water Works commenced (Apl.).
Legislation.-Four Ords. dealt with land in N. T. Water-works Consolidation Ord. had for its object economizing of water.
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
40
1903.
Principal Events.-New Education Code made grants dependent on results of inspection and not of annual examinations. New wing of Tung Wa Hospital opened. Letters to Europe first sent by Siberian Rail- way (13/10).
Trade & Industries.--Brussels Sugar convention coming into effect 1/9 improved condition of sugar refining industry. High price of raw cotton pre- judicially affected cotton spinning. Exchange averaged 1/8-5243 for the year and stood at 1/815 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Victoria Hosp. for women and children (44 beds) on Peak and 16 ft. road from Kennedy Town to Aberdeen (5 m.) handed over by Jubilee Com- mittee. Ladder Street Resumption Scheme completed. 1st public bath-house (40 baths) opened at Wanchai. Conduit Road (2,900 ft. long) opened. N. T. Survey completed. New Government Offices commenced (June). Foundation Stone of the New Law Courts laid (12/11).
Legislation. The Public Health and Buildings Ord. (No. 1) superseded all former Ords. dealing with this matter and made extensive and minute provision for improving health of Colony. Waterworks Ord. (No. 16) repealed Ord. of previous year and made other provisions for economizing water supply. Four Ords. dealt with land in N. T.
1904.
Mr. F. H. May, C.M.G., administered from 22.11.1903
to 28.7.1904.
Principal Events.-Outbreak of war between Russia and Japan (S/2) brought influx of colliers, etc. and decrease of foreign ships. Speculation resulted in heavy losses among Chinese. Attempt to start emigration
1920-1930
41
431
of indentured labourers to S. Africa failed owing to local opposing interests and was abandoned after ship- ment of 1,746. Land Court determined 354,277 claims to land in N. T., where there was evidence of increasing prosperity. Mounted troop added to Volunteers and Vol. Reserve Association established.
Trade & Industries.-Cotton spinning did badly at commencement but better at end of year. Sugar industry brought large profits to refineries. Opium Farm let for 3 years at $2.200,000 p.a. reduced to $2,040,000 p.a. from 1/11. 3′ 6′′ EI. Tramway from Kennedy Town to Shau Ki Wan (91 m.) opened for traffic. Exchange averaged 1/10-07176 for the year and stood at 1/11 on December 31st.
Public Works.-Praya Reclamation completed. Tytam Byewash Reservoir added 26,301,000 galls. to storage for City Waterworks; total capacity of storage reservoirs now 537,695,000 galls. Kennedy Town Cattle Depôt extended to hold 1,241 head. 2nd public bath-house (38 baths) opened at Tai Ping Shan. Gascoigne Road at Kowloon and 14 ft. road to Tai Po (16 m.) in N. T. completed. New Rifle Ranges provided behind Kowloon City.
Legislation.-Sugar Convention Ord. (No. 14) forbade importation of bounty fed sugar. Pilots Ord. (No. 3) provided for exam. and licensing of Pilots. Hill Dist. Reservation Ord. (No. 4) reserved residential area at the Peak.
1905.
Governor Sir Matthew Nathan, K.C.M.G., 29.7.1904 to
20.4.1907.
Principal Events.-Russo-Japanese war and especially proximity of Russian fleet (April-May) and subsequent sinking of Br. S.S. "Oldhamia" (18/5) and "St. Kilda" (4/6) gave rise at H.K. to various questions
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42
as to duties and rights of neutrals. Before signature of armistice on 1/9 shipping tended to return to normal conditions. Govt. of H.K. on 2/10 lent the Hu Kwang Viceroy £1,000,000 repayable in 10 annual instalments for redemption of Canton-Hankow Raily. concession.. Unsuccessful negotiations carried on through year in connection with Ch. section of Canton- Kowloon Railway. Parcel post arrangement with Germany came into force (1/6) and postage to Australia reduced (15/7). Revised rent roll introduced in N. T. Anglo-Chinese Govt. School opened at Aberdeen.
Trade & Industries. Trade adversely affected by over-speculation in 1904, by fluctuations in exchange, by boycott of American goods as protest against U.S.A. exclusion law and by reduction of Br. fleet in China. Imports to and exports from China fell off. Sugar refineries, Cotton Spinning Co. and cement and rope factories did good business. There was falling off in repairing and docking ships. Exchange averaged 1/11-2335 for the year and stood at 2/05 on December 30th.
Public Works. Preliminary Survey of Br. sec- tion of Canton-Kowloon Railway carried out, route selected and land partly resumed. Construction was
commenced under P.W.D. at the latter end of the year. 1st order light from Cape D'Aguilar transferred to new tower at Green Is. Disinfecting Stn. at Kowloon, Mong Kok Tsui Market (40 stalls) and Yau Ma Ti District School (for 200 scholars) completed. Resumption scheme finished at Kau U Fong (27, 156 sq. ft.) and commenced at Mee Lun Lane (900 sq. ft.). Robinson and Gascoigne South roads extended.
Legislation.-12 (including 4 financial and 6 amending) Ords. passed of which most important were N. T. Land Ords. (Nos. 3 & 9) for facilitating land transfers and settling land disputes.
1920-1930
43
1906.
433
Mr. F. H. May, C.M.G., administered from 15.12.1906
to 23.1.1907.
Principal Events.-Commission appointed to enquire into administration of Sanitary Laws (28/4). The construction of the Kowloon-Canton Railway (British Section) was taken over by the Construction Staff appointed by Consulting Engineers in May. The Beacon Hill tunnel was commenced, South face (15/9) North face (1/12). Piracy of British Steamer "Sainam" on West River, British Missionary killed (13/8). Severe typhoon (18/9), 15 Europeans including Protestant Bishop and some 10,000 Chinese drowned. 2,413 Chinese craft reported lost, 141 European vessels and launches foun- dered or badly damaged. British Steamer "Hankow" burnt at wharf, 111 lives lost (14/10). Census taken (6/11). Kowloon-Canton Railway Final Loan Agree- ment signed (10/11).
Trade & Industries.-General depression in trade; heavy losses through fall in price of Indian yarn; shares in local undertakings much depreciated in value. Increased importation of Australian flour. Iron mining started and a large Flour Mill opened in the New Territories. Exchange averaged 2/1-7064 for the year and stood at 2/3 on December 29th.
16
Public Works.-Harbour Office, Western Mar- ket, Bacteriological Institute, Volunteers' Headquarters, Taipo Quarters, and Gunpowder Depôt completed. Considerable progress made with Kowloon roads and extension of Conduit Road in Victoria; Mee Lun Lane resumption scheme well advanced; new Kowloon Reservoir brought into use and rider main system completed.
Legislation.-17 Ords. passed including Married Women's Property and Criminal Evidence Ords. (Nos. 5 & 14) designed to bring local law into line with English statutes.
434
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
44
1907.
Governor Sir Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, K.C.M.G.,
C.B., D.S.O., 29.7.1907.
(Mr. F. H. May, C.M.G., administered from 21.4.1907.
to 28.7.1907).
Principal Events.-Commission appointed to enquire into administration of Sanitary Laws reported (19/3). Claim for compensation, on account of lives lost in Sainam piracy, settled. Survey of Chinese Sec- tion of the Kowloon-Canton Railway commenced. H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught accompanied by H.R.H. the Duchess of Connaught and Princess Patricia of Connaught visited the Colony (6/2). Sir M. Nathan appointed Governor of Natal; succeeded by Sir F. J. D. Lugard, who was appointed 1/5 and arrived in Colony 29/7.
Tin
Trade & Industries.-Continued depression of trade accentuated towards the end of the year by world- wide restriction of commerce following upon financial crisis in America. Shipping in particular suffered. The local sugar industry held its own but shares in the majority of local undertakings further depreciated in value. A project to start a Brewery made headway. Development of iron mining in N. T. arrested. smelting increased. Assessment made in July for year 1907-8 showed that rateable value for whole Colony had decreased by 2.52%. Opium Farm let for 3 years at $1,452,000 p.a. Loss and inconvenience caused by depreciation of subsidiary currency and over-issue of sub. coin by the Canton Mint. Exchange averaged 2/1-8499 for the year and stood at 1/913 on December 31st.
Public Works.-The Tytam Tuk Waterworks (1st Section) were practically completed affording a further permanent storage of 195,914,000 gallons and
of 210,370,000 with movable weir added. A Mortuary
1920-1930
45
435
at Kowloon and a Market of 68 stalls at Quarry Bay were completed, also the extensions to Conduit Road East and West, the first extension of the Kowloon City Road towards Customs Pass and a further extension of Robinson Road Northwards. The Mee Lun Lane resumption scheme was also finished.
Legislation.-16 Ords. (5 amendment) passed; Hongkong College of Medicine incorporated; H.K. & S. Bank authorized to increase its capital from ten to twenty million dollars and to continue incorporated for a further term of 21 years; Life Insurance Companies Ord. passed.
1908.
Principal Events. Mr. H. N. Mody offered to present Colony with buildings necessary for a University : Committee formed to promote the undertaking and collect endowment fund. Instructions received from H.M.' Government that all opium divans in Colony must be closed. Disastrous Typhoon on the night of 27th to 28th July. Riot in town of Victoria on 1st and 2nd November in connection with boycott of Japanese goods by the Cantonese.
Trade & Industries.-Money plentiful owing to lack of remunerative employment. No sign of revival in the real estate market. Import business on the whole showed some improvement on the preceding years in spite of the downward tendency of exchange and the growing tendency of trade to go direct to Canton. The sugar refining industry showed better results. The Cotton Mill had a poor year. The shipping industry shared in a world wide depression in the carrying trade, and this was reflected locally in a marked falling off in the business of the Dock Company. All export business and especially silk suffered as a result of the great financial crisis in America. Loss by depreciation of sub-
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
46
sidiary currency continued; the Government withdrew from circulation and demonetized $780,000 of sub- sidiary silver coin and $30,000 of bronze coin. Ex- change averaged 1/9-6727 for the year and stood at 1/813 on December 31st.
Public Works.-The new Time Ball Tower was completed and brought into use. A section of the new Land Office at Tai Po was completed for the use of the Asssistant Land Officer. The new Slaughter Houses and Animal Depôt at Ma Tau Kok, Kowloon, were completed and brought into use. The extension of P.W.D. Offices was carried out. Wanchai School was extended and its accommodation practically doubled. Saivingpun School was also enlarged by the erection of an additional storey. The Quarters at the Victoria School had another storey added. The European Quarters in Mount Gough Police Station were considerably enlarged. The Transvaal Coolie Emigration Depôt was purchased for a Quarantine Station and buildings, etc., put in order. Staff Quarters in Government Civil Hospital were extended. Obelisk at Kowloon in memory of the French sailors drowned in Typhoon 1906 was unveiled. 12 New Fire Alarms were installed in City. Nathan Road was extended from Market Street to Kowloon Farm Lot No. 2. In New Territories the Kowloon City Road was extended from its point of intersection with the Military Roads to its point of bifurcation to Customs Pass and Chin Lan Chun Village. Blake Pier Permanent Shelter was completed. New Service Reservoir at West Point was completed: capacity 3SS,000 gallons; also a new S" rising main.
Legislation.-22 Ordinances (9 amendment) pass- ed. The principal matters dealt with were-public health and buildings, fire insurance companies, foreign. corporations, breweries, chemists and druggists, and theatres. Public Health and Buildings bill passed after much debate and permanent Head of Sanitary Dept. created (result of Commission). Chinese Emigration. Ordinance 1889 amended and "assisted emigrants" recognised, affording additional protection and safe-
1920-1930
47
437
guards. Small Debts Court instituted in N.T., and Widows and Orphans' Pension Fund transferred to Hong Kong Government.
1909.
Frincipal Events.-International Opium Con- ference at Shanghai (Feb.). 26 opium divans in H.K. closed (1/3). The headings from each end of Beacon Hill tunnel met (17/5). Opium Ordinances amended and consolidated in accordance with the resolutions of the Shanghai Conference, additional restrictions and safe- guards being imposed in respect of morphine, compounds of opiums and cocaine (1/9). Duties imposed on intoxicating liquors (17/9). Severe typhoon (19-20/10). Conference held in H.K. between Portuguese and Chinese Commissioners for delimitation of boundaries of Macao (June-Nov.). Total endowment fund of proposed H.K. University amounted at close of year to $533,496 exclusive of $718,614 promised.
Trade & Industries.-The local money market was easy throughout the year. Real estate showed faint signs of revival. In imports a large business was done. Exports were active; silk in good demand. The sugar refining industry prospered. Shipping showed a slight improvement on the previous year, but this was not reflected in the local docking industries which suffered from insufficient work. Loss by depreciation of sub- sidiary currency continued: the Govt. withdrew from circulation and demonetized $779.712 of subsidiary silver coin and $40,646 of bronze coin. Exchange averaged 1/9 0601 for the year and stood at 1/9 on December 31st.
Public Works.-The old stables adjoining the Government Offices were extended and raised to render the upper storey available and so provide additional accommodation for the staff of the Public Works Department. A bungalow on the mainland at Tai Po
438
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
48
for the Assistant District Officer was completed. A staircase from the ball-room to the grounds of Govern- ment House was constructed. A road from Ma Tau Kok to Tai Shek Ku was completed; the level of Des Vœux Road, Kowloon, (re-named Chatham Road,) was raised; and arrangements were made for the construction of a new road traversing Marine Lot 29 from Queen's Road East to Praya East. The old fish pond at Tai Wo Shi (N.T.) was filled in. The Albany Filter Beds were reconstructed and extended, and the filtering area increased from 3,246 to 4,945 square yards. Extensive resumptions of land at Kowloon Point were effected with a view to providing a site for the terminal station of the Kowloon-Canton Railway. Public latrines were structed at Tai Kok Tsui, in Chuk Hing Lane, at Wong neichong Village and adjoining Kennedy Road to the westward of the Peak Tramway. Ping Shan-Shataukok Road surveyed and part constructed.
con-
Legislation.-46 Ordinances (32 amendment) passed. The principal matters dealt with were-opium, liquor, trade marks, railways, and the construction of a harbour of refuge at Mongkoktsui.
1910.
(Sir F. H. May, K.C.M.G., administered from 30.4.10 to 31.10.10).
Principal Events. All opium divans in H.K. and the N.T. closed (1/3). Opium Farm let for 3 years at $1,183,200 p.a. (1/3). H.B.M.'s Government make the Colony a grant of £9,000 for the year 1910 on account of loss of opium revenue. Foundation stone of H.K. University laid by Sir F. D. Lugard (16/3). Endowment fund of University stood at $1,239,828 (exclusive of $96,460 promised) on 31st Dec. Con- siderable scarcity of water owing to dryness of the season, but heavy rains in June removed anxiety. Plague cases decreased to 25, the lowest since 1897. Trouble at
1920-1930
49
439
Macao with pirates on Colowan Island: Portuguese troops and gunboats engaged: many pirates escaped; some afterwards arrested at Cheung Chau Island in the N.T. (July). British Section, Kowloon-Canton Railway, opened by Sir Henry May (1/10). Portuguese Republic proclaimed in Macao (10/10).
Trade & industries.-The local money market was easy during the first 6 months of the year, but afterwards inclined to be tight, owing probably to the fall in rubber stocks. Financial crisis in Shanghai caused by rubber boom; many banks failed (Aug./Sept.). In imports of raw sugar there was a heavy falling off due mainly to producers in Java sending direct to Nor- thern markets without trans-shipment in H.K. There was also a falling off in import and export of raw opium due partly to an additional tax on opium imposed, contrary to treaty, by the Canton Government. Com- pounds of opium including morphine also declined due to restrictive legislation by Government. The year was fair generally for merchants and manufacturers: yarn, piece-goods, and tin did well. The number and tonnage of ships entering and clearing in the Colony was the largest yet recorded, being 545,177 vessels of 36,441,496 tons, an increase as compared with 1909 of 17,897 vessels and 1,610,651 tons. There was a considerable improvement in the industry of docking steamers in H.K. :during the latter part of the year the industry gained a considerable impetus, which has since been maintained. Subsidiary currency remained at a dis- count: the Government withdrew from circulation and demonetized $5,272,012.25 (face value) of silver sub- coin and $255,446.79 (face value) of copper coin. Exchange averaged 1/9-60216 for the year and stood at 1/10 on 31st December.
Public Works. A new block containing 78 cells was constructed in Victoria Gaol. An extension of the Land Office at Tai Po for the accommodation of the
440
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
50
District Officer was completed. A small slaughter- house for Shaukiwan District was built at Sai Wan Ho. Argyle Street, Kowloon, was extended eastwards as far as the Railway to afford access to Yaumati Station and the diversion and alteration of Chatham and Gascoigne Roads on account of the construction of the Railway were completed. In the N. T. the road from Castle Peak Bay was completed as far as Un Long and the extension from San Tin Village to Au Ha Gap was well advanced. The large nullah west of the University site was trained. Ferro-concrete piers at Kowloon City and at the Gunpowder Depôt, Green Island, were completed. Causeway Bay was deepened to 1 foot below low water. The Kowloon Water Works Gravitation Scheme, begun in 1902, was completed. A 12" main for conveying Tytam Water to the Western district of the City was laid in Caine Road. The sites of several houses which had collapsed in Morrison Street were acquired in con- nection with the re-construction of the Old Western Market and further extensive areas were resumed at Kowloon Point to provide a site for the terminus of the Railway.
Legislation.-34 Ordinances (21 amendment) passed: Ordinances relating to the N.T. consolidated : the principal other matters dealt with were-copyright, crown suits, lepers, midwives, oaths, and volunteer
reserve.
1911.
Principal Events.-Preparation of revised edi- tion of Ordinances begun by Sir F. T. PIGGOTT (March). By an Agreement dated 8/5 between Great Britain and China no Indian Opium permitted to be imported into China unless accompanied by certificate of Indian Government that such opium was exported from India for consumption in China. Coronation of H.M. KING
1920-1930
51
441
GEORGE V celebrated (22/6). H.M. Government made the Colony a grant of £12,000 for the year 1911-12 on account of loss of opium revenue. Board of Chinese Vernacular Primary Education constituted (7/9). Chinese Section Kowloon-Canton Railway opened for through traffic (4/10). Revolutionary movement in China reflected in Colony by some rioting (6/11). Peace Preservation Ordinance proclaimed (29/11). Many cases of disorderliness, assaults and petty thefts.
thefts. Armed military patrols paraded the streets daily.
Trade & Industries.-During the early part of the year trade prospects were favourable, but the unrest in Kwang Tung province considerably curtailed credit, and business, especially in the import trade, suffered severely. Money was easy at the beginning of the year but became tight during the latter months. The imports of raw sugar showed a further falling off since 1910. The opium trade was greatly affected by the Opium Agreement of May. Prices fluctuated greatly and certified opium reached the abnormal figure of $5,000 in September, only to decline later. The actual imports and exports showed a decrease of roughly 30% as com- pared with 1910. The total of the shipping entering and clearing at Ports in the Colony amounted to 543,570 vessels of 36,179,152 tons. This decrease as compared with 1910 was largely due to the unrest in China and strikes in the United Kingdom. The flour trade was particularly good, the receipts in Hong Kong being nearly doubled. The price of rice was high and fluctuated greatly, and the Hong Kong rice merchants lost heavily. Silk, piece goods, yarn and coal all suffered from the political unrest during the latter half of the year. A few firms benefited by a boom in fancy goods, European clothes, hats and boots which was the direct result of the revolution. Exchange was fairly steady with a slight upward tendency towards the end of the year when it stood at 1/10
442
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
52
A
Public Works.-The new building erected be tween Connaught and Des Voeux Roads for the accommodation of the Post Office, Treasury, &c., was completed and occupied in the middle of the year. The following other buildings were also completed :-Kowloon Market No. 2 Police Station (reconstructed and enlarged): Tsun Wan Police Station: two Government Pavilions (reconstructed as permanent structures): Hospital, &c., at Quarantine Station, Lai Chi Kok: Staff Quarters at Kennedy Town Hospital: Workshops and Sheds for dustcarts, &c.. at the City Disinfecting Station and Quarters for Searchers, Imports and Exports Office. Two public latrines in Mee Lun Street and Rutter Street and a trough closet under the ramp leading to the Government Civil Hospital were constructed. road was constructed to the west of the Peak Tramway connecting Bowen and May Roads and sundry improve- ments were carried out in Wongneichong and Shaukiwan Roads. In the New Territories, the road from Castle Peak Bay was completed as far as Au Tau Police Station and the section of the same road extending from San Tin to Au Ha Gap was also completed. A portion of the last-mentioned section extending from Fan Ling Railway Station to Au Ha Gap was utilized for the construction of a light railway which was extended eastwards to Shataukok. Important nullah-training works were carried out in the valleys both north and south of Magazine Gap, in the neighbourhood of the Military Hospital on Bowen Road, at Shaukiwan and at Pokfulam. Two new flushing tanks for the low level sewers of Victoria were constructed and extensive drainage works were carried out at Mongkoktsui, Shamshuipo and Shau- kiwan West.
Legislation.-65 Ordinances (43 amendment) passed: Ordinances relating to liquors consolidated the principal other matters dealt with were-Chinese partner- ships, companies, Crown Solicitors, electricity supply, interpretation, Mercantile Bank note issue, money lenders, revision of Ordinances, societies, and University.
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1912.
Governor Sir Francis Henry May, K.C.M.G., 4.7.1912. (Mr. Claud Severn administered from 16.3.12 to 3.7.12).
443
Principal Events.-Importation of Persian Opium into China prohibited from 1st January. Disturbed con- dition of adjacent Chinese Territory owing to withdrawal of military posts along frontier resulted in some serious raids into British territory. Indian troops drafted to various points along frontier (26/6), withdrawn (30/11). Embargo placed by Canton Authorities on limestone from Kuangtung for Green Island Cement Co. (July). Sir HENRY MAY on landing was fired at by Chinese fanatic but escaped unhurt (3/7). Cheung Chau Police Station attacked by pirates and three Indian Constables killed (19/8). Joint expedition by Portuguese and Chinese to eradicate pirates from island of Wong Kam near Macao proved abortive (20/8). Boycott of Low Level Tramway on account of their refusal to accept Chinese subsidiary coins began (November).
Trade & Industries.-Exchange during the year showed a distinct rise owing to the projected borrowings in China, good harvests in India, and the forced buying of silver by the Indian Government to replenish their reserve. In December it stood at 2/1. The Indian Yarn trade was fair and keen interest was shewn by Chinese dealers in the product of the local mill. Piece- goods clearances were fair but business was generally unprofitable. The trade in woollens was also fair. Sundries business was excellent during the first half of the year. The market was still however suffering from excessive speculation induced by the demand for European articles of clothing. The Silk Market suffered indirectly through the Balkan trouble and the Presiden- tial elections in America. Trade in matting was fairly satisfactory. An important business was done in Metal, especially Silver, Quicksilver. Nailpods, Lead, Copper, Tin and Yellow Metals at greatly advanced prices brought about partly through labour troubles and advanced.
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transport rates. The consumption of Kerosine Oil was about the same as in 1911, but prices were lower than in previous years owing to severe competition between the two importing Companies. The consumption was interfered with in the latter half of the year by difficulty of native junk transportation through piracy. The Flour trade made great strides, there being imported nearly 200,000 bags of American Flour more than in 1911, which was a record year, but fluctuations in prices. resulted in heavy losses to importers and there was much speculation. The demand for Rice was at first small but increased substantially, notably from Japan. There were considerable fluctuations in the price of Opium mostly in a downward direction and during the revolu- tion Patna declined to $2,965. Violation of treaty rights, extensive smuggling of uncertificated opium and presidential mandates ordering the entire abolition of the trade within the year all contributed to a situation which was extremely anxious for those interested. The total shipping entered and cleared amounted to 488,649 vessels of 36,735,149 tons, the decrease as compared with 1911 being due entirely to a large falling off in the number of steam launches and junks formerly employed in local trade.
Public Works.-The new building for the Courts of Justice was completed in the beginning of the year and was formally opened by His Excellency the Governor on 15th January. The following other buildings were also completed:-Additional Storey and new Wing to Yaumati English School: Market and Slaughter House, Aberdeen: Stables near the Disinfecting Station, Yaumati: Lighthouse and Quarters, Kap Sing Island: Additional Wing to the Maternity Hospital. The con- struction of the road on the east side of the Peak Tram- way connecting Chamberlain and Plantation Roads was completed and extended down the hillside towards Barker Road with which it will eventually be connected. Sundry improvements were carried out to the Bonham and Wongneichong Roads, and the forming of the streets.
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in connection with the Tai Hang Village Improvement Scheme was completed. In Kowloon, the approaches to No. 2 Railway Bridge from Chatham and Gascoigne Roads were improved and in the New Territories the construction of the roads from San Tin to Au Tau and Kam Tin to Au Tau was commenced. Important nullah- training works, amounting to over 4,000 feet in length were carried out in the neighbourhood of Shaukiwan, Wongneichong and Pokfulam as well as in the City, the Hill District and Kowloon. The sewer in Craigmin Road in the Hill District and the stormwater drains in Hill and Bonham Roads were extended and the large drainage works at Shamshuipo and Kowloon City were completed. The filling in of a large area to form a new site for Ap Liu Village, near Shamshuipo, was also completed. Extensive purchases of land to the south of Salisbury Road, Kowloon, required for the terminal station of the Kowloon-Canton Railway were effected.
Legislation.-43 Ordinances (22 amendment) passed. The principal matters dealt with were- advertisements regulation, airships, boycott prevention, Chinese Congregational Church, Chinese marriage pre- servation, criminal sessions, copyright repeal, crown solicitors, deportation, final revison of ordinances, foreign copper coin, full court, holidays, innkeepers, limited partnerships, revenue officers power of arrest and vehicles and traffic regulation.
1913.
(Mr. Claud Severn administered from 21.8.13 to
24.12.13).
Principal Events.-Re-constituted Appeal Court under the Presidency of Sir Havilland de Sausmarez opened (2/1). Certain districts contemplated by the Government to be proclaimed as boycott areas announced (4/1). The boycott of the Low Level Tramway which commenced in November of the preceding year came to an end early in February. A Cadet Company in con-
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nection with the Hong Kong Volunteer Corps formed (March). SS. Tai On pirated (2/4). A Day of Prayer for China in Christian Churches appointed by the Govern- ment of China (27/4). A bomb factory seized at Tai Kok Tsui (3/7). Independence of the Kwangtung Province proclaimed by Governor-General Ch'an Kwing- ming (18/7). Lung Chai-kwong advanced from Kwongsi to restore the authority of the Central Government and arrived at Canton (11/8). Severe typhoon (17/8). Diocesan Girls' School opened (September). Many piracies occurred in the waters of the Canton River delta throughout the year.
Trade & Industries.-Exchange rose during the summer months as the result of the issue of the Quintuple Loan and Indian purchases of silver but generally the tendency was downward in consequence of the suspen- sion of the Indian Specie Bank. In December it stood at 1/11. The Indian Yarn trade was the smallest since 1906. Piecegoods may be said to have had an average year. The Woollen trade was bad and there were heavy stocks for which an outlet could not be found. The Sundries market was suffering heavily from the effects of over-speculation during the first and second revolution and there were many failures among the smaller dealers. Japanese competition was strong. The Silk Market was exceptionally good. Exports of Cassia were at the lowest they had been during the past 20 years. The Matting industry was very much hampered owing to the uncertainty of duties due to the U. S. A. tariff revision, Prices were low and very unre- munerative to manufacturers. The Metal business opened with boom prices but these were not maintained and declines in all lines set in. The consumption of Kerosine Oil shewed a decrease as compared with 1912 due to the general unrest of the people in South China. The Flour import for the year amounted to 5,176,623 bags of a total approximate value of $11,000,000. Imports from America 4,774,623 bags, Canada 320,000, Australia 82,000, a total reduction on 1912 imports of
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518,000 bags. The demand for Canadian flour con- tinued to increase. The new crops of Rice were quite up to expectations and the prospects for 1914 were good. The Indian Opium trade was at an absolute standstill. In accordance with the British Government's agreement with China no further importations of opium were per- missible until existing stocks were exhausted. Prices were-Patna $5,650-5,875, Benares $5,475-5,700, Malwa $4,900-5,000. Persian, (the trade in which is restricted to Japan), was $1,150. The total Shipping entered and cleared at the Port amounted to 490,228 vessels of 37,742,982 tons which compared with the figures for 1912 shows an increase of 1,609 vessels of 1,007,933 tons.
Public Works.-The following new buildings were completed during the year :-Sanitary Inspectors' Office and Quarters, Wantsai District, in Queen's Road East; New 2-storeyed south block of the Western Market at junction of Bonham Strand and Morrison Street; New Operating Theatre to the Government Civil Hospital: Extension to the Government Slaughter House, Kennedy Town;
Extension of the Belilios Public School in Holly- wood Road; Western District Sanitary Office and Quarters, Pokfulam Road; Stables for Sanitary Depart- ment at Leighton Hill Road; Vegetable and Fruit Market at Yaumati; Extensions to Royal Observatory; Police Station at Cheung Chau in the New Territories. Im- provements and extensions were carried out to the following roads :- Wong-nei-chong Road, Belchers Street, Hau Fung Lane, Reclamation Street, Argyle Street, Canton Road, and Mody Road. In the New Territories, the San Tin-Au Tau and the Kam Tin-Au Tau Roads were completed and also some short lengths of roads in the neighbourhood of Fan Ling and Sheung Shui. Close on 6,000 lineal feet of nullals were trained in the neighbourhood of Shaukiwan, Wongneichong, Pokfulam, as well as in the City, Hill District and Kowloon. Considerable extensions of
of the existing drainage system in Hong Kong and Kowloon were
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carried out and a large area in the neighbourhood of Shamshuipo was filled in to provide sites for those inhabitants of that village who had been dislodged by improvements carried out there. Extensive water works were in progress during the year:-the construction of a new impounding reservoir to contain 1,419 million gallons at Tytam Tuk and the erection of a new Pumping Station in Pokfulam Road to supply water to the Hill District. The construction of a service reservoir and filter beds at Shaukiwan was completed.
Legislation.-30 Ordinances (14 Amendment) passed one Ordinance to repeal the Sugar Convention Ordinance subsequently disallowed. The most important matters dealt with were :-General Loan and Inscribed Stock, Prohibition of the Circulation of Foreign Notes, Prohibition of the Circulation of Foreign Silver and Nickel Coins, Steam Launches and River Trade Steamers (Protection against Piracy), and Education.
1914.
Principal Events.-Presidential Mandate issued in China declaring Kweiwa Cheng, Kalgan, Dolon-Nor, Chinfeng, Taonanfu, Lieng-kow, Hulutao in North China open to international trade (January). Mr. Ellis Kadoorie offered to Lady May $15,000 towards an Institute in Hong Kong to be called the "Helena May Institute for Women" (January). Supreme Court of Hong Kong sanctioned removal of Morrison Library from the City Hall to University of Hong Kong (March). During March two steamers Childar and Shingtai were pirated while in April the S.S. Tai On was attacked and burned off Kio. Many pirates afterwards brought to trial and executed in Canton. Floods in the West River, great loss of life and property (June). A sum of 50,000 was voted by the Hong Kong Legislative Council and a Committee was appointed to raise a public subscription for flood relief purposes (July). Death of Sir Kai Ho Kai, Kt., c.M.G., (21/7). Austria-Hungary declared war on Servia (28/7). Germany declared war
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on
on Russia (1/8). War declared by Great Britain on Germany at 11 p.m. 4/S. France declared Austria-Hungary (10/S). War declared by Great Britain on Austria-Hungary at 12 m.n. 12/8. Japan declared war against Germany (23/8). War declared between Great Britain and Turkey (5/11). Supreme Court of Hong Kong declared a Prize Court (21/8). Prince of Wales' National Relief Fund opened. $100.000 voted by the Hong Kong Legislative Council (22/10). Fall of Tsingtau (7/11).
Trade & Industries.-Exchange presented no novel features until the outbreak of war which caused a serious slump, rates on 4th and 5th August being 1/83, but on the 11th August recovered to 1/11. At the end of the year however they ruled between 1/83 and 1/91 T.T. Indian Yarn trade had an unsatisfactory year, the losses suffered equalling those of 1906. During the early part of the year there were occasional upward fluctuations; the European war caused a decline which in November reached 25 per cent. The total turnover was 155,000 bales against 125,000 for 1913 and 180,000 for 1912. Piece-goods had a very bad year owing to the floods in the West River, depreciation of Kwang Tung notes, and the European upheaval. Fancies and Novelties began fairly well but fell away. The Woollen trade was bad and large stocks remained on hand. Sundries business was not satisfactory. Stocks were heavy and demand poor. Trade in better class sundries tended to get more and more into the hands of the big department stores and the old fashioned shop keepers had to turn their attention more to cheap Japanese sundries. The Tailoring and Outfitting trade was poor, and many shops had to close before the end of the year. The Silk Market which opened very promisingly and continued good for the first half of the year became greatly restricted on account of the unprecedented West River floods causing destruction to the mulberry trees. The European War brought about the complete collapse of the trade. Exports to Europe 22,928 bales as
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―
against 37,300 in 1913, and Exports to America 16,967 bales as against 18,800. The export of Cassia Oil was spasmodic all through the year. Prices averaged about $155 per picul for 70/75 per cent., $165 per picul for 75/80 per cent., $175 per picul for 80/85 per cent. Matting and mats exported to America fell off by about one-third in comparison with the preceding year. Kerosine consumption increased. The flour import for the year from America was 3,516,420 bags and from Canada 423,334, making a total of 3,939,754, a decrease of 1,286,769 in the previous year. Australian shipments were small. The demand for Canadian flour continued to increase. The demand for rice from America, South Africa and Canada almost doubled itself. The importation of Indian Opium entirely stopped. Stocks of certified opium in Hong Kong and Shanghai amounted to 7,500 chests. The formation of an opium combine gave the importers an opportunity of clearing holdings before the trade was abolished. Prices ranged as follows:--Patna New $5,975-9,325, Patna Old $5,750- 9,200, Benares New $5,800-9,050, Benares Old $5,575-9,150, Malwa $5,550-9,150. The total Shipping entered and cleared amounted to 517,439 vessels of 36,756,951 tons, an increase over 1913 of 27,211 vessels but a decrease of 986,031 net register tons.
Public Works.-The following buildings were completed during the year :-New Magistracy (with the exception of certain internal fittings), Subordinate Officers' Quarters at Breezy Point and Mount Parish in Victoria and adjoining King's Park, Kowloon, stables for Sanitary Department adjoining No. 1 Police Station, two underground trough closets, one in Pottinger Street and the other in D'Aguilar Street, a urinal at Happy Valley, additions to the Printing Office, Victoria Gaol, and additions and alterations to the Hung Hom Police Station. The following new roads were completed during the year the first portion of the road on North face of the Victoria Peak commencing from Victoria Gap and the road to give access to the lots situated on the ridge
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to the East of Happy Valley. Belchers Street was extended through M.L. 239 and the old road from Deep Water Bay to Shaukiwan through Stanley was improved by diverting and widening it at several points. In the New Territories the extension of the road at Castle Peak Bay and the construction of the pier there were practical- ly completed during the year as was also the road from Taipo to Fanling with the exception of two bridges. Upwards of 10,000 lineal feet of stream courses were trained in the neighbourhood of Shaukiwan and Pokfulam, in the City and Hill Districts and in Kowloon. In the New Territories, a small amount of training was carried out in the vicinity of the Railway Bungalows at Taipo. Considerable extensions of sewers in connection with new building lots were carried out in Hong Kong and Kowloon. The reclamation in front of K.M.L.s 29-31 was completed. The construction of the Depôt for coaling and repairing Government launches was com- menced on a part of this reclamation and at the close of the year the slipway for Government launches was nearing completion. Good progress was made with the construction of the masonry dam of the new impounding reservoir at Tytam Tuk and with the laying of the necessary mains and foundations for additional pumping plant. The new pumping station on Pokfulam Road to supersede the one on Bonham Road was completed and brought into use during the year. The construction of extensive filter beds and of a large service reservoir for the supply of the Western District of the City was under- taken towards the close of the year. The construction of the large breakwater and the other works in con- nection with the Typhoon Refuge at Mongkoktsui were nearing completion at the end of the year.
Legislation.-33 Ordinances (19 amendment) passed. The principal matters dealt with were :-Opium, Cremation, Seditious Publications, Public Lighting, Obscene Publications, Dentistry, Wild Birds and Game Preservation, Piracy Prevention, Trading with the Enemy, Special Police Reserve and Alien Enemies (Winding up).
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1915.
Principal Events.-Tiger killed in New Ter- ritories. 1 European and 2 Indian Constables died from wounds (8/3). Hannametal restored to owner by Hong Kong Prize Court (1/4). Bank of China authorised to issue 3,000,000 dollars in subsidiary notes (22/4). Japan presented Ultimatum to China (7/5). Chinese Government submitted to Japan's demands (9/5). A sum of £1,500 remitted to the Overseas Club for two aeroplanes for the British Government. One presented by the partners of the Tai Yau Bank and the other by general subscriptions among the British and Chinese communities (20/5). British Chamber of Commerce inaugurated in Shanghai (25/5). Shanghai suffered from a severe typhoon (28/7). Disaster in Kwongtung Province by the flooding of the West River. Thousands lost their lives and thousands more were made homeless. Fire in Canton; estimated that 10,000 people perished. The Hong Kong Government voted $50,000 in addition to a relief fund raised by the Tung Wah Hospital (29/7). American Chamber of Commerce at Shanghai organised (18/8). Their Majesties the King and Queen presented their portraits to the Colony (23/9). New French Convent orphanage opened by Lady May (6/10). Open- air fête in the Public Gardens in aid of the British Red Cross Society and the Order of St. John of Jerusalem (27/10). Important judgment delivered by Sir Samuel Evans, President of the Prize Court, on the status of Arnhold, Karberg & Co. (23/11). Death of the Hon. Mr. E. A. HEWETT, C.M, G., (24/11), Election of the Hon. Mr. D. LANDALE as Chairman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce (9/11). President Yuan Shih-kai invited to ascend dragon throne by the pro- vincial delegates at Peking (13/12). Memorial stone of new Harbour Refuge at Mongkoktsui laid by His Excellency the Governor (16/12).
Trade & Industries.-Exchange showed a steady rising tendency beginning in January with 1s. 9d. and ending in December with 1s. 11d. There were no
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was
violent fluctuations during the year. The market in Indian Yarn ruled steady for the most of the year; the volume of business transacted during the year 108,000 bales, being 30,700 bales more than in 1914. In the piecegoods trade there was a good business in fancy goods, but big stocks of grey and white shirtings. accumulated owing to the shortage of dyes. Woollen goods reached a very high price owing to the fact that Home spinners and weavers were busy on war contracts; an opportunity was therefore presented of disposing of stocks harboured in the Colony since 1911. In October and November silk prices reached a very high figure. Exports to Europe amounted to 13,474 bales as against 22,928 in 1914, and exports to America 26,800 bales as against 16,967. There was not much business in opium, stocks having been sold to the Chinese authorities. Imports of Kerosene increased by 10 per cent. Business in metals was almost at a standstill for want of material. Large profits were made in shipping, freights reaching very high rates. The total shipping entered and cleared during the year amounted to 531,602 vessels of 33,884,919 tons. Floods in the Canton province had a most disastrous effect on trade during the year.
Public Works.-The following buildings were completed during the year :-Married Quarters for Police in Caine Road, a new block in the lower yard of Victoria Gaol (containing 78 cells), a School in the Hill District, new P.W.D. Stores in Bullock Lane, a low-power Wireless Telegraph Station at Cape D'Aguilar, an addi- tion to the Land Office at Tai Po to provide quarters for a Land Bailiff and a Police Station at Lok Ma Chau in the New Territories. A new road, 20 feet wide, con- necting the old Aberdeen-Stanley Road with Deep Water Bay, was completed. Upwards of 5,000 lineal feet of stream-courses were trained in the neighbourhood of Aberdeen, in the City and Hill District, and in Kowloon. In the New Territories, the training of the streams in the vicinity of the Railway bungalows at Tai Po was extended. Considerable extensions of sewers in con-
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nection with new building lots were carried out in Hong Kong and Kowloon. The construction of the large breakwater and other works in connection with the Typhoon Refuge at Mongkoktsui was completed in August and a commemoration stone was laid by H.E. the Governor in December. Good progress was made with the construction of the masonry dam of the new im- pounding reservoir at Tytam Tuk whilst the laying of two new pumping mains and the extension of the
pump- ing station to accommodate the additional plant were completed. Good progress was also made with the construction of extensive filter beds and a large service reservoir for the supply of the Western District of the City. The whole of I.L. 3 was resumed in connection with a scheme for the extension of the Central Police Station.
Legislation.-35 Ordinances (14 Amendment) passed. The principal matters dealt with were : Seditious Publications (Possession), Estate Duty, Post Office, Asiatic Emigration, Companies, Deportation, Military Stores (Exportation), Declaration of Ultimate Destination, Alien Enemies (Winding up), Trading with the Enemy, and Travellers Restriction.
1916.
(Mr. Claud Severn administered from 6.11.16 to 8.12,16).
Principal Events.-Yaumati Dispensary opened by His Excellency the Governor (25/1). Inauguration of new Catholic Orphanage at West Point (2/3). Sailors of the Royal Navy on service in the China Sea enter- tained by Hong Kong ladies (18/3). Rousing War Speech by His Excellency the Governor at the annual dinner of Hong Kong Volunteer Corps Sergeants' Mess (25/3). Establishment of a school for study of Chinese suggested at Annual Meeting of the Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce (28/3). Wreck of the S.S. Chiyo Maru near eastern extremity of Lema group of islands. All
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passengers rescued (31/3). Rival factions met at Hoi Chu, Canton, to discuss ways and means of preserving peace in Kwongtung Province. The Conference ended in bloodshed (12/4). New Pavilion on Hong Kong Uni- versity Athletic Ground declared open by His Excellency the Governor (3/5). China Coast Officers' strike ended, the guild being recognised and extra pay and bonus granted (14/5). Death of President Yuan Shih-kai (6/6). Memorial Services in the Union Church and St. John's Cathedral for Lord Kitchener and for those who were killed in the naval battle off Jutland (11th and 14th June). Canton-Kowloon train attacked by robbers in Chinese Territory. Casualties were numerous (15/6). Chinese Parliament re-opened by President Li Yuan-hung (1/8). Political unrest for a considerable period in Kwongtung culminated in attacks on the City of Canton from the North and West which continued for some weeks. All business in Canton almost entirely suspended. Hundreds killed and the hospitals crowded with wounded (5/8). Hong Kong Police Reserve Club opened by His Excellency the Governor (9/8). Opening of the Helena May Institute (12/9). Opening of Ellis Kadoorie School for Indians (15/10). "Our Day"-on behalf of the Red Cross Funds--total drawings of $41,000 effected (19/10). "Heather Day" in Hong Kong, proceeds of £1,582 effected (1/12). Opening of National Mission (2/12).
Trade & Industries.-Exchange opened at 1/11 and reached 2/4 in May; it then dropped to 2/11 (30th June), but again advanced until it reached 2/42 on the 31st December. Business transactions in Indian yarn amounted to 141,800 bales during the year, an increase of 33,000 bales over the previous year. The piece goods market was somewhat restricted owing to delay in supplies from Home. Towards the end of the year a large number of orders were booked as a result of the rising exchange. Business in white. shirtings still remained dull owing to the scarcity of dyes. Supplies of woollen goods were short as the Home mills were occupied in making Army cloth; prices
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were too high to permit of much business being done. Flour imports during the year amounted to 1,604,033 bags, a decrease of 471,086 as compared with 1915. There was little business in opium. The consumption of petroleum and its products decreased about 40% during the year on account of scarcity of tonnage, abnormally high freight rates, and the disturbed condi- tion of South China. Metals were in strong demand throughout the year. The, demand for Tin Plates was exceptionally strong. It was difficult to place orders for Structural Steel and Shipbuilding material as American mills were booked up. The total shipping entered and cleared during the year amounted to 642,794 vessels of 36,381,459 tons, an increase of 111,192 vessels and 2,496,538 tons over 1915.
Public Works.-The only building worthy of mention, completed during the year, was a new block of Quarters for Subordinate Officers (6 houses) on the east side of Happy Valley. Matsheds were erected at Castle Peak Bay for occupation as a Police Station. The Creek at Au Tau was bridged by a ferro-concrete bridge, thus linking up Castle Peak Bay with Fanling, Taipo, etc., and the widening of the road from near Sheung Shui to San Tin to 20 feet in width was completed. Upwards of 6,500 lineal feet of stream-courses were trained in the neighbourhood of the City, Aberdeen, and Pokfulam, and in Kowloon. Considerable extensions of sewers in connection with new buildings were
were carried out in Hong Kong and Kowloon. An additional filter-bed, being the fourth, in connection with the Kowloon Water Works, was constructed below the Taipo Road, near the 5th milestone. Somewhat extensive dredging operations off Kowloon Point in connection with the erection of a new pier, 655 feet in length, by the Hong Kong & Kow- loon Wharf & Godown Company, were completed. An additional telephone cable, containing 20 cores, was laid across the Harbour but was unfortunately so seriously damaged by a vessel during a storm in September that it had to be taken up again. Good progress was made
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with the new impounding reservoir at Tytam Tuk and with the additional filter beds and service reservoir for the supply of the Western District of the City. The filling-in, levelling, and draining of Sookunpoo Valley to form an additional recreation ground also made good progress.
Legislation.-15
Ordinances (4 amendment) passed. The principal matters dealt with were :-False Passports and Suspected Persons, Punishment of Incest, Trading with the Enemy (Extension of Powers), Marriage of British Subjects (Facilities), Registration of Persons, Trading with the Enemy (Amendment), Pharmacy and Poisons, Taxation of Tobacco, War Loan, and Bills of Exchange.
1917.
(Mr. Claud Severn administered from 10.11.17 to
17.12.17.)
Principal Events.-Joint Conference of the National Medical Association and the Medical Missionary Association inaugurated at Canton (24/1). Foundation stone of the new Chinese Y.M.C.A. building in Bridges Street laid by the Bishop of Victoria (10/2). Launch of the Autolycus, the largest ship built in British Overseas Dominions, by the Taikoo Dockyard and Engineering Co., Ltd. (27/3). Hong Kong Constitutional Reformi Association formally inaugurated at a public meeting in the Theatre Royal (3/5). A St. George's Society for Hong Kong formed at a meeting of Englishmen in the City Hall (31/5). Restoration of the Emperor of China by Chang Hsun and the monarchist party (1/7). Premises of the Deutsche-Asiatische Bank, in Queen's Road Central, sold by auction for $335,000.
Trade & Industries. Exchange fluctuated be- tween 2/3 and 2/4 until the end of April when a steady advance was made until it stood at 3/23 at the
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end of September; a sharp decline then took place with subsequent recovery and the rate on 31st December stood at 3/-. The yarn market suffered from the violent fluctuations in prices during the year. A crisis was at one time imminent following on a sudden fall in prices. coupled with a rise in exchange. Later in the year, however, the position improved and some profitable business resulted. Though Manchester prices continued to rise the enhanced value of the dollar allowed of a good volume of business being done in piece goods, the prices of which would otherwise have been beyond the reach of the Chinese. The trade in woollens was negligible owing to high prices. The trade in Sundries was mostly with Japan and America, the former supply- ing most of the articles formerly imported from Germany. Imports of Flour amounted to 1,072,089 bags. Due to war conditions, Japan took first place with 922,377 bags as against 81,700 in 1916, while only 11,850 bags were imported from the United States as against 975,771 in 1916. Business in opium was practically at a standstill during the year. The consumption of kerosene increased by 5,000,000 gallons. The metal market generally was good for the first half year, but later owing to a lessened demand from Japan prices declined and the year closed with a weaker tendency. Shipbuilding materials were entirely under Government control and it was difficult to obtain supplies. The total shipping entered and cleared during the year amounted to 621,090 vessels of 34,105,067 tons, a decrease of 21,704 vessels and 2,276,390 on 1916.
Public Works.-The Taitam Tuk Scheme, Second Section, commenced in 1912 completed October 22nd. This Scheme comprises (1) A Storage Reservoir at sea level, capacity 1,419 million galls. (i) Extension of existing Pumping Station to accommodate additional machinery. (i) Two additional sets of Pumping Machinery, each capable of raising 3 million gallons per day to Taitam Tunnel. (iv) Two suction mains, 18" diameter and 0.52 mile in length, (") Two rising mains
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69
459
18′′ diameter and 1.93 miles in length. The Damn has an extreme length of 1,255 feet with an extreme height from foundations to the roadway of 170 feet, to the crest of the overflow 161 feet, is of cement concrete faced with granite. Pumping Machinery, supplied and erected by J. Simpson & Co. of London, vertical inverted direct-acting type. Engines triple expansion, piston rods of three cylinders directly connected to single-acting plunger pumps. Designed to run at 30 revolutions per minute. Three boilers Lancashire type each 26′ 0′′ in length by 70" diameter; two capable of running the whole plant. Satisfactory progress made with the additional Filter Beds and Service Reservoir for the Western District of the City. Central Police Station Extension progress substantial. Considerable road construction and improvements carried out. Coastal Road from Shamshuipo to Castle Peak commenced. Existing road from Deep Water Bay to Repulse Bay widened, regraded, and diverted where necessary for notor traffic. Road from Fanling to Castle Peak: sec- tion from San Tin to Au Tau widened to 20 feet. Taipo Road, between 5th and 9th milestones. widened and improved, shortening the section by 3.100 feet. 10,383 lineal feet of stream-courses trained in the City, Peak, Shaukiwan, Pokfulam, and Kowloon Districts. Ex- tensions of the sewerage systems made in Hong Kong, Kowloon, and Shamshuipo. New Recreation Ground, Sookunpoo Valley, completed.
Legislation.-32 Ordinances (12 amendment) passed. The principal matters dealt with were: Crown Land Resumption, Alien Enemies (Winding up) Amendment, Trading with the Enemy and Export of Prohibited Goods, Rating (Special War Rate), Military Service, Legal Proceedings against Enemies, Liquors, Deportation, Opium, Ferries, Importation and Exporta- tion, Contracts (War Restrictions), and Fire and Marine Insurance Companies Deposit.
460
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
70
1918.
(Mr. Claud Severn administered from 12.9.18 to
13.12.18).
Principal Events.-Sensational affair at Gresson Street between the Police and
a gang of armed desperadoes: Detective Inspector O'Sullivan, Detective Sergeant Clerk, an Indian constable, and a Chinese detective shot dead; Sergeant Wills and one of the principal Chinese detectives wounded; two robbers killed, one shot himself, two escaped, subsequently arrested (22/1). Opening of the Taitam Tuk reservoir by H.E. the Governor (2/2). Serious fire at the shipyards at Cheung-sha-wan : 500 people homeless (3/2). Earth- quake shock felt in Hong Kong: serious damage at Swatow, over 800 people injured (13/2). Disaster at the Race Course: collapse of Chinese matsheds caused a fire; over 600 bodies recovered; racing abandoned (26/2); exhaustive enquiry commenced (4/3) concluded (12/4). The Bishop of Victoria dedicated, at St. John's Cathedral, tablet in memory of the late Dr. J. M. ATKINSON, former Principal Civil Medical Officer of Hong Kong (20/3). The new pavilion of the Taikoo Bow- ling Club declared open (1/6). H.E. the Governor un- veiled tablet in remembrance of the late Rev. N. C. POPE, St. Andrew's Church, Kowloon (7/7). Indian constable ran amok at Tai O: Sergeant Glendinning killed (17/7). Landslide at Morrison Hill Road: fifty- ton rock crashed into houses, six killed (4/8). Lady MAY launched the War Drummer, the first standard ship built in Hong Kong-Hong Kong & Whampoa Dock Co. (10/8). H.E. the Officer Administering the Government (Hon. Mr. CLAUD SEVERN, C.M.G.) opened the new Chinese Y.M.C.A. (10/10). Armistice celebrations in Hong Kong-public holiday; special meeting of the Legislative Council; thanksgiving services at the local churches; meeting at the Hong Kong Club: mass meeting at the Theatre Royal (13/11). Memorial services for men who died on active service (29/12).
1920-1930
71
461
Trade & Industries.-Exchange opened at 3/- and steadily advanced to 3/8 at end of September, when it fell sharply to 3/2, recovering subsequently; the rate stood at 3/41 on 31st December. Violent fluctuations were again experienced in the yarn market, but importers as well as Chinese dealers did a fairly profitable trade. The piece goods trade was adversely affected by the disturbed conditions in China, up-country dealers fear- ing to keep large stocks. Manchester prices increased considerably during the year and little new business was placed, European importers continuing to draw on their old stocks bought at lower prices. There was a steady advance in the prices of woollens, new stocks of which were for the most part unobtainable. In the Sundries trade Japan continued to be the chief source of the supply, war restrictions rendering most of the regular lines unobtainable in Great Britain and the U.S.A., Australia supplied many wants, food-stuffs in particular, in a restricted manner. The year was a very poor one for the flour trade, owing to high prices and lack of tonnage. In February the Japanese Government put an embargo on the export of flour, except under special licence, and difficulty was experienced in getting flour from Australia as freight space was very limited. Imports of flour amounted to only 706,509 bags, of which 42,500 bags came from Japan, 312,009 from Australia, and 322,000 from Shanghai. The slump in the opium market continued during the year. The unsettled state of the neighbouring province seriously hampered the sale of kerosene in the interior, especially in Hainan, the Luichow Peninsula, and Yeungkong. The metal trade was very profitable during the first half of the year, but the news of the Armistice knocked the bottom out of the market and resulted in the cancellation of a large number of orders. Little business was done in the soy trade as stocks were very low owing to shipping difficulties which prevented the arrival of molasses. Shipments of bristles were much above normal, due almost entirely to war requirements. Buyers in both
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
72
A good business was Little business was The total of shipping
the U.S.A. and Great Britain complained of the poor quality of the South China bristles. done in Ginger and Human Hair. done in Aniseed Oil and Cassia Oil. entered and cleared amounted to 579,541 vessels of 29,518,189 tons, a decrease of 53,537 vessels and 4,974,484 tons.
Public Works.-Market at Shamshuipo com- pleted. Central Police Station Extension practically at a standstill owing to difficulty in obtaining steelwork. A new road from the north end of Taitam Tuk Dam to Taitam Gap, 20 feet in width, completed, also a new road, 40 feet wide, west of Aberdeen Village. Consider- able portions of the old road, eastward and westward of Aberdeen Village, widened to 30 or 40 feet and other- wise improved for motor traffic. Extensive improve- ments to Pokfulam Road in progress. New Territories road, 20 feet in width, from 3rd milestone. Taipo Road to the village of Tsün Wan, nearly 6 miles, completed. Extensive road construction or improvements in progress, both Hong Kong and mainland. Upwards of 3,200 lineal feet of stream-courses trained in the neighbourhood of the City, Tsat Tsz Mui, and Kowloon. Extensions of sewers in connection with new buildings in Hong Kong, Kowloon, and Shamshuipo. Filter Beds and Service Reservoir for the Western District of the City nearly completed. Piers hitherto used by ferry launches between the City and western side of Kowloon Peninsula resumed by Government. Areas known as Kowloon Marine Lot 83 and Kowloon Inland Lot 1178, in Hung- hom Bay, resumed by Government at a cost of $383.807.90 for future railway and wharfage develop-
ments.
Legislation.-15 Ordinances (6 amendment) passed. The principal matters dealt with were:-The Malay States Extradition Ordinance Repeal, Indecent Exhibitions, Bills of Exchange (Time of Noting), Claims against Enemies, Dangerous Smoking Prevention, Peak District (Residence), General Military Service, Copyright, Anglo-Portuguese Commercial Treaty, and Opium.
1920-1930
73
1919.
Governor Sir Francis Henry May, K.C.M.G., LL.D.,
(4.7.1912, retired 28.2.1919).
(Mr. Claud Severn, C.M.G., administered from 1.1.19.
to 29.9.19).
(Governor Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs, K.C.M.G.,
assumed administration 30.9.19).
463
Principal Events.-Mr. WEI YUK created Knight Bachelor in New Year Honours (1/1). Meeting in City Hall in celebration of the termination of the war (5/1). Meeting in City Hall under auspices of Constitutional Reform Association (9/1). Retirement of Sir FRANCIS HENRY MAY, K.C.M.G., LL.D., from governorship of the Colony announced as from end of February, 1919 (22/1). Joint session of Executive and Legislative Councils; resolution passed acknowledging the services rendered to the Colony by Sir FRANCIS HENRY MAY (25/1). Arrival of Vice-Admiral Sir F. C. TUDOR, Commander- in-Chief, China Station (13/2). Meeting of Hong Kong War Charities Committee; organisation wound up (3/3). His Excellency the Officer Administering the Govern- ment (Mr. CLAUD SEVERN, C.M.G.) opened the new University Medical Schools (23/5). Peace Celebrations (18/7 and 19/7). Disturbances owing to shortage and high price of rice (26/7); Government relieves situation by buying rice and selling at cost price. Last parade of the Hong Kong Police Reserve (20/9). Arrival of His Excellency the Governor, Sir REGINALD EDWARD STUBBS, K.C.M.G. (30/9). Meeting of Kowloon residents to form a Kowloon Residents' Association (1/12). Escape of four prisoners from Victoria Goal: Warder Speed and an Indian Warder murdered (15/12). Last parade of Hong Kong Defence Corps (17/12).
Trade & Industries.-Exchange opened at 3/4 and dropped to 3/03 in March, when it rose until on 15th December it reached 6/2. It fell to 4/10 by the
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74
31st December. In the Yarn market the general tendency was towards higher prices. A strong demand for cloth existed and both manufacturers and traders of cotton goods experienced a very prosperous year. The year was on the whole a good one in the piece goods business. Manchester prices dropped about March, but a rapid rise soon followed due to heavy buying by Shanghai and other Chinese centres. The increased prices were, however, fortunately off-set by the continued rise in Exchange. Little business was done in woollens owing to the high prices ruling in the United Kingdom. British Sundries began during the year to find their way to China in increasing quantities. With the Japanese boycott there arose a certain demand for Chinese manu- factured goods. There was no market for opium. The price of kerosene fell 70 cents on packed and 45 cents on bulk, due to the advance in sterling Exchange and the lower cost of tin plates. The metal market was dull and prices fluctuated considerably. Owing to shipping difficulties and the high Exchange very little business. was done in Soy, Aniseed Oil and Cassia Oil.
A large business was done in Feathers and Human Hair. There was practically no export trade in Bristles; owing to excessive adulteration foreign buyers would not touch the South China article without certain guarantees, which merchants were unable to give. The total of shipping entered and cleared amounted to 649,168 vessels of 35,615,169 tons, an increase of 69,627 vessels and 6,096,980 tons.
Public Works.-Central Police Station Extension practically completed; also an extension of the Harbour Office building, to accommodate Imports and Exports Office and an extension of the Lunatic Asylum. A third storey added to the Public Works Department Annexe. In Kowloon a second block of quarters for Subordinate Officers (6 houses) completed and, on Lantao Island, a market at Tai O completed. Improvements to Pokfulam Road continued and the remaining two sections of motor-
1920-1930
75
465
road round the Island, extending from Repulse Bay to Taitam Tuk and from Taitam Gap to Shaukiwan, com- pleted. Widening of Queen's Road East undertaken. In Kowloon, a new road to Taikoktsui completed. 20-ft. road from Tsün Wan to Castle Peak completed, thus forming a circular route, 57 miles in length, on the main- land. Tai Po Road Improvements continued. 3,400 lineal feet of stream-courses trained in Hong Kong and Kowloon. Main sewer laid along east side of Mount Kellett to connect with outfall sewer from Matilda Hospital. Filter Beds and Service Reservoir for Western District of the City completed. Beaconsfield Arcade resumed at a cost of $275,000 and R.B.L. 111 at a cost of $31,002. K.F.L. 11 resumed at a cost of $41,076.73 for extension of Coronation Road north- wards.
Legislation.-23 Ordinances (7 amendment) passed. The principal matters dealt with were :-Non- Ferrous Metal Industry, Banking Business (Prohibited Control), Termination of the Present War (Definition), Marine Stores Protection, Enemy Aliens Restriction, Rice and Military Service Repeal.
1920.
Principal Events.-Appointment by H.E. the Governor of Committees to consider the development of the Colony's economic resources and the question of the protection of life and property during typhoons (10/1). Honorary degree of LL.D. conferred on Sir HENRY MAY, G.C.M.G., and Hon. Mr. CLAUD SEVERN, C.M.G., Colonial Secretary, by the University of Hong Kong (16/1). Kowloon Residents' Association formed at a meeting in the City Hall (20/1). Formation of Aero Club of Hong Kong (3/2). Destructive fire at West Point; 53 deaths; damage estimated at $1,500,000 (3/2). New Hong Kong Volunteer Force Bill passed (5/2). Honorary degree of LL.D. conferred on Sir JOHN JORDAN, P.C., G.C.I E., K.C.B., K.C.M.G., bv
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
76
the University of Hong Kong (7/3). Peace Celebrations Executive Committee decided on erection of Cenotaph on site in front of Hong Kong Club (16/3); decision confirmed at meeting of General Feace Celebrations Committee (21/3). Strike of Chinese engineers and fitters employed in Hong Kong dockyards (3/4); strike of fitters of Hong Kong Tramway Company (10/4); settlement reached (20/4). First meeting of newly- appointed Board of Education (14/4). Arrival in Hong Kong of H.R.H. the Crown Prince of Roumania (10/6). Government announced its decision to contribute $1,000,000 to the Endowment Fund of the University of Hong Kong, and to meet the existing indebtedness of the University, amounting to $570,000, in accordance with the recommendations of the Hong Kong University Commission (13/9). Arrival of new Bishop of Victoria, Dr. DUPPUY, in succession to Dr. LANDER, retired (3/11). Sir MAURICE FITZMAURICE arrived to inspect and report on the development of Hong Kong Harbour (13/11). Public Meeting in City Hall approved of the erection, as a War Memorial, of a Club for the joint use of the Services and civilians, to be run under Y.M.C.A. management (2/12). Arrival of Major- General Sir GEORGE M. KIRKPATRICK, new G.O.C China, (29/12).
Trade & Industries.-Exchange opened at 4/11 and rose to 5/8 on 2nd March, when it began to fall rapidly until it touched 3/6 on 10th June, rising to 4/4 on 15th September, and declining to 3/01 on 20th December. The rate on 31st December was 3/2. The Yarn market was dull; demand was very slack owing, to a great extent, to the civil war in South China. Prices fell rapidly in April following on a heavy slump in Japan where there were large accumulations brought about by the holding back of Yarn by speculators. This collapse. demoralized the markets in China and India. In piece goods Manchester prices steadily advanced, but later in the year, owing to an absence of demand, prices declined
1920-1930
77
467
busi-
by about 50%. During the latter half of the year ness was slack and the year closed with fairly large stocks in the Colony. As a result of the rise in Exchange large orders for woollens were placed in Bradford early in the year, though prices were abnormally high, and even when the dollar began to decline orders were placed in the hope of a recovery in exchange. The expected recovery did not materialize and the year closed leaving importers with stocks of high priced goods on which heavy losses had to be faced. The Sundries trade was not a good one chiefly as a result of the high prices prevailing early in the year. Strikes in the United Kingdom interfered to a considerable extent with deliveries. Motor car sales were good during the latter half of the year. There was no business in opium; there were now only a few chests in the Colony which were left on the hands of former opium merchants. The kerosene trade generally was normal, though some large dealers suffered losses through looting and incendiarism during the fighting in the interior. Business was quiet in the metal market. Japanese buyers, having greatly over- bought, disposed of their surplus stocks at very low prices, and firms that could finance it bought up much of this stock and stored it. There was, therefore, practically no purchasing in foreign markets. Little business was done in Yunnan Tin, Bristles, Ginger, Feathers, and Cassia Oil. A good business was done in Aniseed Oil. Exports of Human Hair approximated 7.051 piculs, valued at £163,429. Exports of Mats and Matting amounted to about £507,360. The total of shipping entered and cleared amounted to 683,497 vessels of 40.122,527 tons, an increase of 34,329 vessels and 4,507,358 tons over 1919.
Public Works.-Central Police Station and Har- bour Office extensions completed. In Kowloon a Fire Brigade Station was completed. The erection of several houses for Government Officers was commenced. A road commencing at Morrison Gap Road and terminat-
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
78
ing at Wanchai Gap was completed as was also the Find- lay Road extension. Extensive widening and improve- ments were carried out to the Shaukiwan Road. In Kowloon a road commencing in the Kowloon City Road and terminating near the New Station of the China Light & Power Co. was completed. A considerable extent of the low lying areas east of Shanghai Street and north of Fife Street was brought up to the district formation level with filling obtained from the cutting being carried out in connection with the extension of Coronation Road northwards. Extensive improvements to the Taipo Road between the 9th and 18th milestones were nearly com- pleted. Progress was made with the widening of Wanchai and Queen's Roads. Upwards of 4,000 lineal feet of stream courses were trained. A section of the 18" main which will eventually connect the Eastern Filter Beds was laid from Wong-nei-chong Village to Morrison Gap Road. A new 18" supply main was laid from the Kowloon Filter Beds to Yaumati. The Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock Co., Ltd. made considerable extensions to their dockyards at Hunghom by laying down additional slipways, extending workshops and providing houses for their staff.
Legislation.-17 Ordinances (6 amendment) passed. The principal matters dealt with were: Foreign Corporations (Execution of Instruments under Seal), Volunteer, Treaty of Peace Orders, Societies, Plants, and Criminal Intimidation.
1921.
(Mr. Claud Severn, C.M.G., administered the Govern-
ment from 8.4.21 to 11.5.21),
Principal Events.-Hong Kong War Memorial Cross unveiled by H.E. the Governor (29/1). Wreck of the Hong Moh off the Lammocks; about 250 saved br the N.C. steamer Shansi, H.M.S. Carlisle and H.M.S. Forglove (3/3). Marine Court Finding as to Hong Moh
1920-1930
79
469
disaster faulty navigation rescue work praised, "specially Capt. E. R. G. R. Evans, R.N." (11/5). Private Visit of H.I.H. the Crown Prince of Japan en route for Europe (10/3). Commission of Inquiry into Child Labour appointed by H.E. the Governor (24/3). Recommendations of commission published (27/10). Suggestion that rates on tenements be increased from 13 to 20 per cent. not approved (7/4). Proposals for new and increased stamp duties introduced in the Legislative Council (14/4). Chamber of Commerce protests against new stamp duties and suggests Government loans instead. (21/4). Stamp Ordinance passed into law (30/4). Inauguration of Sir William Brunyate, K.C.M.G., as Vice-Chancellor of Hong Kong University. Honorary degree of LL.D. conferred upon Dr. G. P. Jordan (7/4). Scheme outlined for transferring the Diocesan Boys' School to Kowloon (19/5). Suspension of Banque Indus- trielle de Chine; many small investors affected (2/7). The removal of military establishments from central districts discussed by Legislative Council (1/9). Major- General Sir John Fowler, K.C.M.G., C.B., D.S.O., appointed to the China Command (12/10). Foundations of the new Statue Pier begun (1/11). First annual meeting of the S.P.C.A. (29/11). Death of Sir Boshan Wei Yuk, Kt., C.M.G. (16/12).
Trade & Industry.-Exchange in the opening days of the year stood at 3/12. A rapid fall to 2/51 occurred and, in March, it stood at 2/2. April to September saw a steady recovery and, in October, it reached 2/11. Thenceforward, there was a decline until the end of the year, the lowest figure touched being 2/63. Cotton varied in price from about 7d. to 1/2 in yarn there were fairly heavy fluctuations and the results of the year were satisfactory. Japanese competition was not severe. The piece goods market opened with considerable supplies of high priced stocks which could not be cleared owing to the shipment of cheaper stocks from Shanghai, while political disturb- anoes in the interior stifled the demand. The de-
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
80
pression in the trade in woollens continued, and high priced stocks carried from 1920 remained unsold. At the beginning of the year there were heavy stocks of raw silk and America bought at advancing prices, with few offers from Lyons, and later on Japan entered the market, the prices became too high for American purchasers, and stocks began to accumulate at Canton. Both the import and export of rice suffered from the uncertainty produced by instable exchange, supply exceeding demand and lowering prices. The raw sugar market also experienced falling prices; in some cases even the cost of production was not covered. Coal prices at the beginning of the year were low but with the closing down of many mines in Japan prices rose and Cardiff coal entered the market as a serious competitor. Prices for soy and ginger and matting declined, and for woodoil and groundnuts rose slightly. Some business was done in Galangal and human hair, but little was reported with Yunnan Tin, bristles, feathers, aniseed oil, cassia oil and sundries. Business in thre metal market was fair, with dealers buying sparingly during the first six months; but a con- siderable drop in prices followed the entry of Germany into the market and freight rates also fell. A consider- able number of motor cars, more especially the cheaper American makes, were sold during the first half of the
year.
Public Works.-1. COMPLETED :-(a) Quarters for senior and subordinate European Officers at Leighton Hill, Severn Road, and Happy Valley. (b) Road contour- ing south side of Mount Davis linking Pokfulam Road with Victoria Road; first section of road from Tytam Gap to Shek O. (c) Additional rising main to the Peak; Water Supply installations to Repulse Bay and Fan Ling: replacement of 12′′ main by 18′′ main from Kowloon filter beds to Yaumati. (d) Aplichau Reclamation Scheme. (e) Queen Victoria Street ferry pier. (f) "Aga" light towers at Lam Tong and Tong Ku Islands and the Channel Rocks.
1920-1930
81
471
2. UNDER CONSTRUCTION.-(a) New Fire Brigade Station Building opposite the Central Market; site pre- paration for the Kowloon Hospital. (b) Second section of the road from Tytam Gap to Shek O. A 20' road from Wanchai Gap to Magazine Gap and thence to Chamberlain Road, and another of similar width from Bowen Road contouring the hill towards Sookumpoo Valley; Queen's Road East widening; Coronation Road; Kowloon City Mongkoktsui Road; (c) Filter Beds Scheme at the east end of Bowen Road; two new filter beds for Kowloon Water Works (d) Shamshuipo Reclamation; Cheung Sha Wan Reclamation; plans for the Praya East Reclamation; (e) Mongkoktsui Nullah (f) Wireless Station at Gap Rock.
Legislation.-32 Ordinances (15 amendment) were passed including the following:-Stamp, Criminal Procedure, Companies, Stocks, Judgments (Facilities for Enforcement). On the instruction of His Majesty the King, one additional unofficial member was appointed to the Executive Council.
1922.
(Mr. Claud Severn, C.M.G., administered from 15.6,22
to 18.11.22).
Principal Events.-Seamen's strike (11/1). Ex- press train to Canon held up by armed men in Chinese territory (10/2). Death of Sir Ellis Kadoorie (24/2). Seamen's strike ended (5/3). Scheme for the abolition of Mui Tsai announced in the House of Commons (22/3). Peak Residents' Association founded (28/3). Arrival in Hong Kong of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales on board H.M.S. "Renown". Presentation of addresses in Special Pavilion. Reception of Ex-Service men. Prince played polo. Official Banquet. Fish Procession and Illuminations (6/4). H.R.H. inspected Troops; Stone- laying of St. Stephen's Girls' College; University degree conferred upon H.R.H.; Masonic Ceremony; Royal Gymkhana; Chinese Banquet; Community Ball. Rocke- feller Foundation's Endowment of $500,000 for chairs
+
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Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
82
in Medicine and Surgery at Hong Kong University (7/4). The Prince visited Kowloon. Departure for Japan (8/4). Retirement from public life of Mr. Ho Kam-tong (1/5). Death of the Hon. Mr. Lau Chu Pak (3/5). Launchmen strike (19/5). Ewo War Memorial unveiled by Mr. D. G. M. Bernard (14/6). Peak Hospital leased to Government (8/9). Dr. Jordan Memorial Library opened (15/9). Macao Steamer s.s. Sui An pirated (19/11). British Postal Agencies in China closed (30/11). Mui Tsai Bill introduced into the Legislative Council (28/12).
Trade & Industry.-Exchange opened at 2/74 and closed at the end of the year at 2/23. A noteworthy feature of the yarn trade was the increasing demand in the South for yarn from Shanghai and Japan, and absence of demand for Indian yarn. In piece goods the Manchester market fluctuated during the year, but the prevailing tendency was toward weakness. Merchants exercised extreme caution in the woollen trade and sales were made only to reliable dealers who had stood by their contracts during the 1920-21 crisis. The Sundries trade was on the whole disappointing. German competition made itself felt. Native competition becomes stronger yearly. Siam and Singapore shippers took advantage of shipping facilities to wrest the rice trade with U.S.A. and West Indies from Hong Kong. In sugar, soy, and bristles the market was steady and business moderate. Very small shipments of wood oil were made due to disturbed conditions. The price of groundnuts dropped from the beginning to the middle of the year but increased later. Prices of feathers had an upward tendency in
in consequence of bigger demand from Europe. Business in metals was difficult. The demand for Yunnan Tin which started low increased during the later part of the year.
Public Works.-1. COMPLETED :-(a) Outpatients Department, Government Civil Hospital; Extension to Fire Brigade Station, Kowloon; new Class rooms, Kow- loon British School: Land Bailiffs's Quarters, Pingshan.
1920-1930
83
473
(b) 2nd and 3rd miles of the Tytam Gap to Shek O and D'Aguilar Road; Wanchai Gap and Magazine Gap Road; extension to the road contouring the hillside in Wong- neichung and Tai Hang Valleys, and to Broadwood Road to connect with this road; 1st section of the Kowloon City-Mongkoktsui Road; junction with Taipo Road by extension of Coronation Road. (c) Extension to the Engine House, erection of a new boiler house, and the installation of pumping plant at Pokfualm Road Station; two new filter beds and a gauge basin added to the Kowloon Waterworks; extension of water supply system at Fanling. (d) Extension of the Mongkoktsui Nullah east and the draining of the large stream course to the east of Laichikok. (e) Reinforced concrete pier opposite Queen's Statue; the Yaumati Ferry pier opposite Public Square Street; the reinforced concrete roof to the Ferry pier opposite Queen Victoria Street. (f) Wire- less Station at Gap Rock; the Diaphone Fog Signalling plant at Waglan.
2. UNDER CONSTRUCTION :-(a) Maternity Block at Victoria Hospital; foundations of the New Fire Brigade Station; Site formation for the new Queen's College Building new Police Stations at Yaumati and Mong- koktsui; Site for the Kowloon Hospital; Quarters for Senior Government Officers on Homestead and Leighton Hill Sites; new offices for a portion of the Public Works Department Staff. (b) Improving and widening the road through Quarry Bay Village; the low level road from Island Bay to Big Wave Bay; road from Tytam Gap to Shek O and Cape D'Aguilar; motor road from Magazine Gap to Peak Tramway Station on Stubbs Road; Taipo to Shun Wan Road and Patrol Path from Sheung- shui to the frontier. (c) Eastern filter beds; Water dis- tribution System for Lower Wanchai Gap district; enlarging of water main for improving the distribution system in Kowloon; preparation work on the Shek Lai Pui Reservoir and investigation work on the Shing Mun Scheme. (d) Reclamation at Praya East, Shamshuipo and Cheungshawan.
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81
Legislation.-25 Ordinances (12 amendment) were passed. The Principal matters dealt with were: Treaty of Peace Emergency Regulation, Rents, and the Industrial Employment of Children. On the instruction of His Majesty the King, the term for Unofficial Members on the Executive Council was fixed at 5 years, and that on the Legislative Council altered from six years to four years..
1923.
Principal Events.-Industrial Employment of Children Ordinance came into force. C.B.E. for the Hon. Mr. E. R. Hallifax, Secretary for Chinese Affairs (1/1). Sui An Piracy Commission. Officers found negligent (8/2). Mui Tsai Abolition Bill passed by the Legislative Council. Kowloon-Canton train held up near Canton. Chinese passengers held to ransom (23/2). Public meeting at the City Hall on education of British children (8/3). Steamer Wing Ping pirated (13/3). Firacy of a Shaukiwan junk (25/3). Seamen's dispute with "Blue Funnel" line over rates of pay (4/4). Chinese steamer Kwok Man pirated near Macao (5/4). The Chinese s.s. Sai Chow pirated near Whampoa (25/4). China Merchants steamer Tai Shun pirated near Swatow (12/5). Colony's War Memorial Cenotaph unveiled (24/5). Piracy of the Chinese steamer Woo Fu on the West River (25/5). Junk pirated in Chinese waters near Hong Kong (10/6). Kowloon-Canton train held up near Canton (5/7). Typhoon struck the Colony. Heavy damage ashore and afloat. The Loong Sang and the Submarine L19 sunk in the Harbour. Three other vessels sunk, and many ashore (18/8). Sir John Oakley arrived in the Colony to report on the Military lands question (24/9). Passenger junk pirated near San Mei (4/10). The China Merchants Steam Navigation Com- pany's steamer Hsin Chang pirated near Canton-the second time during 1923 (8/10). Hong Kong steam launch Tung On pirated in Chinese waters (12/19). Direct exchange of parcel mails with Germany resumed (1/11). Cheung Chau ferry launch pirated (8/11).
1920-1930
85
475
Chamber of Commerce report on Sir Maurice Fitz- maurice's Report respecting Harbour Improvements (21/11). Piracy of the s.s. Kango near Hong Kong (5/12). Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the Customs Revenues International Naval demonstration at Canton. U.S.A., Great Britain, France, Japan, Portugal, and Italy represented (6/12).
Trade & Industry.-Exchange opened at 2/3 and touched 2/4 at end of March; then dropped during July and August to 2/23 and for remainder of year varied between 2/3 and 2/33. In raw cotton and yarn prices showed a steady advance. Prices rose consider- ably in the latter part of the year as the industry in Japan was disorganized by the earthquake. Business in piece goods was fairly prosperous for Importers and Dealers. In woollens business was brighter than in 1922. The Canton silk trade began badly owing to political complications, but prices rose as foreign demand grew stronger. Trade with France was adversely affected by the Franc exchange. Fair business was done in Sundries but on low profit. Demand from the United States, South America, &c. for rice was extremely poor, it being cheaper for them to place their orders direct with Saigon shippers. There was wide fluctuation in raw sugar prices owing to heavy speculation. Business in soy and ground nuts, bristles, and feathers was dull but the demand for wood oil was brisk. Fair business was done in metals but the market for Yunnan tin was quiet, though an improvement set in towards the end of the year.
•
Public Works.-1. COMPLETED :-(a) Quarters for senior and subordinate staff at Homestead Site and Leighton Hill: Maternity Block at Victoria Hospital; new offices for Public Works Department; Police Stations at Yaumati, Mongkoktsui, Shatin and Castle Peak (block house). (b) Tytam Gap to Shek O Road Stubbs Road up to Jardines Corner; Wanchai Gap to Middle Gap Road. (c) 18′′ main from Albany
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to Peak Road; Hydraulic ram and distribution system for Lower Wanchai Gap; Kowloon Catchwater exten- sion-2,00 lineal feet completed to overflow level and a further 6,000 lineal feet in hand; Taipo Water Scheme. (d) Over 6,000 lineal feet of nullahs were inverted, walled and trained. (e) Queen's Pier finished except entrance.
2. UNDER CONSTRUCTION :-(a) Additional Quarters at Mount Gough and La Calvaire; Fire Brigade Station; new Saiyingpoon School (later known as King's College); Kowloon Hospital; Quarry Bay, Mongkok and Bowring Street open markets; new architectural office. (b) Widen- ing Quarry Bay Village Road; Wongneichung Gap to Repulse Bay; Broadwood Road to Wongneichung Gap Road; Chatham Road extension northwards; Prince Edward Road; Waterloo Road northward; Argyle Street extension eastwards; Fanling-Shataukok motor road. (c) Eastern filter beds; Stanley Mound East and Jardine Lookout catchwaters; enlarging mains of Kowloon dis- tribution system; Shing Mun Valley Scheme (North and South tunnels and south conduit); Shek Lai Pui reservoir.
Legislation.-35 Ordinances (17 amendment) were passed. The principal matters dealt with were:- Female Domestic Service (Mui Tsai Abolition), Police Supervision, Chinese Recreation Ground, Ordinances of Hong Kong 1844-1923, Dangerous Drugs, Fraudulent Transfers of Businesses, Opium.
1924.
Principal Events.-H.E. the Governor unveiled Canadian Pacific Memorial tablet (8/1). Piracy on s.s. Tai Lee, Capt. Willox murdered (20-21/1). H.E. the Governor laid Foundation Stone of the Y.M.C.A. Build- ing, Kowloon (21/1). Lady Stubbs opened new building for St. Stephen's Girls' College (25/1). Attempt at piracy s.s. Tai Lee (20/2). Hong Kong Legislative Council accepted under protest the award respecting Military Lands (13/3). Strike of Peak ricksha and chair
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477
coolies (30/4). Knighthood for Hon. Mr. H.E. Pollock, K.C. (3/6). H.E. the Governor unveiled memorial tablet at the Tung Wah Hospital of Sir R. G. MacDonnell, C.B. (10/6). Attempt to assassinate M. Merlin, Governor General of Indo-China (19/6). Shameen strike begins (16/7). $50,000 granted in aid of Sufferers by the Kwongtung floods (31/7). Shameen strike settled (13/8). Shameen strike resumed (16/8). General resumption of work on Shameen (21/8). Death of Mr. A. G. Stephen, Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank (27/8). s.s. Ningshin
s.s. Ningshin pirated near Wenchow (2/10). Trouble between Sun Yat Sen's Troops and Merchant Volunteers (10-16/10).
Trade & Industry.-Exchange varied at first between 2/4 and 2/33, gradually rising until it reached its highest point, 2/53 in October. It then declined to 2/4 at the end of the year The demand for Indian Yarn shewed further falling off, due to increasing output of cheap Chinese Yarn and Japanese competition. Trading conditions in piece goods were good during the first half of the year, but later political disturbances in the adjoin- ing provinces upset the market. Increasing competition was experienced from Japanese goods at the expense of Lancashire products. Business in woollens was brisk. Light woollens are replacing the silk garments hitherto worn by Chinese. The former are cheaper, last longer and, with the aid of artificial silk, can be. made quite attractive. European consumption of silk doubled during the year but there was a heavy falling off in demand from the Americian market due to the poor quality of Canton Silk exported there. The sun- dries business was dull and profits low. In rice trade with outports was slack. Dealers in Siam rice suffered heavy losses due to fluctuation of prices and keen com- petition. Rice from French Indo-China did not sell as well as in recent years. The outstanding feature in raw sugar was the steady fall in prices, decreasing 40% by December, due to increased beet sugar production. Soy,
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ground nuts and feathers shewed fair trade. Exports of ginger were considerably in excess of 1923 figures. Business in bristles was dull. Demand for gunny bags was exceedingly heavy and prices ruled as high as during the War. Business in metals was very dull owing to unsettled conditions in China. Consumption of kerosene was average but that of motor spirit increased in the Colony owing to increase in number of motor cars. Liquid fuel sales were up due to growing number of vessels now using the fuel.
Public
Works.-1. COMPLETED :-(a) South Block, La. Calvaire Quarters: open Market Quarry Bay: 2 new lattice Wireless masts at Cape D'Aguilar : Refuse pier, Mongkok; Police Station at Shatin and Block House at Castle Peak. (b) Tytam Gap to Shek O Road; Wongneichung Gap to Repulse Bay Road. (c) in connection with the Eastern filter beds laying of 18" raw water main from the tunnel mouth to the new gauge basin, the new gauge basin and pipes to upper tier of beds: laying of IS" C.I. main at Wongneichong Village: Stanley Mound Catchwater: Jardine Lookout Catch- water: Laying of 3" W.I. pipe in Mount Cameron Development: Kowloon Filter Beds extension-four new beds: (d) Nullah training in Hong Kong involving ? stream courses; Nullah training in the To Kwa Wan, Kowloon Tong and adjacent development areas; exten- sion of Nam Cheong Street nullah to Taipo Road.
2. UNDER CONSTRUCTION :-Additional Quarters at La Calvaire; Senior officers, quarters at Mount Gough: Fire Brigade Station superstructure: Victoria Hospital Extension: King's College;
King's College; Queen's College Site at Caroline Hill; new Government Architectural office; Queen's Pier Entrance Kowloon Hospital: new Mongkoktsui Market:
Market: Police Stations at Shamshuipo and Kowloon City: foundation for new gaol at Ngau Shi Wan. (b) Magazine Gap to Victoria Gap, Stubbs Road: Wongneicheong Road contouring hillside in Tai Hang
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479
Village widening of Wanchai Road. Causeway Bay to North Point Road, Shaukiwan Road, Victoria Road and Bonham Road; Chatham Road extension to Kowloon City; Mongkok-Kowloon City Road; Waterloo Road ex- tension to To Kwa Wan Road; Argyle Street extension; Tsun Wan to Shing Mun Valley Waterworks Access Road and Fanling-Shataukok Road. (c) Laying of 15′′ C.I. main from Jardine Bazaar to Tin Lok Lane and of 6" Main in Wongneicheong Road: laying of various distributing mains in Kowloon: extension of Kowloon Catchwater: Shing Mun Valley Scheme, 1st section (for which approval of the Secretary of State was obtained in May): Shek Lai Pui Reservoir. (d) Reclamation at North Point (private scheme), Praya East, Kai Tack, Kowloon Bay West Laichikok. (e) Queen's Pier Entrance; cutting and filling on the Kowloon Tong Development
area.
Legislation.-13 Ordinances (10 amendment) were passed. The most important matters dealt with were:-Forgery (Amendment), Fraudulent Transfers of Businesses (Amendment), Law Revision, Stowaways, Summary Offences (Amendment).
1925.
Governor, Sir Cecil Clementi, K.C.M.G., 1.11.1925.
Principal Events. Piracy of s.s. Hong Hwa (15/1). Joint Conference of China Medical Missionary Association and the Hong Kong and China Branch of the British Medical Association (20/1). Hong Kong's offer of £250,000 to Home Government as a contribution towards Singapore Base announced (5/3). Death of Dr. Sun Yat Sen in Peking (12/3). Pirate attack on Tai O (25/3). H.R.H. Prince
Prince George arrived in Hong Kong (28/5). Anti-foreign riots at Shanghai (30/5). H.E. the Governor laid foundation stone St. Stephen's Girls' School (6/6). Anti-foreign riots at Chinkiang (7/6). Anti-foreign riots at Hankow (11/6).
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General Strike declared (20/6). Hong Kong Volunteers mobilised (21/6). Attack on Shameen (23/6). Arrival of Vice Admiral Sir E. Alexander-Sinclair, K.C.B., M.V.O. (25/6). New National Government inaugurated in Canton (3/7). Po Hing Fong collapse, in which Mr. Chau Sui Ki was killed (18/7). Postponement of June Settlement by the Legislative Council (20/7). Piracy of s.s. Kwok Ning (5/10). Opening of new wing, St. Joseph's College (23/10). Sir R. E. Stubbs left for Home (31/10). Arrival of the new Governor, Mr. C. Clementi (1/11). Sir M. Nathan, a former Governor, visited Hong Kong (10/11). Opening of new Y.M.C.A. at Kowloon (26/11). H.E. the Governor met Elders of New Territories (5/12).
Trade & Industry.-Exchange opened at 2/33 and dropped to 2/23 in May. At the beginning of September it had risen to 2/5 and at the end of December it stood at 2/44. In raw cotton and yarn imports showed little change, prices fluctuating within only narrow limits. Business in piece goods was only 40% of a normal year, the strike and boycott causing heavy losses. In woollens a fair trade was done until the boycott commenced when business came to a stand- still. The year opened with some activity for the new crop of rice but business ceased after outbreak of the boycott. The end of the year shewed no prospects of improvement. Prices of raw sugar continued to fall owing to increase in the world's sugar crop. The year commenced with heavy stocks of flour which were re- duced on account of sudden rise in the world's wheat prices. Shipments to Canton and coast ports were re- gular until the boycott. Soy prices remained as in 1924 -about $24 per cask of 1.10 piculs. The Coast prices of groundnuts as compared with North China were high, and therefore exports to Europe practically ceased. Wood oil prices remained as in 1924. Prices of gunny bags ruled much higher than in 1924 though the boycott affected local trade. There was a fair demand for cement at low prices for the first 6 months but business suffered
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severely at the outbreak of the boycott. Very little was done in metals but business in China Tin was fair both at the beginning and end of the year.
Public Works.-1 COMPLETED :-(a) Western Street Bath House; Concrete tank at Kennedy Town; Cross Lane Bath House; Senior Officers, quarters, Mount Gough, Architectural Office; New Queen's Pier; Kowloon Hospital; Quarters & Garage at Tsim Sha Tsui Police Station; Open Market, Shanghai Street; exten- sion to Monkoktsui Market. (b) Road contouring hillside in Wongneichung and Tai Hang Valleys; road and path from Wanchai Gap to Middle Gap; road contouring hill- side above Conduit Road; widening of Shaukiwan Road near Taikoo and of Conduit Road; service path from Magazine Gap Road to serve new sites south of Thorpe Manor; road from Taipo Market to Kam Shan. (c) Tytam pumping station extension; laying of 15" and 12" C.I. mains in Queen's Road and Easter District; Pipers Hill Service Reservoir. (d) over 5,000' of nullahs inverted, walled and trained. (e) Reclamation at Laichikok under- taken by the Standard Oil Company of New York and the Kailan Mining Administration.
2. UNDER CONSTRUCTION :-(a) New Fire Station; Cadet Quarters in Canton; New King's College; Sisters' Quarters, Government Civil Hospital; married quarters at four Police Stations in the New Territories; re- construction of Main Block, Victoria Hospital; Hung Hom Market extension. (b) Tai Hang Development, road construction; access Road to War Memorial Nursing Home, Stubbs Road; improving and widening road through Quarry Bay Village, Wanchai Road, Queen's Road East and Bonham Road; new road through King's Park and Cemeteries Area, Homuntin; Chatham Road extension; Waterloo Road extension from Kowloon Boundary to Foothills: Argyle Street extension to Water- loo Road; To Kwa Wan Road; Fanling-Shataukok Road. (c) Eastern District filler beds; Beacon Hill Catchwater
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extension; Shek Lai Pui reservoir; Shing Mun Valley Scheme Access Road, Intake Dam, Temporary Conduit North and South Conduits, North and South Tunnels, Reception Reservoir. (d) Reclamations at Praya Fast, Quarry Bay, North Point, Shumshupo, Taikoktsui, Kai Tack, and Kowloon Bay West.
Legislation.-16 Ordinances (8 amendment) were passed. The principal matters dealt with were:- Dangerous Goods (Amendment), Legal Practitioners (Amendment), Telephone. Emergency Regulations (Amendment), June Settlement, Registration of United Kingdom Patents, Larceny (Amendment).
1926.
Principal Events.-The Hong Kong Hotel Fire (1/1). Investiture held at Government House by Prince George (13/3). Piracy of s.s. Ting On (15/3). Piracy of s.s. Hsin Kong (25/3). Sir Arthur Yapp's visit to Hong Kong in connection with the European Y.M.C.A., Kowloon (1/5). Death of the Honourable Mr. P. H. Holyoak (25/5). Report of the Committee appointed to consider suggestions for the Improvement of the Fire Fighting Organisation of the Colony (27/5). Death of Sir Paul Chater (27/5). Ordination and Consecration of the Right Reverend Monsignor H. Valtorta (13/6). Reception given to the Right Reverend Monsignor H. Valtorta, Bishop of Leros and Vicar- Apostolic of Hong Kong at the Theatre Royal (14/6). Departure of the Hong Kong Delegates to Canton (14/7). Boycott Negotiations at Canton (15/7). Chinese Dele- gates, Proposals and the British Communique (21/7 & 23/7). Opening of the Pratas Wireless Station (26/7). Death of Mr. Ho Fook (29/8). Arrival and Entertain- ment of Six Chinese Bishops-elect (13/9). Passing through of Mr. Tang Shao Yi (25/9 & 26/9). Piracy of s.s. Hsinfung (1/10). Canton Government officially de- clared boycott at an end (10/10). Arrival of the King's Own Scottish Borderers (22/10). Departure of the East Surreys (29/10). Piracy of s.s. Hanoi (11/11).
1920-1930
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483
Piracy of s.s. Sunning (15/11). Piracy of s.s. Wei Hoi (19/11). Visit of Swedish Crown Prince and Princess (21/11). Arrival of the s.s. Ryndam, the Floating University (22/11). H.E. the Governor's Inspection of the New Diocesan School (30/11). Reception of Macao's Governor at Government House (7/12). Visit of Bishop of London (arrived 23/12).
Trade & Industry. There was a gradual decline in the exchange value of the dollar from 2/4-9/16 in January to around 1/11 in the latter part of the year. This factor along with the anti-British boycott, which continued in lesser degree during the year, led to a con- siderable restriction of the normal business activity. In piece goods, as a result of the partial lifting of the boycott, the greater part of stocks accumulated during the previous year moved into consumption. Competition. from Japan increased in intensity and scope. The in- creasing demand for China-produced yarn which has adversely affected the sale of the Bombay product, was even more pronounced during the year and very little business was done in Indian yarns. The Canton silk trade which normally passed through Hong Kong, was diverted to Shanghai during the greater part of the year, but local business houses were gradually regaining former connections. Trade, which fluctuated consider- ably, was particularly good in September owing to sharp decline in local exchange rates. Throughout October demand continued good particularly from Lyons. Prices of Raw Sugar advanced in consequence of restriction of output of the Cuban product, but owing to the political disturbances in South China the volume of business in Hong Kong refined sugar was considerably below normal.
Public Works.-1. COMPLETED :-(a) New Fire Station: King's College: New Sisters' Quarter, Govern- ment Civil Hospital; New Hospital, Kowloon; Married quarters for Chinese Police at Cheung Chau, Sai Kung, Taipo and Shataukok. (b) Mongkok-Kowloon City Road. (c) Eastern half of Service reservoir; Eastern filter beds; Stanley Mound Catchwater; Four filter beds at Laichikok
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Pass; Access Road from Tsun Wan to Pine Apple Pass; North and South tunnels under Beacon Hill and Reception reservoir from Shing Mun Water through the tunnels. (d) Reclamation at Quarry Bay and Kowloon Bay East. (e) Over 6,000 feet of nullahs inverted, trained and walled.
2. UNDER CONSTRUCTION :-(a) Additional quarters at Ventris Road; Cadet Quarters at Canton. (6) Road contouring Wongneichung and Tai Hang Valley; Cause- way Bay-Quarry Bay Road, realignment and improve- ments; Wongneichung development scheme; To Kwa Wan Road; Argyle Street extension; Chatham Road extension; Waterloo Road extension. (c) Reclamations at Praya East, North Point, Shamshuipo, Kai Tack, Kowloon City west and Laichikok. (d) Kowloon Tong Estate development and filling in large area in Kowloon City.
Legislation.-16 Ordinances (5 amendment) were passed. The principal matters dealt with were :- Magistrates (Amendment), Post Office, Peak Tramway, Trade Loan.
1927.
Mr. W. T. Southorn, C.M.G., administered from
5.10.27 to 1.12.27.
Principal Events.-Departure of the Bishop of London (1/1). Piracy of s.s. Wing Wo (5/1). The Eighteenth Congregation of the University of Hong Kong (11/1). Piracy of s.s. Seang Bee (27/1). Passing through of Sir Francis Aglen (18/3). Piracy of s.s. Hop Sang (21/3). Naval Raid on Bias Bay (30/3). H.E. the Governor's Tribute to the Hong Kong Police Force at the Annual Inspection (12/4). H.E. the Governor's Official Visit to Macao (17/6). Boycott of Passenger Traffic on the Steamships of the Hong Kong, Canton and Macao Steamboat Company by the Chinese Seamen's Union at Canton (22/6). The China Naviga- tion Company's Strike (29/6). Piracy of the Norwegian
:
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Steamer Solviken (20/7). Inauguration of the new Short-wave Commercial Wireless Service between Hong Kong and Manila (23/7). Settlement of the Boycott of the Hong Kong, Canton and Macao Steamboat Co. (6/8j. Typhoon of twelve hours' duration (20/S). Piracy of s.s. Yat Shing (29/8). Strike Settlement of the China Navigation Company (7/9). Official Visit of the Governor of Macao (24/9). Departure of H.E. the Governor on two months' holiday to Japan and North China (5/10). Piracy of the Steam Launch Wo Fat Shing in the Hong Kong Harbour (12/10). Piracy of s.s. Irene (26/10). Return of H.E. the Governor (2/12). The New Territories Agriculture Show (7/12). Official Visit of Rear-Admiral Stotz, the new Commander- in-Chief of the French Naval Forces in Asiatic Waters (21/12).
+
Trade & Industry. Exchange remained steady during the year between 1/11d. and 2/03d. After the lifting of the boycott in October 1926 there was a con- siderable renewal of trade. At the end of 1926 the situation was quite healthy and since then business has progressed steadily although unsettled condition in China. restricted the volume of orders. The piece goods busi- ness was satisfactory and clearances were well main- tained. There was a general advance of prices. In double knitting and hosiery yarns the market was excellent but fresh business was becoming difficult owing to the increase in prices. The trade in Indian Yarn narrowed down to the sale of a few chops. An improvement will not come until the demand from China exceeds the production of the mills in the North. A steady business was done in rice with overseas markets. The consumption demand for sugar was not up to expectations and this, together with an increased estimate of over 1 million tons in the European Beet crop for 1927/28, caused prices to recede considerably. In the earlier part of the year there was a brisk demand for the United Kingdom for soy. Business in wood oil was more active than in 1926 on account of short sup-
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plies from Hankow. The price was H.K. $30.00 per picul in the beginning of the year and reached the unprecedented figure of H.K. $56.00 in April. At the end of the year it was H.K. $32.00 per picul. The demand for cement was steady but small, the market being hampered by the unsettled state of affairs. In metals, although a better tone prevailed in the market through the year, trade generally was on a moderate scale. The total exports of China Tin were less than in 1926, the main decrease being on the exports to America and Europe.
-
Public Works.-1. COMPLETED : (a) Ventris Road Quarters; Large camp of wooden huts at Sham- shuipo for Military Authorities; Quarters for Cadets at Canton. (b) To Kwa Wan Road; Road to Dairy Farm lots at Diamond Hill; Embankment and approaches to the new bridge at Tai Po. (c) Western half of Service Reservoir at Eastern Filter Beds; Peterson Rapid Gravity filters at Bowen Road filter beds; two (d) Branch nullah in Village Road, Wongneichung reinforced concrete bridges over Shek Lai Pui Stream. Valley; over 2,000 feet of smaller stream courses trained.
2. UNDER CONSTRUCTION :-(a) New Hospital for Victoria Gaol. (b) Road in Wongneichung Develop- ment area; Argyle Street extension and Waterloo Road Extension. (c) Laying of C.I. pipe in Kowloon, Kowloon Tong Estate; Strengthening of North tunnel and laying of steel mains, Shing Mun Scheme. (d) Reclamations at Praya East, Shamshuipo, Kowloon Bay West, Laichikok and Kai Tak (resumed for an Air Port). (e) Large nullah in Wongneichung Valley; nullah training in the Cemeteries Valley, Homuntin. (f) Development in the Kowloon Tong Estate and filling in of area in Kowloon City.
·
Legislation.-28 Ordinances (15 amendment) were passed. The principal matters dealt with were:- Factory (Accidents), Illegal Strikes and Lock-Outs, Chinese Extradition (Amendment), Dogs.
1920-1930
97
1928.
487
Mr. W. T. Southorn, C.M.G., administered from
9.5.1928 to 9.1.1929.
Principal Events.-Mr. Kwok Siu Lau's gift of $50,000 to the Hong Kong University (11/2). Official visit of Sir Miles Lampson, His Britannic Majesty's Minister at Peking (20/2). Official visit of Philippines' Governor-General (27/2). Official visit of Marshal Li Tsai Sum to the Colony (2/5). Official opening of King's College by H.E. the Governor (5/3). "Piracy of Junk Hon Cheung (9/3). Official visit of H.E. the Governor to Canton (10/3). Piracy of s.s. Hsin Wah (14/4). Presentation of C.M.G. to Hon. Mr. E.D.C. Wolfe by H.E. the Governor (17/4). Agricultural Show, New Territories (1/5). Piracy of A.P.C. Motor Boat (1/5). Laying Foundation Stone of Eastern Extension of Tung Wah Hospital by H.E. the Governor (4/5). Unveiling of the Chinese War Memorial by H.E. the Governor (6/5). Piracy of s.s. Tean (6/5). Presen- tation of Colours to H.K. V.D.C. by H.E. the Governor (6/5). Departure of H.E. the Governor on Home leave (9/5). The Hon. Mr. W. T. Southorn sworn in as O.A.G. (9/5). Indian War Memorial unveiled by H.E. the O.A.G. (25/5). Mr. Tang Chi Ngong's gift of $60.000 for Hong Kong University School of Chinese (26/7). Mr. Woo Hay Tong's Scholarships to Hong Kong Schools $100,000 (19/9). Piracy of s.s. Anking (26/9). The Grand Tattoo (4/10-6/10). Opening of Peninsula Hotel (11/12).
Trade & Industry.-Exchange varied very slightly. In January it stood at 2/3. In September it fell to 1/11-15/16 and from October to December it remained steady at about 2/-5/16. The volume of trade during the year was disappointing. In piece goods there was a good demand for Spring Fancies from Swatow, Canton and adjoining districts. Owing to the rise in Cotton prices at Home repeats were placed
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only in respect of lower quality striped poplins. Clearances in respect of mercerized Cotton brocades were poor owing to the high extra duties levied at Swatow and the lack of confidence on the part of mer- chants and dealers in Canton following the Red uprising in December 1926. There was a weak and restricted market for rice as a result of the depressed state in consuming centres. Exports fell considerably owing to to the heavy import duty in South and Central America. The Sugar markets of the world continued to suffer from over-production and prices during the year were the lowest since the pre-war period. The Tarafa Com- mission formed in Cuba with the object of inducing other countries to restrict outputs failed in its efforts and restriction was abandoned in Cuba. The increase in the Java crop was attributable to the introduction of a new variety of cane. Soy dealers report better business during the year. Frices remained very steady. The demand for cement for the first eight months was extremely small but later the resuscitation of building in the Colony and road making in the Leung Kwong provinces led to an increased demand. The trade in wood oil was less active than in 1927. Fluctuation in prices was not very wide. With the exception of Mild Steel Bars the local market for metals was quiet, the volume of business being about equal to that of 1927. Trade in Mild Steel Bars shewed a very great increase; and prices rose steadily from June onwards. The total exports of China Tin from Hong Kong were the same as in 1927.
Public Works.-1. Completed :- (a) New School, latrine and type house at Wongneichung Development area; new hospital block and reception block at Victoria Gaol; Additional storey, Colonial Secretariat; raising of Time Ball Tower; Block house at Lin Ma Hang; Cheung Chau Anglo-Chinese School. (b) Road construction in Wongneichung Development Area; approach road to New Tung Wah Hospital site, Sookun-
1920-1930
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489
poo; Waterloo Road extension, Patrol path, Ta Ku Ling to Lin Ma Hang. (c) Filtration plant, Shing Mun Scheme; additional 2′′ pipe across Aberdeen Harbour to Aplichau. (d) Nullah in Wongneichung Valley, Section No. 3; Nullahs at new Tung Wah Hospital Site, in Kowloon Tong Development area and in Cemeteries Valley, Homuntin; over 21,000 feet of Sewers and stormwater drains. (e) Kowloon Tong Estate area, excavation and filling.
2. UNDER CONSTRUCTION :-(a) Wireless Telegraph Station, Victoria Peak; Shamshuipo Market extension; New Store, Yaumati Slipway. (b) Argyle Street extension; Kowloon Tong Estate. extension of roads. (c) C.I. mains laid from Bowen Road Filters to the City, from Arsenal Street to Garden Road and in Praya East Reclamation; distribution mains and trunk mains in Shing Mun Valley Scheme; Service reservoir in Sheklaipui; preparation drawings for the Aberdeen Valley Scheme. (d) Kai Tak reclamation. (e) Nullah in Wongneichung Valley Section No. 4; connection of streams north of Hill Area to main nullah, Kowloon Tong Area.
Legislation.-20 ordinances (12 amendment) were passed. The principal matters dealt with were: Natur- alization (Amendment), Secretary for Chinese Affairs (Incorporation), Watchmen, Chinese Temples, Carriage of Goods by Sea.
1929.
Mr. W. T. Southorn C.M.G., administered from 9.5.1928 to 9.1.1929 and from 1.10.1929 to 28.10.1929.
Principal Events.-Formal opening of the Colony's First Chinese Library (1/1). Opening by the Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation of a Kow-
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loon Sub-Agency with offices in the Peninsula Hotel (2/1). Wreck of the s.s. Hsin Wah off Waglan Light- house (16/1). Opening of the New Wesleyan Sailors' and Soldiers' Home (30/1). Arrival of H.E. Major- General J. W. Sandilands C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., the new General Officer Commanding, China Command (20/2). Unveiling of the portrait of Sir F. H. May, G.C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L.. by H.E. the Governor Sir C. Clementi, K.C.M.G., at the European Y.M.C.A., (21/2). King Edward Hotel Fire (11/3). Water Emergency Committee (1/7-27/8). Wreck of the Chinese Emigrant s.s. Lok Sun off Samun Island (15/7). Piracy of a fishing junk off Cheung Chau Island (18/8). Colony swept by severe Typhoon (22/8). Visit to Manila by H.E. the Governor, Sir C. Clementi, K.C.M.G., (1/10-27/10). Opening of the Wireless Broadcasting Studio at Post Office by H.E. the Officer Administering the Government, Mr. W. T. Southorn, C.M.G. (8/10). Opening of the first Radio Exhibition in the Colony by the Hon. Mr. W.T. Southorn, C.M.G. (5/12). Piracy of the s.s. Haiching (8/12). Formation of the Hong Kong Flying Club (20/12).
In
Trade & Industry. -Exchange opened at 2/01 and fell gradually to 1/10 in September. By the end of October, following the return of local currency to to a silver basis, it had dropped to 1/83. In December it stood at 1/84. Trade suffered from severe depression due to the continuance of civil war in China. piece goods and fancy cotton piece goods heavy ship- ments were made prior to the new tariff, on 1st February but after Chinese New Year the internal strife. in China and the depreciation of Central Bank notes proved a serious deterrent to trade. The exchange adjustment in October brought a small improvement. In grey and white shirtings the lifting of the Japanese boy- cott and subsequent inroads of Japanese competition resulted in rapid decrease in British goods. The adverse factors outlined in regard to cottons apply equally to
1920-1930
101
491
woollens. Business in hosiery manufactured at local knitting factories compared unfavourably with that of 1928 but the position at the end of the year shewed signs of improvement. Civil strife in China and the fall in the exchange in October rendered the position in the flour trade difficult though a freight-war reduced transport costs. The rice export business was dis- appointing. Soy dealers reported an increased demand. Over production in sugar combined with the general lack of confidence was responsible for new low mark in the price.
Exports of wood-oil were better than in 1928. The highest price Hong Kong $38 per picul was reached in November when stocks were low and arrivals irregular. There was a steady demand for cement but prices were low due to severe Japanese competition. In mild steel bars the volume of trade was larger than in 1928 but that in Wire-products smaller. Exports of China Tin from Hong Kong were up owing to the more active demand from U.S.A.
:
Public Works.-1. COMPLETED (a) Recon- struction of the ball-room at Government House; Wireless Telegraph Station, the Peak; Shamshuipo Market exten- sion. (b) Two bridle tracks riz Lady Clementi's Ride from Aberdeen New Road to Deep Water Bay Road and Sir Cecil's Ride from Wongneichung Gap to Mount Parker Road: Argyle Street extension; the portion of Nathan Road between Salisbury Road and Gascoigne Road strengthened with reinforced cement concretè tarpainted. (c) Stanley District Water Supply; mains laid to Tung Wah Eastern Hospital, in Lyttleton Road and Breezy Path, in Shaukiwan Road, on the Praya East Reclamation; in Kowloon, Kowloon Tong Estate and Shamshuipo; Diamond Hill Dairy Supply; various works. of the Shing Mun Scheme. (d) Praya East Reclamation at Tsun Wan. (e) Wongneichung Nullah, section No. 4; new sewers and storm drains on the Prava East reclamation and in New Kowloon. (f) Pier at Tsun Wan and at Sham Tseng.
492
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
102
2. UNDER CONSTRUCTION :-(a) Site for Maternity Block, Kowloon Hospital; Children's playground, Kow- loon; Kowloon City Market extension. (b) Foundations and surfacing of roads, Praya East; widening of Garden Road to May Road to admit of motor-traffic; extension of roads in Kowloon Tong estate; (c) Installation of turbines and pumps at Bowen Road filter beds; Service Reservoir, Sheklaipui; pipe line to Kowloon Point; pipe connecting Cross Harbour pipe to city mains, also Harbour pipe line; work commenced on New Upper Dam, Aberdeen Valley Scheme. (d) Reclamations at Kai Tack, Shamshuipo and Laichikok. (e) Training of stream courses; new sewers and storm drains. () Govern- ment pier at Mongkoktsui for ferry services; similar one at Shamshuipo. (g) Broadcasting Studio at the General Post Office.
Legislation.-34 Ordinances (24 amendment) were passed. The principal matters dealt with were:- Bankruptcy (Amendment), Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Offences against the Person (Amendment), Main- tenance Orders, Female Domestic Service (Amendment). Arms and Ammunition (Amendment), Deportation (Amendment).
1930.
Mr. W. T. Southorn, C.M.G., administered the Govern-
ment from 1.2.30 to 9.5.30.
Governor: Sir William Peel, K.B.E., C.M.G., assumed
Administration on 10.5.30.
Principal Events.-New Territories Agriculture Show (4/1-5/1). League of Nations Opium Commission (11/1-21/1, 27/1-1/2). The inaugural meeting of the Hong Kong Society for the Protection of Children (21/1). Farewell reception given by the European and Chinese Communities to H. E. the Governor Sir Cecil Clementi, K.C.M.G., on the Hong Kong Cricket Club ground (22/1). Visit of General Chen Ming Shu, Civil Governor
1920-1930
103
493
of Canton (23/1). Farewell reception given by H.E. the Governor, Sir Cecil Clementi, K.C.M.G., at Govern- ment House (28/1). Departure of Sir Cecil Clementi, K.C.M.G., (1/2). Appointment of a Currency Com- mittee (28/3). Official opening of the Harbour Pipe Line by H.E. the Officer Administering the Government (31/3). Conference of the Far Eastern Meteorologists (28/4-2/5). Arrival of the new governor, H.E. Sir William Peel, K.B.E., C.M.G., (9/5). Opening of the Hong Kong Flying Club by Sir William Peel, K.B.E., C.M.G. (31/5). Piracy of s.s. Helikon (21/7). Unveil- ing of the portrait of Sir Cecil Clementi, K.C.M.G., in the Great Hall of the Hong Kong University by H. E. Sir William Peel, K.B.E., C.M.G. (22/9). Official Visit of H.E. the Governor of Macao Sr. Tamagnini de Souza Barbosa (19/11). Visit of the Canadian Trade Mission to the Far East (21/11-27/11). Formation of a League of Nations Society in Hong Kong at the Cathedral Hall (26/11). First Air Trip from Hong Kong to Canton (2/12). Opening of the Tung Wah Eastern Hospital Extensions (16/12). Arrival of the League of Nations' Commission of Enquiry into the Traffic in Women and Children (27/12).
·
Trade & Industry.-Exchange, which stood at 1/7 in January, fell progressively until it stood at 1/13 at the end of December. The opening of the year found a strong market for most light cotton fancy style and dealers made good profits. Volume of business booked in the better grades of woollens was much smaller than in previous years. In the
In the Shoddy and Mixture (wool & cotton) sections bookings showed a marked falling off. The turnover in locally manufac- tured knitted goods was similar to that of 1929 which was considered satisfactory. Trade in higher grade singlets was distinctly good. From January until May flour dealers lost money owing to the continued fall in exchange and the poor demand from the interior. From June to September the market shewed a better tone and the demand from outports improved. From October on
494
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
104
business was nil. For the greater part of the year stocks of sugar in Hong Kong were very low due to the uncertainty of the trend of the market. Exports of Soy were 75% of those for 1929. With the continueð fall in exchange, causing an increase in cost of Molasses, prices advanced, and demand from abroad subsided. The volume of business in wood oil was less than half that of 1929. The main cause for the inactivity was the civil war in Kwangsi Province. There was a keen demand for cement, but owing to the dumping of Japanese cement in large quantities, profitable business was difficult to obtain. From January to April merchants and dealers had a profitable period of trading in metals but from May to November, conditions were unfavourable. The quantity of tin exported was 6,400 tons as compared with 2,700 in 1929. Prices ruled the same as in 1929.
Public Works.-1. COMPLETED :-() Additional Transmitting Block at Cape D'Aguilar Wireless Station; Children's playground at Kowloon; market at Kowloon Tong; Site for Maternity Block, Kowloon Hospital; Kowloon City Market extension. (b) Road connecting Garden Road-Bowen Road with May Road widened to admit of motor traffic; lower portion of Garden Road adjoining Murray Barracks widened; kerbing and channelling Prince Edward Road; widening Nathan Road; path from Shek O to Cape D'Aguilar Wireless Station, 1st section; widening of Gough Hill Road to "Lysholt"; Kowloon Tong, extension of roads. (c) North Point Service Reservoir; mains laid between Happy Vallev Monument and Hennessy Road, in Yee Wo Street, in Shaukiwan Road, in Kowloon and New Kowloon; Shing Mun pipe line from Sheklaipui reservoir to railway sea wall; cross-harbour pipe line; connecting pipe from Queen's Pier to Queen's Road; Sheklaipui reservoir. (d) Area at Tsat Tsz Mui and Shaukiwan reclaimed. (e) New Sewers and storm drains in Praya East. Deep Water Bay, Kowloon and New Kowloon. (f) Underground Kowloon; intercommunication between Government and telephone cables in various sections of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Telephone Company's systems.
1920-1930
105
495
2. UNDER CONSTRUCTION :-(a) New No. 2 Police Station; market at Sai Ying Pun; site preparation for new female prison, Laichikok; new School at Un Long; Site for Kowloon British School; piling for foundations for 1st Hangar, Kai Tack Air Port. (b) Chatham Road extension; Patrol Path, Lin Ma Hang to Sha Tau Kok; surfacing roads on Praya East; reconditioning and strengthening of Nathan Road with reinforced cement concrete. (c) Trial pits and cuttings in the Shing Mun Gorge Dam site; Aberdeen Upper Dam and East Catch- water. (e) Reclamation at Kai Tack. (f) Government piers at Mong Kok Tsui and Shamshuipo.
Legislation.-32 Ordinances (20 amendment) were passed. The principal matters dealt with were :- Pilots, Gambling (Amendment) Pawnbrokers, Summary Offences (Amendment), District Watch Force, Enter- tainments Tax, The Tung Wah Hospital, Revenue Officers Power of arrest.
496
1841
1842
1843
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
TRADE.
:
ENTERED.
SHIPS
:
TONNAGE.
:
REVENUE.
Local.
Imperial.
FINANCE.
· 1
PERCENTAGE OF EXPENDITURE DEVOTED TO
EXPENDI-
TURE.
MILITARY EXPENDI-
TURE.
Non- General effective | Adminis- Charges.tration.
Public
Health.
Public Instruc-
Public Public
Order. Works.
tion.
£
42
:
42
£
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:.
:
:
:
:
:
1814 538 189,257
9,535 54,234
63,769
53,108152,343
24.38
1.64
2.40 21.4150.17
22,242 52,545
1845 672 226,998
72,841 143,100
26.22
1.23
1.13 26.10 45.32
74,787
27,047 29,223
1846
675 229,255
60,351 | 141,781
:
29.34 1.16
1.26 32.44 35.80
54,270
31,079 18,394
1847
694 229,465
50,960 115,149
29.38
1.51
1.32 33.27 34.52
40,473
1848
700 228,818
25,072 40,302
65,374
62,309 80,778
27.55 1.46
1.32 29.33 40.34
1849
902293,465
23,617 11,910
35,527
38,986 75,943
.57 40.97 3.11
2.04 37.55 15.76
23,527 14,150
1850
SS3 299,009
34,314 64,628
.384.74 3.16
1.97 41.64 8.11
37,677
POPULATION.
REVENUE DERIVED FROM RATES.
NON-
CHINESE.
CHINESE. TOTAL
રે
£
:
5,650
12,361
PUBLIC HEALTH.
1920-1930
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
PUBLIC ORDER.
No. OF
PRI-
ATTEND-SONERS IN
TOTAL
No. OF
SCHOOLS.
ANCE.
GAOL ON
31ST DEC.
POLICE STRENGTH.
DEATH-RATE
PER 1,000 EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN RESIDENTS.
:
:
497
1841
1842
:
1843
7S 34 4S
151
19,009 19,463
5
117
92
1811
160
74 62
9
529
1,043 23,114 24,157
.545
100
108
1845
165
67 67 24
1,575
1,3S6 20,449 21,835
.757
4
102
128
1846
158
50 $1 24
2,240 1,406 22,466 23,872
.358
4
118
181
1847
155
44 144 24
2,576
1,502 22,496 23.99$
1.298
146
135
1848
212
29 80 24
3,116
1,210❘ 28,297 29,507
.648
9
223
155
1849
133
33 SO 24
2,812
1,305 31,987 33,292
1.011
12
227
158
1850
134
498
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
TRADE.
SHIPS EXTERED.
EMI.
Number.
Tonnage.
Per- centage of British Tonnage.
GRANTS
LEFT.
1851
1,082
377,084
REVENUE.
Local. Imperial.
£
23,721 20,154
43,875
21,331 22,000
1852 1,097
433,383
43,331
24,700 9,500
1853
1,103
477,053
34,200
27,045 5,966
1354
1,100 113,351
33,011
1855
1,736 601,580
14,683
47,974
1856
2,091
811,307
...
14,130
35,500
1857
1,070 541,063
58,842
Entered & Cleared.
1858
1,975 | 1,354,173
54 15,810
62,476
1859
2,179 1,164,610 42 10,217
65,225
1860
2,888 1,555,6+5 46 15,183
94,183
* Exclusive of Canton & Macao River Steamers.
1920-1930
FINANCE.
PERCENTAGE OF EXPENDITURE DEVOTED TO
2
MILITARY
EXPEN-
DITURE.
EXPEN-
Non- General !
DITURE.
effective Adminis-
Public Health.
Charges. tration.
Public Instruc- tion.
Public Public Order. Works.
REVENUE DERIVED FROM RATES.
£
£
વર
£
34,115 51,896 .06 43.72
2.67
2.68 42.52
8.35
2,959
31,766 50,393
.05 36.84
3.09
2.70 39 58 17.74
2,326
36,419 50,346 .14 36.49
2.78
1.83 39.60 19.16
2,705
34,635 | 41,541 .03 33.89
2.06
3.1741.90 18.95
3,327
40.814 34,830 1.21 28.40 1.50
2.15 39.02 27.72
3,917
42,426 39,823 .15 27.12 1.48
2.36 43.90 24.99
3,868
65,498
:
.33 26.03
1.23 1.9338.10|32.38 7,377
62,979 239,814
24.71 1.87 2.69 37.8232.91 13,281
66,109 267,468
.54 23.02 4.03
3.07 39.76 29.58 14,047
72,391
.79 25.69 4.79 2.53 35.08 31.12 16,573
499
500
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
CLIMATE.
TEMPERA-
TURE.
Maxi- Mini-
KAUPI.
mum.
:
:
RAINFALL.
POPULATION.
NON-
CHINESE.
CHINESE.
"IVIOJ
PUBLIC HEALTH.
DEATH-RATE PER 1,000
EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN RESIDENTS.
Ins.
1,520 | 31,463 | 32,983
1.035
1,541 35,517
37,058
.811
93 43
78.95 1,481.37,536 39,017
.912
:
95.99 1,643 | 54,072 | 55,715
.679
89
49
109.55 1,956 70,651 72,607
91
42
119.42 2,479
69,251 71,730
1.050
Whites Coloured.
:
:
81.68 1,411
75,633 77,094
Non-
Chinese Chinese.
91
50
75.53 1,462
74,041 75,503
.752
90.50 47
83.59 1,661
85,280 86,941
.678
59.72 2,476 92,441 94,917
.320
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
501
1920-1930
PUBLIC ORDER.
AVERAGE
No. OF
PRI- SONERS
POLICE
STRENGTH.
pican.
Euro-
Indian.
Chinoso.
No. OF SCHOOL.
TOTAL ATTENDANCE.
Gorera-
ment.
In Mission. Govt. Mission TOTAL. Schools. Schools.
In
IN GAOL.
29 115 30
6
Co
10
5
143
154 297
179
1851
174
31 89 13
CO
158
158
316
160
1852
133
31 89 13
6
155 92 247
138
1853
133
29 66 38
6
134 113
247
155
1854
133
32 124
888
3
185 139 324
214 (31st Dec.)|
28
1855
184
33 166
39
9 5 237 126 363
243 (Michaelmar.)
185€
238
÷
:
321
1857
33 166 49
16
2
608
54 662
266
185$
248
36 201 70
.20
3 977
109 1,086
239
1859
307
39 238 70
21
14 1,001
326 1,327 360
1860
(Michaelmas.)
347
502
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
TRADE.
SHIPS CLEARED AND ENTERED.
EMIGRATION.
1
Number.
Total Tonnage.
Per- centage of British Tonnage.
REVENUE.
EXPEN. DITURE.
Left.
Returned.
£127,241 £109,632
15612,545 1,310,383 11 12,840 2,167
or
or
$610,758 $526,234
1862 2,720 1,344,710
|
46 10,421 7,398
631,260 587,631
1803 3,657 1,806,881 52 7,809 7,193
576,375 580,560
1864 4,558 2,046,372 55
6.607
6,778
637,840 703,308
1805
4,445 2,134,164 60
6,819 6,026
813,111
937,S05
1800
3,783 1,891,281 55
5,115 9,253
769,077 936,955
1867 1,879 2,376,320 63
4,283 9,866
859,401 730,917
1368 4,095 1,974,299 62
8,704 10,752
1,134,106 991,311
1869 4,426 2,256,049 58 18,285 16,203
923,653 912,853
1870 4,791 2,610,347 62
12,992 16,618 914,976 877,224
1920-1930
FINANCE.
PERCENTAGE OF EXPENDITURE DEVOTED TO
EXCESS OF ASSETS OVER LLABILITIES (-) OR OF
REVENUE DERIVED
3
Non- * General effective Adminis- Charges. tration.
Public Health.
Public Instruc- tion.
Public Public Order. Works.
Defence. LIABILITIES
FROM
OVER
RATE.
¿SSETS (-).
$
£
2.39 20.67 2.94 1.50 27.78 44.66
+ 393,600
15,756
1.36 20.23 2.94
1.76 33.68 40.03
1
+475,439 19,096
($85,057)
1.70 22.52 2.60
1.84 42.42 28.92
445,000 27,331
1.14 16.66 2.20
1.53 30.42 48.05
÷ 298,190
25,519
1.01 22.84 1.86
1.37 25.23 40.01
7.68181,107
37,024
1.47 32.72 1.99
1.28 26.82 25.51 10.21 + 24,606
42,561
2.16 35.71 2.68
1.68 38.89 18.88
+ 25,851
46,110
RATEABLE VALUE OF COLONY. $
1.69 26.19 2.25
1.46 27.43 19.46 21.52 + 137,365 1,642,265
1.82 29.72 2.71
2.08 25.05
1.S3 31.60 21.17 9.95 123,031| 1,755,077
3.31 2.16 29.77 26.31 10.69 ÷ 154,117| 1,676,349
503
504
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
CLIMATE.
TEMPERATURE.
Maxi-
muai.
Mini-
mum.
RAINFALL.
*NON
POPULATION.
CHINESE.
PUBLIC HEALTH.
DEATH-RATE PER 1,000.
CHINESE. TOTAL
European and American
Residents.
Ins.
90
48
78.86 2,98G 116,335' 119,321
64.S
92
42
91.01 3,034 120,477 : 123,511
22.1
91
55
S1.61 3,149 120,701 124,850
63.2
90
11
94.08 3,630 117,868 121,498
55.5
90
49
56 36 4,007 121,497 125,504
49.1
93
45
77.49 3,616 111,482 115,098
35.0
92
41
SO.SO 3,636 113,835; 117,471
26.0
.SS
42
SS.01
f No Estimate made of
population.
19.0
89
43
63.71 | 7,699 114,280| 121,979
29.2
90.5 46
56.07 8,754 115,444 124,198
31.0
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
NO OF SCHOOLS. TOTAL ATTENDANCE.
1920-1930
PUBLIC ORDER.
CRIMINAL STATISTICS.
POLICE STRENGTH
Govern-
Mission.
ment.
In Govt. Schools.
In Mission Total. Schools.
Daily Aver-
Persons
age Number
of Prisoners
in Gaol.
convicted of Serious Offences.
20
20
796
523 1,319
446
Persons convicted
of Minor Offences.
Euro-
*uvod
Indian.
Chinoso.
73 297 SO
1861
450
41 285 90
20
19
$$9
443 1,332
55S
1862
416
46 360 110
16
22
577
653 1.230 533
12
22
392 759 1,151
447
12
16
516 782 1,328
567
No records available.
1863
516
63 374 144
1864
581
76
369 165
1865
610
69
325 165
11
12
623
616 1,239
584
1866
559
84
352 130
11
15
700
735 1,435 427
1867
566
113 328 192
14.
17
916
827 1,743
529
905
2,941
1868
633
114 320 208
17
14
حبر
942
743 1,685
465
•
604
2,005
1869
642
120 301 201
22
131,302 701 2,003
481
852
3,231
1870
625
505
506
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
TRADE.
SHIPS CLEARED
AND ENTERED.
EMIGRATION.
Total
Per- centage
REVENUE.
EXPEN-
DITURE.
Number.
of British Tonnage.
Tonnage.
Left.
Returned.
$
$
1871
?
3,235,701
?
9,501 19,754
S44,418 S94,209
1872 6,099 3,795,566
3333
63
27,721 23,773
924,807 $35,698
1873
4,675 3,273,119 67
28,768 25,355
847,324 789,874
1874
4,356 3,034,036 GS 31,866 32,319
$54,800 921,480
1875 5,201 3,893,687 72 48,152 38,602
896,624 869,823
1876
5,751 4,359,616 72
46,350 42,390
S85,309 902,500
1877
5,701 4,850,896 76 39,741
48,746 1,005,312 873,208
1878
6,131 5,209,437 74
33,653 47,SS2 947,638 910,523
1879
5,503 4,964,339 76
33,529 50,542 964,095 926,868
1880 5,775 5,073,868 74
50,324 51,011 1,069,948 948,014
1920-1930
You- General
Public effective Admini- Public Instruc- Public Public
Health. Charges. stration.
tiou.
Order. Works.
FINANCE.
PERCENTAGE OF EXPENDITURE DEVOTED TO
EXCESS OF ASSETS OVER LIABILITIES (+) OR OF LIABILITIES
Defence.
OVER ASSETS (-).
RATEABLE
VALUE OF
COLONY.
$
$
2.07
24.30 4.04
2.15 30.97 26.07 10.40 120,099 1,662,647
CLIMATE.
TEMPERATURE.
Maxi- Mini-
mum.
nium.
RAINFALL
Ins.
89 36 99.24
2.38 25.57 3.25
2.45
35.54 19.94 10.87 +181,942 | 1,620,979
S9.5 43.5 62.92
1.96
20.73 1.03 2.78
36.19 16.63 11.68+235,335| 1,676,052
91 49
75.47
2.09
26.69 3.58 2.56 29.66 25.02 10.40+156,177 1,682,057
00 47
84.95
1.72 25.70 4.13 3.04 32.81 21.35 11.25 +192,498 1,668,410
1.53 23.39 4.35 2.85 31.50 24.62 11.76 +134,297 | 1,657,871
1.67 25.20 4.18 2.84 32.57 22.05 11.59 +310,103 1,732,186
91
41
$3.13
90 37
103.55
95 41
76.72
2.82 27.29 4.72 3.41 30.71 19.55 11.50 +300,034 1,764,662 95
33
S1.10
2.78 27.99 4.59 3.72 32.06 17.02 11.84 +190,254 | 1,900,S70
པར་
45
94.70
2.69. 31.08 5.41 3.84 31.79 14.08 11.11 +275,652 ¦ 2,095,460 95 39
111.57
507
508
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
NON.
POPULATION.
CHINESE.
CHINESE.. TOTAL.
No Estimate made of population.
PUBLIC HEALTH.
DEATH PER 1,000.
European!
and
American Chinese. Residents..
Total.
30.3
No records available.
6,421 115,564 121,985 25.0
Nox- CHINESE.
19.4
22.57
No Estimate made of population.
32.23 31.19 31.24
28.18 25.74 25.87
8,976 130,168 139,144 24.45 28.39 28.18
| |
8,076
| 130,168 1
18.04 27.41! 26.81
Calculated on po-
pulation according to Census of 1881.
Calculated on population according to
Census of 1870.
Calculated on population
according to Conans of 1872.
18.73 30.35 29.60
No Estimate made of
population.
18.15 33.11| 32.14
16.71 29.54 28.71
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
NO. OF SCHOOLS. TOTAL ATTENDANCE.
1920-1930
PUBLIC ORDER.
CRIMINAL STATISTICS.
Number of Prisoners in Gaol.
Person
convicted
of Serious Offences.
Person convicted
of Minor Offences.
POLICE STRENGTH.
poan.
Euro-
Indian.
Chinese.
In
Govern-
ment.
Mission.
Ia Gort. Mission Total. Schools. Schools.
Daily Average
121 263 260
26 13 1,292 755 2,047
496
863
3,707
1871
644
132 182 294
330
360
12
1,480 619 2,099
518
994
5,616
1872
608
110 171 328
2223
21
1,838 SO8 2,646
367
948
4,401
1873
609
107 189 340
30
12
17 1,931 1,067 2,998
348
786
3,495
1874
636
30 22 1,927 1,136 3,063
NO. OF SCHOOLS. | AVERAGE ATTENDANCE.
110 173 340
In Go- La Grant
373
949
3,623
1875
Govern-Grant-in-
vernment
in-Aid
Total.
623
ment.
Aid.
Schools. Schools.
1980
30
9
1,118
460 1,578
102 174 338
30
11
1,192
517 1,709
427
974
4,510
1876
614
102 174 338
30
Οι
1,241
625 1,866
1,196
3,791
1877
614
102 172 341
30
17 1,130 700 | 1,830
1,554
3,839
1878
615
103 173 341
31
19
1,130 939 2,069
572
1,381
3,350
1879
617
103 173 341
36
27 1,212 1,098 2,310
570
1,208
3,548
1880
617
509
510
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
TRADE.
SHIPS CLEARED AND
EMIGRATION.
EXTERED.
EXPEN-
Number.
Total Toonage.
Per- centage of Britisn Tonnage.
REVENUE.
DITURE.
Left.
Returned.
$
$
1881
6,412 5,686,488 74
70,025 52,983 1,324,456 981,582
1882
6,880 6,337,024 75
78,861
61,905 1,209,517 1,094,805
1883
6,785 6,882,381 71
57,438
74,722 | 1,239,443 1,342,299
1581
6,601 6,961,758 77
51,247
73,767 1,173,071 1,595,398
1885
6,827 7,699,099 78
57,517 80,773 1,251,890 1,621,250
1886 8,448 9,030,390 71
64,522 S8,704 1,367,978 2,020,862
|| |
ISS7
8,152 9,169,534 74
$2,897 92,375 1,427,486 2,023,002
18$8
7,581 9,006,677 72
96,195 98,195 1,557,300 1,992,330
1889
7,588 8,971,990 74
47,849 09,315 1,823,549 1,833,719
1890
8,219 9,771,743 72
42,066 101,147 | 1,995,220 | 1,915,350
1920-1930
5
FINANCE.
PERCENTAGE OF EXPENDITURE DEVOTED TO
You effective Admini- Charges.stration.
General Public
Health.
Public Instruc- tion.
Public Public Order. Works.
Defence.
EXCESS OF ASSETS OVER·
LIABILITIES (+) OR OF LIABILITIES OVER ASSETS (-)
PUBLIC DEBT LESS ACCU- MULATED SINKING FUND.
KATEABLE VALUE
OF COLONY.
$
£
$
2.98 30.73 5.45
3.9531.77 14.05 11.07
+ 663,710
2,093,139
3.54 27.96 5.28
4.07 29.71 19.45 9.99 +1,148,664
2.16 24.17 4.02
3.93 24.50 32.28 8.34 +1,067,201
1.93 24.75 3.43 3.09 22.75 30.05
7.40
+729,562
2.2423.40 3.44
3.07 20.76 39.85
7.24
+ 427,692
No Public Debt.
2,308,382
2,320,010
2,404,302
2,432,757 (to 30.6.85) 2,561.944 (to30 6.55)
2.09 20.23 3.03
2.47 17.08 | 48.94
6.16
191,512 200,000 2,590,942
4.57 19.19 3.40
2.46 18.1346.23 6.32
+631,734 196,464 2,900,698
7.22 21.26 3.56
2.77 18.26 37.17
|
6.76360,650 189,392 3,042,201
8.23 23.32 7.32
3.28 20.23 30.30 7.32
+ 505,110 182,320 3,283,279
7.38 24.82 7.72
3.91 19.4730.19 6.51
+ 309,732175,248 3,7GS,027
511
512
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
CLIMATE.
TEMPERATURE.
Maxi-
mum.
Mini-
mum.
RAINFALL.
O
O
Ins.
96.0 40.0
98.21
95.0 38.0 73.13
POPULATION.
NON-
CHINESE.
PUBLIC HEALTH.
DEATH-RATE PER 1,000.
CHINESE.
TOTAL.
Non- Chinese.
Total. Chinese.
9,712 150,690 160,402 18.22 24.45 24.07
15.75 26.78 26.11
98.0 40.0 117.20
17.60 30.84 | 30.01
No Estimate made of<
population.
91.8 43.0 75.42
16.3727.59 | 26.91
98.3 45.0 108.92
20.9033.10 | 32.36
89.7 41.8 69.17
10,412 171,290 181,720 18.54 28.65 28.07
90.7
42.8 66.29
10,522 175,410185,962 | 23.31 28.90 28.59
i
929 40.6 104.58
10,692 179,530 190,222 23.28 32.22 31.72
92.5 40.3 119.72 10,832 183,650 194,482 17.54 24.00 23.64
93.8 44.0 70.93
10,972 187,770 198,742 17.13 23.25 22.90
Calculated on estimated population.
Calculated on population according to Census of 1881.
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
NO. OF SCHOOLS. AVERAGE ATTENDANCE.
1920-1930
PUBLIC ORDER.
CRIMINAL STATISTICS.
POLICE STRENGTH.
Govern. Grant- ment. in-Aid.
In In Grant- Govt. in-Aid Schools.
Daily Average
Number of
Total.
Prisoners
Schools.
in Gaol.
Persons
convicted of Serious Offences.
Persons
convicted
of Minor Offences.
poan.
Euro-
Indian.
Chinoso.
104 171 314
335
37
2008
1,210 1,598 2,808
657
1,390
4,459
1881
589
104 171 314
39
41 1,2351,974 3,209
613
1,405
3,602
1882
589
102 171 314
39
48
1,229 2,162 3,391
543
1,178
4,014
1883
587
101 171 314
35
55 1,224 2,471 3,695
552
1,297
4,743
1881
586
101 177 312
35
55
1,206 2,535 | 3,741
530
1,298
3,707
1885
590
103 200 304
34
56
1,321 2.8894,210 674
1,389
6,457
1886
607
r
114 220 347
33
61
1,333 2,871 4,204
584
1,234
6,310
1887
681
114 222 349
34
63
1,425 2,8344,259 531
1,116
5,772
1888
685
102 227 350
35
69
1,565 3,21S,4,783 581
1,409
4,529
1889
679
120 227 350
36
76 1,732 3,514 5,246 566
1,412
5,007
1890
697
513
514
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
TRADE.
SHIPS CLEARED AND ENTERED.
EMIGRATION.
REVENUE.
Number.
Total Tonnage.
Percentage of British Tonnage.
EXPEN
DITURE.
Left.
Returned.
$
$
1891
8,707
10,279,043
70
45,162105,199 | 2,025,303 2,449,036
1892
8.974
10,294,152
++
52,143 97,971 | 2,236,933 | 2,342,837
1893
8,758 10,537,859 71
82,366 108,644 2,078,135 1,920,524
1894
8,452 10,469,232 75
19,023 96,095 2,278,528 2,299,096
1395
9,089 11,525,586
ΤΙ
73,138 112,685 2,486,229 2,972,373
1896
9,352 12,333,396 71
66,822 | 119,468 | 2,609,879 | 2,474,910
1897
9,944 12,124,599
67
62,831 | 115,207 2,686,915 | 2,641,410
1898 11,058 13,252,733
66
60,432 | 105,441 | 2,918,159 | 2,841,805
1899 10,905 13,437,147
65
61,075 110,448 | 3,610,143 | 3,162,792
1900 10,940
14,022,167
65
83,643121,322 4,202,587 3,628,447
• Expenditure on loan for Public Works in these years not included in calculation of percentage.
1920-1930
6
FINANCE.
PERCENTAGE OF EXPENDITURE DEVOTED TO
:
Non- General effective Adminis- Charges. tration.
Public Health..
Public Instruc- tion.
Public Order.
Public Works.
EXCESS OF ASSETS OVER
LIABILITIES
PUBLIC DEBT LESS ACCUMU
LATED
RATEABLE VALUE
OF
Defence.
(+) OR OF LIABILITIES OVER ASSETS (-).
SINKING FUND.
COLONY.
$
£
$
6.03 20.06 6.15
3.23 15.99 | 31.35
17.19
+231,178 105,947 3,719,121
7.36 22.03
7.50
3.85 18.40 23.32
11.48
+ 35,106
157,242 3,630,946
13.20 24.96 8.48
4.17 20.21 13.01
13.97*
+ 1,489,023
148,232 3,637,043
14.00 30.39 7.41
3.53 17.0611.01 16.57*
1,428,613 341,800 3,689,254
7.51 22.40 5.92
2.08 12.98 36.79
12.32*
÷ 557,374† 341,800 3,094,072
9.91 26.24
9.06
3.1616.72 | 13.77 21.14*
11.29 27.97 $.73
2.83 15.09 | 16.04 18.05*
11.5427.25 8.27
2.61 13.82 | 18.24 18.27*
548,961340,205 3,825,745
2,557† 336,625 4,040,502
+213,358332,945 4,521,947
10.42 31.10 8.01
2.43 14.06 |13.41 20.54*
311,773 329,174 4,986,834
|
8.82 25.75 7.65 2.2515.92|21.54 18.07 + 1,100,786 325,314 5,856,391
† Unexpended balance of 1893 loan for Public Works included in these amounts.
515
516
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
CLIMATE.
TEMPERATURE.
Maxi-
mum.
Mini-
mum.
RAINFALL.
•
▸
92.9 44.8
Ins.
117.12
POPULATION.
NON-
CHINESE.
PUBLIC HEALTH.
DEATH-RATE PER 1,000.
CHINESE. TOTAL.
Non- Chinese.
Chinese. Total.
10,494 | 214,320 | 224,814 |18.20 | 24.18 | 23.90
93.9 44.2 90.97
10,590 221,072231,662 | 17.37 21.30 21.18
92.3 32.0 99.95
10,686 228,038 238,734 17.97 22.93 22.71
92.9 41.4 101.25
10,782 235,221 216,006 23.28 30.42 30.11 2,552
91.0 43.5 45.83
10,828 237,670 248,498 17.64 21.92 21.73
43.
91.0 40.7 72.78
12,709 226,710.239,419 | 19.91 |24.75 |24.48
1,078
91.S 41.0 100.03
13,700 235,010248,71014.89 19.08 18.85
21
!
91.5 46.1 57.02
15,190 239,210 254,400 | 19.15 22.50 | 22.30
1,175
92.9 43.6
72.70
15,822 | 243,490 259,312 | 15.23 | 24.40 | 23.84
1,428
97.0 37.5 73.73
14,778 217,900 262,678 20.44 | 26.10 | 25.78
1,034
RECORDED
DEATHS
FROM
PLAGUE.
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
NO. OF SCHOOLS. | AVERAGE ATTENDANCE.
1920-1930
PUBLIC ORDER.
CRIMINAL STATISTICS.
POLICE
STRENGTH.
Govern- ment.
Grant- In Govt. in-Aid. Schools.
In Grant- in-Aid Schools.
Daily Aver-
Total.
age Number of Prisoners
in Gaol.
Persons
convicted
of Serious Offences.
Persons convicted
of Minor Offences.
poan.
Euro-
Indian,
Chinese.
127 227 350
36
$1
1,626 3,529 5,155
507 1,687
9,320
1891
704
128 226 342
36 95 1,793 3,968 5,761
515
1,728
8,215
1892
696
118 226 357
ལ
24
102 1,5764,2345,810 458
1,391
7,095
1893
701
117 225 343
20 99 1,218 3,211 4,459
455
1,224
6,155
1894
685
112 225 290
16 106 1,422 3,737 5,159 472
1,478
8,147
1895
627
112 226 293
16
101 1,1813,1344,315 514
1,378
7,320
1896
631
112 226 292
16
96 1,659 3,732 5,391 462
1,497
6,999
1897
630
112 226 292
16
97
1,453 3,581 5,034
511. 1,654
8,869
1898
630
129 350 348
13
$9
1,622 3,2114,833 432
1,589
5,690
1899
827
153 366 410
13
82
1,750 3,870 5,620
486
1,779
7.080
1900
929
517
518
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
TRADE.
SHIPS ENGAGED IN FOREIGN TRADE CLEARED AND ENTERED.
EMIGRATION.
Number.
Total Tonnage.
Per- centage of British Tounage.
REVENUE.
EXPEN.
DITURE.
Left.
Returned.
$
$
1901
10,807
14,599,141
53
65,774129,030 | 4,213,893 4,111,722
1902
12,461
16,275,998
59
71,711129,812 4,901,074 5,009,549
1903
14,489 19,018,411
59
83,384 140,551 5,238,858. 5,396,669
1901
16,976 19,333.096
70
76,304 149,195 6,849,048 6,376,235
1905
18,103 19,778,176
07
64,341 140,483 6,918,404 6,951,275
1906
16,397 19,833,666
61
76,725 134,912 7,035,012 6,8 2,611
1907
18,096 20,381,421 51.5
105,967145,822 | 6,602,230 | 5,757,203
1908
19,604 20,104,795 58.6
71,081 157,809 | 6,101,207 | 7,929,478
1909
18,714 20,171,755 56.7
77,430 |144,821 | 6,822,966 | 6,542,839
1910
17,557
20,966,504 57.8
111,058 | 149,564 | 6,960,869 | 6,907,113
*Up to 1909, Post Office was included in General Administration.
FINANCE.
PERCENTAGE OF EXPENDITURE DEVOTED TO
Non- *General *Coder effective Adminis- takings of Charges.
Government. tration.
Public Health.
Public Tostruc. tion.
Public Public Order. Works.
1920-1930
EXCESS OF -ASSETS OVER
LIABILITIES (-) OR OF Defence. LIABILITIES OVER
ASSETS (-).
PUBLIC DEBT LESS ACCUMULAT. ED SINKING FUND.
KATEABLE
VALCE
COLONY,
$
$
! 8.23 26.35
7.50 2.16 15.00 19.96 20.69 +1,036,525 †
321,436
6,889,752
6.47 27.61
6.66
1.59 11.26 30.22 16.16 ÷ 60,870 †
316,709
8,166,613
7.26 17.64
12.70
2.46 16.05 25.38 18.51
€2,711 †
312,147
8,749,643
5.84 14.13
10.16
2.43 13.42 33.40 20.62 ÷ 297,723 †
307,421
9,890,521
5.25 17.66
9.40
2.33 12.17 32.75 20.44 ÷ 441,496 †
305,270 10,472 278
4.89 20.55
:
9.65
2.39 12.19 30.54 | 19.80 + 652,236 † 1,443,435
10,909,618
5.45 17.97
11.27
3.20 14.72 25.50 21.SS +1,414,739 † 1,485,733
10,716,173
6.73 15.39
8.32
2.59 11.25 39.38 16.34 +1,073,041 † 1,425,020
10,750,902
4.8619.09
9.39
3.35 14.45 2.).52 | 19.32 +1,353,169 † | 1,399,156
10,750,902
6.32 11.53
7.SS
$.66
3.27 13.8323.15 20.36 +1,400,924.96 | 1,387,974
11,092,179
† Arrears of revenue not included in these amounts.
519
520
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
CLIMATE.
TEMPERATURE.
Maxi-
Mini-
mum.
mum.
92.7
5
RAINFALL.
POPULATION.
NON-
CHINESE.
Ins.
Census.
38.455.78
PUBLIC HEALTH.
DEATH-RATE PER 1,000.
CHINESE.
TOTAL.
Non- Chinese.
Chinese. Total.
Census.
Census.
20,096 | 230,56±300,660 | 20.50 | 23.77 | 23.55
RECORDED
DEATHIS
FROM
PLAQUE.
1,562
92.2 40.5 97.50
18,524293,300 311,S24 19.00 21.93 21.70
572
92.4 41.9 93.66
18,581 307,050 325,631 16.16 19.19 18.19
1,251
91.1 44.8 80.41
18,900 :342,306 |361,206 |12.48 17.18 | 16.94
495
91.3 42.8 70.95
17,977359,873 377,850 |17.08 | 17.46 | 17.45
287
Census.
Census.
Cénsus.
93.7 46.877.S0
21,560 307,3SS |329,038 |14.02 26.41 | 25.06
$42
Inclusive of Army, Navy and
New Territories.
92
1995
45
93.51
18,550 395,818414,368 15.46 | 22.52 | 22.12
198
92.6 43.791.SS
19,786 401,713421,499 14.78 28.35 27.55
986
90.S 48.7 75.72
20,479 408,409 428,888 12.45 |21.68 | 21.13
108
91.3 44.2 70.12 20,806 415,180 435,986 10.04 22.50 21.76
23
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
NO. OF SCHOOLS. | AVERAGE ATTENDANCE.
Govern- Grant- in-Aid. ment.
In Govt.
Schools.
In Grant- in-Aid Schools.
Total.
1920-1930
PUBLIC ORDER.
CRIMINAL STATISTICS.
Daily Average
Number
of Prisoners in Gaol.
Persons convicted
of Serious Offences.
Persons convicted
of Minor Offences.
Euro-
POLICE STRENGTH.
*uvad
Indian.
Chinese.
145 366 409
14
TS
1,557 3,197 4,754
499
1,710
7,395
1901
920
133 367 419
13
67
1,661 3,1074,771
576
1,931
7,607
1902
919
133 367 421
13
90
1,618 3,342 4,960
653
2,401
7,115
1903
921
133 375 485
12
69 1,665 3,305 4,970
726
1,746
8,539
1904
993
133 382 503
12
70 1,7973,556 | 5,363
697
1,473
9,860
1905
1,018
133 410 504
14
67 1,932 3,564 5,496
518
1,717
9,751
1906
1,047
135 410 503
14
1135
65
2,144 3,780 5,924
502
1,592
9,991
1907
1,048
135 410 501
14
59 |2,251 |3,927 |6,178
465
1,423
8,514
1908
1,046
132 411 511
12 58 12,3264,234 | 6,560
560
2,258
2,957
1909
1,054
133 384 525
1C
14
113
55
1,960 4,337 6,297
547
1,257
8,420
1910
1,042
521
522
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
TRADE.
SHIPS ENGAGED IN FOREIGN TRADE CLEARED AND ENTERED.
EMIGRATION.
Number.
Total Tonnage.
Per- centage of British Tonnage.
REVENUE.
EXPENDITURE.
Left.
Retornesi.
$
$
1911
19,611 20,190,520
57.1 135,565 149,894
7,497,231
7,077,177
1912
21,010 21,614,995 56.1
1913
8,180,694 7,202,543
21,867 22,939,134 55.4 142,759 166,921 8,512,309 8,658,013
1914
23,740 22,069,879 56.9 76,296 168,827
11,007,273 10,756,225
1915 23,05119,561,318 58.1
68,275 109,753 11,786,107 15,149,268
1916 23,303 19,106,690 50.3
117,653 72,405 13,833,387 11,079,915
1917
21,959 | 17,329,841
52.9
96,298 98,232 15,058,105 14,090,828
1918 19,997 13,982,966 51.9
43,830 74,109
18,665,248 16,252,172
1919 21,27518,474,996 51.6
59,969 136,020
16,521,975 17,915,925
1920
21,498 21,576,139 53.8 |105,258 | 122,438
14,689,672
14,489,594
* Not including arrears of revenue.
FINANCE.
PERCENTAGE OF EXPENDITURE DEVOTED TO
Non- effective
| Under- General Adminis. takings of Public Charges. tration.
Govern- Health.
Public Instruc- tion.
Public Public Order. Works.
ment.
1
1920-1930
S
523
EXCESS OF ASSETS OVER LIABILITIES (÷) OR OF Defence. LIABILITIES OVER
ASSETS (-).
PUBLIC DEBT
LESS ACCUMULATED
SINKING
FUND.
RATEABLE
VALUE OF
COLONY.
$
£
7.68 10.4113.90 8.77
3.36 13.58 22.65 19.65 1,826,978 *
÷
1,368,717
11,101,300
12.01 10.00 7.00
8.02
3.38 13.70 25.19 19.74 ÷ 2,805,130*
1,346,950 12,312,300
11.2110.87 10.03 7.02
3.1913.43 25.59 18.66 | ÷ 2,650,420 *
1,382.703. 12,435,812
9.6514.24 14.50 5.89
2.72 11.09 24.37 17.54
÷ 2,910,174 *
1,299,480 14,410,103
7.73 20.48 24.87 4.10
2.17 7.98 18.47 14.20
-
452,087
1,274,878 14,287,235
S.SS 24.96 7.35 5.63
2.90 10.14 20.51 19.63 | + 2,300,785
1,251,949 14,232,186
8.44 32.69 5.40
4.87 2.35 7.66 18.62 19.97
+ 3,268,062
(£1,227,570 $2,800,000
14,410,153
£1,202,130
6.50 42.44 | 3.50 4 05
2.11 7.83 16.41:17.16
+ 5,681,138
$2,788,000 15,638,736
£- 33,300
5.7838.50 3.21 3.91 2.00 7.8619.25 | 19.99
+ 4,290,188
7.5917.34
7.54 5.8S 3.72 12.22 26.45 19.26
+- 4,490,266
17,408,959
£ - 84,751 |
£1,175,263
$2,775,280 16,304,S01 £80,623
£1,147,046 $2,561,797
† Exclusive of the Army and Navy.
524
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
CLIMATE.
TEMPERATURE.
Maxi-
Mini-
mum.
niumi.
RAINFALL,
POPULATION.
PUBLIC HEALTH.
DEATH-RATE PER 1,000.
NON.
CHINESE.
CHINESE.
TOTAL
RE- CORDED DEATHS
Non- Chinese.
Chinese. Total.
FROM PLAGUE.
•
Ius.
93.1 47.1
90.55 18,893 445,384 464,277
13.3821.13 | 20.74
253
92.5 45.3 63.93 21,163446,614 467,777
14.51
26.33 25.67
1,768
02.0
41.0 S3.73 21,470 167,011 489,114
10. 9 21.75 21.16
386
94.0 17.4 100.21 20,710480,594 501,304
12.9 23.SS |23.34
2,020
93.4 41.7 76.02 13,390 495,840 509,160†
13. 18 19. 0 18.59
144
92.4 39.3
79.85 13,390† 514,620 523,010†
14. 38 24. 6 24. 3
888
38
90.8
3S.S
$1.48 13,500† 521,600 535,100†
14. 0 23. 7|23. 4
38
91.2 42.1 101.60 13,500† 548,000 561,500†
19. 5 24.5 24. 4
266
92.2 39.4 76.14 13,600 584,500 | 598,100†
21. 9 23. 323. 2
464
93.1
45.1 107.88 14,682 615,625 630,307†
17. 9 22.78 21.19
120
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
NO. OF SCHOOLS. | AVERAGE ATTENDANCE.
1920-1930
PUBLIC ORDER.
CRIMINAL STATISTICS.
in Gaol.
Persons
convicted of Serious Offences.
Persons convicted
of Minor Offences.
Govern- ment.
Grant- in-Aid.
In Govt. Schools.
In Grant- in-Aid Schools.
Daily Average
Number of
Total.
Prisoners
POLICE
STRENGTH.
pean.
Euro-
Indian.
Chineko.
1341 405 563
14
53
2,120 4,183 6,303
701
1,302
7,377
1911
1,102
158 444 528
14
61
2,024 4,309 6,333
701
1,911 11,717
1912
1,130
175 472 576
14
50 1,855 4,5146,368
702
1,508 13,769
1913
1,223
175 487 621
17
49
1,673 4,533 6,206
600
1,194
7,585
1914
1,283
176 482 631
14
45 2,409 3,614 | 6,023
594
1,328
7,485
1915
1,289
165 463 587
14
39 2,433 3,500 5,933
638
1,508
8,495
1916
1,215
160 481 588
14 34 2,757 3,1476,204
600
1,501
6,644
1917
1,299
159 481 588
14
88383
53
2,8133,314 [6,127
601
1,527
5,901
1918
1,228
166 473 660
14
64
2,882 5,016 7,898
756
2,280 7,492
1919
1,299
160 434 706
14
64
2,929 5,438 8,367
755
2,235
8,073
1920
1,300
§ Civil population only.
525
526
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
TRADE.
SHIPS ENGAGED IN FOREIGN TRADE CLEARED AND ENTERED.
EMIGRATION,
Number. Total Tonnage.
Per-
centage of British Tonnage.
REVENUE.
EXPENDITURE.
Left.
Returned.
$
1921
24,697
24,359,720
52.4156,011 159,064
17,728,132 15,739,652
1922
24,272
26,635,557 50.4 98,393 | 143,547
22,291,065 18,503,003
1923
25,341 32,392,530 52.2 | 120,224 | 121,102
24,783,76: 21,571,904
1924
30,240 35,471,671 57.7129,859 30,194
24,209,640 26,720,428
1925
20,389 29,727,264 51.5 140,534 91,622
23,244,366 28,266,818
1926
15,204 26,983,190 54.7 216,527 128,661
|
21,131,582 23,524,716
1927
27,235
33,794,775
50.2 285,593 181,100
21,344,536 20,845,065
1928
28,279 34,447,479 50.9 257,162 |187,847
24,968,399 21,230,242
1929
29,052 36,867,745
51.4 227,523 185,390
23,554,475 21,983,257
1930 28,374 37,909,385 49.6 188,900 223,136
27,818,473 28,119,646
FINANCE.
PERCENTAGE OF EXPENDITURE DEVOTED TO
1920-1930
NOD-
General effective Adminis- Charges tration.
Under- takings of Public Govern Health.
ment.
Public Instruc- tion.
Public Public Order. Works.
Defence.
9
527
EXCESS OF ASSETS
· OVER LIABILITIES (=) OR OF LIABILITIES OVER ASSETS (-).
PUBLIC DEBT LESS ACCUMULATED SINKING FUND.
RATEABLE VALUE OF COLONY,
8.68 14.94 8.91
6.20 3.75 13.34 29.50 14.73 +6,478,746
£1,117,329 $ 2,335,505 £ - 89,093
18,696,660
7.65 17.08 6.63
5.35
3.92 12.19 29.48 17.40 + 13,658,642
£1,086,141 § 2.093,301 93,657
19,805,929
7.20 17.13 4.08
5.10
3.9711.1732.65 | 18.70 +15,971,495
£1,053,140 $ 1.823.914 98,441
--
£1.018.290
21,059,700
5.68 14.06 4.98
4.73
3.55 9.45 41.50 16.05
÷ 13,107,549
$ 1,555,831 £ - 193,453
22,747,951
5.48 13.94 3.66 4.83
3.61 9.3943.71 15.40
981,535
+ 8.113,483
27,287,862
$ 268,707
6.37 17.37 3.77 5.49
3.86
9.17 35.61 18.05 + 3,186,291
€ 951,915
27,998,237
9.32 18.81 3.68 6.26
5.24 11.72 27.9117.05 + 3,985,762
£898,528 $ 3,000,000
29,014,439
10.78 18.89 4.67 6.44 5.19 12.58 23.33 18.11 + 8,091,633
12.4218.50 4.30 7.19 5.24 12.29 24.85 15.21 + 9,662,852
854.682 $ 4,720,750
30,395,447
£811,110 $ 4,318,762
31,617,566
12.29 20.16 4.66
7.31 5.91 12.67 22.93 14.07 + 9,361,680
£ 766,069
33,069,602
$ 3,683,939
528
Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports, 1841-1941
CLIMATE.
TEMPERATURE.
POPULATION.
PUBLIC HEALTH.
DEATH-RATE PER 1,000.
RECORDRD
NON-
RAINFALL.
CHINESE. CHINESE.
TOTAL.
Maxi-
mum.
Mini-
mum.
Non- Chinese.
Chinese. Total.
DEATHS FROM PLAGUE.
92.2
44.0 37.31
14,798 610,368 | 625,166|17.24 19.01 18.96
130
(April)
93.1
43.7 69.43
16,000 |622,300 | 638,300 |19.44 22.88 22.8
1,071
(July)
92.9
45.7 106.74
17,000|650.900667,900 |13.53 23.47 23.24
136
(July)
93.2
47.5 98.57
18,000 |677,500 | 695,500 |13.39 | 22.58 | 22.35
(July)
92.8 39.7
$7.58
19,000 706,100 725,100 12.68 20.87
(July)
20.65
92.5 43.2 100.78
19,000 691,000 710,000
(Dec.)
8.7417.85 17.59
93.1
45.9
107.86
19,100 721,200 740,800 11.41 20.149.91
(Dec.)
:
:
1:
:
92.6
45.0 71.15
19,300 747,400 |766,700
9.69 19.5 19.22
2
(Dec.)
92.2
44.4 69.82
19,400 783,500 802,900 11.29 22.14 21.86
(Dec.)
92.9
41.2
96.08
19,400819,400 19,400 819,400 838,800
(Dec.)
9.59 19.63 19.41
1
:
...
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
NO. OF SCHOOLS.
AVERAGE ATTENDANCE.
1920-1930
PUBLIC ORDER.
CRIMINAL STATISTICS.
Daily Aver-
age Number
Persons convicted
of Serious Offences.
Persons convicted
of Minor Offences.
POLICE STRENGTH.
European.
Indian.
Chinese.
Ia
Goreru-
Grant- ment. in-Aid.
Gort. Schools.
In Grant- in-Aid Schools.
TOTAL.
of Prisoners in Gaol.
16
64 2,844
5,841
8,685
764
1,752
12,492 185 404 744
1921
1,333
16
271
3,169
13,005
16,174
787
1,661
13,681 | 205 450 765
1922
1,420
16
287 3,480 14,778
18,258
861
1,676
16,296 225 489 916
1923
1,630
18
288 3,458
16,005
19.463
1,066 2,154
21,592 242 511 796
1924
1,549
18
324 2,901
14,869 17,770 1,116 1,678
20,755 250 364 865
1925
1,678
19
314 3,188 16,690 19,878 1,054
1,703
23,232 243 616 827
1926
1,686
· 19
319 3,402 18,397 21,799 1,189
2,247
26,459 240 753 754
1927
1,747
19
334 3,636 20,601 24,237
1,071 2,544
16,727 260 769
1,800
771
1928
19
327 3,893 21,440 25,333 1,075
2,727
18,298 261 754 780
1,795
1929
19
304 4,115 21,374 25,489 1,175
3,034
22,024 271 757 775
1930
1,803
529