Directory_and_Chronicle_1910_Part_014

Private do. -R. H. R. Wade Asst. Audit Sec.-C. H. Lauru Asst. Chinese Sec.-W. H. C. Weippert Asst. Secretary-H. L. Russell Chief Accountant-H. E. Prettejohn Asst. Private Secretary-A.J. Commijs Assts.-U. Marconi, J. M. H. Osborne, A.H.Abel, H. Kishimoto, C.A. Asker, R. S. Campbell, E. Bernadsky, R. M. Talbot, M. E. Weatherall

Clerk of Works--C. B. Mears At London

Non-Residt. Sec.-E. B. Hart Assistants-L. Sandercock, E. Ensor Office Keeper-H. Sinstadt Office Boy-G. E. Davis

At Shanghai

Act. Stat. Sec.-J. L. Chalmers

Deputy Com. (additional) L. Lepissier Act. Asst. Stat. Sec. Ting I-hsien Assistant-D. M. Pecorini Typist-Miss C. Taylor

DEUTSCH-ASIATISCHE BANK

H. Cordes, manager

Alfred J. Eggeling, agent

Paul Offermann,

Wm. Pantring, assistant

報電東大 Tai Tung Dan-bo

EASTERN EXTENSION, AUSTRALIA & CHINA

TELEGRAPH Co., LIMITED

F. W. Edwards, controller

T. K. Waugh, assistant

記仁 Rin Chce

FORBES & Co., William, Merchants, Offices

at Grand Hotel des Wagon-Lits; Tel.

No. 811; Tel. Ad: Rinchee

A. C. Henning, signs per pro.

Agencies

China Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.

Law Union & Crown Insurance Co.

Cie des Messageries Maritimes Cie des Chargeurs Reunis

Ben Line of Steamers

Eastern & Australian S. S. Co., Ltd. Manufacturers' Life Insurance Co. China Navigation S. S. Co. Indo-China S. S. Co. Nippon Yusen Kaisha

Yangtsze Marine Insurance Assn., Ltd.

FOSSION, M., agent for A. Chazalon & Co.

GATRELL, T. J. N., M.D., F.R.G.S., Chinese Secretary to the Peking Syndicate, Ltd.

GENERAL HOTEL DES WAGON LITS, LTD.,

Tel. Ad: Wagonlits

Wm. Trendel, manager

Karl Klarer, assistant manager Mrs. Trendel, matron

GERMANIA KELLER

C. Thomas

GREAT NORTHERN TELEGRAPH Co., LTD.,

of Denmark

D. S. Münter, controller

J. C. Gough

C. A Petersen

M. M. Armand

E. Rosenorn-Lanng

H. T. Langebak

Hui-feng

HONGKONG & SHANGHAI BANKING CORPY.

E. G. Hillier, C.M.G., agent

J. K. Grant

R. E. Sedgwick

H. E. Blunt

HOTEL DE PEKIN, Teleph. No. 581; Tel. Ad:

Italo, Peking; Code A.B.C. 5th Edition

B. Russo, proprietor

HOTEL DU NORD Co.; Tel. Ad: Nord;

Teleph. 720

JAMESON, C. D., Mem. Am. Soc. C. E, Supervising Engineer and Architect of the Wai Wu Pu

JEANRENAUD, CHS.

Chang-hsien-sheung

KARIUS, General Agent

弗羅祁 Shi-lo-fu

KIERULFF & Co., P., Commission Agents

J. Kruger

H. Westphal

Alf. Sauer

R. Walzmann, D. Wrage

W. Westphal

Agencies

Hamburg Fire Insurance Co. of 1877 Magdeburg Fire Ins. Co.

Netherlands Insurance Company

L'ECHO DE PEKIN, French Journal Demoulain & Cie., proprietors

LEGATIONS

署公差欽國加馬斯澳大

Ta Ao-ssú-ma-chia-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

Envoy Extdy, and Minister Plenipo.-

E. Ritter von Kuczynski

Secretary of Legation-W. Ritter von

Secrétaire Interprète-L. Bauer Archiviste-K. Kristinus

Eleve Interpréte—K. Pindór

Commander Legation Guard-Capt.

von Mallinarich

Physician-Dr. R. Suda

Ta Pei-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai fu

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary-Baron

Councillor E. de Relle de la Nieppe

Vice-Consul-F. Gobert

Interpreter-Alb. Houyet

Ta Fa-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu

Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre

Plénipo.-S. Exc. M. de Margerie

Premier Secrétaire d'Ambassade-

M. Boissonnas

Deuxième Secrétaire d'Ambassade-

M. Jesse-Curely

Troisième Secrétaire d'Ambassade-

Prince de Bearn

Vice-Consul, Premier Interprète--

M. Blanchet

Vice-Consul, Deuxième Interprète-

M. Veroulart

Vice-Consul, Chancelier-M. Gachet Elève-Interprete -M. Bradier Eleve-Inte prète-M. Fromage Attache Militaire - Commandant

Brissaud Desmaillet

Lieut. de Vaisseau, Attaché Naval-

M. Martinie

Médecin de la Légation-M. Hazard Chef de Bataillon-Pernot

Capitaines-Savin, Schmoll

Lieuts. Defontaine, de Laroche

Brochard, Leblanc, Paoli

Médecin Aide-Major de le Classe--

Duperron

府國德大 Ta-tak-huo-fu

Envoy Extraordinaire et Ministre Plénipotentiaire-S. Exc. Graf

Premier Secrétaire-Graf Luxburg-

2e Secrétaire Comte Einsiedel

Wolkenburg

Attaches

Iv. Vietinghoff

Uv. Hinuber

Secrétaire-Interpréte - M. Krebs Interprète-M. le Dr. Hauar Chancelier de la Légation Conseiller

Aulique-M. Dobrikow

Secrétaire de Chancellerie--M. Bahr Attaché Militaire--M. le Major von

Westernhagen

Att. Mil. Adj.--M. le Capitaine

Médecin-major,

Médecin de la

Légation-M. le Docteur Gelinsky

M. Bragard

M. Wagner

Elves Interprètes

M. C. Dr. Kuhn

M. Baker

Commandant la Garde de la Légation

-M. le Capt. Dinkehmann

Ta Ying-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu

GREAT BRITAIN

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoty. Sir J. Jordan, K.C.B.,

K.C.M.G.

Councillor of Embassy-W. G. Max

Military Att.-Lt.-Col. Willoughby Chinese Sec.-C.W. Campbell, C.M.G. Commercial Attaché-W. P. Ker Second Secretary-J. Addison Third do. -W. Seeds

Assist. Chinese Secty.-H. Phillips Vice-Consul & Acct.-C. C. A. Kirke Assistant-P. G. Jones

-J. F. Brenan

Do. -E. Teichman Officiating Chaplain-Rt. Rev. C. P. Scott, D.D., Bishop of North China Physician-G. D. Gray, M.D. Student Interpreters-G. P. Byrne, A. D. Blackburn, E. W. P. Mills, A H. Genge, H. W. Gammon, J. C. Hill, S. P. Bryant, V. Fitzmaurice

Commander Legation Guard-

Lt. Col. Anderson

Sergeant of Escort-T. Pearson

Ta I-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu

Minister-G, C. Vinci

First Secy.-Cav. G. Brambilla

First Secy. & Interptr.-B. G. Vitale

Second Secy.-Cav. M. Bensa

Attache Militaire-Major Caviglia Comdr. of Guard-Comdr. Spagua Doctor-L. L. di Guira

署公差欽國本日大

Ta Jih-pen-kuo Ch’in-ch'ia Kung-shu JAPAN

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary ---Hikokichi Ijuin

First Secretary-Kumatoro Honda Second Secy.--Takanori Okohira Third Secy.-Yosuke Matsuska Attaché-Naokichi Mattunaga Sec. Interpreter-Toru Takawo Chancellor-Kintaro Kondo,

Interpreters - W. Hiratsuka Κ.

Military Attaché Major General N.

Assistant Attaché-Major S. Honjo Naval Attache—Comdr —T. Masuda

Commander of Legation Guard-

Lt. Col. J Doi

Physician-Surgeon-Major Kentaro

Ta Ho-lan-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai hung-shu NETHERLANDS

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary-JonkeerBeelaerts

van Blockland

Chargé d'Affaires--W. J. Oudendijk

J G Robbers, civil engr. and architect

Comdr. Legation Guard--Captain,

J. van Haaften

署公差欽國洋西大

Ta Si-iang-kuo Ch'in ch'ai Kung-shu

PORTUGAL

Minister-Barao de Sendal (absent)

Chargé d'Affaires Martinho de

Brederode

Chinese Secretary-J. V. Jorge

Ta Ngo-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary J. Korostovetz

1st Secretary--Vacant

Second Secretary-Vacant

Do. D. I.-Abrikossoff

Military Agent-Colonel Korniloff

Military Agent's Staff-Capt. V. N. Sharenberg, Capt. K.A.Kremenetz- ky, Capt. M. M. Roumiantzoff First Interpreter--N.Th. L. Kolessoff Second Interpreter-J.P.Kourdiaieff Physician-Dr. Jarovitsky Student Interpreters-C.Ouspensky,

A. Tujiline, L. W. S. Brunnert, V. V. Hagelstrom, A. W. Shroot, Postmaster-F. Ch. Reiss

Commander Legation Guard

Lieut. G.E. Macieuski

Naval Agent-A. Woskrenensky

署公差欽國牙尼巴斯日大 Tu Jih-ssú-pa-ni-ya-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary--Vacant

First Secretary-Vacant

Ta Mei-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary-

First Sec. & C.Affaires-H.P Fletcher Naval Attache-Capt. J. H. Reeves,

Chinese Secretary-C. D. Tenney Asst. Chinese Secty.-W. R. Peck Student Interpreters-Esson M.Gale Mahlon F. Perkins, Raymond P. Tenney, Horace Remillard, George C. Hanson

Clerk- Frederick T. Faulkner, Commandant--Lieut-Col. G.Barnett,

U.S.M.C.

Legation Guard-Capt. T. Holcomb,

Jr. Lieut. F. C. McConnell, Lieut. L. W. T. Waller, Surgeon W. D. Owens

LUDWIG, O., Storekeeperand Gen. Merchant

MAGAZZINO, Wine Store

P. Cattaneo, proprietor

MARZOLI,E.Calcareous Brick Manufacturer,

Tientsin Peking

E. Marzoli C. Bulgheroni

M. Dangels

MISSIONS

Building Materials

For Protestant Missions see end of China

Directory

堂主天 Tien-chu Tang

FRENCH ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSION

Mission Catholique de Pékin et Tche

ly Nord (Lazaristes)

Mgr. S. Jarlin, evèque de Phar-

boetos, vicaire-apostolique Rev. Dumond, vicaire-general Rev. J. Ponzi

Rev. J. Capy Rev. E. Déhus Rev. T. Bantegnie Rev. Flament Rev. G. Bafcop Rev. A. Ducoulombier

Rev. G. Vanhersecke Rev. J. M. Planchet Rev. J. Fabrègues Rev. Cotta Rev. J. Corset Rev. F Desrumaux Rev. J. de Vienne Rev H. Verhaeren Rev. V. Lebbe Rev. Lignier Rev. G. Rembry Rev. Ceny

Rev. Raaymaakers Rev. Delaigue Rev. Giacone Rev. Chocqueel

Rev. J. Gaste

Rev. Dehouck

Rev. Montaigne Rev. Ferreux Rev. Barrue Rev. Begassat

Rev. Tiberghien Rev. Fleury Rey. Ducarme Rev. Fabre Rev. Magne Rev. H. Barrault Rev. Acosta Rev. Lefaki

Rev. A. Lasagna Rev. Gregoire Rev. Beaubis Rev. Vincent

Rev. Garnier

Rev. Levêque

Rev. Flandin

Rev. Routaboul

Rev. Varlan

62 Prètres indigènes

Frère A. Maes

Frere Remy

Frère A. Denis

Frère Longueepée

Frere Van-Stiggel

Frére Van den Brandt

RUSSIAN GREEK CHURCH MISSION

Bishop Innocent, chief of the Russian

Ep. Mission in China

Rev. Abraham Schasovnikoff Rev. Simon Vinogradoff

Rev. Paul Figourowsky

Rev. Amorosy

Rev. Sergius

Deacon Nicon

Deacon Pitirim

Monk Patermuthy

Do. Perféry Do. Anthony Do. Milissen Theodore Wlasoff Georgy Soludanaff Monk Anikita

堂慈仁 Jen-tze Tang

SISTERS OF CHARITY, Maison de l'Im-

maculée Conception

Jen-tse Tang Orphanage

7 European 8 Chinese sisters

Chinese Hospital, St. Vincent-five European and five Chinese sisters Pekin Hospital, St. Michel-Seven European and three Chinese sisters

MOORE, J. M., agent

MORRISON, Dr. G. E., "Times "Correspd't

NICOLAS ET Cie., G.

G. Nicolas, proprietaire

Te-mou-lun

PEKING COMMERCIAL AGENCY, Import and

Export; Tel. Ad: Demoulain

PEKING CLUB

Col. J. H. Abbot-Anderson, president

H. Phillips, hon. secretary

H. E. Lowther, manager

PEKING ELECTRIC CO., LD., THE; Offices: Legation Str.; Tel. Adr: Legationco; Telephones: Offices 850, Works C97 Curt Lorenz, manager

M. Fechner, engineer

C. Huebner, engineer

R. Wegmann

Arnhold Karberg & Co., Peking, gen.

managers

PEKING HORSE BAZAAR

J. Lunini

局商藝工廠璃琉京托

Pe-king-liu-li-chang-kung-yi-shung-chi

PEKING INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTION, THE

H. E. Hwang Sze-yung, dir.-general Tao-Tai Hwang Chung-huei, director Wang Lin-goh, secretary

Pe-king-shak-yan-ku

PEKING LITHOGRAPHIC Co.

T. Matsumura, manager

Ching-hua-pau

PEKING MANDARIN PAPER, THE,

The Peking Industrial Institution "

Hwang Chung-huei, editor and propr.

PEKING SYNDICATE LIMITED, Mines and

Railways, Honan, North China

John P. Kenrick, engineer in chief

Pe-king-yin-kuen-kong-shu

PEKING TOBACCO Co.

C. A. Cooke

Jules Bigel

Ching-tu Ilui-wen Ta-shueh otng

PEKING UNIVERSITY

Board of Trustees, New York, U.S.A.

Bishop D. A. Goodsell, D.D., LL.D.,

president

S. O. Benton, D.D., secretary

Charles H. Taft, treasurer

J. M. Buckley, D.D., LL.D. Henry C. M. Ingraham

H. K. Carroll, LL.D.

Wm. V. Kelley, D.D.

John Fanklin Goucher, D.D. J. R. Joy

Union Medical College

Thomas Cochrane, M.B., C.M., Dean N. S. Hopkins M.D., 0. et A., Chair-

man (absent)

James H. Ingram, M.D.

George D Lowry, M.A., M.D. Charles Lewis, M.A., M D.

E. J. Peill, M B.,

EDIN. (absent)

CH.B., F.R.C.S.,

C. W. Young, B.S., M.D.

W. H. Graham Aspland, M.D., C.M.

F.R.C.S,EDIN., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,LOND. F. J. Hall, B.A., M.D.

H. V. Wenham, M.B.,B.S., F.R.C.S., ENG.

Lecturers

Dugald Christie, F.R.C.P., L.R.C.S. B. L. L. Learmonth, M B., C.M. George Douglas Gray, M.D. G. W. Hamilton, M A., M.D. Thomas W. Ayers, M.D.

E. J. Stuckey, B.S., M.B., CH.B. William McClure, B.A., M.D. Francis F. Tucker, B.S., M.D. Alex. L. Baxter, M B., CH.B. Ts'ao Yung Kuei, M.D., Li Shao Tsu

Sidney Peill, M B., CH.B. Thomas Bragg, L.R.C.P. & S.

College of Liberal Arts

Rev. H. H. Lowry, M.A.,D.D., presi- dent, professor of Biblical Theology Rev. H. E. King, M. A., M. PD., vice- president, professor of History and Political Science (absent) Rev. I. T. Headland, M.A., PH.D., S.T.B., prof. of Mental and Moral Science (absent)

Miss Alice Terrell, B.L., prof. of Math.

(absent)

Mrs. H. E. King,B.A., M.PD., professor

of English (absent)

J. MacGregor Gibb, Jr.,B.A., professor

of Chemistry

Walter W. Davis, B.A., professor of

Physics (absent on leave)

Wang Chih P'ing, prof. of Chinese

Literature

Ch'en Wei Ch'eng, M.A., assistant

professor of English

Ch'en Tsai Hsin, B A., assistant pro-

fessor of Mathematics

Li Pien Lu, B.A., instructor in English

and History

Lu Luan Sheng, Kung Sheng, in- structor in Chinese History and Composition

Sung Yu Shu, Lin Sheng, instructor

in Chinese Composition Chou Fu Ch'uan, B A, instructor in

English and Geography

Li Shih Tsun, instructor in Geogra-

phy and Physiology

Sun Jung, B.A., instructor in Math. Chang Shou Ping, Kung Sheng,

instructor in Chinese Classics Yang Jung Hsuan, B.A., instructor in

Mathematics

Sun Yueh, instructor in Mathematics Rev. Lin Fang, B.A., instructor in

Biblical Literature

SHANSI GOVERNMENT UNIVERSITY, Tai- yuanfu (founded 1901); P. O. Address via Tientsin

Governor of Shansi, chancellor Rev. Timothy Richard, D.D., LITT. D.,

chancellor

Hoie Yung Lee, director Rev. W. E. Soothill, principal Louis R. O. Bevan, M.A., LL.B., vice

principal and prof. of Law Erick Nystrom, B.Sc.. prof. of Science A. W. Warrington, M.Sc., prof. of

E. H. Cartwright, prof. of Languages N.T. Williams, B.SC.,M.I M.E., professor

of Mining

Nine Chinese assistant professors

POST OFFICES

Postmaster-W. Roy

Assistant-Etoret

Postmaster-E. H. Mehl

IMPERIAL CHINESE

Postal Commissioner-E. Tollefsen Assistants-D McLorn, F. A. Nixon Acting District Postmaster-J. L.

McDowall (Sianfu)

Acting Deputy Postmasters-N. J. Blix (Kaifeng), F. B. Tolliday (Taiyuan)

PEKING-TIENTSIN

Dist. Inspr.-P. Petersen (Sinkiang) Postal Officers-E. E. Encarnacao,

F. L. Tuck

JAPANESE

Director-K. Sugino

Senior Clerk-M. Nakagawa

Assistants-M. Takahashi, K. Matsu-

zaki, M. Okami

Postmaster-K. Reiss

府李 Li-fu

RAFIQUE & Co., General Merchants and

Commission Agents; Tel. Ad: Rafique

S. M. Rafique

M. S. Ayer

S. A. Ansari

REUTER'S NEWS AGENCY

A. Cotter, agent

RUSSO-CHINESE BANK

E. Wilhfahrt, manager

S. de Jastrzembski, signs per pro.

A. Lambelet du Bois

D. Rahinsky

RUSSO-CHINESE SCHOOL

J. Brandt,

1st teacher

A. Weinstick, 2nd do. T. Verevkin, 3rd do.

SCHINDLER, Professor

SINGER SEWING MACHINE Co.

SYLVA, J. A., Commission Agent

TABAQUERIA FILIPINA, Importers of Cigars,

Cigarettes, Tobaccos and Smokers' Sun-

dries; 3,429, Hatamen St.

W. S. Wood, manager

P. C. Ching, signs per pro.

C. H. Chang

F. C. Ning

TE HSING TANG PRINTING OFFICE

Shigesaku Ichiyama, proprietor

T. Ichiyama, manager

TELEGRAPHS, IMPERIAL CHINESE

V. Petersen, superintendent

VRARD & Co., Jewellers

WANNIECK, L., Importers and Exporters

E. Dumetier, sign per pro.

Jules Bigle

Shin-lovng

WARDROPER, W. S., & Co., Merchants.

行銀金正濱横

Heng-Pin-Cheng-Chin-Yin-Hong

YOKOHAMA SPECIE BANK, Limited; Tel.

Ad: Nabekra

S. Jissoji, manager

S. Ishimaru, signs per pro.

Y. Nakagawa

M. Okamoto

F. Machino

Y. Ikeda

會年青敎督基京北

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION OF

R. R. Gailey, M.A., general secretary

D. W. Edwards, M.A., associate secretary J. S. Burgess, B.A.,

L. D. Frollick, army secretary

TIENTSIN

津天 Tien-tsin

Tientsin is situated at the junction of the Yun Ho or Hwae River, better known as the Grand Canal, with the Pei-ho in Lat. 39 deg. 4 min. N., Long. 117 deg. 3 min. 56 sec. E. It is distant from Peking by road about 80 miles, but the bulk of the enormous traffic hetween the two cities is now by the railway, which was opened in 1897, and the line doubled in November, 1898. Tientsin was formerly a place of no importance and till recently had few historic associations; till the end of the Ming dynasty (1644 A.D.) it was only a second rate military station, but at the northern terminus of the Grand Canal it gradually assumed commercial importance, and by the end of the seventeenth century had become a great distributing centre. junks ceases at Tientsin, and this made it the emporium for the very large The navigability of the Pei-ho for sea-going quantities of tribute rice yearly sent up to the capital, after the Grand Canal shoale! up so

up so as to be unfit for carriage in bulk. The trade of the city was imperilled by the silting up of the Pei-ho, but a river improvement scheme of some magnitude was inaugurated in 1898 under Mr. A. de Linde, and the Peace Protocol

TIENTSIN

of 1901 contains clauses which constitute a Board of Conservancy (now in existence) and the provision of fairly liberal funds for the maintenance of the works. It is, however. generally believed that no lasting success will attend the remedial measures until steps are taken to deal with the Taku Bar by permanent dredging; meanwhile by closing the canals and creeks which take off most of the flood tide, by giving a larger radius of curvature to the bends, and by widening the Reach, and making three cuttings to straighten the river, its navigability has been greatly ameliorated. Work on the bar was commenced during 1906, the Shipping Companies and British Municipality having come to terms in regard to financing the work. A channel of some depth has been made with lakes and is now being used by vessels as it offers an additional 14 inches depth of water. In January, 1909, a conservancy scheme received the sanction of the Diplomatic Body at Peking and the Chinese Government involving the raising of a loan of Tls. 870,000 to cover initial expenditure on tugs for raking the bar, a complete dredging plant for the bar, and a second dredger for making a fourth cutting in the river. The service of the loan and the annual running expenses will be met by an increased levy of river dues on cargo and by a shipping tax. The trade of the city no longer depends entirely on this route, however. The railway now carries nearly 50 per cent. of the city's trade with the interior, and railway development generally in the district. promises to make the trade less dependent upon the river. Chinwangtao makes an excellent winter jetty.

The expeditions of the allies in 1858-61 greatly enhanced the importance of the city, as it then proved to be the military key of the capital and an excellent base. It was here on June 26th, 1858, that Lord Elgin signed the treaty which was to conclude the war, but which unhappily led to its prolongation. The famous temple in which the treaty was signed, about a mile distant from the West gate, was destroyed by British shells in July, 1900.

During the long satrapy of Li the trade and importance of the city developed exceedingly. Li, by the vigour of his rule, soon quelled the rowdyism for which the Tientsinese were notorious throughout the empire, and as he made the city his chief residence and the centre of his many experiments in military and naval education, it came to be regarded as the focus of the new learning and national reform. The foreign affairs of China were practically directed from Tientsin during the two decades 1874-94.

The city will ever be infamous to Europeans from the massacre of the French Sisters of Mercy and other foreigners on June 21st, 1870, in which the most appalling brutality was exhibited; as usual the political agitators who instigated the riot got off. The Roman Catholic Cathedral, which was destroyed on that occasion, was rebuilt, and the new building was consecrated in 1897, only to again fall a victim to Boxer fury in 1900. The building occupied a commanding site on the river bank. All the missions and many of the foreign hongs had agencies in the city prior to the debacle of 1900.

The population is reputed to be 1,000,000, but there is no statistical evidence to justify such large figures. The city walls were quadrate and extended about 4,000 feet in the direction of each cardinal point; during the year 1901 they were entirely demolished and replaced by fine open boulevards under the orders of the Foreign Military Provisional Government. This body has further bunded the whole of the Hai Ho (Pei-ho) and effected other numberless urban improvements. The advent of foreigners has caused a great increase in the value of real estate all over Tientsin, and as new industries are introduced every year, the tendency is still upward.

Li Hung-chang authorised Mr. Tong Kin-seng to sink a coal shaft at Tong Sha (60 miles N.E. of Tientsin) in the 'seventies; this was done and proved the precur- sor of a railway, which was later extended to Shanhaikwan for military purposes, and from thence round the Gulf of Liau Tung to Kinchow; 1900 saw this line pushed on to Newchwang. In 1897 the line to Peking was opened, and proved such a success that the line had to be doubled in 1898-9. A side station for the Tientsin City was opened in 1904, and in 1905 the station was built of white sandstone bricks made at Huangsue by an Italian called Marzoli who had opened a brick factory on a large scale. From Feng-tai, about 7 miles from the capital, the trans-continental in to Hankow branches off. This line was completed and opened to traffic in November, 1905. In 1900 the violence of the Boxers was chiefly directed against the railways, of which were more or less destroyed, but under British, French, and Russian military administration they were afterwards all restored to their former efficiency. As usual, the railway has brought all sorts of foreseen and unforeseen contingencies with it. Farmers up near Shanhaikwan are supplying fruit and vegetables to Tientsin. An

TIENTSIN

enormous trade in pea-nuts (with Canton) has been created. Coal has come extensively into Chinese household use the foreign residents are developing a first-rate watering place at Pei-tai-ho on the Gulf of Pe-chi-li, and all the various industries of the city have been stimulated.

Brick buildings are springing up in all directions and the depressing-looking adobe (mud) huts are diminishing.

Foreigners formerly lived in three concessions, British, French, and German, which fringed the river below the City and covered an area of less than 500 acres. The Japanese took up a concession in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. They filled in land, laid out new streets and built a large number of houses in foreign style. During 1901 Russia, Belgium, Italy, and Austro-Hungary all appropriated large areas on the left bank of the Hai-ho as future Settlements, while the existing concessions extended their boundaries very considerably. These developments have thrown all present and future landing facilities for direct sea-going traffic into Foreign hands. The concessions have excellent and well-lighted roads, with an electric tramway system. The British Municipality has a handsome Town Hall, completed in 1889; adjoining there is a well kept public garden, opened in the year of Jubilee and styled Victoria Park. An excellent recreation ground of ten acres has been developed, and three miles distant there is a capital race-course, one of the best in China, with a grand stand and stables not to be found in any other port. There are many hotels, two clubs (Tientsin Club and Concordia, the latter chiefly German), two excellent libraries and three churches (Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Union). Electric lighting was introduc- ed in June, 1905.

Distilling is one of the largest local industries; it is chiefly from kowliang (sorghum) or millet. Although a spirit, it is called "wine," and is exported to the south in large quantities. The manufacture of coarse unrefined salt by the evaporation of sea water is also carried on near Taku; the produce is stacked some distance down river at the first cutting, where all the salt junks now go. It was formerly stacked on the river bank opposite the British concession, and sometimes gave off very offensive smells, rendering life a burden. The trade in salt is a Government monopoly. In 1908 the export of salt was 1,500,000 cwts. as against some 40,000 cwts. in 1907, the increase being entirely due to shipments to the Yangtse region, which had hitherto been supplied from other sources. Carpets, shoes, glass, coarse earthenware, and fire- works are also made in large quantities in the city, but Tientsin is at present essen- tially a centre for distribution and collection rather than for manufacture. The exports include coal, wool (from Kokonor, Kansuh, etc.), bristles, straw braid, goat skins, furs, wine, etc. The export trade is a creation only some 15 or 20 years old, and is largely due to foreign initiative. Wool cleaning and braid and bristle sorting are the chief industries in the foreign hongs except those of the Russians, who are ex- clusively engaged in the transit of tea. The imports are of the usual miscellaneous nature: arms, tea for the Desert and Siberia, mineral oil, matches, and needles figure next to piece goods. The fine arts are unknown to the Tientsinese except in the shape of cleverly-made mud-figures; these are painted and make really admirable statuettes, but are difficult to carry away, being remarkably brittle.

The export coal trade may be expected to develop rapidly, as the Chinese Corpora- tion has been replaced by a strong combination of British and Belgian capitalists registered as an English limited liability company. The output and sale of the Kaiping collieries is about 1,250,000 tons a year, of which about 280,000 tons annually is brought to Tientsin for disposal to local consumers and to native craft navigating the Grand Canal and other inland waterways. Tientsin is practically the only sea out- let for the entire trade of the provinces of Chihli, Shansi, Shensi, Kansuh, and part of Honan, with a population not far short of 100,000,000, but the trade of the port has de- clined substantially since 1906. Following are the comparative statistics for the years

1906, 1907 and 1908 :-

Net total imports—

Total exports of local origin

1908. Tls. 64,422,439 Tls. 61,208,744 Tls. 35,903,450

26,616,808 21,825,308

18,317,007 17,253,215

24,724,132 19,144,941

Net value of trade of port.... Tls. 112,864,555 Tls. 96,778,966 Tls. 79,772,523 Tientsin played a great part in the history of China during the momen- to years of the Boxer outbreak; after the capture of the Taku Forts and its own relief from twenty-seven days' siege in June-July, 1900, it became the primary base for the Allied invasion of North China.

As the centre of the

incurred the particular

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odium of the Boxers, and was the first object of their attack when they left Paotingfu at the end of May. They arrived in the city at the beginning of June and at once overawed the provincial authorities; indeed the latter promptly entered into collusion with them, supplying them both with food and funds, as the cash- books captured at the Yainen later on proved. As in Peking, the actual hostilities broke out in the destruction by fire of Mission premises, and in personal attacks on those suspected of association with foreigners. "So great was the animosity towards the latter, that great numbers of the compradore clerks and shroff classes came into the Settlements to obviate certain death. The Boxers attacked the Settlements and the Railway Station in great force on the night of the 15th of June, but were easily beaten off by the 560 marines of all nationalities who had come up from the Fleet to conduct the defence. By great good fortune, as it afterwards turned out, a body of Russians, numbering 1,700 men, and including a battery of well-found artillery had been precluded from following Admiral Seymour in his gallant effort to rescue the Legations by the fact that the railway was cut: these men had perforce to remain in Tientsin. Even with their presence the fierceness and determination of the Chinese attacks were phenomenal and were with difficulty met. It is terrible to think of the disaster that might have happened had this Russian force been absent. The lines extended over a length of two miles, exclusive of 2,000 yards of river frontage. The Chinese saw with great acumen that the key of the strategic position was at the Railway Station on the native side of the river to the east of the French Settlement, and directed all their efforts to carry it. It was here throughout that the Russiaus under Colonel Wogack did very fine service, but at one time would have yielded the position, but for the determination of the small British force under Capt. Bayly to stand their ground. Had the Station been carried, not only would the victors have been able to enfilade the Settlements with rifle fire, but they would have got a commanding position for their heavy guns, and in a day or two would have reduced the French and British Concessions to a heap of ruins. At first no fears were entertained of the Boxers, but when the defenders became aware that the Taku Forts had been attacked on the morning of the 17th of June, it was at once seen that the Tientsin foreign community was in deadly peril. The Chinese Authorities resented this act of war, and seized it as a good excuse for taking up the Boxer cause openly, and for opening fire on the Concessions. At 2 p.m. on the afternoon of June the 17th, the Chinese opened fire from a concealed battery in the City, the very existence of which was unknown, though it was universally thought to be the Black Fort or Shui-tse Ying near the viceregal Yamen. The women and children with all non-combatants at once fled to Gordon Hall, where the capacious cellars offered accommodation to a large number; there they remained for ten days. The Hall was often struck by shells, but in no case were there any casualties to European life or limb in its precincts.

The Chinese infantry, accompanied by the Boxers, made vigorous assaults on the Railway Station for the next four days, but in every case were driven off by the steadiness of the Russian defence, often supported by the British and French naval contingents. An armoured train tried to keep open the communication with Tongku, but failed. A fine attempt was also made to communicate by river: the launch unfor tunately ran ashore in the dark and its volunteer crew only reached their destination after great hardships and narrow escapes. On June 19th, Mr. James Watts, jua, volunteered to lead a party of Cossacks through the enemy's lines with despatches, and at great peril did so. This was one of the most brilliant feats of the whole campaign in North China, and Mr. Watts received the order of C.M.G. in recognition of his services which resulted in the relief of Tientsin. The defence was already running short of ammunition, and unless help came quickly it would have had to become merely passive. On this same day the attack was the most resolute, and the Chinaman reached his highest level as a fighting man. The first part of the siege lasted six days, during the course of which the Chinese succeeded in firing a considerable number of buildings in the French Concession and a few in the adjacent British Settlements. On the other hand whole tracts of the City and suburbs were destroyed by the foreign attack; the wholesale destruction of these villages became necessary as they were giving cover to the enemy's rifles.

The first part of the siege was ended by the arrival of a relief column on Saturday, June 23rd. An advance guard of Russians and American marines had left Tongku the previous Wednesday, but had been ambushed and driven back with heavy loss, aus losing a Colt gun. On Thursday they were reinforced, and after two days' continuo- fighting, in which they cleared the whole district between Tongku and Tientsin on t

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left bank of the Peiho of the enemy, they reached Tientsin and freed it from further attack on the Eastern side, besides restoring communications with the naval base. The German marines on their way up met with strenuous resistance, and had a very serious engagement near the Eastern arsenal. The Chinese were still greatly superior in artillery, and at once renewed their policy of long bowls from the north and north- east; later on, swiftly pushing their right round to the west, they placed new batteries near the Race Course and renewed their bombardment with greater vigour than ever. The one need of the Allies was heavy metal with which to cope with the Chinese Krupps; one 12-pounder had come up from the Terrible and did splendid service, but a whole battery of these fine weapons was necessary. It is the unexplained mystery of the siege why these guns and the 4" Q.F. were not sent up when Capt. Percy Scott had them all ready to land. Many valuable lives were sacrificed by this bungling at Taku. In the meantime the Allies were not idle. Early on Monday, June 25th, a column 2,000 strong, of all arms, set out to relieve Admiral Seymour, who was fighting his way back from Lang-fong, and who, by the destruction of the Railway, had been compelled to march down encumbered with many sick and wounded. The Chinese in trying to ambush his force at Hsi-ku had really been his salvation, as he had rushed that Arsenal and had found therein both stores and ammunition in vast quantities. He successfully resisted the desperate efforts to recover the place, and awaited reinforce- ments from Tientsin-the latter arrived on Monday night, June 25th-and next morning after firing the arsenal in many places, and thus diverting the attention of the Chinese, who made great efforts to save the place from the fire, he arrived in Tientsin safely with all his wounded next day, after having been lost to the world for over a fortnight. On Wednesday, June the 27th, the Eastern Arsenal was taken by the Allies, the Russians supported by the British and German Marines and by the First (British) Chinese Regiment bearing the brunt of the action. The smaller Western Arsenal had been destroyed by foreign shell fire on the previous day. Japanese troops now arrived in great numbers, and the Allies gradually assumed the offensive, though they were still markedly inferior in weight of guns. On the 3rd of July, the attack by shell and riffe was the most severe of the whole siege, and as communications with Taku by river were now open, the women and children were sent down stream, to find a refuge in Shanghai and Japan, while the much-needed quick-firers and more of the Terrible's 12-pounders were got up from Taku. On July the 9th, the Allied forces resolved to clear the enemy from the Race Course, from which for days he had been exposing them to a scathing cross fire. This was most brilliantly done by the Japanese, and was the first pitched battle in which both sides were in the open-demonstrating the utter worthlessness of the Chinese of all arms when they had no cover. They were easily beaten at all points, and made a hasty retreat into the native City after losing a complete battery of guns.

On July 13th, a frontal attack was made across the open on the South Wall of the City The Chinese were strongly posted behind the loopholed rampart, and submitted the Allies to a terrible ordeal of fire as they approached the gate. Ten per cent. of the entire force was disabled in this sanguinary fight; but early next morning the Japanese, who had again borne the brunt of the engagement, blew up the gate, and the City was at the mercy of the foreigners. It was given up to loot for one day, after which military government was established. Documents attesting the collusion of the Officials with the Boxers were found in the Yamen. From the taking of the city in 1900 to August 15th, 1902, nearly three years, Tientsin was in the possession of the allied troops, who formed a military Government which was known as the Tientsin Pro- visional Government. Each Power was represented in the Council by an officer of at least Colonel rank and under them were five Departments, viz., Secretariat, Judicial, Police, Chinese Secretariat and Public Works. All the walls, forts, arsenals, and cantonments were dismantled and razed to the ground. While the city was under the rule of the Foreign Powers many urban improvements were carried out, and these were extended under the Viceroyship of Yuan-shi-kai to whom the Government of the city was handed over on August 15th, 1902.

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