F7,237,771
Banque Industrielle de
Chine, Commercial Gua-
rantee Bank Bills
T374,044
T374,044
T468,315
T468,315
Banque Industrielle de
Chine, Agriculture Min-
istry Loan
$120,000
$120,000
Banque Industrielle de
Chine, Students abroad advance...
Banque Industrielle de
Chine, Pukow Loan Int.
F693,769
5, 7, 8 12-1919
F693,769
Banque Industrielle de
Chine, Capital Bills F11,250,000
F11,250,000-
Banque Industrielle de
Chine, Capital Bills
F4,300,000
F4,300,000
Banque Industrielle de
Chine, Pukow Loan Int. F23,144,736
F23,144,736
Messageries
Maritimes
Co., Treasury Bills Schneider Co., Treas. Bills Russo-Asiatic Bank, Edu- cation Ministry Loan ... Russo-Asiatic Bank, Coml. Guarantee Bank Bills... Russo-Asiatic Bank, Adv.
F4,062,405
F410,805
7-1920 F4,062,405
F410,805
K.T300,000
K.T100,000
T.T509,542
T.T379,232
$300,000
$119,140
K.T150,000
K.T150,000
Russo-Asiatic Bank, Edu-
cation Ministry...
K.T100,000
K.T100,000
K.T125,000
K.T125,000
Russo-Asiatic Bank Loan
$400,000
$400,000-
Credit-Foncier D'Extreme
Education
Ministry Loan
$200,000
$200,000
Ansaldo Ship Works, Ship
cost bills...
Banque Belge pour
l'Etranger, Treas. Bills
$60,000.
Vickers Co., Aeroplane
£1,803,200
£1,803,200
Hongkong & Shanghai
Bank, Treasury Bills ... Banque des Pays Bas, Commercial Guarantee Bank Bills
S.T242,545
S.T242,545
T.T459,204
10 12-1920
T.T459,204
Banque Belge pour
P'Etranger, Students abroad Loan
AREA AND POPULATION
Province.
square miles.
Chekiang
China proper, extending over 1,335,841 square miles, is divided into eighteen provinces. Considerable trouble and care were taken in 1919 by the Postal Administrar tion to obtain an estimate of the population of China. Recourse was had to the assist ance of the provincial officials, which in inost cases was willingly accorded. Below are given the results obtained. These, while they cannot be regarded as accurate, may be taken as a close approximation to actual figures. The footnote will show ther limitations that have so far been imposed to a full record of the outlying districts:-
Area, square miles 100,000
55,984 218,53318
Province.
Kwangtung.
Shantung.
Szechuen
Yunnan....
146,718 1
Kiangsi.
Kweichow
Total...
1,532,819 i
Manchuria (Chinese estimate)
Population
Population
Peking District..
4,014,619
28,443,279
· Chihli
30,172,092
24,466,800
11,080,827
28,235,864
30,831,909
Shanghai
5,550,200
9,465,558
19,832,665
5,927,997
Chekiang
22,043,300
Sinkiang.
2,519,579
Manchuria
13,701,819
Shantung
30,803,245
Kwangtung Kwangsi.
13,157,791
37,167,701
12,258,335
Szechuen
49,782,810
9,839,180
Hupeh....
27,167,244
Kweichow
11,216,400
TOTAL: 427,679,214
Not included in the above (no data available) :-
(a.) 1 Hsien and Mongolia in Peking District. (b.) 3 Hsien in Manchuria District. (c.) Tibet.
The total number of foreigners in China was given in 1924 as 320,829. these, 198,206 were Japanese, 85,766 Russian, 14,701 British, 8,817 Americans, 2,733 Germans, 3,657 Portuguese, and 2,715 French. The total of Japanese residents has risen by fifty per cent. since 1915. The Russians have increased by 300 per cent. in four years.
The Chinese Maritime Customs Returns for 1924 showed the number of commercial firms to be 7,286. Japan headed the list with 4,278, followed by Russia with 934, the United Kingdom with 726, America with 470, France with 255, Germany with 253, Portugal with 131, Italy with 49, Denmark with 39, Holland with 38, Switzerland with 29, Belgium with 26, Norway with 19, Spain with 14, and Sweden with 12; but, as the British Commercial Attaché has remarked, much depends on the definition and status of a commercial firm.
The principal dependencies of China have been Mongolia, with an area of 1,288,035 -square miles, and some 2,000,000 people; and Manchuria, with an area of 363,000
square miles, and an estimated population of 13,700,000. Outer Mongolia in 1912: asserted her independence of Chinese sovereignty, and obtained the formal recognition of Russia, but under the Russo-Chinese Treaty concluded in 1915 the suzerainty of China was recognised and the autonomy of Outer Mongolia agreed to. Towards the end of 1919 Outer Mongolia petitioned to return to the authority of Peking. The petition was granted, and the several treaties with Russia were abrogated. Conditions in Outer Mongolia, however, have been by no means stabilised by the ostensible return of Mongolia to China's fold. The invasion of Baron Ungern von Sternberg with an anti-Bolshevik army in February, 1921, caused the intervention of Soviet Russia, whose troops, having dislodged Ungern's men, entered into possession of Urga, the capital of Mongolia, and the Territory stretching up to the Russian frontier. Inner Mongolia has been formed into three special administrative districts, viz., Jehol, Chahar and Suiyuan. Manchuria has in recent years been steadily and rapidly colonised by Chinese, who greatly outnumber the Manchus in their own land. Tibet-which is also practically a dependency of China and whose actual status is still an outstanding question between Great Britain and China-has an area of 643,734 square miles and a population of over 6,000,000. Down to 1910 it was ruled by the Dalai Lama, but subject to the Government of Peking, which maintains a Resident at Lhassa. In consequence, however, of the Dalai Lama's refusal to comply with the demands of Peking, a Chinese military expedition was dispatched. to Lhassa, and he fled to India, where he remained for over a year. Meanwhile, the great revolution broke out in China. The Tibetans seized the opportunity to proclaim their independence, and again a military expedition was sent to Tibet, but more conciliatory methods had to be adopted. The Chinese troops were withdrawn and the Dalai Lama returned to the Tibetan Capital. The tripartite conference at Simla in 1914 to determine the status of Tibet and delimit the boundaries ended in failure, no agree- ment being arrived at. The Dalai Lama visited Peking in 1921 and was received in audience by President Hsu Shih-chang.
Until 1895 China had no regular modern troops, but the disasters of the Sino- Japanese War demonstrated the necessity for a National Army. Five divisions known as the Wu Wei-chun were then raised, but the majority of these were afterwards disbanded, and only one division remained to form the nucleus of the Lu-Chun or new National Army.
President Yuan Shih Kai undertook the reorganisation of China's military forces, but accomplished little outside of Chihli, where he raised six divisions of modern troops between 1903 and 1906. However, a real start was made in 1907 as the result of an Imperial edict ordering the formation of thirty-six divisions in the various provinces of the Empire by 1912. Recruiting for this new Army was on a principle of modified conscription, the terms of service being three years with the colours, three years in the first reserve, and four years in the second reserve, or ten years in all. First reservists were called out for thirty days' training every year, and men of the second reserve for a like period every other year.
These thirty-six divisions were to have an establishment of about 10,000 combatants each. In 1909 recruiting was also commenced for a division of Military Guards. At the outbreak of the Revolution in 1911, thirteen divisions were practically complete and the formation of nineteen more had been begun. A division consisted of two brigades of infantry, one regiment of cavalry, one regiment of artillery and nine batteries, one sapper battalion, and one transport battalion, besides medical and other units, etc. In all, the number was nominally about 250,000; actually, it was about 180,000.
The creation of the National Army tended to the centralisation of authority, and enabled the Peiyang party to dominate the counsels of the nation. Theoretically all military forces are under the control of the General Staff and the Ministry of War (the President being Commander-in-Chief), and are paid by the Central Government, the authority of the Ministry of War being delegated in each Province to specially appointed Military Commissioners. Provincial Civil Governors have no authority over the Military (Lu Chun), but can call for their services when needed.
One great difficulty in the organisation of a modern Army was the lack properly trained officers. The Model Army created by Yuan Shil-kai did much meet the need. This model army, consisting of 5,000 men carefully selected from thi better classes, was drilled by General Wang Shih-cheng, late Minister of War, bu it has been absorbed in the regular army. Several military colleges have been opene including an aviation school at Nanyuan.
During 1915 the principle of conscription was approved by the Government, bu the financial difficulties which are ever present in China made it impossible to carry into effect. The system is different from any which obtains in other countries, eac district being expected to furnish a given quota of men.
For this purpose th country was divided into six military districts.
As military expenditure absorbs such a large proportion of the available revenu of the country-no less than 70 per cent. according to ex-President Li Yuan Hung disbandment of troops has been considered a first step to re-organisation. Partia disbandment has been accepted in principle by the Peking Government, but, owing t the unsettled state of the country and the control of the troops by the Tuchuns, n progress has been made in this direction.
The number of troops under arins in China has been estiinated at 2,000,000. Ver few of these own allegiance to the Government, being merely the retainers of that Tuchuns, who use them against their rivals in the continual fight for personal supremac which has marked China's history in recent years.
Under the old régime each Province controlled its naval contingent independentl of the Central Government, but the consolidation of authority in Peking which followed the Revolution has secured the placing of the Maritime Forces under the direct contro of the Ministry of Navy, although that control at present is rather nebulous. Fo reasons which are obvious, the extensions which were contemplated have not beer effected.
Under the programme drawn up by the Naval Commission headed by Prince Tsia Hsun, the following cruisers were added to the fleet-the Ying Swei and the Chao Ho, both built in England, having each a displacement of about 2,600 tons and a contract speed of 20 knots. The main armaments consist of 2.6in and 4.4in. guns. There are, in addition, a number of torpedo-boat-destroyers built in Germany, Austria and Italy, and two light-draught river gunboats built in Japan. There is no attempt at uniformity-very much the reverse.
A recent report says there are 54 vessels now in active service, divided into three fleets. The 1st fleet numbers eleven cruisers stationed at the important seaports. The 2nd fleet consists of 40 vessels on duty along the Yangtsze. The 3rd fleet is made up of two transports and one cruiser, which is used as an officers' training ship.
The provision of Naval Bases is contemplated. Existing dockyards are inadequate for the requirements of the present fleet, and their plant is obsolete. The number of the personnel cannot be exactly stated.
Practical experience demonstrates that the Chinese bluejacket with training and discipline can rank with any bluejacket in the world. At present, however, he is the sport of rival leaders for power.
TRADE AND INDUSTRY
The ports open to trade are:-Newchwang, Chinwantao, Tientsin, Chefoo, Woosung, Shanghai, Soochow, Chinkiang, Nanking, Wuhu, Kiukiang, Hankow, Yochow, Chang- sha, Shasi, Ichang, Chungking, Hangchow, Ningpo, Wênchow, Santu, Foochow, Amoy Swatow, Canton, Samshui, Wuchow, Kongmoon, Nanning, Kiungchow, Pakhoi and Chengteh. Lungchow, Mêngtsz, Szemao and Tengyueh, on the frontiers of Tonkin and Burmah, are stations under the cognisance of the Foreign Customs. Mukden, Antung and Tatiengkow and other inland places in Manchuria, Kweihuichang, Kalgan, Dolonor, Chilfeng, Taon niu, Hulutao, and Lungkow have also been declared open to foreign trade. The import trade, exclusive of the Colony of Hongkong, centres chicfly at Shanghai, Tientsin, Hankow and Canton, while the bulk of the exports pass through the ports
of Shanghai and Canton. The annual value of the trade of China coming under the supervision of the Imperial Maritime Customs was as follows:-
(1923. 11924.
Net Imports from Foreign Countries. .Hk. Tls. 923,402,887 1,018,210,677
Net Exports to Foreign Countries. Hk. Tls. 752,917,416 771,784,468
The Direction of China's Foreign Trade
Total of Foreign trade.
Hk. Tls. 1,676,320,303- 1,789,995,145 ·
The following was the net value of commodities imported direct from and exported direct to foreign countries in 1924. These figures do not include the trade carried on with neighbouring countries in Chinese junks, which does not come within the control of the Foreign Customs, but include Hk. Tls. 20,891,479 re-exports to foreign countries:--
Japan (including Formosa)
Hongkong
United States of America
Great Britain....
Russia, Pacific Ports...
British India
Netherlands
Dutch Indies
.Hk. Tls. 234,761,863
201,175,926
435,937,789
243,919,357
173,162,926
417,082,283
190,956,912 100,754,411
291,711,353
126,011,025
50,250,851
176,261,876
10,560,018
45,096,158
55,656,176
38,687,635
15,949,007
54,636,642
6,185,281
46,018,577
52,203,858
38,827,688
11,436,232
50,263,920
11,505,586
30,855,244
42,360,830
20,459,876
13,500,888
33,960,764
20,732,947
9,316,901
30,049,848
Straits Settlements
9,321,664
19,617,212
28,933,876
13,278,315
3,420,202
21,698,517
Turkey, Persia, Egypt, Aden, etc............................
18,556,451
19,336,401
15,575,722
1,107,180
16,682,902
6,272,861
8,948,169
15,221,030
French Indo-China
10,183,971
3,674,585
13,858,556
7,704,923
5,087,214
12,792,137
Philippines
Australia and New Zealand
Russia and Siberia by Land Frontier
Switzerland .........................
7,513,141 1,02,387
8,542,529
3,318,302
4,283,814
7,602,116
2,377,918
3,272,983
5,650,901
3,784,791
4,111,016
3,543,838
3,604,063
Sweden...
2,956,216
3,452,248
2,755,977
2,788,146
1,875,027
1,921,930
South America
1,220,690
1,477,299
Denmark ...
1,038,565
1,447,135
Mexico and Central America
Austria Hungary
South Africa
Russia, European Ports.
Russia, Amur Ports
Portugal
Hk. Tls. 1,018,210 677 771,784,468 1,789,995,145
The net foreign imports into China during 1924 were valued at Hk. Tls. 1,018,210,677, as compared with Hk. Tls. 923,402,887 in 1923. At the average rate of exchange for the year 38. 7.-the 1924 value is equivalent to £186,406.798.
The average rate
for 1923 was 3s. 5 d., and the total value of the net import trade for that year worked
out, therefore, at £160,633,627. These figures, should not be taken as an accurata: indicator of the volume of the year's import trade. Values assessed in Haikwan tael are naturally subjected to exchange fluctuations, and, moreover, economic and politicaji conditions in the countries of origin have a great influence on the value of goods importent into China, so that the same quality and quantity of a certain merchandise which on year was valued at 100 may have been valued at 95 in the preceding and may rise to 10 in the following year. These fluctuations will naturally affect the figure for the tota value of imports during any particular year, independently of the expansion or shrink age of the volume of trade. The table which follows is of interest, as it shows the values of the principal groups of articles of import-cotton goods, woollen goods metals and minerals, and sundries-for the last six years. The values entered for the first three groups refer to the aggregate value of all the items comprising these group as actually passed through the Customs during the years referred to. In the case of the last category-sundries-only about 50 per cent. of the articles have been included The total for each year must be taken to represent about three fourths of the tota direct foreign import trade of China.
Imports Direct from Foreign Countries
[In thousands of Haikwan taels (000 omitted).]
.Cotton goods
Woollen goods
Metals and minerals
Sundries......
1919 Hk. Tls.
1920 Hk. Tls.
1921 Hk. Tls.
1922 Hk. Tls.
Hk. Tls.
1924 Hk. Tls
56,609 61,572
Total... Hk. Tis. 476,531 574,721 632,427 687,252
[In thousands of Haikwan taels (000 omitted).]
Gross Imports
1922 Hk. Tls.
Hk. Tls.
Hk. Tls.
Hk. Tls.
Hk. Tls.
Hk. Tls.
Hongkong
Singapore, Straits, etc.
Dutch Indies
British India
· Great Britain.
Germany Netherlands
120,397 126,011
38,508 43,207
9,805 11,915
Russia and Siberia
Japan (incldg. Formosa).
Canada....
U.S. of America (including
Other Countries
169,005 154,448 190,957 97,579 30,542 39,379 35,427 23,667
948,634 1,039,102 654,892
752,917 771,784
Less Re-exports to Foreign
Countries....
25,231 20,891
Net Total ....
923,403 1,018,211 654,892
752,917 771,784
The total carrying trade, foreign and coastwise, in 1924 was divided amongst the different flags as under:-
Entries and
Clearances
Percentages Tonnage Trade
British Japanese
American
55,715,925 Tls. 1,535,646,690
34,759,884
981,764,422
33,288,363
914,760,679
6,359,589
196,412,856
Italian...
2,185,806
97,535,461
2,085,968
56,864,139
56,073,354
Norwegian.
2,079,533
34,875,213
1,799,828
33,855,673
19,927,176
Portuguese.
1,046,046
12,429,605
12,214,568
5,562,360
4,023,760
Non-Treaty Powers..
3,518,202
1,982,267
Total......... 186,382
141,432,827
3,967,522,724
Mr. L. de Luca, Statistical Secretary of the Chinese Customs, in his annual report on the Trade of China says, inter alia:—
"The year 1924 has been a trying year for merchants in general, obliged as they were to contend with many obstacles and to carry on their business under great difficulties. It opened peacefully, giving hopes of prosperous trade, and, in fact, during the first six months the Maritime Customs revenue showed an advance of over 4 million Haikwan taels as compared with the same period in 1923; but from July onwards a series of calamities intervened, with the result that for the second half of the year the Customs were able to show an increase of only some 2 million taels, which is symptomatic of the general conditions of trade during that period. The first obstacle to trade was created by the heavy floods in July and August, which all but paralysed it, interfering with the means of transportation and causing a severe famine in the northern provinces. Following closely on this calamity came the political crisis and the outbreak of war around Shanghai and around Tientsin and Chinwangtao. During the last decade China has never been completely at peace, military operations con- tinually interfering with the development of trade in some province or other of the Republic; but so vast is the area of China that, as a rule, warfare in one part of the country would have little or no effect in other parts, and trade would continue successfully in the more peaceful provinces. In 1924, however, the political crisis, which culminated in the overthrow of the President of the Republic and the establish- ment of a Provisional Government in Peking, affected directly or indirectly all the principal trade centres-Tientsin, Hankow, Shanghai, and Canton,-interfering with the means of communication and creating financial difficulties, so that the con- sequences were widely felt throughout the country. Other adverse factors, moreover, were to be found in the ever-increasing lawlessness, brigandage, and piracy which distressed almost every province, and in the heavy provincial taxation, whereby some of China's industries-as, for example, the match industry in the South-were seriously interfered with. In addition to these domestic drawbacks, China's trade was hamper- ed by conditions abroad-the crisis of the French franc, the depression of the leather market in the United Satcs, and the general cconomic condition of Europe,-all com- bining to hinder the expansion of the export trade. That the result has been, on the whole, so successful as to show an increase in the Customs revenue of over 6 million Haikwan taels and an increase in the total value of the foreign trade of 113.6 million Haikwan taels is once more a proof of the resilience of the Chinese people, whose industry under adverse conditions and power of recuperation are deserving of the highest praise and augur well for the country's future once a peaceful period has set in. Nevertheless, the figures published by the Maritime Customs do not appear to be in keeping with the general feeling of depression which was a characteristic feature of
1924. In spite of the increased Customs revenue and substantial advance in the value of trade, business from the merchants' point of view was anything but prosperous during the past year, and profits were declared to be small, at times even nou-existent. This. apparent discrepancy was due to very keen competition, which considerably reduced individual profits; to high costs of production as compared with prices obtainable; and,. towards the end of the year, to failure in disposing of the goods imported."
Value in Silver and Sterling of the Foreign Trade of China, 1892 to 1923 :-
Average Exchange.
Imports.
Exports.
1893 1894 1895
Hk. Tls.
Hk. Tls.
140,298,086
30,544,061
149,928,703
29,517,212
102,583,525 22,333,288 116,632,311 22,961,986
163,897,525
26,206,530
172,853,145
28,268,688
209,106,866
34,851,143
128,104,522 20,483,379 143,293,211 23,434,411 131,081,421 21,846,903
204,554,227
30,470,055
163,501,358
24,354,889
217,761,975
31,416,701
159,037,149
22,944,422
1900t...
1904 1905 1906 .. 1907
1912 1913$... 1914...
NO NO W WNNNN WWW1 20 19 N WW
280,907,296
42,282,402
195,784,832
29,469,696
223,791,888
34,734,365
158,996,752
24,677,621
280,472,693
41,559,625 169,656,757
25,139,243
335,601,739
43,628,226
214,181,584
27,843,605
343,300,115
45,296,542
214,352,467
28,282,616
348,603,090
49,966,442
239,486,683 34,326,424
458,340,485
68,942,047
227,888,197
34,278,183
414,184,061
68,167,793
236,456,739
38,916,838
422,838,531
68,711,261
264,380,697
42,961,863-
396,261,991
52,834,931
276,660,403
36,888,053
417,586,237 54,264,460
338,392,814
44,051,410
462,437,260
62,260,433
380,833,328
51,273,653
473,517,685
63,628,938 377,338,166
50,700,286.
471,809,192
86,767,390
72,000,048 370,520,403 56,544,517 570,064,696 86,103,508 403,305,546 60,915,191 546,425,219 74,564,285 345,280,874 47,116,943 454,475,719 58,939,820 418,861,164 54,321,457 516,406,995
481,797,366
78,820,556
549,518,774
118,633,090
462,931,630
99,940,188
37% 554,893,082
146,670,958
485,883,031
128,430,019
646,997,681 204,882,600 762,250,230 258,847,474
630,809,411 199,756,313
541,631,300
183,928,963
906,122,439 179,100,763
601,255,537
118,841,915
945,049,650
177,196,809
654,891,933
122,792,237
752,917,416
130,976,259
923,402,887 160,633,627
It will be observed in this table that an increase in silver values does not always mean an increase in trade when measured in sterling.
RAILWAYS
Although China is traversed in all directions by roads, they are usually mere tracks, or at best footpaths, along which the transport of goods is a tedious and difficult undertaking. A vast internal trade is, however, carried on over the roads, and by means of numerous canals and navigable rivers. The most populous part of China is singularly well adapted for the construction of a network of railways, and a first attempt to introduce them into the country was made in 1876, when a line from Shanghai to Woosung, ten miles in length, was constructed by an English company. This little railway was subsequently purchased by the Chinese Government and closed by them on the 21st October, 1877. Since that time the principle of railways has been fully accepted and only lack of funds retards the completion of many new lines. The railway from Shanghai to Woosung was re-opened in 1898, as forming part of a
* Influence of railways felt. + Boxer outbreak. + Revolution in October.
European war from August, 1914, to November, 1918. § Rebellion in summer.
line to Soochow, which the provincial authorities had obtained permission from the Throne to construct. A tramway, a few miles in length, begun in 1881 to carry coal from the Kaiping coal mines, near Tongshan, to the canal bank, has been extended to Taku and Tientsin on the one hand, and to Kinchow and Newchiwang on the Gulf of Liao-tung on the other. This track was only completed in the early part of 1900, and during the summer months was, between Kinchow and Newchwang, largely destroyed by the Chinese so as to preclude the advance of Russian forces on Peking vid Manchuria. A line from Peking to Tientsin was opened in 1897, the Peking terminus being at Machiapu, a point two miles from the Tartar city, whence a short electric line connected it with one of the principal gates; the traffic developed so rapidly that in 1898-9 the electric line had to be doubled. From Lukouchiao (or Marco Polo's Bridge) a line of about eighty miles in length was constructed southward to Paoting- fu, the capital of the province of Chihli; this line, in October, 1899, was handed over by the British constructors to the Belgian Syndicate as an integral factor in the great trans-continental line from Peking to Hankow. These lines were all more or less deliberately and in some parts completely destroyed by the Chinese during 1900. The Railways, as foreign innovations, were particularly hateful to the Boxers, who in many cases attacked the lines with a fury as intense as it was insensate: burning the stations, destroying bridges, firing the sleepers and carrying off the metals. Later on, track destruction was a strong feature of the strategy of the Imperial troops, and from their point of view, wisely so. It was the cutting of the Railway that was the sole cause of Admiral Seymour's failure in his gallant attempt to rescue the Legations. All the lines in North China were attacked and badly cut. Since then the terminus at Peking has been brought inside the Chinese City at the Chien Men or Southern Gate of the Manchu City, and the construction of a circular railway to link up the various grand trunk termini in Peking has made progress, the railway running round three parts of the city. Later, it is proposed to erect a grand central station near the Temple of Heaven. A branch line has been made from the Chien Men terminus to Tung Chow, the head of the water-ways; and both the French and Germans pushed on the trunk lines being built under their exclusive auspices in Chihli, Honan, and in Shantung, respectively; but this work has been suspended since the outbreak of the European war.
The Chinese Government Railway statistics for 1920, issued in June, 1922, show that the Government railways in China cover 6,420 kilometres. Provincial and private railways cover a further 773 kilometres, and "concessioned" railways 3,780 kilometres. Thus, the total length of the railway systems of China is 10,973 kilometres, or 6,818 miles. China has, approximately, 54,000 of population per mile of railway in operation. This compares in very striking fashion with India, which has 13,000 of population per mile of railway, and, in making the comparison, it must be remembered that in India a wide extension of the railway system has for many years been held to be one of the essential needs of the country. On the other hand, the extensive use of waterways in China will always serve to keep these railway average figures higher than in other countries. In 1920 operating revenues at $91,443,932 showed an increase of 8,396,541, while operating expenses at $42,780,106 were $4,329,566 higher. After deducting all charges, the true net surplus in 1920 was $40,814.448 against $36,449,392 in the previous year. The railway system_now operating in China is located principally north of the Yangtsze River. The Shanghai Nanking, the Shanghai Hangchow-Ningpo, and the Hupeh-Hunan lines extend the system into South China. Construction plans are on foot to connect up other short lines operating in the south. In plans for future constructions, Southern China is well provided with prospective lines. An important development took place in 1916 when the American firm of Siems Carey Construction Co. signed, on May 17th, a contract with the Chinese Government for the building of railways in China. On September 29th the detailed plan for the working out of the original agreement was decided upon. Under these agreements Siems-Carey were to have entire charge of the construction of the rail- ways to be built under the contract, and the American International Corporation (with which Siems-Carey is affiliated) undertook the flotation of the bonds for the Chinese Government in this work. The railways contemplated were as follows, though it was pro- vided that if they were not feasible equal mileage should be allotted elsewhere in China:
1. From Fengcheng in Shansi Province to Ningsia in Kansu Province. 2.--From Ningsia in Kansu Province to Lanchowfu in Kansu Province. 3.-From Hangchow in Chekiang Province to Wenchow in Chekiang Province. 4.--From Hengchowfu in Hunan Province to Nanning in Kwangsi Province. 5. From Lu Hwei in Kwangtung Province to Chungchow in Kwangtung Province.
These lines were to be built upon a percentage basis as initiated by Pauling & Company in their Shasi-Shingyifu railway agreement. Negotiations, however, were inter- rupted for various reasons, but since then the survey of 1,600 miles of railway has been commenced.
During recent years the Japanese have shown an interest in the railway development of Manchuria and Mongolia, as well as Shantung, and during 1918 they concluded agreements with the Chinese Government for the construction of the following lines:-
From Taonanfu to Jehol.
Changchun to Taonanfu.
Kirin to Kaiyuan via Hailung.
a point on the Taonanfu-Jehol Railway to a seaport.
Also from Tsinanfu, Shantung province, to Shunteh in Chihli.
Kaomi, Shantung province, to Hsuchow in Kiangsu.
The Manchuria group of lines ignores the Chinchow-Aigun agreement held by Americans, which, however, is regarded now as a dead letter, owing to the Japanese opposition it encountered when it was first mooted.
Great diversity exists on Chinese Railways in the type of locomotives used, due to the fact that the funds for constructing the various railways were furnished by different foreign markets, and in many of the loan agreements it is stated by implication, at least, that, other things being equal, the country that makes the loan should enjoy preference in furnishing the material for construction. An effort was made by the Ministry of Communications through its foreign advisers to effect an all-round system of unification and a good start was made with accounts and statistics, but all reforms have been practically brought to a standstill by the recent civil wars, owing to the militarists taking over the lines and rolling stock for their immediate purposes.
The following list of railways, open and under construction, shows the progress which had been made in twenty years in improving communications in China:-
1. Chinese Eastern Railway (Tung Ching), 5-foot gauge. and thence east and west to the Russian frontier, 1,077 miles.
2. Tsitsihar Light Railway (Ang-ang-chi), metre gauge. with the Chinese Eastern Railway at Ang-ang-chi, 17 miles. Constructed by a British engineer.
Kuanchengtzu to Harbin Under Russian control. Connecting Tsitsihar Opened August, 1909.
3. South Manchuria Railway. Under Japanese control. Main line: Dairen (Dalny) to Kuanchengtzu (1 miles beyond Changchun), 439 miles; double line. Branches: (1) Choushuitzu to Port Arthur, 31 miles. (2) Tashihkiao to Yinkow (Newchwang), 17 miles, inclusive of the section from Niuchiatun to Yingkow, which was opened in November, 1909. (3) Yentai to Taikang, 10 miles. (4) Suchiatun to Fushun, 344 miles, to the coal mines. (5) Mukden to Antung, 2 feet 6 inches gauge, 187 miles.
3a. Kirin-Chanchun, 80 miles. Chinese Government Railway managed by Japanese in connection with South Manchuria Railway. Ssupingkai-Chengchiatun work com- menced by Chinese with capital furnished by Japan.
4. Peking-Mukden line. The earliest railway system in China; formerly known as Imperial Railways of North China. British engineers, Chinese and British capital. Main line: Peking to Mukden (Ching-Feng), 523 miles. The last section, Hsinmintun to Mukden, was purchased from the Japanese in 1907. Branches: (1) Peking to Tung- chow, 14 miles. (2) Peking to Lukowkiao, 4 miles, connecting with the Peking-Hankow Railway. (3) Kowpangtze to Yingkow (Newchwang), 57 miles. (4) Tientsin to Hsiku, 3 miles. A branch from Tangho to Chinwang tao, 6 miles, belongs to and is controlled by the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company (British).
5. Peking-Suiyuan Railway, 403 miles. Chinese capital and Chinese engineers. Opened to Kalgan in September, 1909. Opened to Suiyuan, September 23rd, 1921. Kalgan to Tatung, 191 miles. Opened March, 1915. Tatung to Fengchen, 37 miles, opened. Fengtai to Kalgan, 211 miles. Branch: Hsichimen to Mentoukow, 27 miles. An extension to Paotowchen, in Inner Mongolia, is now being laid down. The distance between Suiyuan and Paotowchen is about 100 miles.
6. Peking-Hankow Railway (Ching-Han, also known as Kin-Han or Lu-Han), 1,214 miles. Built by Franco-Belgian capital. Reverted to Chinese control, Junuary 1st, 1909. French and Belgian engineers still employed. Branches: (1) Liangsiang to Tuli, 12 !miles, to local coal mines. (2) Luliho to Chowkweich wang, 10 miles, to local coal mines. (3) Kaopeitien to Siling, 26 miles, light metre gauge railway to the Imperial tombs. ((4) Kaoyihsien to Lincheng, 10 miles, to local coal mines. (5) Paotingfu branch, 3 miles
7. Tientsin-Pukow Railway (Ching-P'u), 1,009 miles. Anglo-German capital. Completed in 1911. Branches: (1) Chentangchwang to Liangwangchwang, 16 miles (2) Lincheng to Tsaochwang, 19 miles. (3) Yenchowfu to Tsiningchow, 20 miles. (4) Lokou to Huangtaichiao, 51⁄2 miles. (5) Tuliu to Pauto-Techow Grand Canal, 2 is miles. (6) Pukow to Hanchuang (British), 236 miles.
8. Shantung Railway. Constructed by Germans. Main line: Tsingtao to Tsinan, 256 miles, a single line with earthwork to accommodate double line. Branches: (1) Changtien to Poshan, 28 miles. (2) Tsaochuang to Taieshchuang, 26 miles
9. Shansi Railway (Cheng-T'ai). From Shihkiaochwang (next station south of Chengtingfu) on the Peking-Hankow line to Taiyuanfu, 151 miles, metre gauge. Concession secured by Russo-Chinese Bank in 1898; constructed by Belgian syndicate; opened 1907.
10. Lung Hai Railway (Bien-Lo), 360 miles. Under Belgian control; re- deemable by China. To be merged into the Lung Hai Railway proposed to extend from Lanchow, Kansu province, to Haichow, on the coast north of the Yangtsze river The section Hsuchowfu to Kwang Ying Tang has been constructed and the road-bed between Hsuchow and Haichow is in progress.
11. Taokow-Chinghua Railway (Tao-Ching), 93 miles. Crosses the Peking-Hankow Railway at Sinsiang. Built by British capital and worked by the Peking Syndicate. Redeemed by China, 1905. British engineer still employed. To be continued to Tsehchow. Branch: Yiuchiafen to Taoching, 1 mile.
12. Tayeh mines Railway (Hupeh), narrow gauge. Tiehshanfu to Huangshihkang, 17 miles.
13. Szechuan-Hankow Railway (Ch'uan-Han), Chengtu to Hankow, over 800 miles. Work begun at Ichang in December, 1909, on the section from Ichang to Wansien. Passed under Government control 1911. In the early part of 1913 an engineer-in-chief was appointed to each of the three sections. The surveying of the German (Hankow- Ichang) and American (Ichang-Kweichow) sections was put in hand.
14. Canton-Hankow Railway (Yueh-Han), 750 miles. Undertaken by three provin- cial companies for the sections in Kwangtung, Hunan and Hupei, respectively, with Chinese capital. Construction by Chinese and foreign engineers (some British) is well advanced throughout the Kwangtung section, and the line is completed as far as Shiu Kwan (Chiu Chow), 140 miles from Canton. A commencement on the Hupei section was made at the end of 1912 by British engineers and completed to Changsha by the end of 1917, after which construction ceased till 1921, when a little work was done but was soon suspended for lack of funds. Branches: (1) Canton to Samshui (San Shui), 32 miles, double to Fatshan (10 miles). (2) Chuchow to Pingsiang (P'ing-Li), 65 miles, to serve the Anyuen coal mines; built in 1902 by American engineers. To be extended 12 miles further. The section between Wuchang and Yochow, a distance of 260 miles, was opened to traffic in September, 1917.
15. Kiangsi Railway (Nan-Hsün), Kiukiang to Nanchang, 82 miles. Chinese capital, Japanese engineers. This line is steadily getting deeper and deeper into debt to the Japanese, who, sooner or later, will have to take over the running of the line. The amount due to be repaid in 1923 is 7 million yen, but the Company will be unable to pay this unless they can negotiate another loan. A loan of 30 million yen is contem- plated. With this money it is hoped to extend the line to Fukien, thus enabling it to pay its way
16. Anhwei Railway (Wu-Kuang), Wuhu to Kwangtehchow. Intended length, 150 miles, to continue to the border of Anhui to connect with the Chekiang Railway vid Huchowfu. Work began in 1908, but little progress has been made.
17. Shanghai-Nanking Railway (Hu-Ning), 193 miles. Built by British capital and British engineers; opened to Nanking in 1908. Branches: (1) Shanghai to Woosung (Sung-Hu), 10 miles, opened in 1898; taken over by the Shanghai-Nanking Railway Administration in 1905. (2) Nanking City Railway, 7 miles, built from
Government provincial funds by a British engineer; opened August, 1908. A lingi connecting the Shanghai-Nanking Railway with the Shanghai-Hangchow was com pleted in 1916, passing through the outskirts of the settlement; 10 miles.
18. Shanghai-Hangchow-Ningpo Railway (Hu-Hang-Yung); 218 miles. Under conte struction by two companies with Chinese capital, the Kiangsu and Chekiang Railwa Companies, respectively. Opened from Shanghai to Hangchow (116 miles) in August 1908, and from Ningpo to Tsao Ngo River (48 miles) in October, 1916. Managemen consolidated with that of the Shanghai-Nanking Railway.
19. Fukien Railway (Chang-Hsia), Changchowfu to Amoy, 33 miles. Construction has ceased at a distance of 18 miles.
20. Swatow-Chaochowfu Railway (Chao-Shan); 24 miles completed November, 19060 Chinese capital. Japanese engineers. Eventual connection with Amoy is proposed.
21. Canton-Kowloon Railway (Chiu-Kuang), 112 miles. Constructed with British capital and British engineers. The section in British territory, from Kowloon to Shumchün, 22 miles, was opened in October, 1910. The Chinese section, Canton te Shumchün, 89 miles, was opened on October 3rd. A connection with the Canton Hankow Railway is to be made by a loop round the north of Canton city. Canton Samshui 30 miles, opened in 1915. Chinese capital.
22. Sunning Railway (Hsin-Ning), Kongyik to Samkaphoi via Sunning, 55 miles? Chinese capital and Chinese engineers. Opened in 1909-10.
23. Yunnan Railway (Tien-Yueh), Laokai to Yunnanfu, 291 miles. An extension of the line from Hanoi. Metre gauge.
Built and controlled by French. Completed
January, 1910.
Projected Railways
1. Chinchowfu to Aigun, 750 miles. Preliminary agreement signed in January 1910, for American loan and British construction. Construction improbable.
2. Chengtingfu to Yehchow, 110 miles. To connect the Peking-Hankow and Tientsin-Pukow Railways. Concession granted to Germans. Probably superseded by Tsinan-Shunteh project.
3. Chefoo to Weihsien, 170 miles. To connect Chefoo with the Shantung Railway. Delayed for some years. Funds raised in 1915; Government contributing half.
4. Tungkwan to Hoħanfu (Hsi-T'ung), 730 miles. Surveyed in 1909. engineer engaged. Now absorbed in Lung Hai plan.
5. Sianfu to Lanchowfu, 80 miles. Noted in the programme of the Board of Communications as to be surveyed in 1911, but the project is still somewhat indefinite.
6. Lanchowfu to Ilifu, over 1,250 miles. A still more indefinite item of the programme.
7. Sinyangchow to Fengyang or Pukow, 270 miles. Chinese Central Railways Co. authorised to raise a loan of £3,000,000 for the construction of this line, which will pass through Luchowfu, Linanchao and Chengyang Kwan. Surveys completed in 1914, but construction delayed owing to war.
8. Chaochowfu or Swatow via Waichow to Sheklung or Shunchün, 200 miles. Alternative projects for connecting Swatow with the Canton district and the Canton- Kowloon Railway.
9. Macao to Fatshan (on the Canton-Samshui line), 75 miles. Concession granted to a Portuguese syndicate in 1902.
10. Kweilin to Chuanchow (Kwangsi), 80 miles. Preliminary survey made in 1909; no funds for construction.
11. Langson to Lungchow, 46 miles. A proposed French extension, metre gauge, of the Hanoi-Langson line. It is proposed to continue this line to Nanning (150 miles).
12. Yunnanfu to Szechuan, 450 miles. To Suifu or to Luchow. engineers were engaged by the Viceroy of Yunnan to survey in 1909. gauge. There have been no developments since.
Two American Probably metre
13. Bhamo to Teng Yueh (Tien-Mien), 123 miles. Preliminary surveys completed; 2 feet 6 inches or metre gauge. No developments.
14. Shasi to Singyifu (Kweichow) via Chengteh and Kueiyang with branch from Chengteh to Changsha, the whole aggregating 800 miles. Final agreement signed between the Chinese Government and Messrs. Pauling (British) on July 25th, 1914. Surveys completed.
15. Kiaochow (Kaomi) Yichow-fu railway (Shantung), to join the Tientsin-Nanking railway on the Kiangsu border; also a line from Tsinanfu (Shantung) to Shuntehfu (Chihli) joining the Tientsin-Pukow and the Peking-Hankow`lines.
16. Lung-Ts'in to Yü-Hai. Contract made in 1912, between the Chinese Government and the Compagnie Générale de Chemins de Fer et de Tramways en Chine, of Brussels, for the construction and equipment of the Railway, thereby authorising the company to issue a 5 per cent. gold loan of £10,000,000 for that purpose. This line will run, generally, in an east and west direction, through the Provinces of Kansu, Shansi, Honan, and Kiangsu. Its course is laid from Lanchowfu, to pass through the important cities of Sianfu and Tungkwan, to absorb the existing line between Honanfu, Chengchow (where it crosses the Peking-Hankow line), and Kaifengfu, then to bend slightly southwards to Hsuchowfu (where it crosses the Tientsin-Pukow line), and thence to Haichow, on the north coast of Kiangsu. The section from Hsuchowfu to Kwanyintang (Honan), a distance of 360 miles, has been opened, and from Hsuchow to Haichow a road-bed has been laid. Construction has been delayed owing to the war.
17. Tatungfu to Tungkwan. The Chinese Government in 1913 signed an agreement with the Compagnie Générale de Chemins de Fer et de Tramways en Chine, of Brussels, for a loan of £10,000,000 to build a railway from Tatungfu, southwards through the centre of Shansi, to Tungkwan, where it will meet the Lung-Ts'in-Yu-Hai line, the company having the option to extend south-westwards to Chengtu, the total length being about 960 miles. Proposals were also in the air for further extensions south-east to Chungking, and then south-west to join the Yunnan Railway at Yünnanfu.
18. Chingchow to Nanning.-By an agreement, dated February, 1914, with the Banque Industrielle de Chine, a line will be built from Chinchow (Yamchow), on the coast west of Pakhoi, to Nanning, thence through the Yukiang Valley to Paiseting and Kütsingfu (a town north-east of Yünnanfu), where it will join the Yünnanfu- Chungking line.
19. Sinyang (Honan).
Tengyang (Anhui) Railway. Chinese Government pro-
posal. Miles 270. Surveys completed.
20. Siangyang-Shasi Railway, 207 miles Surveyed 1911.
21. Siangyang-Kuanghsui Railway, 130 miles. Surveyed 1911. 22. Yenchoufu-Kaifengfu Railway, via Tsaochoufu, 230 miles. 23. Wuhu-Nanking Railway, 55 miles.
24. Central Kiangsui Railway (Icheng-Shiherhuei-Kuachou-Yangchou-Taichoufu- Tsingkiangpu), 60 miles. Surveyed 1910. To be taken over by the Government.
25. Kwangsi Railway. From Canton to Wuchow, Nanning, Lungchow, and connect at Langson with the Tongking Railway. Sections surveyed.
This is the first
26. Yushan-Changshan (Yuchang) Railway, Chinese capital. section of the projected Kiangsi Railway to connect with the Hunan system (at Ping- hsiang) via Hsingan, Anjen, Nanchang, Linkiang, and Yuanchow.
27. Yunnanfu-Pose Railway. Partly surveyed.
28. Blagoveschensk-Harbin Railway, via Aigun and Mergen, with connection between Mergen and Tsitsihar.
29. Peking-Jehol-Chihfeng Railway, 270 miles.
30. Chinchow-Chihfeng Railway, 180 miles.
31. Kalgan-Dolonor Railway, 150 miles. 32. Dolonor-Chihfeng Railway, 200 miles.
33. Nanking to Pingsiang through Nanchang.
Preliminary survey made in 1914
Total length, 643 miles. Estimated cost of construction and equipment, £7,608,925.
From Taonanfu to Jehol.
Changchun to Taonanfu.
Kirin to Kaiyuan via Hailung.
a point on the Taonanfu-Jehol Railway to a seaport.
Government Railways
Operation by construction forces:-
In Operation
Lung Hai Hupeh-Hunan
Kilometres
Kilometres
6,036.920
368.300 15.289
6,420.509
Total Government Railways
Provincial and Private Railways:-
Kiukiang-Nanchang
Kwangtung
Swatow-Chaochow-fu
Nanking City
Chung Hsing Mining Co.
Liu Chiang Coal Mine
Tayeh Mining Co.
Ching Hsing Mining Co.
...225 ...136 ...171
Kailan Mining Administration Taiyaokou Mines
Tsitsihar City
Ma Chiapu Narrow Gauge
Total subject to control of the Ministry of Communications
Concessioned Railways:-
7,193.509
Chinese Eastern
South Manchuria.
Shantung
...1,722 ...1,107
3,780.000
Canton-Kowloon (British Section)
Total Kilometres of Railway in China (Miles: 6,818)
HISTORICAL
10,973.500
The year 1900 will ever be memorable in the history of China for the "Boxer rising, the last and a most determined attempt to break away from foreign influence and to revert to the exclusiveness of twenty centuries. Details of this great social and political upheaval may be found in preceding volumes of this Directory. The object! of the rising, which was confined to the North, was the extermination of foreign native Christians and people known to be associated with foreigners. The Legation Quarter at Peking was besieged for two months by the Boxer rabble and the Imperial troops, the occupants being reduced to the verge of starvation. Troops were poured into China by all the European Powers, America and Japan, and it was not before 20,000 foreign troops had fought their way to the capital that the siege was raised Over 250 Europeans were murdered during the rising, and it was estimated that overs 10,000 natives perished, most of them being Christians or the kinsmen of Christians.
In November, 1908, occurred the death of the Emperor Kwang Hsu, followed a day later by the death of the Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi. This news was unexpected, and there was consequently much suspicion for a time regarding the cause of the dual demise. The public were soon satisfied, however, that the deaths were due to perfectly
natural causes. Dying childless, the late Emperor Kwang Hsu, acting in obedience to "the benign mandate" of the Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi, designated as he lay dying a son of Prince Ch'un, his brother, as his successor to the Throne. At the time of his accession the new sovereign was barely three years of age, and Prince Ch'un was ap- pointed to act as Regent during the Sovereign's minority. The events of the past ten years had convinced Tzu Hsi, who had been the virtual ruler since 1895, that the salvation of the country lay in a complete reformation of the Government. Accordingly, from She being a reactionary of the worst type, she changed to an ardent advocate of reform. promised the nation constitutional government and took steps to initiate the change. In her valedictory address she directed that the occupant of the Throne should fulfil the promises she had made, and the opening of the new reign was marked by a succession of Reform Edicts giving promise of the fulfilment, at last, of the long-cherished hopes for the country's regeneration. Scarcely two years had passed, however, before the country was swept by a revolution vastly different in its purpose from the abortive Boxer rising just eleven years previously. It developed as if by magic although, for many years, there had been reform propaganda in China. In 1895 the Empress Dowager, alarmed by the Emperor Kwang-Hsu's reform proclivities, usurped the Throne, made the Emperor virtually a prisoner in his palace, had many of the leading reformers executed, and put a high price on the heads of all who had escaped out of the country. But notwithstanding the most rigorous measures which were enforced to suppress the movement, the propaganda was secretly and successfully : continued. If hitherto there had been any hesitancy on the part of the Reformers to adopt the abolition of the Manchu monarchy as a plank in their platform, it was now overcome, and a revolutionary campaign was organised in earnest. An upheaval was expected at the time of the infant Emperor's accession to the Throne, and extensive military preparations were made to cope with it. Nothing happened, however. The organisers of the Reformation were not quite ready to attempt the coup de main they contemplated, and it is a fact that when at length the Revolution began, in October, 1911, it broke out prematurely. It started at Wuchang instead of at Canton, which had been regarded as the most likely storm centre; earlier in the year indications of grave discontent had appeared in Canton; the Tartar-General was shot dead in the streets of the city in April, and in the same month a body of reformers, assisted by discontented soldiery, attacked the Viceroy's yamen. His Excellency, however, escaped by a back way, and the insurrection was quelled, largely through the instrumentality of Admiral Li, who consequently got into bad odour among the revolutionaries, with the result that in August an attempt was made on his life. A bomb was thrown at him; three persons were killed and the Admiral was severely wounded. On October 24th the new Tartar-General was blown to pieces as he landed at Canton to take up his new command. Earlier in the month there had been a dynamite explosion in the Russian Concession at Hankow, and investigation revealed the existence of an alarming revolutionary plot, which the Viceroy took prompt measures to frustrate. This was the signal for the rising. Some of the troops mutinied, and the Viceroy, as well as the General in command, filed for their lives from Wu- chang. General Li Yuan-hung, who had been second in command of the Imperial troops, with great reluctance and under threat of instant death if he persisted in refusing, put himself at the head of the revolutionary army, which rapidly grew into many thousands. Hanyang with its arsenal and the native city of Hankow were quickly gained by the revolutionists without serious resistance, and before the end of the month Li Yuan-hung informed the Foreign Consuls that he had become President of the Republic of Hupeh. The revolution spread rapidly throughout the Yangtsze Valley, and extended southwards as well as westwards to Tibet. Consternation reigned in Government circles in Peking. The Minister of War, General Yin Chang, himself made preparations for an advance on Hankow, to re-take the cities of which the revolutionary troops had so easily possessed themselves. Meanwhile news was constantly arriving of the success of the Revolutionary movement in the provinces. Within six weeks four- teen out of the eighteen provinces of China had declared their independence of Manchu rule. Edicts streamed from the Throne yielding every demand in the Revolutionary pro- gramme short of the abolition of the monarchy. In its desperation the Court turned to Yuan Shih-kai, "the one strong man of China," who had been driven into retirement two years previously for reasons which are familiar to everyone acquainted with the history oftthe Reform movement in China. Yuan showed no eagerness to take the position of Generalissimo and Viceroy of Hupeh, but, after a month's consideration, went to Peking, presumably satisfied that all the authority and help he required to deal with the situation would be given to the operations. By Imperial Edict he was appointed
Premier. Yuan asked for this appointment to be endorsed by the National Assembly and this was done unanimously. Meanwhile the advance on Hankow had becn begun, and on October 29th General Yin Chang reported that the native city of Han kow had been taken by the Imperial army. The Imperialist Commander-in-chiefai deemed it necessary to the success of his plans that the entire city should be del stroyed by fire, and consequently some 700,000 persons were rendered homeless.e After desperate fighting the "Wu Han towns were re-taken by the Imperialists. There was severe fighting also at Nanking before it capitulated to thell Revolutionaries, and became the seat of the Republican Government. After ther Imperialist success at Hankow there were overtures for peace, and negotiations were opened at Shanghai on December 18th between Wu Ting Fang, as the representative of the Revolutionaries, and Tang Shao-yi, as the envoy of the Imperial Government; but the conference came to an end almost as soon as it opened, because on behalf of the Revolutionaries the abolition of the monarchy was insisted upon as the basis of negotia- tion. This was firmly opposed by Yuan Shih-kai, but on December 28th the Throne announced that it was prepared to leave the question of the future constitution of China to the decision of a national convention. That was the position at the end of the year. Meanwhile Prince Chun had resigned the regency, and by Imperial Decreesp the monarchy had been made a limited monarchy on British lines. The Republican con- vention had elected Sun Yat Sen as President of the Republican Military Government, and upon his installation at Nanking on January 1st, 1912, he appointed a Ministry and issued an appeal to the Powers to recognise the Republican Government. Terms of abdication were offered to the Court at Peking, and Yuan Shih-kai was invited to assume the position of Provisional President of the Republic. After
Republic. After many Palace conferences à Decree of abdication was issued by the infant Emperor, as having been respectfully received from her Imperial Majesty the Empress Dowager Lung Yu. The terins of abdication provided that the Emperor may retain the title of Emperor of Ta Ching and shall be treated in accordance with the etiquette which would govern relations with a foreign monarch on Chinese soil. Ant annuity of four million taels is payable to him, and His Majesty was per- mitted to continue in occupation of the Palaces in the Forbidden City until the Summer Palace should be ready for him. The nation undertook to maintain the tombs of the Imperial dead. In due course Dr. Sun Yat-sen resigned the Presidency in favour of Yuan Shih-kai, who was practically unanimously appointed by the National Assembly at Nanking. It was expected of him that he would journey to Nanking to be installed; but after much discussion this ceremony was performed in Peking. The ambition of the Republicans was to make Nanking the capital of China, but there was much opposition to the proposal, and Peking continued to be the seat of government. Early in 1913 the National Assembly gave place to a Parliament of two Houses, and after the abortive second revolution, against what was regarded as dictatorship by Yuan Shih- kai, the "provisional" Governinent was brought to an end by Parliament duly electing Yuan Shih-kai as President of the Republic for a period of five years, with General Li Yuan-hung as Vice-President. The year 1913 closed with Parliament suspended, owing to a mandate by the President cancelling the seats of over 300 members for treasonable conspiracy, and, pending a new election, an "Administrative Conference," representative of the whole of the provinces, was formed to consider a number of legislative projects including a revision of the law.
This was succeeded in 1914 by the creation of the Tsan Cheng-Yuan or State Council composed of men of official and administrative experience, mostly, of course, of the old school. The year was notable for the operations of a notorious robber chicf, known as the White Wolf, who commanded a large following, and for months terrorised almost the whole of mid-China. The marauding band traversed several Provinces, plundered cities and laid waste whole districts. The chief defied all the efforts of the Military for quite a long time, but was ultimately killed and his followers dispersed. This was not the only misfortune in that year, for floods greater than had been known in China for fifty years devastated Kwangtung and took a heavy toll of life. Similar disasters occurred in the North, causing many deaths and much damage to property. Though not actively participating in the European War, China. suffered very severely in consequence of the outbreak of hostilities. Not only was her foreign trade dislocated, but the money markets of Europe, from which she expected to draw supplies necessary for administration and for the development of the country, were closed to her; while a portion of her territory was overrun by the Japanese in the course of their military operations against Tsingtao, the last-mentioned factor interfering considerably with local trade. Troubles with the Mongols added to the
difficulties of the Government, and a mutiny of the Chinese soldiery at Kalgan caused some anxiety for a time. Fortunately, these disturbances were only of a temporary or a local character.
The year 1915 will be memorable in China for the Japanese ultimatum following the non-acceptance by China of the "Twenty-one Demands" presented by the Tokyo Government. China had, of course, to bow to force majeure and the 7th of May was to ▸ be remembered as a day of National Humiliation. These demands not only embraced clong-outstanding questions from the Japanese point of view but fresh claims in respect of the German expulsion from Shantung and others based upon expanding Japanese interests in Fukien and in the Yangtsze Valley.
An unexpected development of the Revolution was manifested about the middle of the year when an organisation known as the Chou An Huei was formed for the purpose of discussing the form of government best adapted to this country. While claiming only academic interest in the discussion of the question, the Chou An Hui was unmistakably in favour of a reversion to monarchy, and the fact that it was allowed to continue its propaganda certainly lent verisimilitude to the belief that the President was not wholly opposed to the objects for which it stood.
Curiously enough, the Monarchical movement had, or seemed to have, its inception in a memorandum written by Professor Goodnow, constitutional advisor to the Pre- sident, in which he discussed the relative merits of a Republic or a Monarchy as applied to conditions in China. This document was utilised in support of the Monar- chical movement with some show of reason, although this result may not have been anticipated by the Professor when he prepared it. Petitions followed from high officials and certain public bodies throughout the Provinces, and these, viewed as important expressions of public opinion, were presented to the State Council, which decided that these could only be dealt with by a properly-elected organ such as the Citizens' Convention. The elections for this body took place in October, and resulted in a unanimous vote in favour of inviting Yuan Shih-kai to ascend the Dragon throne of China. After exhibiting some reluctance Yuan consented to accede to the urgent appeals which were addressed to him on the subject. The Coronation ceremony, however, was postponed in deference to a suggestion from Japan and the other Allied Powers that no step should be taken which might give rise to disturbance in China, though the Government declared its ability to cope with any disorderly elements.
The insurrection which broke out in Yunnan towards the end of 1915 quickly spread to the adjoining provinces, and this led in time to the formation of a confedera- tion headquarters at Canton. Even though the coronation was postponed and later the monarchical movement was cancelled, these concessions failed to satisfy the Revolutionists. Lack of money afflicted both parties, but chiefly the Southerners, who, otherwise, might have achieved greater success. By April and May a deadlock had been reached. However, the tension was relieved when on June 5th, 1916, Yuan Shih- kai died in his palace, a broken-hearted man. Peace was restored by Li Yuan-hung becoming President and assuring the resumption of republican institutions. Though the Revolution ceased with dramatic suddenness on the death of Yuan Shih-kai, fighting did not end in Kwangtung till several months later, rival generals contend- ing for Canton and the power which its possession conferred in negotiating with the Central Government.
Parliament, which was reconstituted in August, failed to accomplish anything. Its policy was obstructive rather than constructive. It declined to approve of two nominations for Minister of Foreign Affairs, actions similar to those which forced Yuan Shih-kai to suppress the National Assembly. The election of Vice-President was debated for some time, and, finally, Feng Kuo-chang was elected.
The struggle between Parliament and Premier continued in 1917 and even the advent of the veteran Wu Ting-fang as Minister for Foreign Affairs failed to have any soothing effect. Against the most strenuous opposition, the Government, however, made progress in its policy of acting with America against German submarinism, and on February 9th a Note was dispatched to the Berlin Government protesting against the measures proclained on 1st February by that Government. Needless to say, the reply was of the usual evasive character and did not touch the points at issue. Not till some weeks later did China finally break off diplomatic relations with Germany, a step which involved a lively dispute between the President and the Premier Tuan_Chi-jui. The former was inclined to object to too precipitate action by the Cabinet and it was even said that he insisted upon his constitutional rights to declare war and make peace. As the result of the disagreement Tuan Chi-jui immediately left the capital for Tientsin and remained there for two days, during which the President evidently discovered that
he had made a mistake and dispatched influential delegates to persuade the Premier t return. Having secured certain guarantees, Tuan did return, and a conference a conciliation took place when differences were settled, for the time at least. On March 10th the Cabinet appeared before both Houses of Parliament and, after prolonge discussion, each voted its support to the Government, and on March 14th diplomati relations were definitely broken off, passports being handed at noon to the German Minister. Some bargaining between China and the Entente followed, the Chinese Government undertaking only the supply of primary material and assistance in respec of labour, though later there was a desire manifested, especially on the part of Tuan! Chi-jui, to send troops to the Western front.
As the year advanced events moved very rapidly. The bitterness between Premie and Parliament became intensified. The former was accused of acting unconstitu tionally in respect of the rupture with Germany and several members of his Cabinet resigned. Meanwhile Parliament had drafted a constitution which did not commence itself to conservative opinion outside and, in particular, military opinion. Tuan Chi-just- endeavoured to carry on with a reduced cabinet but a crisis was precipitated wherer President Li Yuan-hung felt bold enough to dismiss the Premier, his assistant in thi courageous course being Wu Ting-fang, who countersigned the mandate. Wang Shih cheng was temporarily appointed Prime Minister.
At this stage the Northern Tuchuns took a hand in the political game, and their assembling in conference in Tientsin was rightly regarded as a threat to Parliament President Li Yuan-hung found it impossible to induce a suitable man to undertake the responsibity of forming a Cabinet.
Now came a curious development. Chang Hsun, who had held a dominating posi tion with his pigtailed warriors astride the Tsinpu Railway, was for some extraordinary combination of reasons invited to assume the unnatural rôle of mediator. He appeared willing enough to undertake this duty, but he declined to move till the President issued a mandate inviting him to come to Peking and act in the aforemen tioned capacity. In due course he set out for the capital, accompanied by some five thousand of his hairy warriors, but breaking his journey at Tientsin he had a consulta tion with the military leaders assembled at that port. Li Ching-shi, the newly appointed Premier, travelled with Chang Hsun to Peking. Prior to the arrival of the mediator the President had shown much vaccilation, to one declaring that hel would not dissolve Parliament, and to another hinting that he might have recourse to this drastic step in order to save the country. Peking, too, was in a state of consterna- tion over the arrival of Chang Hsun's warriors, whose barbaric reputation was kept in the liveliest recollection by the peace-loving citizens. For a time the President was torn between two opinions, and even his advisers did not afford him the consola- tion that he sought, for while Dr. Morrison, the British Adviser, pleaded with him for the maintenance of constitutionalism and the preservation of Parliament, Dr. Ariga, the Japanese Adviser, argued that as Parliament had been illegally constituted there was legal basis for the President to dissolve it, since it had not justified its existence. However, Chang Hsun forced a decision. He presented what was virtually an ultimatum to the President, embracing the retention of the President, the dissolution of Parliament, the establishment of a responsible Parliament, the dissolution of Provincial assemblies, etc. He declared that unless these demands were acceded to he would not be responsible for what would happen. Dr. Wu Ting - fang and other constitutionalists endeavoured to resist the pressure being brought to bear upon the President, but without avail, and on June 13th, as demanded by Chang Hsun, the mandate was issued dissolving Parliament- a mandate, by the way, which Wu Ting-fang refused to counter-sign.
As was to be expected, the Southern Provinces were not slow in indicating their disapproval of the President's weak action, and denunciations came from Yunnan, Kwangtung, Kwangsi, and Szechuan. At one time it looked as if the Southern Provinces would initiate military action and the Northern Tuchuns prepared for resistance. For the next two or three weeks matters were in a state of drift, but a dramatic climax was reached on July 1st, when the people of China were electrified to learn that in the early hours of that morning the young Manchu Emperor had been enthroned at the behest of the all- powerful Chang Hsun. Imperial edicts countersigned by Chang Hsun were issued in the name of the Emperor proclaiming the re-establishment of the dynasty, the appoint- ment of Councillors and Ministers, promising the remission of taxes, etc., etc. His high-handed action roused the alarm of all the other military leaders and, in fact, for a time united the nation. Tuan Chi-jui immediately placed himself at the head of the mili- ..tary movement against Chang Hsun, and within a few days troops from all directions were
marching upon Peking. The Dictator's forces made a feeble attempt to resist the advance from Tientsin and retired in disorder upon the Temple of Heaven. Though surrounded, Chang Hsun declined to surrender. All attempts to compromise failed and on the morning of 12th July the farcical battle of Peking was fought. The total mili- tary casualities were estimated at about forty, but, of course, the number of civilians ! killed or injured was greater. Chang Hsun escaped from the Imperial city in a motor car and found an asylum in the Dutch Legation, where he remained interned as a (political refugee for more than a year, being then pardoned.
Tuan Chi-jui, hailed as the saviour of the country, reorganised the Government, which fonce more became republican in name and pledged to republican institutions, thus depriving his opponents of their stock argument that he was anti-republican. President Li, after his many mistakes, resigned from the Presidency, and, in due course, Vice-President Feng Kuo-chang came from Nanking and assumed office as acting Presi- dent. When it became known that the Government declined to reconvoke Parliament, the Kuomingtang leaders moved to Canton and formed a so-called parliament, which formally declared war on Germany. In November, the Tuchuns of Kiangsi, Kiangsu and Hupeh memorialised the President in favour of the reconvocation of Parliament and a settlement with the South. As these leaders were under the control of Feng Kuo-chang himself it became obvious that the President was intriguing against the Premier, who promptly resigned, then reconsidered his decision at the request of the President, and resigned again, this time finally. The President found that it was not easy to obtain a successor, but ultimately Wang Shih-cheng was induced to become Premier and to form a Cabinet. Feng Kuo-chang's ideas on the subject of compromise with the South did not commend themselves to the Northern Tuchuns, who took the bit between their teeth and declared that they would carry on the war themselves, a course which com- pelled the President to identify himself with them and to make their action official.
The year 1917 was also noteworthy for the disastrous floods which devastated huge areas in the north of China and caused widespread misery and distress. In Chihli alone three million people were in receipt of relief. Another important event was the decision of the Powers to sanction the revision of China's import tariff, the details of which were negotiated by commissioners representing the Entente, neutral countries and China, and completed the following year.
1918 opened with an abortive attempt by President Feng Kuo-chang to bring about peace by mandate. He ordered the cessation of hostilities. Unfortunately, the Southerners did not accept the olive branch, and by the spring had advanced their armies almost to Hankow and had obtained control also of Sze- chuan. Tuan Chi-jui was brought back to the Premiership, money was borrowed extravagantly and recklessly, and the campaign against the South was resumed with such vigour that Yochow and Changsha were recovered and the Government troops reached almost to the borders of Kwangtung. Then the rot set in. For several reasons the offensive was not maintained. Perhaps the real explanation was the intriguing of the President with the South. Whatever the actual cause, there was little or no fight- ing during the summer. The great heat was the official excuse. Then Feng Yu-hsiang, a northern commander, perturbed the military authorities in Peking by his independent attitude on the Yangtsze. Having been stripped of his honours, he repented and proceeded to the "front" to achieve merit. Soon afterwards Wu Pei-fu, General Tsao Kun's lieutenant, developed into a pacifist. He memorialised the Government in favour of peace. He was repudiated by his superior, but it was felt that he had the support of President Feng Kuo-chang. Matters drifted for some months until the assembly of Parliament-called the "Tuchuns'" or "Bogus" Parliament-in Peking in August, and two months later this body practically unanimously elected Hsu Shih-chang President, than whom it was believed no one was better suited to reunite the country. His labours, however, towards reconcilation did not prove to be very successful, although foreign advice assisted the President. inasmuch as it alarmed the northern Tuchuns, who looked at one time as if they were again going to take charge of affairs. The Peking Government and the Canton Military Government agreed to meet in conference, in Shanghai, to arrange a basis for peace. 1919 is the history of the failure of this conference, each side alleging that the other was insincere.
During 1918 a Bolshevik threat emanated from Siberia, but it was met by Allied Intervention. Japan furnished a considerable proportion of the troops and found it. necessary to take military measures in Manchuria which were not altogether pleasing to China.
A very serious famine, involving some thirty million people in suffering occurred in the North-principally in the provinces of Honan Shantung, and Chihli-in 1920 owing to drought and the consequent failure of the crops. For the relief of the distress thus caused, a surtax of ten per cent. on Customs Import duties was agreed to by the Powers for the period of twelve months and this took effect in 1921. This famine also brought into existence international famine relief committees whof initiated constructive schemes for the relief of the sufferers. Much good work in connection with conservancy was done by this means. The American Red Cross wass also active. Its report dated June 30th, 1921, shewed that under its auspices 985 miles of road had been laid out and 648 miles completed. Most of these organisations maintained their work throughout 1921, when China was visited by floods.
Upon the overthrow of the Kwangsi party by the Cantonese party in Kwang tung towards the end of 1920, the President issued a mandate proclaiming the restoration of peace and the unification of the country. This mandate, however, was repudiated by Sun Yat-sen, Wu Ting-fang and other leaders of the Consti tutional party, who proceeded to Canton, where they re-established the Military Government and in the early part of 1921, Dr. Sun was elected by his followers at Canton "President of China," although at that time his authority did not extend beyond the province of Kwangtung. Later in the year a successful expedition was launched against General Lok Wing-ting-formerly the chief commander of the military forces supporting the Constitutionalist cause in South China-and his. followers, who were obliged to relinquish their hold on Kwangsi. Encouraged by this, Dr. Sun, towards the end of the year initiated a compaign for the conquest of the North. This much advertised "punitive," expedition, however, beyond embroiling Kiangsi in internecine warfare during the summer of 1922, never got within a thousand miles of Peking. Dr. Sun gradually declined in influence, and in 1922 his relations with his principal lieutenant General Chen Chiung-ining, the Military Governor of Kwangtung Province, steadily cooled until the latter, exasperated by Sun Yat-sen's follies (his military agreement with Chang Tso-lin being the most noteworthy) turned on him and caused his flight from Canton in a British warship (H.M.S. Moorhen) in June, 1922. General Chen's ascendancy, however, was short-lived. With the aid of Kwangsi and Yunnanese forces, Sun Yat-sen regained control of the Province in the Spring of 1923, and forced his former lieutenant to withdraw to his native city of Weichow, whence, however, he was unable to dislodge him. From time to time, reports were circulated that the city had been taken but these proved to be false, and towards the end of the year Chen's troops were threatening Canton. In the meantime Sun's régime had become unpopular with all classes in Canton owing to the conscrip- tion both of labour and of wealth to meet its military needs. In December an Allied Naval force assembled in the Canton River in consequence of a threat by Dr. Sun to seize the Customs revenue of Kwangtung so that it should not be used to finance Nothern operations against him. This difficulty solved itself by the announcement made by the Inspector-General of Customs that there was 110 surplus revenue to dispose of. Dr. Sun remained in control of Canton until October, 1924, when the Merchants Volun eers' revolt against extortionate taxation and confiscation led to a serious armed conflict in the streets of the City and to the destruction by fire of a large portion of the business section in the western suburb of Saikwan, as described at greater length in the Canton section of this volume. The war between Wu Pei-fu and Chang Tso-lin in the north provided Sun with a welcome pretext for leaving a region where he was beset by constantly increasing embarrassments.
Important political changes took place in the North during 1920, the Chihli forces, under Chang Tso-lin, marching on Peking and, after some fighting putting to flight the leaders of the Anfu party who were directing the, Government. This step was followed by the reconstruction of the Cabinet. Hostilities took place throughout 1921 in the upper Yangtsze region, arising out of a provincial independence movement in the province of Hunan that extended to the province of Hupeh. A Northern force, under General Wu Pei-fu, was despatched to Hupeh and drove out the invaders whose territory, in turn, was threatened, unless they abandoned their attitude of revolt. the warfare much damage was done to foreign property at Ichang, and it was necessary for foreign warships to intervene actively for its protection. During the winter months of 1921-1922 there was much political trouble in Peking, both the Manchurian Tuchun, General Chang Tso-lin, and Wu Pei-fu dictating to the Government what it should do. Affairs worked up to a crisis when Liang Shih-yi was made Premier on Christmas Day, 1921, and Wu Pei-fu became exceedingly
wrathful with the new Administration. Chang Tso-lin replied to Wu Pei-fu's threats against Peking by moving his troops inside the Great Wall and distributing them along the Peking-Mukden Railway and for a short distance down the Tientsin- Pukow Railway. The climax occurred on April 28th, 1922. The rival forces collided in the neighbourhood of Machang, on the Tientsin-Pukow line, and instantly hostilities commenced on a hundred-mile front which stretched from Machang to Changsintien, 18 miles below Peking. The fighting only lasted a week, Wu Pei-fu's men routing the Fengtien troops completely. Chang Tso-lin afterwards made a stand in the vicinity of Shan-hai-kwan, but finally retired with the remnant of his army in his Manchurian fastnesses and succeeded in regaining his influence over the Three Eastern Provinces.
The war had the effect of changing the political outlook completely. The return to Constitutionalism was heralded. Hsu Shih-chang retired from the Presidency on June 11th, 1922, and Li Yuan-hung was persuaded the following day to become acting President, on receiving definite assurances from the military powers that they would support his demands for "sweeping reforms" in the Chinese Army. These reforms included the disbandment of superfluous troops and "an absolute abolition of the Tuchunate system" as the "key to a thorougli organisation of the country's finances." A great effort was made to secure the return to Peking of all the M.Ps. who were dismissed in 1917 and a date was fixed-August 1st-for the reconvocation of Parliament. The President soon had occasion to complain that the war lords had totally ignored their pledges to himself and the country. Twice, at least, he declared publicly that he would not submit to their dictation, which manifested itself over the appointment of provincial officials and brought about the resignation of two Cabinets as a protest. Yet, despite his brave words, Li Yuan Hung submitted. Finally, in June, 1923, he fled from Peking to the British Concession at Tientsn, though still claiming to be President. For some months after that the Cabinet continued the administration, until on October 5th Marshal Tsao Kun was elected Chief Executive by an overwhelining majority of the Electoral College, the necessary quorum being obtained, it is said, by bribery. At the same time the New Constitution was_com- pleted and approved. Its provisions will be found in the Treaty Section of this volume, In September, 1924, a war broke out between the provinces of Chekiang and Kiangsu. which led to the long-impending conflict between Wu Pei-fu and Chang Tso-lin, who entered the lists for the ostensible purpose of supporting the claims of their respective partisans. A very sanguinary battle was fought at Shanhaikwa, in which the forces of Wu Pei-fu were badly defeated owing to the defection of Feng Yu-hsiang. "the Christian General," who commanded a large portion of Wu's army, which had been assigned to prevent Chang's march on the capital by way of Jehol. Instead of proceeding to Jehol, Feng waited until Wu had left Peking for the front and then turned back and seized the capital, without resistance, announcing that his action was taken in concert with Chang Tso-lin and a number of other military and civil leaders and was dictated by a desire to end the war, Chang Tso-lin speedily pushed on to Tientsin and easily became master of the situation in that vicinity. The Cabinet at Peking immediately resigned en bloc and Feng appointed another to take its place. Within a few days of this change he evicted the Manchu ex-Emperor from the Summer Palace, took possession, of the whole of the Forbidden City, and repudiated the Abdication agreement. This action, however, was strongly condemned by Tuan Chi-jui, who had been designated as the provisional Chief Execu- tive at the invitation of Chang Tso-lin with the approval of the majority of the governing classes of China, including Wu Pei-fu and Sun Yat-sen, pending the establish- ment of a new form of constitutional government. The restrictions placed upon the ex-Emperor's movements being withdrawn, he sought and obtained sanctuary in the Japanese Legation.
China unsuccessfully appealed to the Paris Conference in 1919 to restore to her Kiaochow and Germany's other rights in Shantung, claimed by Japan under the Sino-Japanese Treaty of 1915. By way of protest, the Chinese delegates refused to sign the Peace Treaty with Germany, and a boycott of Japanese goods was organised by the students in China. The appeal was renewed in 1921 at the Washington Conference, the outcome of which was the Shantung Treaty whereby the former German-leased Territory of Kiaochow was restored to China. Other points in the treaty, which is of a comprehensive description, are: Japan undertook to transfer to China all public properties, including land, buildings, works or establishments, in Kiaochow, whether formerly possessed by the German authorities or purchased
or construeted by Japan, with certain exceptions; Japan undertook to withdraw her troops on the Tsingtao-Tsinan Railway; Japan undertook to transfer to China the Tsingtao-Tsinan Railway and its branches, "together with all other properties appurtenant thereto," on receiving payment from China; Japan undertook to transfer the mines at Tsechwan, Faugtze, and Chiulingchen to a company in which the capital would be shared in equal proportions by Japanese and Chinese. The Shantung Commission, to give effect to these provisions, was convened at the conclusion of the Washington Conference. It met at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Peking, Dr. C. T. Wang being the chairman of the Chinese Commissioners, and Mr. Yukio Obata, the Minister of Japan to China, being the chairman of the Japanese Commissioners. A settlement was reached early in December, the terms of which will be found in the Treaty section of this volume.
Other results of the Washington Conference which have a special bearing on China were the Nine-Power Treaty, the Chinese Tariff Treaty, and the resolution! regarding the withdrawal of foreign Postal agencies in China.
The Nine-Power Treaty, signed by the United States, Belgium, the British! Empire, China, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal, was intended to give effeet to "a policy designed to stabilise conditions in the Far East, to safeguard the rights and interests of China, and to promote intercourse between China and the other Powers upon the basis of equality of opportunity." Briefly, the covenant seekst to end for all time the pursuit by interested Powers of "spheres of influence" andr reaffirms the Hay prineiple of the Open Door and equal opportunity for the trade and commerce of the world in China. China, on her part, agreed not to alienate any part. of her Territory to any foreign Power, A clause to which the Chinese attach much significance is that which provides for the registration and eonsequent publicity of all treaties and agreements between China and the other Powers and all contracts and agreements between China and private individuals and corporations of foreign countries.
The Tariff Treaty was the result of a resolution passed by the Powers participating in the Washington Conference authorising the revision of China's import tariff, that the rates shall be equivalent to 5 per cent. effective, as provided for in the several commercial Treaties to whieh China is a party." Certain concessions were also made by the Powers with the object of helping China to meet the conditions contained in international agreements, notably the Mackay Treaty between Great Britain and China, coneluded in 1902, providing for the abolition of interior imposts known under the generie name of likin. These concessions were a 2 per cent. surtax and an extra 24 per cent. on such luxuries "as can bear a greater increase without unduly imped- ing trade." At the conclusion of the Conference, the Tariff Revision Commission commenced its sittings in Shanghai to give effect to the resolution, and the result of its decisions is given in the Treaty seetion of this volume.
All foreign Postal Agencies in China have been withdrawn on the understanding that an efficient Chinese postal service is maintained and that the Chinese Government do not contemplate any change in the present Postal Administration so far as the status of the foreign eo-Director-General is concerned. This arrange- ment came into force on January 1st, 1923. All the British Postal Agencies were closed and withdrawn by December 1st, 1922.
These treaties and arrangements, together with the resolutions, will be found in the Treaty section of this volume.
DIRECTORY
GOVERNMENT
Acting Chief Executive-Marshal TUAN CHI JUI Vice-President—(Vacant)
Premier-Hsu Shih Ying
Minister of Foreign Affairs-C. T. Wang
Minister of Interior-Yu Yao Yen
Minister of Communications-Kung Hsi Chan
Minister of Finance Hsu Shih Ying (acting)
Minister of Agriculture and Conimerce-Kow Hsia Minister of Justice-Ma Chun Wu
Minister of the Navy-Tu Hsi Kuei
Minister of War-Chai Teh Yao
Minister of Education-Ye Pei Chi
ADVISERS TO THE GOVERNMENT OF CHINA
President's Office
Adviser-S. Aoki (Japanese)
Do. J. C. Ferguson (American)
Statistician-B. L. Simpson (English)
Military Counsellor-T. Banzai (Japanese)
Cabinet Office
Adviser and Co-Director,
Economic Information-W. H. Donald
(English)
Adviser-Andre d'Hormon (French)
Bureau of Audit
Adviser-M. Padoux (French)
Do. M. Konovaloff (Russian)
Foreign Office
Legal Adviser-M. de Codt (Belgian)
Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce
Adviser (Mineralogy)-J. G. Anderssen
(Swedish)
Adviser (Paleontology
(American)
Adviser (Forestry)
(American)
LEGATIONS
A. Grabau
Sherfersee
Ta Pei-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai-fu
BELGIUM---Peking
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary-H.E M. le Maire
de Warzee d'Hermalle
BRAZIL-Peking
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary-H. A. d'Aranjo
CUBA-Peking
Envoy-M. Jose A. Barnet
Ministry of Communications
Co-Director-General of Posts-H. Picard
Destalan (French)
Teclinical Expert on Telegraphs-A. H.
Ericksen (Danish)
Marine Adviser
(American)
Comdr. I. Gillis
Adviser-R. Nakayama (Japanese
Do. —J. E. Baker (American)
Advisers on Railway Technics-F. H. Clark (American), S. Hirai(Japanese), T. Ohmra (Japanese) and L. Dertien (Belgian)
Inspector-General-Sir F. A. Aglen, K.B.E.
(English)
Adviser to the Salt Administrationand
Inspector-General of the Salt Gabelle- Sir E. C. Wilton, K.C.M.G. (English)
Training Officer, 3rd and 4th Division
(Metropolitan Constabulary) - General A. J. Munthe (Norwegian)
Ta-tan-ko-ch'in-ch'ai-ya-men
DENMARK-Legation Street, Peking
Ta Fa-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu
FRANCE Peking
Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre
Plénipo.-M. de Martel
GERMAN-Peking
Minister Plenipotentiary H.E.
Dr. A. Boye
CHINA-PEKING
Ta Ying-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu
GREAT BRITAIN-North of Legation St., Peking: Telephs. 654, 835 and 1151
(East); Tel. Ad: Britain
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary-Sir J. W. R. Macleay, K.C.M.G.
Counsellor of Legation-R, H. Hoare Chinese Secy.-E. Teichman, C.I.E.
Comml, Counsellor-H. H. Fox,C.M.G. Commercial Secretary-H. J. Brett
1st Secretary-G. G. M. Verker, M.C.
Ta I-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu
ITALY Peking
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary-V. Cerruti
Secretary of Legation-G. Scaduto-
署公差欽國本日大
Ta Jih-pen-kuo Ch'in-ch'ia Kung-shu
JAPAN-Peking
Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre
Plénipotentiaire-H.E. Kenkichi
Yoshizawa
署公差欽國蘭和大
Ta Ho-lan-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu
NETHERLANDS --Peking
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary
Oudendijk, K.C.M.G.
H.E. Sir Wm.
Secretary-Jonkheer W. F. Roell
NORWAY-Shih-Chiao Hutung, l'eking #
Envoy Extraordinary and Ministe
Plenipotentiary-J. W. Michelet
Secretary-L. Gronvold
署公差欽國洋西大
Ta Si-yang-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu
PORTUGAL-Peking
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary-
Secy.-Interpreter-J. F. das Chagas
署公差欽國牙尼吧斯日大 Ta Jih-ssú-pa-ni-ya-kuo Ch'in-ch’ai Kung-shm
SPAIN-Peking
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary-H.E. The Mar quis of Dosfuentes
Secretary-Don Manuel Acal
XE⇓ Ta Jue-tien-kuo-fu
SWEDEN-Peking
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotenty.-O. Ewerlöf (Tokyo) Councillor, Chargé d'Affaires
Baron C. Leijonhufoud
Commercial Attaché-B. Renborg
(resident at Shanghai)
TaMei-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA-Peking;
Teleph. 919 (Tung-chü); Tel. Ad: Amlegation
Envoy Extraordinary and Ministery
Plenipotentiary—
天順 Shun-tien
The present capital of China was formerly the Northern capital only, as its name denotes, but it has long been really the metropolis of the Middle Kingdom. Peking is situated on a sandy plain 13 miles S. W. of the Pei-ho river, and about 110 miles from its mouth, in latitude 39 deg. 54 min. N. and longitude 116 deg. 27 min. E., or nearly on the parallel of Naples. A canal connects the city with the Pei-ho. Peking is ill- adapted by situation to be the capital of a vast Empire, nor is it in a position to become a great manufacturing or industrial centre. The products of all parts of China naturally find their way to the seat of Government, but it gives little save bullion in
From Dr. Dennys' description of Peking we quote the following brief historical sketch: "The city formerly existing on the site of the southern portion of Peking was the capital of the Kingdom of Yan. About 222 B.C., this kingdom was over- thrown by the Chin dynasty and the seat of Government was removed elsewhere. Taken from the Chins by the Khaitans about 936 A.D., it was some two years after- wards made the southern capital of that people. The Kin dynasty, subduing the Khaitans, in their turn took possession of the capital, calling it the 'Western Residence.' About A.D. 1151, the fourth sovereign of the Kins transferred the Court thither, and named it the Central Residence. In 1215, it was captured by Genghis Khan. In 1264 Kublai Khan fixed his residence there, giving it the title of Chung-tu or Central Residence, the people at large generally calling it Shun t'ien-fu. In 1267 A.D., the city i was transferred 3 li (one mile) to the North of its then site, and it was then called Tu- tu-the 'Great Residence.' The old portion became what is now known as the 'Chinese city, and the terms Northern' and 'Southern' city, or more commonly nei-cheng (within the wall) and wai-cheng (without the wall), came into use. The native Emperors who succeeded the Mongol dynasty did not, however, continue to make Peking the seat of Government. The Court was shortly afterwards removed to Nanking, which was considered the chief city of the Empire until, in 1421, Yung Lo, the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, again held his Court at Peking, since which date it has remained the capital of China."
The present city of Peking is divided into two portions, the Northern or Tartar city and the Southern or Chinese. The former has been encroached upon by the Chinese, and the purely Manchu section of the capital is very limited indeed. The southern city is exclusively occupied by Chinese. The general shape of Peking may be roughly represented by a square placed upon an oblong, the former standing for the Tartar and the latter for the Chinese city. The whole of the capital is, of course, walled. The walls of the Tartar city are the strongest. They average 50 feet in height and 40 feet in width, and are buttressed at intervals of about sixty yards. The parapets are loop-holed and crenelated. They are faced on both sides with brick, the space between being filled with earth and concrete. Each of the gateways is surmounted by a three-storied pagoda. The walls of the Chinese city are about 30 feet in height, 25 feet thick at the base, and 15 feet wide on the terre plein. The total circumference of the walls round the two cities slightly exceeds 20 miles.
The Tartar city consists of three enclosures, one within the other, each surrounded by its own wall. The innermost, called Kin-ching or Forbidden City, contains the Imperial Palace and its surrounding buildings (partly destroyed by fire in 1923); the second is occupied by the several offices appertaining to the Government and by private residences of officials; while the outer consists of dwelling- houses, with shops in the chief avenues.
There is little direct foreign trade with Peking, but it is growing. In August, 1884, the city was brought into direct telegraphic communication with the rest of the world, by an overland line to Tientsin vid Tungchow. The Ministry of Communications has now its own wireless installation. The year 1899 witnessed two other innovations, which would have been regarded as impossible ten years previously, viz., the erection of large two-storied buildings on prominent sites for the Austrian Legation and the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank. These were breaks with immemorial tradition that the feng-shui must resent elevation in houses other than those of the immortal gods and the Son of Heaven. The railway line to Tientsin was opened in 1897. A further link between the two places was forged in 1922 by means of a wireless telephone system, the plant for which was installed for the Chinese Government by the China Electric Co.
Peking, though it suffered indescribably from the depredations of the Boxers, the Imperial troops, the awful ruffianism of Tung-fuh-shiang's barbarians from Kansu, to say nothing of the subsequent attentions of the Allied troops, is at present more attractive as an object of travel than before, for the simple reason that the city was cleansed by the foreign Powers, and many places of antiquarian, artistic historic interest are now accessible if the visitor sets about his object with due attention to national susceptibilities. Unfortunately, in Peking, as elsewhere in China, the monuments of the past are neglected, except perhaps those in the Forbidden. City, and are fast crumbling into ruins.
During 1902 the fortification of the Legation quarter was completed, the railway termini brought to the Ch'ien Men in the Chinese city, and the reconstruction of the various Legations was begun. These were slowly brought to completion, and extensive
barracks connected with each for the accommodation of the Legation Guards. As most Chinese buildings in this section were removed the Legation quarter presents the appearance of a European settlement of about half a square mile in extent. There are several large stores, which sell all kinds of foreign goods. The Peking Club is much larger and more convenient than it was before; there is a Catholic Church for the Legation Guards, and several hospitals-Rockefeller Foundation (a handsome and splendidly equipped institution, the opening of which marked an epoch in the history of Peking), Dojin (Japanese, completed in 1917), Central, German, St. Michael's and the Methodist Episcopal John L. Hopkins Memorial- which are provided with accommoda- tion for both Chinese and European patients. There are many foreign banks, the most important of which are the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Russo-Asiatic Bank, Banque de l'Indo-Chine, Banque Industrielle de Chine, Banque Belge Pour l'Etranger, International Banking Corporation, Sino-Italian Bank, Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, and Yokohama Specie Bank. There are also numerous Chinese banks-headed by the official Bank of China and Bank of Communications- the progress of which on modern lines is one of the signs of the times. Banking enterprises of both Chinese and Sino-Chinese capitalisation are springing up with mushroom-like rapidity. Most of the native banks are members of the Peking Bankers Association, which was formed in July, 1919, and whose handsome "Association Building" was completed in December, 1920. In addition to a number of smaller hotels, there are two large splendidly-equipped hotels-the Hotel des Wagons-Lits and the Hotel de Pekin. The latter is a magnificent structure capable of accommodating 1,000 guests.
The streets of Peking are macadamized, and two electric light companies have been organized which will furnish light wherever wanted in the city. Outside the Legation quarter there are many foreign buildings, the number of which is growing yearly, changing to some extent the appearance of the business localities adjacent to the Glacis.
Though Peking preserves its Oriental aspect, and retains most of its old-world features, it cannot truthfully be said that the city is falling into decay. Undoubtedly the city walls show the ravages of time, and the monuments of the past betray a lack of attention, but in the city itself there are unmistakable signs of change and of pro- gress. Since the cessation of the war there has been a remarkable impetus to building. Western ideas of comfort are given expression to in the new Chinese residences, which, however, retain the external features of Chinese architecture. Electric light is almost universal, water is being laid on to an increasing number of houses, the main roads are kept in a fair state of repair, sanitation is not entirely disregarded, and in innumerable ways there are indications of a fairly healthy vitality. The communal feeling as express- ed in Western countries by municipalities and local governments has not yet developed to any great extent among the Chinese, but, in its absence in Peking, the Ministry of Interior and its subsidiary organ, Direction Generale des Travaux de Ville de Pekin, perform duties in this connection, the idea being to make Peking a model city and an example to others throughout the country. The different branches of adminis- tration of the metropolitan district have been thoroughly reorganised, and men of modern education appointed to important posts. The Minister of Interior acts as director of municipal activity, and has under him a staff of departmental secretaries, whose work includes the supervision of the registration of houses, taxation, keeping of records, etc. In 1921 the Chinese in Peking displayed an unwonted interest in the affairs of the municipality. This has found expression in the organisation of a self- government association, the central idea being the supersession of governmental control of the city by a municipal council, composed of representative citizens. The chief divisions of municipal work undertaken by the municipal department in the Ministry of Interior are roads and buildings, drainage and surveying; while the police, in addition to their ordinary duties, make themselves responsible for street lighting, public health, registration of births and deaths, fire-brigade, and markets. The constabulary is a very efficient force and demonstrated its usefulness to the com- inunity during May, 1922, when the city was threatened by an invasion of the strag- gling remnants of Chang Tso-lin's forces, who were beaten by Wu Pei-fu's army at a point not 20 miles from the capital. Hitherto, the police have also exercised jurisdiction over certain hospitals, but now the Ministry of Interior has built one isolation hospital, and it is not improbable that in the course of time some authority will be constituted to take over this particular work. A large national hospital of modern design and equipment was completed in 1918. It is supported by private subscription.
Drainage is receiving attention and big works are in prospect. Not only have the main drains been put in order, but new ones are being constructed, and, when funds permit, Peking will be as well served in this respect as any modern city. Unfor- tunately, however, money is lacking for the immediate extension of municipal improvement. The creeks which encircle the city have been drained, and at Ch'ien Men the river has been built over by extending the railway station, thus removing that which was an eyesore to many. The Jade Canal from the Water Gate to the Imperial City Wall has now been covered over.
Since the revolution many changes, which would have been unthinkable under the Manchu régime, have taken place. A number of gates have been opened, thus facilitat- ing traffic, while the old Ch'ienmen gate has been demolished-the curtain, however, being preserved-in order to permit of road improvements. The reconstructed gateway has been completed, and the open space on the north side adds to its impressive effect. Part of the Western Wall of the Imperial City Wall has been demolished, but advantage has not yet been taken of this for improving communications in the neighbourhood. A beautiful enclosure within the Forbidden City known as the Cen- tral Park has also been opened, and residents congregate there in their hundreds and thousands during the summer months. A curio museum containing the Imperial treasures from Jehol and Mukden has been inaugurated within the Forbidden City and is proving a very popular attraction. In addition, the three Palaces-Taihodien, Chunghodien, and Paohuadien-were repaired, while the Tung Hua Men gate, which was destroyed during the revolution of 1911, has been reconstructed. Moreover, a National Library is being erected within the Forbidden City.
In order to link up the various termini, a circular railway has been constructed. This involved the demolition of the curtains of most of the gateways, a proceeding which provoked considerable adverse comment, but it must be regarded as another sacrifice of the picturesque and historical to the utilitarian. A Grand Trunk Central Station is contemplated, and when this is completed travellers will have little to com- plain of in the matter of convenience.
A tramway project has been carried out by a company financed partly by the Government and partly by private individuals. The capital is $4,000,000, and so eager were the Chinese to invest their money in the enterprise that the first public call of $500,000 was over-subscribed four times. This is an eloquent testimony to the changed outlook of the Pekingese. The opening of the system has, however, been delayed for several reasons.
In addition to opening all available gates, the authorities have constructed several new streets at considerable cost, and are giving better access to certain localities which were formerly badly served. The Imperial City Wall is now pierced in over a dozen places, and three new thoroughfares have been opened, viz., the Nan Ch'ih Tzu, the Nan Fu K'ou, and the Fu Yu Chieh, the last-mentioned providing a well-made_road alongside the western wall of the Imperial City. In 1918 the Imperial City wall was breached in front of the British Legation. Building is proceeding apace, and, now that there is no objection to structures higher than the Imperial Palace, many large edifices are being built throughout the city, but particularly near the Legation Quarter. Peking, it may be added, has a population of 1,375,634 (figures of the Ministry of the Interior) and is exceedingly well policed.
There are over 1,000 registered motor-cars in Peking, motor cycles are numerous, and bicycles are to be reckoned in thousands.
DIRECTORY
(For Government Departments and Legations see China section, pages 563-4)
ADMINISTRATIVE COMMISSION OF THE DIP-
LOMATIC QUARTER
British Legation-G. M. Vereker American do. -P. R. Joselyn
Hongkong & S'hai. Bank-R. C. Allen Inspectorate-General of Customs-
J. H. Berruyer
Secretary W. P. Thomas
Clerk of Works-A. Thiele
Medical Officer of Health-W. H.
Graham Aspland, M.D.
AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY-Mei Cha Hu-
tung; Teleph. 356 (East)
Wm. S. Strong, secretary
昌愼 Sun-cheong
ANDERSEN, MEYER & Co., LTD., Engineers
and Contractors, Exporters and Im- porters, Manufacturers, Insurance
Agents-1, Ta Yuan l'u Hutung; Teleph.
1935 and 3298 (East); Tel. Ad: Danica
H. C. Faxon, manager
(For list of Agencies, see Head Office
under Shanghai section)
JA⭑Lien-hua-yin-kung-szu
ANGLO-FRENCH CHINA CORPORATION, LTD., Finance and General Merchant Business
-13, K'uei Chia Ch'ang; Teleph. 2670 (East); Tel. Ad: Anfrecon
W. F. Collins, A.R.S.M., M.INST.M. & M.,
豐來 Lei-fung
ARMSTRONG, SIR W. G., WHITWORTH & Co., LTD., London, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Manchester, etc., Engineers, Steelmakers, Shipbuilders and Contractors-5, rue Marco Polo, Legation Quarter; Teleph. 3181 (East Tel. Ad: Smallwood
利安 An-Lee
ARNHOLD & Co., LTD.-53, Pei Ho Yen;
Tel. Ad: Harchi. Head Office: Shanghai
Major A. Barker, D.S.O., M.C.
(For Agencies, see Shanghai section)
ASIATIC NEWS AGENCY--15. Yen-yao St.,.
East City; Teleph. 399 (East); Tel. Ad: Asiatic
Mitchell C. L. Chang, mang. director Dr. C. S. Wong, editor
C. S. Chang, business manager
[The Asiatic is a pure Chinese News Agency with branches throughout
China and it is the only Chinese
News Agency which correspond for Foreign Press]
司公汕火亞細亞商英
Ying-shang A-si-a-huo-yu-kung-szu
ASIATIC PETROLEUM Co. (NORTH CHINA),
LTD.-97, Morrison Street; Teleph. 1688
(East); Tel. Ad: Doric
H. Jowett
ASSOCIATED
Mei-kuo-lien-ho-pao
OF AMERICA-Chiun
Shu Hutung, East City; Teleph. 1424; Tel. Ad: Associated
ASSURANCE FRANCO-ASIATIQUE, Marine,
Fire, Motor-Car Insurance-98, Morrison
Street; Teleph. 1522 (East); Tel. Ad: Intersavin. Head Office: Shanghai
M. D. Varalda, agent
Hsin Hua
Aux Nouveautes, Dressmakers, Milli- ners, Perfumers, General Outfitters-3, Morrison Street; Teleph. 1282; Tel. Ad:
Aux Nouveautes
Moyler, Powell & Co., proprietors
Mrs. E. F. Moyler Miss Schumacher Mrs. Ryan
* Hua-pi-ying-hang
BANQUE BELGE POUR L'ETRANGER-Lega- tion Street; Teleph. 1473 (East); Tel. Ad: Sinobe; Codes: ÂB.C. 5th edn., Lieber's and Bentley's
A. Disiere, general agent for China E. de Gaiffier, manager
L. Pander, signs per pro.
M. Ubaghs,
A. De Vuyst
行銀商 工 法 中
BANQUE FRANCO-CHINOISE POUR LE COM- MERCE ET L'INDUSTRIE (Société Anonyme au Capital de 20 Millions de Francs)-
Telephs. 207 and 695 (East); Tel. Ád: Geranchine
P. Sellier, general agent for China A. L. Seitert, manager
G. Choplin, signs per pro.
Melles. Zimmermann, Ebelé, Barbey,
Andrieux and Gandry
L. C. Yao, secretary-interpreter
Tung-fang-huei-li-yin-hang
BANQUE DE L'INDO-CHINE-Legation St.; Telephs. 392, 3342 and 372; Tel. Ad: Indochin
H. Mazot, representative
E. de Pompignan, manager
H. Desjardins, cashier
F. de Courseulles, accountant A. de Manziarly, secretary
Lung-hu-kung-szu
BASEL & Co., F. W., Architects, Engineers and Building Contractors--63A, Ta Fang Chia Hutung: Teleph. 140 (East); Tel. Ad: Basel; Codes: A.B.C. 5th edn.
F. W. Basel, architect and engineer
G. F. H. Noll, accountant
A. Frommann, do.
A. Kochetoff,
O. Granzow, do.
BERTRAM, R.-90, Gwan Yin Sze Hutung; Teleph. 1867 (East); Tel. Ad: Bertram
R. Bertram
C. Bertram
L. Waidinger
Li-ya-yoh-fang
BETINES & Co., S. J., Oriental Pharmacy,
Dispensing and Analytical Chemists-
Hatamen Street; Teleph. 56 (East); Tel. Ad: Betinesco
信逸 I.hsin
BIELFELD & SUN, General Importers (Speciality: Medicines, Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Products and Machinery) -15, Tung Chang An Chieh; Teleph. 1396 (East); Tel. Ad: Bielfeld; Codes: A.B.C. 5th edn. and Rud Masse
* Ying-mei-yien-kung-szu BRITISH-AMERICAN TOBACCO Co., LTD.
Near Hatamen Gate; Tel. Ad: Powhattan
司公銀英中 DARK
Chung-ying-yin-kung-szu
BRITISH AND CHINESE CORPORATION, LTD., S. F. Mayers, representative in China A. L. Davidson, secretary
BUSSIÈRE, DOCTEUR J. A.-Ta Tien Shui
Ching Hutung; Teleph. 1643 (East
司公限有碱洋門內卜商英
Ying-shang-po-na-men-yang-kien-yu-hsien- kung-sz
BRUNNER, MOND & Co. (CHINA), LTD., Importers of Alkalies and Commercial
and Industrial Chemicals--52, Tung Tan Tze Hutung; Tel. Ad: Alkali
Cheng-kwang-ho
CALDBECK, MACGREGOR & Co., Wholesale and Retail Wine and Spirit Merchants
-26, Tsung-pu Hutung, Hatamen St.;
Teleph. 1113 (East); Tel. Ad: Caldbeck
A. W. Harvey
Local Agent
Excess Insurance Co.
CAMERON & Co., Auctioneers (Christie's),
Land and Estate Agents, Importers and Exporters-324, Hatamen Street; Teleph. 1999 (East)
T. A. S. Cameron, manager
和禮 Li Ho
CARLOWITZ & Co., Merchants, Engineers
and Contractors-17, Tung Tang Sze
Hutung; Tel. Ad: Carlowitz
CENTRAL HOTEL-16, Tung Chung An
Chieh; Tel. Ad: Paradise
* Mai-chia-li-yin-hang
CHARTERED BANK OF INDIA, AUSTRALIA
AND CHINA-Legation Street; Teleph.
676 (East); Tel. Ad: Prudence
W. H. E. Thomas, manager
D. J. Gilmour, sub-accountant
CHIC DE PARIS, Robes-Manteaux, Chapeaux --9, Hatamen Street; Teleph. 4068 (East)
Mme. Skorzewska
Miss Adamska | P. Lee
CHINA BOOK EXCHANGE, Booksellers, Librarians, Publishers and Printers- Legation Street and Grand Hotel de Wagon Lits
CHINA ELECTRIC CO., LTD.-1, Piao Chang- ku (Nan Chih Tze); Teleph. 700 (East);
Tel. Ad: Microphone; Codes: Lieber's,
A.B.C. 5th edn., Bentley's
J. F. Rhame, general manager
P. T. Carey, sales manager
會總災救賑義洋華國中 CHINA INTERNATIONAL FAMINE RELIEF COMMISSION-Head Office: 6, Tsai Chang Hutung, East City; Telephs. 3284 and 4404; Tel. Ad: Famrel or 2405. Branch Offices: Tientsin; 3, Hankow Road, Shanghai; Bank of Communications Building, Hankow; 91, Nan Tu Chieh, Kaifeng; 4, Ju I Chieh, Changsha; and Nanchang
Chairman-M. T. Liang
Vice-Chairman-Dr. G. Douglas Gray Treasurers-Y. T. Tsur, J. E. Baker Executive Secretary-W. H. Mallory Assoc. Executive Secy.-Y. S. Djang Chief Engineer-C. J. Todd Accountant-G. Halsall
Executive Committees-David Z. T. Yui, L. V. Pan, T. Watanabe,
W. C. White and W. W. Yen
CHINA MEDICAL BOARD OF THE ROCKE- FELLER FOUNDATION (Medical Education) -32, Tung Tan San Tiao; Telephs. 3401-8
and 1912 (East); Tel. Ad: Rockfound; Code: Mission
Roger S. Greene, general director
Henry S. Houghton, resdt. dir. (abs.) do. (abs.)
L. C. Goodrich, assist.
N. Gist Gee, adviser on pre-med.educ.
A. P. Chien, Chinese secretary
H. C. Mao, accountant
Mabry McCoy, secretary
E. S. MacRae,
Architectural Bureau
C. W. Anner, architect
C. J. Anner
Ruth Smith, secretary
司公險保壽人年永
Yung-nien-jen-shou-pao-hsien-kung-sze
CHINA MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE Co.-131,
Wong Fu Chin Ta Chieh; Teleph. 624
(East); Tel. Ad: Sunbeam
Tipper & Co., district managers
H. F. Henningsen, manager
CHINA SPORTING GOODS Co., THE-189, Tung Szé Nan Ta Chieh; Teleph. 3748 (East); Tel. Ad: Athletics; Code: Bent- ley's
局總司公路鐵省東
CHINESE EASTERN RAILWAY Co.-Legation
Street; Teleph. 2444 (Tung-chü); Tel. Ad: Eastrail. Harbin Office: Tel. Ad: Pravlenie
CHINESE GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS
SKBAR Ching-han-tieh-lu-chu 局路鐵漢京
PEKING-HANKOW LINE-Teleph. 858 (East);
Tel. Ad: Kinhan
Directeur Administr.-N. M. Wang
Do. Adjoint-S. Sun
Ingénieur Conseil-G. Bouillard
Id. Secrétaire Technique-H. Squilbin Administrateur du Service Général-
Y. Huang
Administrateur du Service du Mouve-
ment et Trafic-Tchang Pao Yung Administrateur du Service du Mouve- ment et Trafic Adjoint-Chen Tsin Wen Administrateur du Service des Voies
et Travaux-Hua Nan Kué Administr. du Service de la Traction et du Matériel-Niou Shiao Shien Chef de la Comptabilité Generale-
Liou Weng Song
Chef du Service de la Police-Tchang
Kouei Wen
Chef du Serv. de Hankow-Fong Yun Chef du Service Medical-Dr. Kiang
局理管路鐵京轄直部通交 Chiao-tong-pu-jih-ha-ching-sui-tieh-lu
PEKING-SUIYUAN LINE — Head Office: Peking; Telephs. 1216, 2240 and 1545- (West); Tel. Ad: Kalganry, Peking and Tientsin; Codes: Bentley's and A.B.C. 5th edn.
Managing Director-Si Hoch Chiang
Supt. of Gen. Affairs-Ching Kh'ang Legal Adviser-Lin Shin Kwei
Doctor (Hsichihmen Hospital)—Shi Po
Engineer-in-chief-Tsai Chun Chow
District Engineers-L. H. K. Chang
and Chow Liang-Chin
Traffic Manager-Fong Pak Lin
Chief Traffic Inspectors-Shar Chian
Shun and Wuang Chi-Li
Locomotive Supt.-E. F. Wei Chief Locomotive Inspr.-P. Wang Manager, Nankow Works-C. F. Hou
Do., Kalgan do. S. C. Li Store Supt.-K. Y. Ho
Chief Accountant-Y. C. Wang Superintendent-C. T. Feng
# Tao-ching-tieh-lu
TAO CHING LINE-Postal Ad: Chiaotso,
Honan; Tel. Ad: Yermer, Chiaotso
Director-Chas. A. Chan
General Manager and Traffic Manager
-John Barber
Chief Accountant and Storekeeper-
J. MacKnight
Engineer of Ways and Works-E. C.
Locomotive Supt.-J. H. Moffat
Medical Officer Dr. A. C. Lambert
Managers and Administrators- Pekin
Syndicate, Ld.
所總核稽務鹽國中
Chung-kuo-yen-wu-chi-ho-tsung-so
CHINESE GOVERNMENT SALT REVENUE
DEPT.--Chief Inspectorate
Chinese Chief Inspr.-S. M. Chung
Associate do. Sir E. C. C. Wilton,
K.C.M.G.
Financial Secretary-C. H. Lauru Chinese do. -L. C. Chang English do. -E. W. Mead
Chinese Department
Assist. Chinese Secy.-C. H. Chen Acting do. -C. T. Chen
Chief Assistant, S/L-S. Fang
Accounts Department
Assist. Financial Secy.-A.S. Baskett
-P. E. Vaes
Accountant-L. F. Newman
Chief Assistant, S/L-E. H. Lin
English Department
-C. J. Lu
Assist. English Secy.-R. Dane
Acting do.
—A. J. Clements
Assist. District Inspector Y. Wang Chief Assistant, S/L-D. Lu
Special Duties
-F. E. L. Dobbs
Supt. (Translation Section)-K. C. Li Acting Staff Officer-K. W. John-
Supervisor of Works-S. P. Wu
Chief Assist., S/L-H. W. Chang
-M. H. Young
-Y. I. Tsai
District Inspectorates
Fengtien (Newchwang)
District Inspector N. Liu Acting do.
Changlu (Tientsin)
-A. Bookless
District Inspectors-T. C. Ma and
M. Guseo
Tangku Assist. District Inspector-
Acting Tangku Assistant District
Inspector-W. C. Harmon
Shantung (Tsinanfu
District Inspectors-S. W. Tang
and A. Bilger
Wangkuan Assist. District Inspec-
tor C. C. Liu
Acting Wangkuan Assist. District
Inspector D. Kitamura Chefoo Assist. District Inspectors- T. W. Pong and W, E. F. Jones Tsingtao Assist. District Inspectors
-C. F. Li and F. Funatsu Salt Examiner S. Ogawa Hotung (Yuncheng)
District Inspectors-C. C. Chu and
A. F. Eavns
Liangcheh (Hangchow)
District Inspectors-T. Y. Liu and
R. L. P. Baude
Ningpo Assist. District Inspectors
C. H. Lin and F. C. Mathiesen Fukien (Foochow)
District Inspectors-C. H. Shui and
F. A. Robinson
Foochow Assist. District Inspector-
-C. C. Yen
Amoy Assist. District Inspector-
Y. C. Chen
Kwangtung (Canton)
District Inspector-C. H. Kuan Acting do.
-K. Amano
Acting Pingnankuei Assist. District
Inspector-K. Woo
Pingnankuei Assist. District Ins-
pector R. Daniel
Chaochiao Assist. District Inspectors
-I. S. Loo and P. Noblet Yunnan (Yunnanfu)
District Inspectors-C. Wang and.
A. Padovani
Peiching Assist. Inspector-W. Y.
Moheiching Assist. District Ins--
pectors-T. H. Chang and G. Sax Huaipei (Panpu)
District Inspectors-Y Y. Li and C.
G. G. Pearson
Tsingkou Assist. District Inspectors
-S. T. Kuo and J. C. E. Rye Yangchow
District Inspectors-S. L. Fung and.
C. W. Gimbel
Shiherhwei Assist. District Ins
pectors-C. M. Shao and H. Vaux Acting Tungtai Assist. District Ins-
pector-C. Y. Chang
Tungtai Assist. District Inspector-
T. Okuda
Yencheng Assist. District Inspector
Sungkiang (Shanghai)
Acting Dist. Inspector-N. F. Fei District Inspector-R. M. C. Ruxton Yehhsieh Assist. Dist. Inspectors- Y. T. Chung and A. C. R. Portway
Yangtsze Preventive Officer and Assist. Dist. Inspr.-J. C. Croome Launch Surveyor J. Parsons Assist. do. Chuanpei (Santai)
-W. H. Timbrell
Acting Dist. Inspector-O. K. B. Berg Chuannan (Tzeliuching)
District Inspectors-Y. F. Tseng
and L. H. Drakeford Chungtung Assist. District Ins-
pector-C. Y. Li
Wutungchiao Assist. District Inspr.
-M. O. Bérubé
Auditors C. C. Miao and E. M. Gale Changsha
Auditors-K. L. Woo and B. Reiss
Auditor-K C. Tsai
Acting Auditor-U. Tei
Auditor-T. H. Chow
Acting Auditor-G: L. Caffarena Changchun
Auditors-F. H. Yang, T. Koizumi
Assist. Dist. Inspector-E. B. Vardon Koupei
Assist. Dist. Inspectors H. Tang
and S. Hiyoshi
Assist. Dist. Inspectors-P. S. Teng
and N. Elsworth
Assist. Dist. Inspr.-R. D. Wolcott Chungking
Auditor-K. Katow
Officers on long leave-
District Inspectors-W. H. Chien, F. T. Chien, K. Tanabe, A. C. Archangelsky, J. M. Barnard, A. C. Bothner-By, C. Lee, T. I. Diedrichson and P. Loureiro
Assist. Dist. Inspectors-W. Kelly,
A. C. Tweedie and R. Sèguèla
Admiral N. T. Chen, director Col. N. P. Brooke,
Col. A. Simpson,
A. H. Ginman, managing director Major S. T. Dockray, acting mang. dir. M. C. Cheng, Chinese manager G. S. King, acting secretary W. J. Richards, manager (Shanghai) R. F. Cave, works do. do.
K. K. Pang, assistant
+ Chung-kuo-tien-pao-chu CHINESE TELEGRAPH ADMINISTRATION- North Eastern Glacis; Teleph. 1878
CHRISTIE'S AUCTION ROOMS-324, Hatamen
Street; Teleph. 1999 (East)
T. A. S. Cameron
COMMERCIAL UNION ASSURANCE CO., LTD.
-40, Teng Shih Kou; Telephs. 950 and 2290 (East); Tel. Ad: Cuaco
隆濟通 Tung-chi-lung
COOK & SON, THOS., Tourist and Excursion Agents, Foreign Bankers-Grand Hotel de Pekin; Teleph, 2262 (East); Tel. Ad: Coupon
CREDIT COMMERCIAL SINO-FRANCAISE-
Legation Quarter; Telephs. 2542 and 3139 (East); Tel. Ad: Crescosifa
Yi-pin-fong-kwan-yin-hang
CREDIT FONCIER D'EXTREME-ORIENT— Culty Chambers; Tel. Ad: Belfran.
Building Dept.: Legation Street; Teleph. 834 (East)
CUSTOMS,
司公限有業礒華中
CHINESE MINING CORPORATION,
Registered Offices: 29, Hsi Tsung Pu
Hutung; Teleph. 3955 (East)
Hsiung Hsi Ling, chairman
G. W. Frodsham, managing director Pan Fu,
John P. Kenrick,
Liu Peh Shen,
director
T. S. Wei, assistant manager
CHINESE NATIONAL WIRELESS TELEGRAPH Co.-25, Ta-yang-i-pin Hutung; Teleph. 3572 (East); Tel. Ad: National
T. Y. Tsiang, director Gen. W. C. Kung, do.
Tsung-shui-wu-ssu-kung-shu
INSPECTORATE - GENERAL CHINESE MARITIME
Inspector General-Sir Francis Aglen,
K.B.E. (on leave)
Chief Secretary, Officiating ad interim
-J. W. Stephenson
Chief Secy. Officiating-J.H. Berruyer Audit Secretary-F. W. Lyons
Staff do. -G. C. F. Holland
Chinese do. -A. C. E. Braud Personal do. to I. G.-S. F. Wright Service Chief Acct.-J. Fukomoto Assist. Secretary-A. H. Forbes
Actg. Assist. Audit Secy.-U. Theodoli Acting Assist. Secy., Property Office----
H. W. Bradley
Acting Assistant Chinese Secretary—
E. A. Pritchard
Actg. Rev. Chief Acct.-T. R. Banister Actg. Assist. Staff Secy.-W. E. Annett Actg. Pensions Chief Acct.-L. K. Little Assistant (Foreign)-S. M. Carlisle Assistants (Chinese)--Leung Pui Hang, Tu Ping-ho, Tsao Lin, Ting Kwei Tang, Lam Kwok To, Chiao Ju Yung, Charles Leung, Tao Loo Chuen, Chang Yung Nian and Li Ko Yen Stenographer-Secretary to Inspector
General-Miss A. B. MacGlade Stenographer-Secy. to Inspectorate
Offices Miss I. M. Macphail Transport Officer-J. Mackenzie Assist. Examiner (B)—G. Di Paolo Detached
Assists.(Chinese)-Chung Mun Kwong,
Wong Haiu Sing and Hü Kam-shui Shanghai-Statistical Department
Statistical Secretary-L. de Luca
Actg. Depy. Commr.-C. B. W. Moore Acting Assist. Statistical Secretary—
Lau Hon-chi
Assistants (Chinese)-Wong Tsoo-bah, Huo Ch'il Ch'ien, Hong Dzoe Dziang Stenotypist-Miss A. Gubbay
Non-Resident Secy. -C. A. V. Bowra Assistant (Foreign)-A. S. Campbell Stenotypist-Miss M. L. Graham
DONNY-BLIN (Successor to J. Henderson & Co.), The Legation Pharmacy, Chemist and Druggist, Special Laboratory for Medical, Industrial and Commercial Analyses Teleph. 1536 (East); Tel. Ad: Donny-Blin
DUNLOP RUBBER Co. (CHINA), LTD., THE- 15, Kan Yu Hutung, Hatamen Street; Teleph. 2270 (East); Tel. Ad: Pneumatic; Codes: Western Union, A.B.C. 5th edn.
*L** Ta-tung-tien-pao-chu
EASTERN EXTENSION, AUSTRALASIA AND
CHINA TELEGRAPH Co., Ltd.
EXCHANGE BANK OF CHINA - Regine's
Building; Telephs. 459, 2969, 967, 2274,
2278 and 2574 (East); Tel. Ad: Knabex
記仁 Rin Chee
FORBES & CO., WILLIAM, General Merchts., Railway Contractors and Commission Agents-Peking Offices: 45, Wai-Chiao-
pu Chien (opposite New Wai Chiao Pu); Teleph. 811; Tel. Ad: Rinchee; Codes: Bentley's, A.B.C. 5th edn. and Western Union (5-letter)
A. C. Henning, partner
H. F. Cree, signs per pro.
Agencies
North British & Mercantile Ins. Co., Ld. China Fire Insurance Co., Ld.
Law Union & Rock Insurance Co., Ld. Yangtsze Marine Insce. Assocn., Ld. Cie. des Messageries Maritimes Ben Line of Steamers
Eastern and Australian S.S. Co., Ld. China Navigation S.S. Co.
Motor Union Insurance Co., Ld. Blue Funnel Line
FRAZAR & Co., E. W., Importers and Ex- porters-24, San Tiao Hutung, Morrison St.; Teleph. 1949 (East); Tel. Ad: Frazar
**+* Fu-chung-kung-ssu
FU CHUNG CORPORATION-c/o Pekin Syndicate, Ld., 53, Li Shih Hutung; Tel. Ad: Fuchung
Wang Chia Hsiang, director general. Yuan Ko Wen, vice-
Ma Hsien, Honan delegate Board of Management-Hu Yu Ling, (chairman), Hu Ting Yuan, Chu Tseng- tou, J. P. Kenrick, E. W. Fitchford and Lo Tsung Yi
Head Office-Chiaotso, Honan
E, W. Fitchford, joint general manager Wang Ching Fang,
L. Lofting, assist. general manager C. S. Woo,
Chimin Chu-fuh, chief accountant H. J. Glass
E. Barker
F. B. Morton Tientsin Branch-77-79, rue Pasteur
H. M. Young, manager
N. K. Huang, assist. manager
C. S. Morton 1 Miss B. Margules Hankow Branch, and Depot at Tan
Shui Chih
W. Y. Hsu, agent
Shanghai Branch-4, Av. Edward VII.
W. Y. Hau, agent
H. W. Brooke, assist. agent Peking Branch (pro tem.)
Pekin Syndicate, Ld., 53,
Sanliwan Branch and Depot
J. P. Hu, agent
Chengchow Branch
Y. K. Chang, agent
Paotingfu Branch and Depot
K. C. Mang, agent Yen Cheng Hsien Branch
T. Y. Li, agent Nanking and Pukow Branch
Y. L. Liu, assist. agent
Wuhu Branch
Y. L. Liu, assist. agent
Coal Sales Agents for
Pekin Syndcicate, Ld.
Chung Yuan Co., Ld.
GIBBONS & CO., Electrical and Mechanical
斯本酒 Chi-pin-sze
Engineers and Contractors
chang; Tel. Ad: Gibbons
J. Gibbons
- Pao-ma-
Ching-chi-tao-lun-chu
GOVERNMENT BUREAU OF ECONOMIC IN- FORMATION-1A, Chang Pu Ho, Nan Ho Yen; Teleph. 4028 (East); Tel. Ad: Bureconin. Shanghai Office: 62, Kiangse Road
W. H. Donald, co-dir. and actg. dir. H. B. Elliston, editor-in-chief V. C. Cass, general secretary
M. A. Gilbert, accountant
F. T. Liang, chief of the general
affairs dept.
D. K. Lieu, chief of the investigation
C. Y. Chiu, chief of the English dept.
N. Hwang, clipping and filing dept.
Wu Chai-hsiang, investigation dept.
GRAND HOTEL DE PEKIN-Telephs. 581 2280, 3151, 3152 and 3153 (E.O.); Tel. Ad: Pekinotel; Code: A.B.C. 5th edn.
GREAT NORTHERN TELEGRAPH Co., LTD,
L. S. Münter, superintendent
J. P. Christiansen
J. Mogensen
J. B. Norgaard, electrician
B. A. Nielsen
A. W. Nielsen
C. M. Poulsen
C. M. Oldenburg
GRAND HOTEL DES WAGONS LITS, LTD.-
Tel. Ad: Wagonlits
利雅 Ya-li
HACKMACK & Co., Import and Export
Merchants-41, Soochow Hutung;
Teleph. 2734 (East); Tel. Ad: Safeguard
U. Rothe, manager W. Westphall
HARVEY, A. W., Bond, Stock and Share- broker-23, Tsung Pu Hutung, Hatamen Street; Telephs. 1113 and 4003 (East); Tel. Ad: Harbond
A. W. Harvey
HERSBRUNNER & Co., Tailors and Outfitters-rue Marco Polo; Teleph. 974 (East)
HOLCOMB, B. T., Insurance Business-53,
Tung Tang Tsu Hutung; Teleph, 4640
(East); Tel. Ad: Bankbill
Hui-fêng-yin-hang
HONGKONG AND SHANGHAI BANKING COR-
PORATION-Legation Street; Teleph. 855 (Doong-Djü); Tel. Ad: Lascar
R. Č. Allen, agent G. E. Hubbard, do. D. A. Johnston N. H. Prockter W. G. Turnbull
HOSPITALS
A. F. Clark Miss McCardle
Chung-yang-i-yuan
CENTRAL HOSPITAL (Established 1917)— P'ing Tze Men Street, West City;
Telephs. 584 and 538 (West); Tel. Ad: Centrahosp
RCA 院醫仁同
Tung-jen-e-yuan
HOPKINS MEMORIAL HOSPITAL-Corner of Hatamen Street and Legation Street; Telephs. 608 and 1926 (East)
HOSPITAL INTERNATIONAL (ST. MICHEL) 18, Legation Street; Teleph. 1642 (E.O.); Tel. Ad: Hopital Saint Michel
ITALIAN HOSPITAL FOR CHINESE (near Chinese Post Office) Teleph. 910 (Tung-chu); Tel. Ad: Giura
METHODIST HOSPITAL OPTICAL DEPT.,
Refracting and Manufacturing Opti-
cians - Corner of Legation and Hata- men Streets
**** An-li-kan-yi-yuan 院醫甘立安
MISSION HOSPITAL (ST. LUKE'S) (Church
of England)
West City
Hsiang Fang Ch'ioo,
Miss A. M. Bearder
KE U Fu-ying-yi-yuan 院醫嬰婦
SLEEPER DAVIS MEMORIAL HOSPITAL
-Teleph, 1470 (East)
Minnie Stryker, M.D.
Clara M. Whitmore, M.D.
Alice M. Powell, R.N. Ruth Danner, R.N. Elizabeth Carlyle, R.N. Frances R. Wilson, R.N.
師 程工 築 建士何
Ho-shih-chien-chu-kung-cheng-sze
HUSSEY, HARRY, Architect-1, Nan Chih Tze, Ta Soochow Hutung; Tel. Ad: Hussey; Codes: Bentley's, A.B.C. 5th edn.
J. M. Herrmann, architect
INTERNATIONAL BANKING CORPORATION—
Legation Street
INTERNATIONAL SAVINGS SOCIETY - 98,
Morrison Street
M. D. Varalda, manager
司公限有噐機和怡商英
Yin-shang-e-ho-chi-chee-you-hsien-kung-se
JARDINE ENGINEERING CORPORATION, LTD., THE, Engineering and Government Con-
tractors Legation Street; Tel. Ad: Jardeng
JARDINE, MATHESON & Co., LTD.-Lega-
tion Street; Tel Ad: Jardine
D. R. Mackenzie
G. K. Chatham
J. Smith
Jen Li Co., Carpet Manufacturers and Exporters-97, Morrison St.; Teleph. 3966 (East); Tel. Ad: Jenli; Codes: A.B.C. 5th edn. and Bentley's
S. K. Tsao, general manager
K. S. Chu, manager
R. C. Chen, assist. manager
Jones, Clarke & Co., Bill, Bullion, Bond, Exchange and Share Brokers, In-
surance and General Commission Agents,
Land and Estate Agents-Legation St.; Telephs. 2640 and 4740 (East); Tel. Ad: Excelsior
Eric G. Clarke, partner M.E. Weatherall, do.
John H. Waller, accountant Chao I-chang
The Sun Insurance Office
Jung, August-85, Kuan Yin Sze
KIRKBY-GOMES, F.R.C.S. (Edin.), F.R. INST. PH. (Lond.), M.D., DR. S. G., Municipal Health Officer and Port Surgeon, Chin- kiang. Medical officer, H.B.M. Consulate
LEGATION PHARMACY (Donny Blin, suc- cessors to J. Henderson), Chemists and Druggists-Legation Street and rue
Marco Polo; Teleph. 1536
利沙 Sha-lee
LEY, COMPTOIR CHARLES (Société An- onyme), Import and Export Merchants, Government Contractors and Railway
Suppliers-48, Wai Chiao Pu Chieh;. Teleph. 179 (Tung-Chu); Tel. Ad: Ley; Codes: A.B.C. 5th, Bentley's, Western, Lugagne and Private. Head Office: Brussels
Charles Ley, managing director
M. Lejour, manager
G. Vergani, accountant
Mme. Lorent
Tientsin Office
C. L. Shea
E. Devleeschouwer, manager
LINDA HEYMANS SCHOOL OF DANCING-21,.
Fu-chien-ssu-yin; Teleph. 231 (East)
Linda Haymans, principal
Constance Heymans
司公限有礦煤溝河六
Liu-ho-kou-mei-kwang-yu-hsien-kung-szu
LIU-HO-KOU MINING CO., LTD.-Head Office: 56, Mu-Ch'ang Hutung; Telephs. 3727 and 2772 (South); Tel. Ad: Liuholin or 4800. Mines at Liuhokou; Station:: Fenglochen, Kin-Han Line; Tel. Ad. for Mines' Office: Liuhokuang, Fenglochen Administration Office
C. H. Lee, managing director
K. C. Lee, assist.
A. Pinzen Cheng, general secretary At the Mines, Liu-Ho-Kou
T. Wei, engineer-in-chief
Hankow Branch Office
Y. C. Yuan, manager
M. K. Chow, sub-manager
Shanghai Branch Office
C. K. Chen, manager
Hong Yung Pao, sub-manager
Tientsin Agent
Chinese Associated Trading Co., Ld.
司公險保壽人利宏
Hung-li-zing-shou-pau-shien-kung-sze
MANUFACTURERS' LIFE INSURANCE Co. of
CANADA-23, Go Yien To, Hatamen Nei;
Teleph. 152 (East); Tel. Ad: Manulife
H. B. Darnell, manager for China, etc..
F. Summers, assistant
C. N. Tien, secretary
MCGARVA, G., L.R.I.B.A., Chartered Archi-
tect and Surveyor-87, Kwan Yin Sze;. Teleph. 852 (East)
Mei-man Kung-sze
MILLS AND MANNING, INC., Consulting Engineers, Mines, Railways, etc.-
Telephs. 4308 and 4720 (East); Tel. Ad:
Millmann
Chi-li-lin-cheng-kuang-wu-chu
Office: 56,
Moo Ch'ang Hutung; Teleph. 1249 (South
MINES DE LINCHENG-Head
Sub Office); Tel. Ad: Luhan
Tcheng Keng Yu, director-general
Liou Tchouen Ling, director
Tsao Ju Lin,
C. H. Lee,
Ko Hong Nien
Chang Yi Ou, engineer-director
V. T. Tsangta, assist. mang. director K. W. Yao, chief accountant Y. M. Lin, secretary
At the Mines, Lincheng Mine (Chihli)- Tel. Ad: Chilinchen, Lincheng Y. K. Kwong, co-manager and engr. F. Lefèvre, technical manager
E. de Rasse, engineer-in-charge J. Collard
Li Jui Hao Tong
H. Laruelle
Paolo Shia, medical officer
Tientsin Agents
Chinese Associated Trading Co., Ld.
MISSIONS
Chung-hua-sheng-kung-hui
CHURCH OF ENGLAND MISSION-Shun
Chih Men-nei, Hsiang Fang Ch'iao,
West City; Tel. Ad: Anlikan
Mission Staff
Right Rev. Bishop F. L. Norris, D.D. Rev. P. M. Scott
A. J. D. Britland, treasurer Rev. E. J. Bentley
University)
(Yenching
Rev. J. T. Holman (British Legation)
St. Faith's Home
Deaconess Edith Ransome
Deaconess Esther Sworder
Miss K. F. Greaves
Miss W. Waller
Miss M. E. Moon
Miss E. Fisher
Miss M. Rudd
Miss M. M. Gibson
St. Faith's School
Miss U. K. Shebbeare Miss L. M. M. Scott Miss R. M. Waller Miss M. Gibson Miss B. Steven
St. Luke's Hospital
Miss M. Bearder
Ch'ung Te
School-Jung
Hutung; Teleph. 2702 (South) Rev. T. V. G. and Mrs. Gilfillan Miss Mary Scott
Rt. Rev. Bishop C. P. Scott (retired) Rev. J. Porteus
Rev. C. R. G. Fox
P'ei Hua School--Shih Fu Ma Ta Chieh
Miss A. G. Bowden Smith
Miss Jefferis
Miss M. Young Miss Deens Yung-ch'ing-hsien
Rev. J. Colbeck Rev. J. Munro Miss R. Phillimore Miss K. Tulloch Hokien-fu
Rev. C. McDouall Deaconess Frances Edwards Miss E. Preece
Tat'ung-fu
Dr. D. S. and Mrs. Bryan-Brown Dr. G. and Mrs. Hall
Miss I. Garnett
Miss K. A. Hall
Miss M. Ball
Central Theological School-Nanking
Rev. B. Mather
Tientsin
Rev. S. G. and Mrs. Teakle (All
Rev. C, W. Scott
堂主天 Tien-chu Tang
FRENCH ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSION, Mission Catholique de Pékin (La-
zaristes) Teleph. 266
Mgr. S. Jarlin, evêque de Phar-
boetos, vicaire-apostolique Mgr. Fabrègues, evêque d'Alali,
coadjuteur
Rev. Vanhersecke, vicaire-général Rev. E. Déhus
Rev. J. M. Planchet, procureur Rev. H. Verhaeren
Rev. G. Rembry
Rev. Ceny
Rev. Dutilleul
Rev. Raaymaakers
Rev. Flament
Rev. A. Op'Hey
Rev. van Wagenberg Rev. P. O. G. Gorman Rev. J. Mullins
Rev. J. Feely Rev. J. Gasté Rey. Ducarme Rev. Léfaki Rev. Castel
Rev. Grégoire
Rev. A. Hubrecht
Rev. Vincent
Rev. Garnier
Rev. Clément
Rev. Angelloz Rev. J. Huysmans Rev. J. Kieffer Rev. P. Barry Rev. Howard
Rev. O'Connell
Rev. De Moerloose
Frère A. Maës
Frère van den Brandt
Frère Fascia
MAISON PROVINCIALE DES
MARISTES-Cha-la, near Peking
堂慈仁 Jen-tze Tang
SISTERS OF CHARITY, Orphan House-
Workrooms and School: North of Peitang
院學道和協 Hsieh-ho-tao-hsueh-yuan
UNION BIBLE INSTITUTE 50, Drum
Tower, West
Rev. C. H. Fenn, D.D., principal
Rev. G. D. Wilder, D.D.
Rev. P. K. Li
MITSUI BUSSAN KAISHA, LTD.-Tsung Pu
Hutung; Tel. Ad: Mitsui
MOORE-BENNETT, A. J., Civil Engineer— 83, Chao Yang Men Da Chieh; Teleph. 965 (E.O.); Tel. Ad: Moorebenet; Codes: Bentley's, A.B.C. 5th and 6th edns.
MOUTRIE & Co., LTD., Pianoforte and Organ Manufacturers, Repairers, Tuners
and Importers-rue Marco Polo; Teleph.
W. R. Hepburn, manager
MOYLER, POWELL & Co.
(Legation
Stores), Drapers and Outfitters-14,
Morrison Street; Teleph. 663 (East); Tel. Ad: Moyel
MOYROUX, V., General Store, Wine and Spirit Merchant, Perfumery, Tobacco, Insurance and Forwarding Agent--Leg- ation St.; Teleph. 662; Tel. Ad: Moyroux
V. Moyroux, proprietor
J. M. Masson, manager Agency
Guardian Fire Insurance Co.
J 44H† Ho-lan-yin-kung-szu NEDERLANDSCH SYNDICAAT VOOR CHINA, Financial Enterprises, etc.-1, Tung Chang Tai Ping Hutung; Tel. Ad: Devos Robert de Vos, administrateur dèlegué Major K. L. Rozendeal, agent
A. Bosje
NIELSEN & WINTHER, LTD. (Copenhagen), Manufacturers, Machine Tools, Hy- draulic Presses, Lathes, etc.-47, Nan Chili Tsz; Teleph. 1621 (East); Tel Ad: Niwi
家保 Pao-chai
NORTH CHINA INSURANCE CO., LTD.-4, Mei Chia Hutung; Teleph. 3955 (East); Tel. Ad: Union
H. C. B. Way, acting branch manager
Fu-kung-szu
PEKIN SYNDICATE, LTD. -Head
(China): 53, Li Shih Hutung, Peking; Telephs. 27, 2306 and 4449 (East); Tel. Ad: "Sindacato. Head Office (London): 110, Cannon Street, E.C. 4
John P. Kenrick, A.M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E.
general manager
Col. N. P. Brooke, assist. gen. manager
R. W. Swallow
T. G. A. Strangman Miss N. M. Heymans
Honan (Ja mei-sen Mines):
R. R. Brown, resident engineer
F. O. Bailey, pumpman T. Bell, mechanical engineer J. W. Cameron, cashier J. T. Chester, underground manager
R. W. Devine, chief electrical engr. Miss J. Gardner, community nurse A. Isherwood, assist. surveyor Dr. A. C. Lambert, medical officer H. P. S. Luttrell, welfare officer Mrs. L.H.S. Luttrell, school mistress H. F. Marsh, underground manager
C. H. Mortimer, accountant G. Rogers, mines secretary D. Sellers, colliery manager
G. Simmons, assist. accountant J. B. Splingaerd, interpreter
P. Trueman, assist. electrical engr. C. A. Walker, surveyer L. Whatmough, underground mgr. Managers and Administrators of:
Taokou-Chinghua Railway
PEKING ART GALLERY-15, Mei Cha
Hutung; Teleph. 3295 (East)
PEKING CLUB
Chairman-H. C. Faxon
Vice-do. J. W. Stephenson Hon. Secretary-F. W. Nixon Manager-H. E. Lowther
***** Ying-wen-peking-jih-pao
"PEKING DAILY NEWS" (Senior Morning Paper published in English)--11, Nan
Ho Yen; Telephs. 270 and 1506 (East); Tel. Ad. Endeavour
PEKING DISPENSARY
Teleph. 1529 (East)
- Morrison Street;
A. J. Skinn (absent)
T. P. Yü, manager
PEKING ELECTRIC CO. (1922), LTD., THE- Registered Office and Works: Legation Quarters; Teleph. 697 (East); Tel. Ad: Legationco
T. K. Chow, director
Major A. Barker, D.S.O., M.C., director G. S. Cruickshank, M.I.M.E., managing-
director and engineer
C. Brondgeest, station engineer
PEKING INTERNATIONAL RECREATION AND
RACE CLUB (Nanyuan Race Club)
"PEKING LEADER, THE" (Daily Newspaper published in English)-2, Mei' Cha Hutung; Teleph. 1641 (East); Tel. Ad: Leader
Grover Clark, president and editor
Wm. Prohme, associate editor
S. A. Fryer, business manager
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S. E. Lucas, president
I. V. Gillis, secretary and treasurer Mills & Manning Inc., consultg. engrs.
PEKING RACE CLUB
Chairman-D. Fraser
Clerk of Course-D. R. Mackenzie Stewards-Capt. J. J. Bahnson, A. O. Buckingham, H. C. Faxon, W. H. E, Thomas and Col. L. M. Little Manager-H. E. Lowther
"PEKING TIMES" (Proprietors of the
Asiatic News Agency, Peking)
Dr. Mitchell C. L. Chang, proprietor
and editor
學大科醫和協京北
Pei-ching-hsieh-ho-i-ho-ta-hsieh
PEKING UNION MEDICAL COLLEGE-Tel.
Ad: Medical
Miss E. M. Akerman, physiotherapist
Dr. B. G. Anderson, assoc. in oral
Miss B. Bennet, matron, nurses' home A. Baranoff, tech. assist. oral surgery Miss H. Barchet, assist. to director Dr. D. Black, prof. and head of dept.
of anatomy
M. Blochberger, weigh-master C. H. Bovell, electrical engineer V. F. Bradfield, purchasing agent Miss L. Bray, night supervisor J. S. Ch'en, secy. to Mr. Bradfield Miss M. E. Campbell, librarian Dr. W. S. Carter, acting director Dr. J. R. Cash, assoc. prof. pathology Dr. Yik-ping Chan, assist. resident Miss M. E. Chaney, staff nurse P'ei-ch'uan Chang, chief bookkeeper Dr. Hsiao-ch'ien Chang, jr. assist. in
medicine
Shu-shen Chang, secy. to Dr. Grant Dr. Sheo-nan Cheer, assoc. in med. Chao-chi Chen, lab. assist.
assist. bio-
chemistry
Dr. Dao-sen Chen, special interne Dr. Fonng-kong Chen, assist.
dermatology
Dr. Hung-ta Ch'en, interne
Dr. K. T. C. Chen, assist. resident Dr. Kuei Chia, interne
Mrs. Ding-ying Chiu, head nurse Dr. James S. Chu, residt. obst. gyn. Dr. Mon-fah Chung, residt. and jr.
assist. neuro.
Miss A. M. Colver, head nurse
Dr. E. D. Congdon, assoc. prof.
Dr. H. E. Crowe, assist. and residt.
Dr. Lee Chung Chu, assist. in surgery Dr. Chin Huang Chen, physician,
I. Shao Chang, secy., nursing dept. Dr. Tsan-quo Chou, assoc in pharm. Dr. Ernst De Vries, assoc. in neur. Miss L.M. Dalrymple, instr. in nursing Dr. F. R. Dieuaide, assist. prof.in med. Miss I. M. Downs, instr. in nursing Dr. A. M. Dunlap, prof. and head of
dept. of oto-laryngology
Miss J. G. Dilworth, metab. nurse Dr. N. J. Eastman, assoc. in obst. and
Miss I. Edmiston, tech. clin. lab. med. Miss L. Fairchild, secy. techn., neu. Dr. L. M. Fitzmaurise, interne Dr. E. C. Faust, assoc. prof. parasit. Chih-tung Feng, assist. in pharm.
Miss E. Filandino, staff nurse Dr. D. Fortuyn, assist. prof. anatomy Dr. C. N. Frazier, assoc. in dermat. Miss Hsing-chih Fei, supr. "E" kitchen Dr. A. S. Gault, interne
Miss W. V. Godard, head nurse Miss L. K. Griswold,
Dr. R. A. Guy, associate in medicine Dr. J. B. Grant, do. prof. of hygiene Dr. J. W. Hammond, assoc. in pediat Miss B. Hammett, 2nd assist. dietitian Dr. A. W. Hardy, assist. resident A. T. Hertig,
do. entomologist Dr. M. Bertig, entomologist John Ho, assist. purchasing agent Miss G. Huang, instructor in chemistry
school of nursing
Dr. P. C. Hodges, assoc. prof. in roentgen J. S. Hogg, comptroller
Miss H. Holland, resident anesthetist Miss R. Homann, secy. to director Dr. A. A. Horvath, assoc. chemistry,
dept. of medicine
Dr. H. S. Houghton, dir. (on furlough) Dr. Hsing-ch'uan Hou, T. F. in phy.
and phar. assist. resident
Dr. H. J. Howard, prof. and head of
dept. of ophthalmology
Mrs. H. Hsieh, supervr. "J" kitchen Dr. Ch'i-liang Hsu, interne
Dr. Kan-liang Hsu, assist, in medicine Dr. Chen-hsiang Hu,assoc. in pathology Dr. Mao-lin Hu, assist. resident
Dr. Ying-te Hu, jr. assist. in medicine Mrs. E. C. Huang, hospital matron Mrs. En-hua Huang, natron, Wen-
ham Hall
Miss Kwe-pao Huang, dietitian Miss Li-chen Huang, assist. supervr.,
"E" kitchen
Dr. D. V. Hudson, assist. resident Miss G. Hosmer, supt. of health centre Miss O. Hempel, secy., dept. of anatomy Miss D. Huie, assist. in pathology Miss I. Ingram, do. social work Miss R. Ingram, actg. supt. of nurses Dr. H. J. Johnson, interne
Miss M. Josselyn, temp. head nurse Miss C. Judd, registrar Dr. H. Kwei, assist. in medicine Yu-hua Kao, staff nurse
J. F. Kessel, assist. in pathology Miss L. G. King, head nurse Dr. T. King, assist. in oto-laryn. Dr. L. M. Knox, assist. resident Miss Knai-lean Kong, staff nurse Dr. J. H. Korns, assist. prof. in med. Feng-lin Kuan, assist. supervisor,
buildings and grounds
Dr. Sung-tao Kwan, jr. assist. in surg. Dr. H. H. W. Kumm, interne
Dr. Tsung-yao Lai, assist. ophthalm. Miss O. Lainkert, secy., college health Yu-t'ien Lan, cashier
Miss M. Larson, staff nurse Miss H. F. Latimor, do.
Dr. Chung-Un Lee, assist. in medicine Miss C. Lemon, staff nurse Miss B. Li, kitchen supervisor
Dr. Chen-pien Li, assist. resident Dr. Shih-wei Li, interne
Dr. T. M. Li, assoc. prof., ophthalmology Dr. Ting-an Li, interne
Dr. C. S. Lim, assoc. in bacteriology Dr. R. K. S. Lim, asso. prof., physiology Kuo-hao Lin, assist. in bio-chemistry Dr. Chih-huan Ling, interne
Dr. S. M. Ling, assist. in medicine. Chen Liu, secy. to comptroller Dr. Chi-ch'eng Liu, part-time assist.
medicine
Miss H. Liu, nurse, dept. of roent. Dr. Ju-ch'iang Liu, assist. in pharmacy Dr. Jui-heng Liu, acting medical supt. Dr. Jui-hua Liu, assoc. in oto-laryn. Dr. Shih-hao Liu, assist. resident Dr. Pao-yung Liu, jr. assist. in kala azar Dr. Shu-wan Liu, interne, assist. residt. Dr. H. H. Loucks, assist. in surgery Dr. Geo. Y. C. Lu, assist. in medicine Miss J. L. Luther, secy. to pathology Miss H. Lynch, 1st. assist. dietitian Yu-t'ien Li, Chinese writer
Dr. Tan-piew Lee, assist. in ophthalm. Dr. J. P. Maxwell, prof. and head of
dept. of obstetrics and gynecology Dr. H. E. Meleney, assoc. prof. in med. Mrs. I. M. MacKenzie, staff nurse N. J. Marr, assistant engineer Dr. C. S. McGill, do. resident
Miss H. McIvor, inst. in pract. nursing Miss M. L. McKillop, secretary M. Meng, assist. pharmacist
Dr. L. M. Miles, assoc. in obst. and gyn. Mrs. E. D. Mitchell, head nurse Miss M. Mooney,
Dr. Jui-wu Mu, assist. resident H. Mueller, glass blower
Mrs. E. Murray, instr. in mod. lang. Dr. Chi-mao Meng, interne
Miss E. M. Munroe, secy., M.O.S. and
Miss H. M. Mears, sécy. to med. supt. Dr. S. Necheles, assoc. in physiology Dr. C. M. Oman, hon. lect. in surgery Dr. Ming-tzu P'an, jr. asst. in anatomy Dr. Wei-tu P'an, interne
Miss A. Parkhurst, secy. to dept. sug. Miss A. Peers, lab. tech. in medicine Dr. M. O. Pfister, assoc., in neurology Dr. Hua-teh Pi, assist. in ophth. Miss I. Pruitt, head worker, med. S.S. Dr. M. R. Reid, visiting prof. of surg. Dr. W. O. Ramey, interne
B. E. Read, assoc. prof. pharmacology Miss B. J. Rinell, head nurse Miss A. B. Roberts, do.
Dr. O. H. Robertson, prof. and head
of dept. of medicine
Miss E. Robinson, 2nd assist. supt.
of nurses
Dr. H. Smetana, assoc. in pathology Miss S. N. Scott, secy. X-Ray dept. Dr. Pei-en Sang, assist. resident L. R. Scveringhaus, instructor in
modern English language
Dr. T. C. Shen, assist. in medicine Miss J. Searight, secy. oto-lay. and
obst. and gyn.
Dr. R. H. P. Sia, assoc. in medicine W. W. Sigler, accountant
Miss M. D. Smith, half-time secy.
com. pub.
Dr. H. J. Smyly, assoc. in medicine Miss A. U. Sternberg, secy., college
Dr. Paul H. Stevenson, associate
in anatomy
Dr. H. A. Stone, assist. oto-laryng.
Dr. P. S Soudakoff, part-time assist.
ophthal.
Dr. J. C. Stucki, interne
Miss Jui-chil Sun, assist. supervisor,
"J" kitchen
Dr. Chih-wang Sung, interne
Dr. W. J. Stainsby,
Dr. T. Stearns, assoc. in surgery
Shih-chieh Tao, chief information-
Miss Zing Ling Tai, night supervisor Mrs. Yu Yun Tao, night supervisor,
dietary department
Dr. C. Ten Broeck, prof. and head of
dept. of central patho.
Dr. Hsien-lisiang Teng, assist. in
roentgenology
J. F. Tessar, chief engineer
Dr. Y. H. Ting, assist. in oto laryng. Miss M. Tom, admitting officer
Dr. Shih-ping Ts'en, assist. resident Miss L. Tseng, staff nurse Dr. E. Tso, assoc. in pediatrics Y. Y. Tsu, secy., relig. social service Miss L. Tuttle, staff nurse
Dr. S. Pin-che Tung, assist. residt.
in surgery
Miss L. Vance, staff nurse
Dr. G. W. Van Corder, assist. prof.
in surgery
Miss H. M. Van Sant, assist.
clinical lab.
Ho-shan Wang, assist. in roentgen. Miss Ia-feng Wang, staff nurse Dr. Sih-tse Wang, assist. to med. supt. S. Wang, custodian
Dr. Su-chen Wang, assist. resident Dr. Yung-kuang Wang, assist. in path. Miss E-tsund Waung, staff nurse Dr. Y. L. Wei, assist. in neurology,
assist. resident
Miss F. Whiteside, head nurse
G. G. Wilson, supr. bldgs. and grds. S. D. Wilson, assist. prof., chemistry Dr. A. Wong, assist. and residt. in
Dr. Shu-tai Woo, assoc. in medicine Miss I. M. Woodcock, secy. in med. Miss A. Worthington, secretary,
director's office
Dr. O. Willner, assoc. in medicine Dr. A. H. Woods, prof. and head of
dept. of neurology
Dr. G. E. Wight, interne
Dr. J. H. Wylie, assoc. in medicine Miss Kuei-lan Yang, matron, Oliver
Dr. Chih-shih Yang, interne Mrs. R. Yang, assist. relig. social work Dr. R. P. Yang, assist. resident Dr. Ke-fang Yao,
Dr. Hui-ching Yen,
Dr.C. W. Young, assoc. prof. in med.
Miss Kheng-eng Yu, staff nurse
M. A. Yee, assist. in bio-chemistry
Dr. Zung-dau Zao, assoc. in surgery
F. V. Zurovee, garage forcman
學大京燕 Yen-ching Ta Hsueh
PEKING UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF-Kuei
Chia Chang; Tel. Ád: Yenta
Officers of Administration
J. L. Stuart, president
H. W. Luce, vice-president
O. J. Krause, treasurer
Bliss M. Wiant, acting treasurer T. T. Lew, dean, School of Theology Mrs. M. S. Frame, dean, College of
Arts and Sciences for Women Wm. Hung, dean, College of Arts and
Sciences for Men
T. H. Ch'en, associate dean, College of
Arts and Sciences for Men
J. M. Gibb, dir., construction bureau T. M. Barker, co-dir.,
T. T. Hsu, librarian
D. G. Tewksbury, registrar, College of
Arts and Sciences for Men
T. O. Stephen, assist. treasurer (abs.) F. M. Esser, medical officer H. H. Chuan, bursar
Hilda L. Hague, secy. to the presdt. M. Cookingham, assist. treasurer, registrar and secretary, College of Arts and Sciences for Women D. Crane, secretary, College of Arts
and Sciences for Men
H. Lambert, secy., College of Arts
and Sciences for Men
E. Witcomb, secretary, dept. of leather
P. L. Hsueh, secy. to the dean of Col- lege of Arts and Sciences for Men
The School of Religion
T. T. Lew, dean Department of Old Testament
J. F. Li, assoc. professor and head Department of New Testament
T. M. Barker, associate professor
and acting head
J. L. Stuart, professor
A. C. Y. Cheng, instructor elect. Department of Church History
P. de Vargas, associate prof. and head Wm. Hung, associate professor Department of Christian Theology
T. C. Chao. associate professor and
acting head (absent)
Dept. of Sociology & Christian Ethics J. B. Burgess, assoc. prof. and head Y. Y. Tsu, hon, assist. professor R. M. Cross, hon. instructor Dept. of Histy. & Philosophy of Relig
T.Y.W. Jen, assist. prof. & actg, head Y. Ch'en, lecturer
C. C. Wu, lecturer P. C. Hsu, instructor T. G. Hsu,
Dept. of Religious Education and
Psychology of Religion
T. T. Lew, professor and head Mrs. G. B. Barbour, hon. assist. prof. Dept. of Worship and Preaching
E. J. Bentley, assist. professor and
acting head
G. D. Wilder, hon. professor Dept, of Church Admin. and Polity (temporarily in charge of the Dean) A. B. Marshall, hon. treasurer and
registrar of the school
G. D. Wilder
Department of Sacred Music
B. M. Wiant, instructor & actg. head
The Colleges of Arts and Sciences
Mrs. M. S. Frame, dean, College of
Arts and Sciences for Women Wm. Hung, dean, College of Arts and
Sciences for Men
T. H. Ch'en. associate dean, College
of Arts and Sciences for Men
I.-Language and Literature Group
Department of Chinese
Committee
on reorganization- President Stuart (chairman), Dean Lew, Dean Hung, Ch'en Che-fu and Chou Tso-jen
Ch'en Che-fu,
Chou Tso-jen,
Shen Yin mo,
assist. prof.
lecturer
Shen Shib yuan,
Wu Lei-chuan, professor
Shen Chien-szu,
instructor
Yu Cheng-chih, do.
Yu Ping-po, instructor Hsu Chu-cheng, do. Hsu Ti-shah,
Department of English
B. F. Marsh, jr. instr. and actg. head T. E. Breece, assoc, prof. and head G. M. Boynton, do.
Mrs. C. Zwemer, instructor
A. James,
R. M. Bartlett,
A. Stryker, instructor
(absent)
Mrs. T. E. Ennis, hon. instructor Geo. R. Loehrs, instructor M. B. Speer,
Mrs. A. B. Marshall, do.
Department of European Languages
L. E. Wolferz, assoc. prof. and head Mrs. Ph. de Vargas, honorary
assistant professor
H. de Tscharrer, instructor II.--Natural & Physical Sciences Group
Department of Biology
A. M. Boring, prof. and actg. head Ray C. Taster, instructor T. Y. Ch'en,
Frederika Chiang, do. Paul R. J. Lu,
S. Y. Chu, hon. instructor (Central
Hospital)
Department of Chemistry
S. D. Wilson, professor and head J. M. Gibb, associate professor
(director, construction bureau) E. O. Wilson, associate professor E. Anderson, assistant professor C. P. Ts'ao, instructor
T. C. Wang, do. (absent) L. S. Tsai, grad. student assist. Lo Shih-lin,
Dept. of Geography and Geology
W.W.Davis, assoc. prof. & head (abs.) G. B. Barbour, do. and actg. head Dept. of Mathematics and Astronomy
T. H. Ch'en, professor and head E. L. Kenantz, professor
E. M. Hancock, associate professor J. Sun,
Department of Physics
C. H. Corbett, assocaite professor
and head (absent)
P. A. Anderson, instr. and actg, head Y. M. Hsieh, instructor (absent) D. K. Yang, honorary instructor P. H. Wang, assistant
Dept. of Hygiene and physical Educ.
C. Morrison, instructor and head
director of phys. for women K. A. Wee, instructor and acting
director of phys. for men
III.--Social Sciences Group Department of Economics
J. B. Tayler, prof. and head B. H. Li, instructor (absent)
Department of Political Science
Hsu Shu Hsi, associate professor
and acting head (absent)
Department of History
Wm. Hung, associate prof. and head Mrs. M. S. Frame, assoc. professor Ph. de Vargas,
Y. Ch'en, assistant professor
E. Kendall, hon. lecturer (professor
Emeritus, Wellesley College)
L. Booth, instructor
Y. K. Chang, do.
T. E. Ennis, instructor
Li Chung-hui, grad. student assist. Department of Philosophy
L. C. Porter, professor and head P. C. Hsu. lec'urer Departinent of Sociology
J. S. Burgess, assoc. prof. and head J. Dickinson, assist. prof. (abs.)
E. Durfee, hon. assist. prof. (secy.,
Y.W.C.A.)
Leonard S. Hsu, assist. professor L. Morrow, hon. instructor (secy.,
Y.W.C.A.)
L. flinckley, do.
L. Sweet,
R. J. Forbes,
Department of Psychology
T. T. Lew, professor and head C. W. Luh, professor T. C. Van, instructor
R. C. Sailer, do.
IV.-Fine and Applied Arts Group
Department of Music
R. Stahl, assist. professor and head
H. L. Gunderson, instructor
B. M. Wiant,
Department of Art
F. E. Starr, instructor Department of Home Economics C. Mills, instructor and head Department of Education
H. S. Galt, professor and head (abs.) L. C. Porter, prof. and acting head Ruth K, Y. Ch'eng, assist. prof. (abs.) E. L. Terman, assistant professor Miss Wang Sui, D. G. Tewksbury, assist. professor Miss K. M. Ch'en, instructor Mrs. T. T. Lew, hons. associate prof. E. Hobart, hon, instr. (M.E.M.) C. Wannamaker, do. (A.B.C.F.M.) Department of Journalism
R. S. Britton, instr. and actg. head V. Nash, instructor
Department of Stenographing and
Bookkeeping
C. G. Ruby, assist. prof. and head H. T. Ti, associate Department of Agriculture
W. E. Chamberlain, associate pro-
fessor and head
P. H. Dorsett, hon. lecturer (U.S.A.!
Dept. of Agriculture)
B. Eubank, instructor
H. C. Etter,
C. C. Yu, assistant
G. D. Wilder, hon. lecturer Department of Leather Tanning
H. S. Vincent, professor and head C. Y. Sun, associate
P.C. Chang, graduate student assist..
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Rhein-Elbe-Union
"Telefunken" East Asiatic Wireless
Telegraph Co.
Protos Motor Car Works
Osrain Lamp Works
SINO-GERMAN TELEGRAM Co.-15, Yen- -yao Street, East City; Teleph. 399 (East); Tel. Ad: Sinogerman
Mitchell C. L. Chang, managing
director
SINO-JAPANESE CULTURAL WORKS-89
Nan Chi-tze
A. Segawa, Japanese resident com-
C. Hayashi, assistant
SKIOTIS, BROS. & Co. (Successors to Galatis Tobacco Association), General Tobaccon- ists, Cigar and Cigarette Importers and General Merchants-11, Hatamen St.; Teleph. 3309 (East); Tel. Ad: Skiotis
P. D. Skiotis, manager
N. D. Skiotis
SLIGH & Co., J., Tailors and Outfitters Morrison Street; Teleph. 953 (East)
STANDARD OIL CO. OF NEW YORK-Tungtan Pilow Ertiao Hutung; Telephs. 1528 and 1580 (Tung Chü); Tel. Ad: Socony
R. C. Jackson
A. G. McKerrow
SULLIVAN & Co., J., Auctioneers, Valuers
and Commission Agents-Morrison St.;; Teleph. 1226
J. Sullivan
K. C. Chen
SUN LIFE ASSURANCE Co. oF CANADA- 40, Teng Shih Kau; Teleph. 2290 (East); Tel. Ad: Sunbeam
TALATI & Co., JAMES, Furniture Manufac- turers, General Merchants and Commis- sion Agents-Teleph. 1068 (East); Tel. Ad: Talati
J. M. Talati
PEKING TIENTSIN
"TASS" NEWS AGENCY, Telegraphic Agency of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics-Legation Street; Teleph. 374 (East); Tel. Ad: Tass
THOMSON & Co., Chartered Accountants- 5, Tung Tsung Hutung; Teleph. 3245 (E.O.); Tel. Ad: Scrutiny; Code: A.B.C. 5th edn.
C. H. Bell, A.C.A.
R. C. B. Fennell, A C.A. E. S. Wilkinson, A.C.A. G. A. Buyers, C.A. L. T. Beddow, A.C.A. Leslie Stedman, A.C.A.
J. W. Cook, F.A.A., local representative
TIPPER & Co., Insurance Agents-131, Wang-fu-ching-ta-chich; Teleph. 624(E.); Tel. Ad:Sunbeam; Codes: A.B.C. 5th edn.
H. F. Henningsen
Agencies
China Mutual Life Insurance Co.
South British Insurance Co.
Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada
Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corpn.
艾利烏 U-li-man
ULLMANN & Co., J., Jewellers, Diamond
Merchants, Watchmakers - Regine's
Buildings, Legation Street West; Teleph. 1471; Tel. Ad: Ullmann
安保 Pao-an
UNION INSURANCE SOCIETY OF CANTON,
LTD.-4, Mei Chia Hutung; Teleph. 3955 (East); Tel. Ad: Union
H. C. B. Way, branch manager
G. W. Frodsham & Co., Ld.
VICKERS, LIMITED, Builders of all Types of Naval and Merchant Vessels and Machinery, Aircraft, Manufacturers of all descriptions of Electrical Plant and Equipments, Diesel Engines, Machine Tools, Motor Vehicles, Cement Plants, Low Temperature Carbonisation Plants, Sporting Guns and Rifles, etc.—Tel. Ad: Vickers. Head Office: Vickers' House, Broadway, Westminster, London, S.W. 1.
VARALDA & Co., Exchange, Stock, Share
and General Brokers-98, Morrison St.;
Teleph. 1522 (East); Tel. Ad: Varalda
Heng Pin Cheng Chin Yin Hang
YOKOHAMA SPECIE BANK, LTD.-Legation
Street; Telephs. 42, 280, 281 and 462
East); Tel. Ad: Shokin
D. Nohara, manager T. Tanaka, sub-do, H. Kano, sub-do. Y. Mishima, p.p. do.
T. Kikuchi
M. Morita
S Kitagawa H. Tomoda T. Itoh
S. Uchiki N. Imamiya R. Kawasaki S. Katsuigumi
YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION-
Hatamen Street; Teleph. 954 (East); Tel. Ad: Nassau; Codes used: Mission and Western Union