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FROM JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1842
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CHINESE REPOSITORY.
VOL. XI.
FROM JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1842.
PRINTED FOR THE PROPRIETORS.
ABEEL, Rev. D., at Kúlángsú... Adams, J. Quincy's letter. Admiral Wú visits Kearny. Alphabet of the Mantchous. Amaurosis, cases of.
American ships Panama and Kos-
ciusko..
Amherst's, lord, embassy Amherst's return from Peking.. Amherst, ship sails for the coast Amoy, the capture of the city... Amoy, the defenses of........... Amoy, notice of city of.... A'nhwui province, topography of. Ann, brig, particulars concerning Archives of the Mantchous.... Argyle's boat, the loss of the.... Argyle, the loss of reported to the
governinent.
Arins of the Mantchous Anny, instructions for an
Army of the Chinese.
Army lists in China..
Army, the British in China. Attack on British ships. Attaran schooner lost. Autumnus' boat fired on.. Aviary of the late T. Beale....
BANNERS of the Mantchons..... Bath, description of a Chinese.. Beale, death of Thomas.
505 Boats ordered from the river.. 274||Bogue forts attacked... 333 Bogue to be blockaded..
430 Bombay schooner, notices of.... 303 661 Books on coast, distribution of.. 131 Books of the Mantchous.... 429 578 Boone, Rev. W. J., at Kúlángsú 505
83||Boone, Death of Mrs.... 85 Bourchier, captain, report..
7 British authorities in China... 54,114 148||British factory, quarrels of. 294 British Seamen's hospital. 504||British forces, advance of.............. 477 307 British subjects expelled Macao. 462 British subjects banished.... 244 Brown, Rev. S. R.'s report..... 545 Burial ground in Macao..
48 Burinan envoy dies at Peking... 24
431 CABINET ministers at Peking... 53 487||Cabinet, members of the............... 296 476||Calendar for the year 1842...... 52 609 Callery's Systema Phoneticum.. 388 516 Campbell's sergeant, narrative... 335 582 Canal, notices of the Grand.... 564 354 Cancer, extirpation of a.
666 183 Cannon, manufacture of new.... 64 59 Canton at the mercy of English. 581
Canton ransomed...
582 431Catholic priests expelled Macao. 21 215 Challaye, adventure of A. C.............. 120 59hamber of Com. regulations of. 242 326 Chandeliers of the Mantchous... 428 42Chandoo or prepared opium.......... 587 676||Chapel for foreigners.
Bean curd mode of making. Beds of the Mantchous. Belleisle, troop ship arrives..... Belligerent parties, state of..... 289hapú, Mantchou Tartars of.... Bentinck, brig, alias the Plover.. 397 Chapú, capture of city of.... Bentinck's letter to gov. of Canton 2hápu, military state of... Bilbaino, the Spanish brig, burnt_469||t'hápú, its situation..
Birth, a triplicate..... Blockade established.. Blockade of the Bogue. Boats for foreigners..
10hárhár, department of........ 525||Chan Tientsioh's memorial.... 522 Chekiang, topography of.... 101,162 255}|Chief supt.'s office abolished. 189,193
Child of the Ocean, a river.... Chili province, the topograply of. Chinese national character..... Chinese lang, helps to study.. Chinese put Canton in defense.. Chinese schools at Penang. Chinese Repository begun.. Chinese thieves at Amoy,. Chinhái, the fall of..
Chinhái, authorities at......
Chinhái, an attack on.
374[Davis' qualifications for writing. 82 438 Davis writes to Palmerston... 480 Davis becomes pres. of factory. 388 Decorations of the Mantchous.. 430 582 Defenses about Canton..
176 Demands of the plenipotentiary. 512 9 Dent, Mr. Lancelot, donation... 544 150||Dent, Mr. Lancelot, demanded.. 356
61 Dicey's narrative.
115 Diseases, list of cases and...... 670 233 Dragon boats, racing of..... 436
Chinkau, destruction of opium at 458 Dreams of the Red Chamber.... 266 Chinkiáng, the battle of.... 512,518 Drought in Canton....
Chinkiáng, the department of... 220 Duties on British ships revoked.. 24 Cholera, instances of the... 130,679 Duties on the local cominerce... 183 Chrestomathy, a Chinese... 157,223
469||Easy Lessons, notice of the . 389 578 Eclipses of the sun and moon... 518 525 E. I. Co.'s rights in China cease.. 24 627 Edge-tools, mode of sharpening. 326 60||Edwards A. P. scized by Chinese 586 115 Edwards, Robert, postmaster.... 240 579 Elliot advises gov. Tang,. .. 196 124 Elliot's remarks on going to Can- 26,287
Chu's It.-gov. admonitions to people 12 EARTHQUAKE in Yunnán.... Chuenhiu, an ancient king. 616 Earthquake in Macao... Chuenpi, naval battle of.. Chuenpi attacked and taken.......... Churchill, death of lord John... Chusan, government of..... Chusan, recapture of... Chusan, authorities at... Chusan evacuated.. City-gate, notices of a visit to... City gates, scene at . Coasting vessels noticed.... 15 Elliot allowed to go to the city. 245 Cochinchina, insurrection in... 20,22||Elliot's movts. regarding peace. 581 Cochinchina, king of............... 400,675 Elliot, capt. leaves Canton.. 410 Cochinchinese langurige.
450 Elliot and Bremer leave China.. 584 Cochinchinese envoy from Hué.. 21 Elliot reported to the court,.... 242 Co-hong, the evils of the... 351 Elliot becomes chief sup..... 189,195 Commerce, plans for extending.. 128 Elliot's interview with Kishen 579,644 Commercial houses, foreign.... 55 Ellis, roy. mar. cupt., report.... 157 Commissioners, Hi-ngan, &c.... 10 Emperors of Ming dynasty. Cominissioners, their conduct... 571 Emperor's birthday anniversary.. 131 Commissioners, the joint.
515 Emperor's rescript upon treaty.. 629 Commission of H. B. Majesty. 24 Empress, death of the..... Commission of H. B. M. its policy 122 Erigone, French frigate. 64,397 Commission of H. B. M. extended 188 Evacuation of Chuenpi..... 578,644 Commission, changes in H. B. M. 128 Expedition, second, its strength. 526 Committee of Correspondence.. 244 Expeditions, the three. Committee of roads, lands, &c.. 240|| Condition of affairs in China.... Confuciu, life of..... Constellation, reminiscences of.. Constellation, U. S. frigate..... Consub list of foreign.. Coolidge, J. carried into city.... Coronor's inquest by the Nánhái Cradles of the Mentchouls. Chines of the British. Currency, regulation of the.....
Davis' Sketches of China......
76 FABLES of the poet Sú Tungpú. 139 411 Factories, three, in Canton burned 687 329||Fairy, the brig, lost on coast.... 255 183| Falsehood, an instance of.... 568
55 Famine in Kiangsi.
582 Fankwei, remarks on the term.. 325 355 Farewell, Gough's to the army....... €88 427 Fast for the inundation. 522||Fatqua's hong shut up. 129 Finance com. of E. I. C. exit of the 470 Fitzgerald, tomb of lt. Edward... 81 Flugs in Cunton struek,
Flags rehoisted at the faeteries.. Forces, British land and sex. Forces of the imperial army.... Foreigners maligned. Foreigners detained at Canton.. Foreigners all leave Canton... Formosa, barburity of officers in. Formosa, prisoners in. Formosa, rebellion in. Fortifications on the river. Forts, five new, near Canton.. France, the flag of............ Franks appear in China,.
193 Hongkong, changes ut. 116 Hongkong Gazette published... 581 476||Hongkong occupied by English. 579 193 Hong-merchants go north...... 456 356 Hong-merchants go to Chekiang. “100 56 Hong-merchants, debts of. .... 853 662 Horsburgh, capt, memorial to... 296 627 Hospital for seainen, Whampoa. 127
12 Hospital at Macno..
23 Hostility against the English 521,577 6tiowqui and Lord Napier,. . . . 27 11H Chan's offer of services...
61 Hung Lau Mung, review of.......... 266
French ships at north..... 647,670 Hápe, disturbances in....... Friend of China, No. 1. &c.... 18Huron, the American brig. BI Frigates two reach Whampoa... 70 Hwangti, portrait of.......... Fuchau fi in Pukien... Fukien, topography of... Fukien dialect, orthography. Fuhi, portrait of the emperor.... Funghwá, a visit to the city....
326 655 Hwuichau fii, prisoners at..... 639 651||Hwuilai, Dicey and companions at 639
173 ILLUSTRATIONS of men and things.
in China..
325,434 Infanticide in Fukien, female.. 507 195 Ingersoll goes to Japan.
GENERAL chamber of commerce. General Orders by Gough, 60,236,343 Innes, goods lost by,.. Goncalves', pere, death... Gordon, G. J. visits the Wiú hills Gough's arrival.
25.5 187,192
680 20,25
585 Intercourse can be easily effected 265 129 Interpreters much needed. 580 Inundation at Nanking.
Gough, sir Hugh, dispatches 148,496 Inundation in Canton... Gough leaves China.
Gov. Findlay, brig visits Fukien. 129 JANCIGNY, col. arrives. Grammar, Notices on Chinese.. 317 Japan, the Morrison's visit to... 255 Graves of foreigners in Macuo... 49Japanese from Hainan.
244 Great Wall, termination of............. 93 Japanese invade China............. 598,600 Gribble, Mr. seized at Tungkú.. 522 Japanese, eight shipwrecked.... 400 Gully beheaded on Formosa.... 684 Jardine steamer arrives. Gutzlaff's visit to city gates.... 125 Je hó, or the Hot Streams.
Junks, the seizure of...
HAILING, death of......... 479,678 Halley's comet observed... Hangchau, reinforcements at... Hangchau, its defenses... Hángchau, the defenses of.. Hángchau, the department of. Hellas, schooner attacked. Hienling, Tartar lieut.-gen. Hingtai's bankruptcy. History of the Ming dynasty Hin Naitsi dismissed.... Hobson's report of hospital.. Holgate in charge of hospital.. Honán, people at excited... Honán temple injured by fire.. Hongkong, land committee at... Hongkong, the tenure of.... Hongkong, the government of... Hongkong a free port ... ... ... ... ...
BiKANPU. its position... 342 Rauling, attack upon.... 290] Kearny, arrival of commodore 183,238 63 Keating, claims against Mr..... 130 104 Khan Khoja, ruler of Kashgar.. 145 525 Ki Kung, It.-gov. of Canton..... 679 Kiangning, the ancient capital.. 214 257 Kiángsi province, tonography of. 374 592 Kiangsu, military operations in.. 397 315 Kiangsu, the topography of..... 210 659 Kián Ping Siú chi reviewed.... 487 195 Kidnappers at Chusan. 68h Kienwan, the emperor..
23 Kinsai, the modern Hängchau 184) Kishen at Tientsin. 344| Kishen, treaty with. 144 Kishen recalled to Peking 115, Kiu Kien, notice of..........
Kiying appointe) commissioner. 675 Medhurst's report of school... Kulángsu, authorities at.......... 115 Medical Miss. Soc. 3d report... 659
Kulangsú, force at.... Kusing moon, affray at. Kumsing moon closed.. Kwan, admiral to ad. Maitland..
Kulangsu, notice of island of 154,504 Medical Mis. Soc., meeting of... 520 115,626||Med. Mis. Society's operations.. 335 23 Medical Missionary Society. 251 245||Militia, new levies of... 300 Militia, disbanding of native.... 576 Military operations of the British 289 Military forces, lists of British.. 116 380 Ming Shi reviewed................
592 307 Minglun tang, assemblages at.... 686 487 Mission, the special, to China... 114 425 Morrison, the grave of Mrs..... 48 27Morrison, death of Rev. Robt. D. D. 65 203||Morrison Ed. Soc., meeting of... 520 663 Morrison Ed. Soc.'s fourth report. 541 38 Mor. Education Soc. organized. 191 12 Mor. Ed. Society's schools..... 337 11Morrison's Dictionary, cost of... 388 202 Mowan's death..
LAKE of Hángchau, or Si hú.... Lake in Kiangsi, the Poyáng. L'Artemise, capt. La Place. Lay, G. T. review by. Lay remarks on the Mantchous Lecture of J. Quiney Adams... Legends, extra ordinery. Leprosy in China....... Lexilogus, notice of the.
Li, gov. banished to Qroamtsi.
Li. governor degraded.....
Lian Chui, notice of the..
...214 518
Light-house, one recommended.. 28 Murad beg, chief of the Usbecks 145 Lin appointed commissioner.... 350 Lin Tsesii enters Cɛnton. Lin and Tang bani: bed to thi..... Lin Tsesi's memorial... Lin Weili, the death of. Lin becomes governor. Lindsay, an attack on H. H.. Limtsing, temple at......... Ljungstedt, death of sir A.. Locusts in Kwangsi.
355 NAN Sung Chichuen reviewed.. 529 584 Nanking, notices of the city
21 Nanking, or Kiángning.. 458 Napier net by Chinese deputies. 69 524 Napier suggests a chamber of com. 68
12 Napier retires to Macao...
Locusts rise in rebellion.
Lii, the mountains of..
Lú, the death of governor.
564 Napier dies at Macao.
131 Napier and family arrive in China 25 21||Napier, a monument to lord .... 127 130 Napier's commission appointed.. 25 381||Napies's letter to the governor.. 131 Napier's fort occupied..
Napier's second letter to Palmer-
524 Napier's fort countenced..
181 Narrative of sergeant Campbell, 395 81 Naval forces, list of English.... 119
MACAO, changes in... Macao, Inner Harbor of. Macao, Matheson's donation to.. Macdonald, capt., his statements. Mackenzie's, K. S., narrative.... 613 Navy at Chápu.. Madagascar steamer burnt..... 634 Negotiations commenced. Maitland's dispatch to Elliot.... 28 Negotiations, character of Chi- Majoriban's leaves China...... Majoribanks' newyear's dinner.. Manifesto, people's rejoinder to. Manifesto of people at Canton... Manifesto by people of Tinghái.. Mantehon Tartars, account of... Mantelous, the honses of the.... Mantchon ladies...
Marine police, rules for a... Marines land in Canton.. Materialisia of Chinese.... Matheson's, Janes, donation.... McBryde, Rev. T. und family.. Medals, notice of military.
Nemesis steaner tired at 65 Nerbudda abandoned by captain 683 585 630 Nerbudda transport lost... 646 Ningpo reoccupied by Chinese.. 470 425 Ningpo, an attack on. 426 Ningpo, and its subdivisions. 434 Ningpo, the fall of...
354 Ningo, the city of, evacuated.. 342 70 Nid Kien governor, degraded.... 681 202 Niú Kien to sir Henry Pottinger 569 94 181 Notices of the Pei ho.
101 500||Notices of Hanychau. 32Notices on Chinese granmar... 317
Novel, the dreams in the R. Cham. 266||Porcelain, site of its inanufacture 380 Portraits of ancient Chinese 47,111, 174,323,337,452,616
OBSERVATION on natives.. Officers of the U. 8. squadron... 238 Portuguese gort, instructions from 191 Officers, provincial at Canton... 53 Portugnese govt. at Macao...... 54 Official intercours? forbidden........ 76 Portuguese troops go to Peking 601 Oficial papers, summary of.... 470 Post-office establishinent.... Ophthalmic hospital, report of.. 187 Potouse, U. S. frigate.. Opiun trade is not smuggling.. 190 Pottinger, sir H., proclamations 119, Opium burnt in Canton..
127) 179,184,233,230,342,397,510,512,514, Opium to be destroyed.
626,682,683,
Opium trade, Elliot's remarks on, 401|Pottinger, sir Henry's return ............ 64 356 Pottinger's, sir Hoary, arrival... 584 587: Prosses and wardrobes.. 241 Prisoners of Madagascar released 642 17 Prize money, agents for... 190,191 |Proclamation against seditious
P meetings....
Opium to be surrendered.. Opiuin, mole of smoking, . Opium, sea.ching for.. Opium, trade in, dourishing. Opium, memorials on,... Opium trade begun on the coast Opium, legislation on.. Opium, opposition against. Opium, pledge not to deal in........... Opium, 20,283 chests, surrendered Opium, Elliot's notice of............. . . Opium, memorials against. Opium, edicts against. Opiuin-smoking in Penang. Orthography, the new system of. Oxus, journal to the river..
PAGODA, the porcelain..
214 Provinces, divisions of the eighteen 46 297 Pwanku, a portrait of.... 360.
365 Quix goes to the eastern coast. 254 346 Quin, capt. in II. B. M. S. Raleigh 130 345
6,7||Rebellios in Kwangtung.
587 Register, the commencement of. 181 28 Regulations, new and restrictive 128 142 Relation with foreigners..
Relations, British, state of. 215,680 Reminiscences of the U. S. frigate
Constellation.
Palmerston's instruction to Napier 22 Pamir, the situation of... Parapattan, school at..
113 Reply to lord W. C. Bentinck... 4 231 Residents, lists of foreign... 55
Parker, sir William, dispatches 152,501 Retrospection.. 1,65,121,185,241,297,
Parker's, admiral, arrival. . Parsee graves in China... Passes of the Great Wall..... Pay of the Mantchou officers... Peace, items of the treaty of.......... Peacock, U. S. ship.
Pei ho, notices of the....... Pei ho, anchorage off the. Peking, notices of the city Peking, situation of.... Peking, the avenue to..
Periodical, a Chinese monthly
345,401,157,521,577,672 51 Reynolds, E. G. assist. land. offi. 240 448 Rice, importation of. 432 Riot in Canton, Dec. 12th, 1838. 307 514 Riot in Canton, Dec. 7th, 1842.. 687 11 River obstructed at Howqua's fort 586 92 Rivers in Chekiang.
93,99 Roads, the committee for..
27 Robinson, sir G. B. chief supert.. 92 Robinson, sir G. at Lintin.. 185 Se Robinson, sir G.'s policy.
19 Roof of the world, Baun-i-Dúniah 143
Petition, superintendents not to.. 18
Pin (petition) word disallowed.. 264 SARAH, the first free trader..... Pin. the use of the term . . . . . . . 248 Scholars of the Mor. Ed. Soc.... 552 Pinto, gov. note to Mr. Matheson 181 School-books wanted.... Pinto, gov. arrives in Macao.... 242 Schooners built on European mod. 525 Piraces near the Bogue.
184 Seamen's Friend Association... 350 231 11 Senhouse sir II. F.death...... 583
sır 464 Serpent, H. M. brig, visit Formosa 627 Pulley of the Mantchou govt............. 121.Shantung, topograply of..
Plover, brig, the late Bentinck.. 397 Seminary at Parapattan. Plowden returns to China.
Poison in springs of water..
Shanghai attneked. Shansi, topography of. Shaabau, portrait of. Shimmung, portrait of.. Ships of war required. Shipwrecked Chinese.. Shrines of the Mantchous. Shuntien, departinent of.. Siamese tribute-bearers. Sinologues, present number of.. Sketch of Confucius' life... Sketches of China, by Davis. Smith, G. H. on opium sinoking. Smokers of opium warned. Snugglers, seizure of... Suggler killed at Whampoa... Snugglers, action against. Snow at Canton, fall of. Society, the dissensions in foreign Soldier's Manual, the. Sovereigns, portraits of the three Spelter, export of, forbidden.... St. Paul's church, Macao, burnt.. St. Vincent, the ship, boat lost.. Stanton, Vincent seized. Statesmen in China, life of.... Statistics of Chekiáng.. Stewart, C. E. assist. secretary.. Stronach, reports of his school.. Sú Tungpu, works of... Súchau, the statistics of.. Sung dynasty, the Southern.... Summary of official papers.... Sycee not to be exported. Sz'chuen, insurrection in....
397 Topography of Fukien.. 617 Trade of the British stopped... 68,70 453 Traits of native character.. 322 Treachery, an instance of...... 508 255 Treaty, emperor approves..
629 247 Treaty, memorial regarding the. 571 42 Treaty, manner of signing the.. 575 444 Treaty of peace broken off.
130 Treaty, signing of the.... 158 Treaty, a commercial, proposed.. 67 411 Trial at Hongkong, notices of a. 461 81 Troughton, the English bark.... 130 587 Tsang Wangyen, letter to.. 524 Tsientang river described. 239 Tsz'ki, skirmishing at. 183Tsz'ki, situation and capture of. 498 23 Tsz'ki, a visit to the city of.... 180 187 Tsz'ki, an attack on.
234 129 Tsungming, notice of the island. 221 487 Tyfoon of Aug. 5th, 1835...... 130 110Tyfoon of Aug. 3d, 182....
12 Tyfoon at Macao &c... 81 Tyrant, the village, executed...... 21 355 527 UNITED Sates' ships of war.. 11,186 610
238,329,576 162 Useful Knowledge, Society for.. 131 240
176 VESSELS on the coast.. 132 Victoria, Lin's letter to queen. 216 Vincennes, U. S. sloop,. 529 470 WANG Ting, suicide of........... 399,456 21||Wang Tsinglán, letter of............. 389 17,128 Wanli, emperor of Ming.
TA Papan, a kidnapper. Tales of Tau priests... Tang's answer to Elliot... Tang Tingching arrives. Teishin and Tsishin degraded.. Tie-chew dialect, Lessons in... Tientsin, defenses at city of.... Tientsin, the defenses of. Tientsin, the situation of. Tinghái (Chusan) a free port.... Tinghái, capture of............ Tinghai, manifesto by people of. Tones in Chinese. Topography of A'nhwui... Topography of Chili province... Topography of Shansi.. Topography of the eighteen pro- Tovinces..
War with China, cause of the... 281 615 War, the cause of the.
204 Warehousing in Macao.... 1966 White Deer vale in Kiangsi... 383 187 Wood, It. John's journal. .
Writing, the several inodes of... 175 39 Wi's visit to the Constellation.. 333 296|Wúsung attacked.
97 YANGTSz' kiang, course of.. 119 Yihin, emperor's son...
60Yishan, an interview with. 646 Yishan, Yiking, and Wanwei de-
41 graded...
307 Yuen Yuen made cabinet minister 20 43 Yuen Yuen, sonnets by........ 327 617 Yuenfusiuen, king of Cochinchina 400 Yiikien commits suicide..... 63,583 41Yuyau, a visit to the city....... 189
CHINESE REPOSITORY.
VOL. XI.-JANUARY, 1842.- No. 1.
ART. 1. Retrospection, or a review of public occurrences in China
during the last ten years, from January 1st, 1832, to Decem- ber 31st, 1841.
Retrospection, when properly conducted, can hardly fail of being both pleasing and profitable. Most people are fond of reviewing the scenes through which they have passed, or with which they have been in any way connected. They love, in fancy, to go back and dwell on the events that have given interest and character to former days and years.
Whether they have been pleasurable or the reverse, the mind, at times, almost instinctively returns to and lingers over the successive scenes that have already closed; and as it does this, in the hours of calm reflection, it observes their varied effects whether they be good or bad. Though all the acts performed, like their re- gistry on high, must for ever remain unchanged, so far as they relate to the past, yet it may be otherwise regarding their future bearing. Having had full opportunity to observe their consequences, we are prepared to repeat, reverse, or modify them, so far as they may be under our control. Errors may be corrected; and from the past, useful lessons derived for the guidance of future conduct. To aid in such a retrospect, we will bring together in this article, and in chro. nological order, notices of the principal events that have occurred within the range of our observation, during the last ten years.
January 1st, 1832. The gentlemen of the foreign community in Canton were entertained on new-year's day, at the British factory, by Mr. Marjoribanks in a style that could hardly be surpassed. The number of guests was about one hundred. The following notice of the entertainment is from the Canton Register of that year.
YUL XL NO, I
Review of Public Occurrences During the
"Many appropriate toasts were given. On the health of lord William Ben tinck' being proposed, the president took occasion to expatiate on the deep obli. gation which his lordship had conferred on the community by making it known to the Chinese authorities, that he will interpose with the weight of his authority t› shield his Britannic majesty's subjects from wrong, and that he will never allow them to be oppressed.
"Then followed 'sù Edward Owen;' 'sir Charles Malcolm and the Indian Navy captains Freemantle and Hamley R. N.' then present; 'general Darling (whose indisposition unfortunately prevented his attendance,) and the colony late- ly under his command;' 'commodore Hine, and his brother commanders of the Indiamen ; &c.
"In proposing the British merchants of Canton, Mr. Marjoribanks took the op- portunity (the last that might probably be afforded him) of paying thein a very handsome and feeling tribute of respect, complimenting them on the honorable and liberal system he had ever observed in their commercial intercourse, and thanking thein for the assistance and communications which they had, on all oc- casions, so readily afforded him.
"Mr. Dent returned thanks on the part of the British merchants, and subse. quently, in proposing the health of Mr. Marjoribanks, he, in a very handsome man- ner, eulogised the moasures of the committee; at the same time, expressing the deep sense of obligation entertained by the mercantile community for the uniform attention and support which they had always received from the committee, and the members of the British factory, in their public capacity; and for the friendly feelings displayed in their private intercourse.
“Our friendly relations with Francc and America were not forgotten; and, in the speeches of Mr. Davis and Mr. Marjoribanks, very good feeling on the sub. ject was expressed.
"Mr. Latimer made some very happy observations, illustrative of the origin and progress of the United States. The prosperity of the American govern
ment, and the extension of civilization,' was drank with much enthusiasm.
"Mr. Lindsay proposed the emperor of China,' and avowed his conviction that the period was not far distant when our communication with the government and people, would assume the same freedom as prevails in civilized states.
"The greatest harmony prevailed throughout the evening, and the party sepa rated at an early hour."
An almost uninterrupted quarrel was kept up between the Chinese and the British factory from the time of its establishment till it was abolished: sometimes it was partially suspended; sometimes it was carried on without noise or display; while again it seemed about to involve the parties in open war. At the commencement of this
year (1832), the quarrel was being conducted with a good deal of blus- tering. A wall and quay had been demolished, and the lieutenant- governor had turned his back towards a picture of the king; and these things had been reported to the governor-general of India, who wrote the following letter, dated Simla, 27th August, 1831.
“To his excellency the governor of Canton.—It has been represented to me that, in your cxcellency's absence, measures of an mimical and insulting character have
Last Ten Yours, from 1832 to 1841.
been adopted, by the It..governor of Canton, towards British merchants, my coun. trymen; that the factory of the English nation at Canton has been forcibly taken possession of; the wall and quay, which your excellency previously sanctioned, demolished; and that the perpetrator of these outrages carried his insolence so far as to treat the portrait of my august sovereign with marked and intentional dis- respect. I am further informed that there was no difference or dispute of any kind at the time pending between the authorities at Canton and those who preside over the affairs and commerce of the British nation; that no act was committed by the latter which was the subject of complaint on the part of those authorities; that, in short, on either side there had been no deviation from established custom or violation of law, which might justly have provoked such an act of violence.
“Your excellency is a wise and just man. The reputation of the high qualities which adorn your excellency's character, and of the prudent and beneficent ac- tions which have distinguished your excellency's administration of affairs at Can- ton, has spread far and near, raising admiration in all classes of persons. I respect and cstrem your excellency. I therefore doubt not that it has been your excellency's study to do justice to the injured merchants of my country, to punish the evil-doers, and to place the commerce of the British nation on a footing at once mutually secure and honorable, to the subjects of both empires who are en- gaged in it.
"I am sure your excellency cannot have approved, and will be ready to dis- avow, the violent, unjust, and indecent proceedings which the subordinate officers at Canton have been led into during your excellency's absence: it will give me joy to hear that your excellency's wisdom has anticipated my hopes and wishes in this respect, and your excellency's reputation will be increased a hundred fold by Fuch a restoration of affairs. May God grant that such has been the issue!
"Your excellency knows that the customs of nations differ. When the subjects of your excellency's angust sovereign go abroad to other countries, they are no longer the subjects of the paternal solicitude of the mighty ruler of China. It is not go with the ships and merchants of my sovereign's dominions. Wheresoever they go, they are the objects of his care, and he watches, with equal anxiety, their conduct and the treatment they experience. If they do what is wrong, he is ready to punish them, and to grant redress to the injured. If others commit injustice or violence towards them, he feels it as an offense against himself, and makes it his study to procure from all nations that his subjects shall be treated with res pect, and obtain justice according to their deserts, so long as they act in confor. mity to the principles of justice and equity.
“I am the governor-general, on the part of my sovereign, of a large empire. The extent of territory and the number of provinces and islands under my rule, the resources they possess, the number and wealth of the inhabitants, the disci plined armies maintained, and the ships and commerce which visit and enrich the various harbors and cities, cannot be unknown to your excellency. It is my duty to watch over the concerns of my country in all this part of the world, and to in- terpose with the authority and power I possess, to secure the merchants of the British nation from injustice and oppression, so far as my influence extends, and the means at my disposal may allow. It is on this account that the members of the British factory at Canton have represented to me the injuries and oppressions Hey have suffered. I entreat of your excelleney, if they should deem it necessary
Review of Public Occurrences During the
to appeal to your wisdom and justice, to give to their wrongs a fair and candid consideration. You will thus confer on me a personal obligation, and will relievc me from the anxiety, with which I should view the necessity of considering what further measures of support, the aggrieved merchants have a right to expect at my hand. I beg of your excellency to accept the assurance of my high consideration ̧
(Signed)
W. C. BENTINCK."
2d. The Canton Register, No. 1, volume fifth, this day pub- lished, details the particulars of the presentation of lord William Bentinck's letter, which took place on the 31st of December, at the imperial landing-place, by captain Freemantle. The Register also announced the arrival off Macao, on the 29th ult., of H. B. M. sloop- of-war Wolf, captain Hamley, with dispatches from his excellency sir Edward Owen, naval commander-in-chief in the East Indies.
7th. On this day the governor of Canton, having refused to give any direct reply to lord William Bentinck's letter, issued an edict, addressed to the hong merchants. This edict, elicited by an address from the chief of the British factory, contains the following indirect reply. His excellency says:
On the 28th day of the 11th month of the current year, was received an official document presented by Freemantle, a naval officer sent by the said nation, concerning the lieut.-governor of Canton breaking down and removing the landing-place and wall in front of the factory's barbarian hall. Also about insulting the picture of the untion's sovereign, earnestly craving redress, &c. At that time I, the minister and governor, issued my authoritative decisions as follows:
"On examining it is found that, outside the city of Canton, there is a factory barbarian hall. It was built by native bong-merchants, and is rented by the English chief and others, who come up to Canton, and have there a temporary lodging; it is by no means a hall that the said nation has itself placed there (or purchased). The landing-place before the factory was also built by the hong-merchants to facilitate the sending off and landing cargo. During the 7th year of Táukwáng, the hong-merchants clandestinely added to the landing-place, and surrounded it by a wall, enclosing too large a space; and did not petition government, and wait for an authoritative decision to act in obedience thereto. Then I, the minister and governor, by inquiry found out the circumstance, and sent the prefect to go and examine the place, and commanded it to be broken down and removed. After this, the hong-merchants procrastinated and did not break it up, but repeatedly presented petitions earnestly craving-so that, year after year, it still remained as before. This offense was all owing to the stupidity of the hong-merchants, and did not implicate the said nation. During the spring of this year, after 1, the minister and governor, had gone forth from Canton city:-in consequence of a person stating to the emperor that the barbarian factory had clandestinely built a landing-place, a secret order from the emperor was received by the lieut.-governor tʊ examine and act; therefore, it was instantly ordered to be destroyed. And the lient.-governor stated the facts, of his going in person and destroying it, to the emperor From this it may be seen, that it was by no means the lieut-governor's
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intention to stir up reprehension. And, whilst he was giving orders for the destruction (of this place), he was acting in implicit obedience to a secret order. How could he previously let the said nation's chief and others know? Besides, that which was destroyed was the surrounding wall which the hong-merchants had clandestinely built. The hong-merchants alone were the parties to be punished there was no chastisement extended to the said chief and others. All you English merchants--what was there unequitable done to you? Further, at the time, the rooms in the factory and utensils were not in the least injured or knocked about; manifestly there was no unjust oppression of the nation.
"The hong-merchants did, at an early day, rebuild the stone steps and quay in the same manner as they formerly were, and it is convenient for landing and shipping cargo. Afterwards, also, the hong-merchants petitioned and entreated that open rails might be placed, which might be opened or shut as required. Already has the hoppo made a communication to the lieut.-governor to allow it; so that there will be a still further defense, and not the least impediment to commerce. Thus there, no doubt, may be, as formerly, mutual tranquillity.
"As to what is said concerning insulting the picture of the sovereign of that nation;—it is found that the said chief and others, some time ago presented a petition, about the cloth being violently torn down from the king's picture; and the lieut -governor immediately gave, clearly and distinctly, his authoritative reply-saying, that he would not trample even on a child unless he had offended the laws, and how then could he lightly enter into peoples' factory, and lightly insult the picture of their nation's king! &c. Thus it may be seen that nothing of the kind occurred. It is right to order the said chief and others to take the licut.-governor's authoritative reply, transcribe it entire, and send it to the said nation to read—that no doubts or suspicions may remain. To sum up all ;—the said nation has come to Canton to an open market upwards of a hundred years; and has had to look up with gratitude to the great emperor for his abundant liberality and profound benevolence in stooping down to bestow compassion; and there has been, for a long period, mutual tranquillity. It is necessary that the chief, and other supracargoes who reside at Canton, for the general management of the commerce, should be intelligent persons who understand business; implicitly ad- hering to established customs, and not listening to the insidious suggestions of Chinese traitors. The celestial empire's graciousness and politeness are con- stant. It decidedly will not despise or ill-treat any. I, also, the minister and governor, look up and imitate the great emperor's infinite tenderness to men from remote regions, and decidedly will never cease to observe their reverence and submission, so as to preserve all entire. For this purpose, these perspicuous, explicit, orders are issued. And the hong-merchants are commanded to take these orders and deliver them to the English nation's chief and others, that they may transfer the orders to the said nation's naval captain, that he may promulgate them for the information of the said nation's civil and military, every one of them, so that they all may hear and know. This will do."
The above authoritative decisions were issued on the 1st day of the 12th month. But the said chief and others procrastinated, and would not receive them; and again petitioned that an officer might be dispatched to give a written document in return. Strange they do not know that, when the envoys of foreign nations have presented petitionary documents, it has always been the case that the hong-merchants were commanded to communicate the orders to the chief
Review of Puble Occurrences. During the
that he might promulgate them for obedience thereto; it has never been the case that a written document was given in return. On this occasion, I, the mi- nister and governor, have already given my authoritative decisions perspicuously. It is incumbent on the said chief and others to take the authoritative decisions which have been issued, and promulgate them for information. Why do they, again and a third time, obstinately refuse to transmit the injunctions, and dun with requests to give a written document in return? Exceedingly does it indicate refractory stupidity! Uniting the above, I again issue these orders, and require the bong-merchants to deliver them to the said chief and others, that they may transmit the orders to the said naval captain, that he may promulgate them for the information of the said nation's civil and military, and cause them all to know them fully. As to the said naval captain availing himself of the north wind that now blows, and returning on an early day-let him make haste and set sail. It is by no means the case that I, the minister and governor, have not taken the said nation's document, and clearly and fully given my authoritative decision in reply. These are the commands. Can. Reg. Jan. 16th.
13th. Dispatches for the admiral, on the Indian station, left Can- ton to be forwarded by the Wolf, and captain Freemantle at the same time proceeded to rejoin his ship (the Challenger) at Lintin.
19th. Charles Marjoribanks, esq, late president of the select com- mittee of the honorable E. I. Company's factory, sailed for England. and J. F. Davis, esq-, succeeded to the presidency.
February 2d. There being an eclipse of the sun, his excellency Chú, the lieutenant-governor, went into mourning for it this day.
5th. A rebellion broke out on the northwest frontiers of this pro- vince, among wilu tribes of mountaineers.
9th. The governor published the following edict, regarding opium, addressed to the hong merchants.
"Opium is a spreading poison,-inexhaustible;-its injurious effects are ex- treme. Often has it been severely interdicted, as appears on record, But of late, the various ships of barbarians which bring opium, all anchor, and linger about at Lintin, in the outer ocean, and, exclusive of cargo ships, there arc appointed barbarian ships, in which opium is deposited and accumulated, and there it is sold by stealth. That place is in the midst of the great ocean, and to it there are four passages and eight communications (i. e. it is accessible from every quarter). Not only do traitorous banditti of this province go thither, and in boats make clandestine purchases, but, from many places, in various provinces, vessels come by sea, under pretence of trading, to Lintin; and in the dark. bny opium dirt, which they set sail with, and carry ofl': as, for example, from Hiảmuu (or Amoy) in Fukien, Ningpò in Chèkiáng, and Tientsin in Chilí provinces &c. And there are native vagabonds, who clandestinely open opium furnaces; then traitorous merchants from outside (or other provinces) first go to Canton shops, and secretly agree about the price; next make out a bond and buy ;— proceedings which are direct and gross violations of existing prohibitions.
"At present, some one in the capital, has represented the affair to the amperor. and strict orders have been respectfully received from his majesty. To
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investigate, consult, and exterminate, by cutting off the source of the evil. I, the cabinet minister and governor, have met and consulted with the lieut.-governor, and we have, with veneration, reported our sentiments to the emperor. We have, besides, written to the governments of Chili and the other provinces, that they may search and prosecute,—as is on record.
Uniting the above, au order is hereby issued to the hong-merchants, that they may forthwith obey accordingly. They are commanded to expostulate with earnestness, and persuade the barbarians of the several nations, telling them that, hereafter, when coming to Canton to trade, they must not, on any account, bring opium conccaled in the ships' holds, nor appoint vessels to be opium depóts at Lintin, in the outside ocean, hoping thereby to sell it by stealth. If they dare intentionally to disobey, the moment it is discovered, positively shall the said barbarian ships have their hatches sealed,—their selling and buying put a stop to, and an expulsion inflicted, driving them away to their own country ; and, for ever after, shall they be disallowed to come to trade; that thereby punishment may be manifested. On this affair, a strict interdict has been respectfully received from imperial authority: and the hong-merchants must honestly exert their ut- most efforts, to persuade to a total cutting off of the clandestine introduction of opium dirt. Let there not be the least trifling or carelessness, for, if opium be again allowed to enter the interior, it will involve them in serious criminality. Oppose not! These are the commands." Can. Reg. 17th March.
11th. A dispatch reached the governor of Canton, asking for assistance against the rebellions mountaineers.
15th. The Indian cruiser Clive left China for Bombay, II. B. M. ship Challenger having returned to Macao from a short cruise among the neighboring islands.
27th. The British bark lord Amherst, captain Rees, sailed for the east coast of China, II. II. Lindsay and Rev. C. Gutzlaff pas-
sengers.
March 8th. The Canton Register of this date says, the sun has not shone on the provincial city for about thirty days.
9th. II. B. M. ship Cruizer, captain Parker, sailed from China for Calcutta.
18th. The following memorial, addressed to the emperor by the provincial authorities at Canton, was received at Macao this day.
“The governor of Canton and Kwángsí, Lí; the lieut.-governor of Canton, Chú; and the commissioner of daties for the port of Canton, Chung; memori- alize, in obedience to the imperiat will, requiring them to examine and deliberate, For this, they respectfully present this memorial in reply, and, looking upwards. pray the sacred inspection thereof. We have received from the ministers of the Privy Council, a letter stating that an imperial edict has been received; as follows:
“A person has made a prepared memorial, concerning the accumulating ille- gality of opium smoking; and requesting the total eradication of the root of it. He states: The foreign ships which clandestinely bring opium-dirt to Canton, rave dared to station in the offing of Tayn shan (great fish hill), near the Bogue,
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other ships for storing up and accumulating it. which are called ‘opium godowns. There are also foreign eyes (or commanders) of war vessels, called 'convoys of the merchandize,' anchored in the same place; and they connect and associate themselves with native villains, who open places under the name of money- changers' shops where they secretly keep and sell the opium-dirt. These, which are called 'great furnaces,' are numerous at the provincial capital; for instance, in the street Liuenhing kiái, by the thirteen factories. Traitorous merchants repair to these shops, and there with the foreigners, decide on the price, and make out a bond, that when they go to the 'godowns,' the opium may be deli- vered to them. This they term 'writing a chit!' Further, there are vessels called kwái-hái 'fast-shoe,' for carrying on the smuggling in a general way, which come and go, as if flying, and are hence designated 'winged!' These vessels always move during the night; and when passing any of the custom-house, if they hap- pen to be followed and pursued by the cruizing vessels, they have the presump- tion to fire on them with musketry and guns. The officers and the custom-houses dare not make any inquiries; nor do they report to the magistrates, for them to inflict punishment; and the smugglers therefore go on to excess without fear or dread. Of this class of 'fast-shoe' vessels, there are now from 100 to 200; and whatever cargo is sent from the 'godown' to the furnace' is all carried by them; all the cruizers unite together with them in committing illegalities, and have each their share of the profits, for which they protect and defend them in smuggling: so that the illegalities become still greater. The places to which the opium purchased is taken off, are Amoy in Fukien, Tientsin in Chilí; and the two departments of Luichau and Kiungchau, (Hainan and the mainland op- posite) in Canton. For all these places, opium is obtained by bonds for its deli- very, made out at the 'furnaces,' and taken to the 'godowns.' All the other provinces for which it is clandestinely purchased, have it carried into port and taken beyond the frontiers of the province by the 'fast-shoe' vessels. The passes they must go through in taking it beyong the frontiers are Tien kwánsin, Lán- shi-sin, Tsztung pass, and the port of Lò-tsung in Nánhái district; Hwangpu in Hiangshan district; Sínánsin, and Lúpáu fau in Sanshui district, &c. From the 'great furnaces,' they are taken in portions throughout the interior, and everywhere, traitorous people form connections with the money-seeking attendants of the public offices, and open private establishments called 'small fur- naces.' In all places cities, villages, market-towns, camps, and stations, these exist. On inquiry, I find that, for the one article of opium dirt clandestinely bought and sold there goes abroad of sycee silver, every year, not under several millions. This is to take the useful wealth of the country and exchange it for an injurious article from beyond seas. The prevalence of the poison is without end, the consumption of wealth extreure.
"Opium is a very prevalent poison. Already edicts have been repeatedly is- sued, giving general commands to the governors and lieut.-governors of all the provinces, each, according to the circumstances of the place, to establish regula- tions for the strict interdiction and prohibition thereof. But opium comes chiefly from beyond sea, and is accumulated at Canton; if the source whence it comes is not cut off, this would be to neglect the root, and attend only to the branches:- though, within the country, the regulations against it be strict and severe, yet, on inquiry, it will be found, that they are no advantage to the object. A person Whether his statements of the illegalities be has now presented this memorial.
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841.
according to the real circumstances or not, let Lí and his colleagues examine truly and fully. Also let them, with their whole minds consider and deliberate how to prevent the opium dirt from being clandestinely imported, or clandestinely sold on the seas, and how to prevent the foreigners having any other ships beside merchant ships. The source whence it comes must be decidedly cut off, in order to eradicate the evil. It must not be permitted to prevail in the country, that future calamities may be prevented. Take this edict, and enjoin it on Lí and Chú, that they may enjoin it on Chung, and all may make themselves acquaint- ed with it. Respect this."
"There was also received this addition in vermilion (i. e. by the imperial band). If the said governor and his colleagues can exert their whole mind and strength to remove from the centre of civilization (i. e. China) this great evil, their merit will not be small. To strenuousness let them still add strenuousness Respect this!" Can. Reg., August 2d.
15th. H. B. M. ship Challenger, captain Freemantle, sailed from China for Calcutta.
20th. H. B. M. ship Cruizer sailed from China for Madras. She arrived on the 9th from Calcutta, (but did not sail for that port, as erroneously stated above on page 7.)
April 7th. In the Canton Register, of this date, it is remarked that the rebellious mountaineers were becoming more and more for- midable. The leader styles himself the Golden Dragon.
11th. Chung, the hoppo of Canton, issued an edict forbidding fo- reign ships to remain at Lintin, and requiring those there to depart.
May. The first number of the Chinese Repository was published on the 31st, the last day of this month. It gave a detailed account of the rise and progress of the rebellion on the borders of the pro- vinces of Kwangtung, Kwangsí, and Húnán. Large numbers of the troops
that had been called into the field were found unfit for service, having been enfeebled by the use of opium.
The provinces of Chekiảng, Kiángsí, A ́nhwui, and Húpe were at that time suffering from « famine caused by inundations. See vol. 1.*
pp. 30, 31. Also Can. Reg., June 15th, p. 58.
18th. The U. S. A. frigate Potomac, commodore Downes, arrived in China, having visited Qualla Batu on her way hither.
29th. The Peking Gazette contains an account of a great victory gained over the rebels on the frontiers of Húnán. Vol. 1. p. 111.
31st. The H. C. sloop Coote arrived in China bringing a private dispatch for the select committee. "From the tone of indifference, with which the late rupture with the Chinese has been regarded in England, nothing can be hoped for that might rescue British subjects
* Note. Where only the volume and page are specified the references are under- stood to be made to the Chinese Repository.
VOL. XI. NO I
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in this country from the anomalous and helpless condition in which they have so long remained." Can. Reg., June 15th.
Junc. The rebellion in the highlands still continued to be the en- grossing topic of inquiry at Canton, both among natives and foreign- ers, the rebel army mustering 30,000 strong.
2d. The governor of Canton, Lí Hungpin. embarked, with a sinali body of troops as an escort for Lienchau, and reached that place on the 11th.
During this month two new hongs were established for the transac- tion of business with foreigners, one called Tungshun, the other Húng-ta-tung.
5th. The U. S. A. frigate Potomao, Commodore Downes, sailed from China for the islands of the Pacific.
25th. Fighting with the mountaineers commenced on the 20th, and continued on five successive days, when 2000 of the imperial forces were left dead on the field. Vol. I. թ. 78.
July 23d. A detachment of troops passed through Canton on their way to the highlands.
28th. Another body of troops passed the city on their way to join the imperial forces on the highlands.
The Canton Register of the 18th contains a translation of a cu- rious paper placarded in the streets of Ningpo, giving a brief account of English character.
August 3d. The preceding evening gave indications of an ap- proaching storm, the wind was from the northward; the thermometer stood at 92, and the barometer began to fall from about 29:60 or 70. On the morning of this day the breeze rapidly freshened, and the barometer continued to fall till it stood at 28:10, or by some instru- ments to 27:90, when the tyfoon was at its height. The destruction caused by this storm was very great. Vol. I. p. 156.
15th. Two imperial commissioners Hi-ngan and Húsunge, arrived at Lienchau, to cooperate with governor Lí, in the war against the rebels. Vol. I. p. 208.
28th. Another small body of troops left Canton for the highlands, which would increase the imperial forces to about 15,000 fighting
Vol. I. p. 158.
30th. Two literary examiners, Ching Ngántsi and Iling Fushán arrived in Canton from Peking.
31st. A woman named Cháng, the wife of Wang Akwai, living at Whampoa, presented her husband with three sons, in consequence of which the parents received ten tacks of silver ($13.33) from the inagistrate of the district. Vol I
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September 2d. The triennial examination of the young literati commenced, at Canton.
5th. The bark Lord Amherst, captain Rees, returned from her voyage of observation along the coast of China.
Mr. Plowden having returned to China, resumed his place as chief of the E. I. Company's factory, Messrs. Davis and Daniell being the other members of the select committee.
9th. A fire occurred in Canton, at the residence of one of the subordinate examiners of the literary graduates; it originated with the smoking of opium.
October. The rebellion in the highlands was reported to have been entirely subdued.
T. R. Colledge, esq. gives a narrative of the Ophthalmic hospital, which commenced under his care in Macao in the year 1827. Vol. Il., p. 270.
15th. A dispatch was received by the two imperial commissioners, approving of their conduct, but degrading governor Lí. His excel- lency's family left Canton the same day, for their home în Kiángsí; and he himself, having delivered up the seals of his office to the chief commissioner, set out on his journey to Peking, there to be put on trial. Yang Yuchun, Yu Tepiáu, Yáng Fáng late commissioner at Canton, and Yu Púyun, late commander-in-chief in Chekiáng, were conspicuous leaders against the rebels. Vol. I.
Vol. I. p. 247.
November 6th. Lú Kwan, late governor of the two lake provinces, Húpe and Húnán, having been appointed to the gubernatorial office in Canton, left Lienchau for the provincial city.
8th. The U. S. A. ship Peacock, captain Geisinger, arrived in China from Sumatra and Manila, having on board Mr. Edmund Roberts, diplomatic agent from the cabinet at Washington.
20th. Rumors in Canton were current that the late governor Lí was dead, but whether he had died by his own hand or by the em- peror's order was uncertain.
27th. At ten o'clock at night was announced the decision on the forty-nine fortunate candidates, out of several thousands, who had competed for the second military order or rank, viz. that of Pro- moted men.
December 13th. The flag of France-the tricolor-was hoisted by Mr. Gernaert, the French consul, in front of the French hong, after an interval of about thirty years.
15th. Lú Kwan, the new governor, lately from the two lake pro- vinces and Lieuchau, made his entrance into the city of Canton, with the usual formalities. Lú was then 60 years of age.
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The particulars of an attack on Mr. Lindsay and others, while returning to Macao from the Lappa, are detailed in the Canton Register of the 20th December. Mr. Lindsay was very severely wounded by an ax.
A rebellion in Formosa was reported during the month, and a large body of troops from the main were sent across the channel for its suppression.
January 1st, 1833. The rumors concerning the rebellion in For- mosa continue current in Canton. About this time proclamations were issued by the provincial authorities, concerning a fleet of pirati- cal boats, which had come up from Cochinchina: two boats were taken, and the prisoners declared that the whole number of boats was more than ninety. Can. Reg., 10th Jan.
7th. The exportation of spelter, or tutenague, war iorbidden by an order from the Board of Revenue, on the recommendation of the late governor Lí. Can. Reg., 24th Jan.
18th. A report from Fukien reached Canton, that the imperial troops had been repulsed in attempting to land on Formosa, and 1300 killed. Five thousand troops were, in consequence of this defeat, ordered from this province. Vol. I. թ. 330.
February. The rebellion in Formosa produced so much concern in Peking, that the governor of Fukien, with two imperial commis- sioners, were ordered to take the field in person, and bring the war to a speedy close. The foreign ships on the coasts attract the atten- tion of the imperial government.
15th. A gazette of this date contains the decision of the emperor on the case of the late governor Lí, sending him into banishment to Öroumtsi. Vol. I. 470.
March. Early in this month it was reported that the rebellion was suppressed, in Formosa, by the virtue of money, rather than by the force of arms.
14th. Chú, the lieut.-governor of Canton, member of the Military Board, of the Censorate, &c., &c., issued the following proclamation, which, while it affords a very correct idea of his own character, gives us an equally faithful view of that of the people.
Chú, &c., &c., hereby issues proclamation for the purpose of correcting pub- lic morals; and delivering strict admonitions. In the acts of government, moral instructions and the infliction of punishments are mutually assisting. But punishments should come after the act-instructions should go before. That neither should be neglected has long been decided. Two years have elapsed since my arrival at my official station in Canton, and I have observed the multitudinous
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robberies and thefts therein. Streets and lanes are never tranquil. Daily, have I led the local officers to search and seize, so that we have not had strength for anything else; but the spirit of robbery has not, even till now, ceased. This has arisen from my defective virtue, the smallness of my ability, and the inequality in my conduct of majesty and mercy. I feel ashamed of myself. But, I consider, that luxury and extravagance are the causes of hunger and cold; and from thence robberies and thefts proceed. The learned gentry are at the head of the common people, and to them the villagers look up. If they do not sincerely issue educational commands, to cause the public morals to revert to regularity and economy, so that sons and younger brothers may gradually learn to be sincere and respectful : then, where is that which has long been considered the best device for a radical reform and a source-purifying process in a country? Availing myself of this doc- trine, I shall select a few of the most important topics, and proclaim them perspi- cuously below. That which I hope is that all you learned gentry, and all old men among the people, will, from this time and afterwards make a work of stirring and brushing up your spirits, to become leaders of the people ; and to assist and supply that in which I am defective. When there are native vagabonds in a district, who oppose what is good, and plan with acts of disobedience, I shall order the local magistrate to punish them severely, but still scribes and policemen must not be allowed to make pretexts, and thus create disturbance. Alas! those who will not be concerned about the future, must one day have trouble near at hand. This, I, the lieutenant-governor, distinctly perceive, is the source of nefarious conduct. My mind is full of regret on the subject, and I will not be afraid to iterate instructions, and issue my commandments for the sake of the land. Ye learned gentry and elders of the people, respectfully listen to my words. Despise not! A respectful proclamation.
“First. Exhortation and persuasions ought to be extensively diffused. The national family has appointed officers from provincial governors and lieute- nant-governors down to district magistrates, who hold the station of guides and shepherds; and whose duty it is equally to renovate, and to lead the people. How can they throw their faults off on other people! Although sons and
younger brothers may be deficient in respect, it is because fathers and elder brothers have not previously taught them. And how can the learned gentry in villages and hamlets, lanes and neighborhoods, shut their eyes or view occurrences as not concerning them! The teaching of the magistrate is interrupted by his being sometimes presentand sometimes absent. The teaching of a learned gentle- man is continuous by his constant presence. Here he was born, and grew up. He is perfectly acquainted with the public morals-what is beneficial and what is prejudicial. Moreover, he knows perfectly the roots of the mulberry, which join neighbors' houses; and the altar tree, whose shade is common to all. And, still more, he feels every pain and pleasure that is felt by any of his clan. To fathers, he can speak of tender heartedness; to sons, he can speak of filial duty. He can exhibit his instructions appropriately to every man, and convey them deli. cately in the slightest conversation. With half a word he can dissipate an intri- cate feud. It is easy for him to avail himself of his influence, and persuade to what is right.
Learned gentry read the useful books of sages and worthies; and for the na- tional family they should be useful men. If to-day they are living in the coun- try, instructors of morals and examples of propriety, another day they will fill offi-
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cial stations; following what is good, and obtaining the highest recompense. Being abroad and at home makes a temporary difference, but the incumbent duty in both stations is the saine. At home, manifesting the principles of good government, is also being in the government, I, the lieutenant-governor in patrolling and soothing thisfregion, am always toiling hither and thither about pub- lic affairs; I cannot get time to grasp the hand, and hold conversation with the learned gentry, and be always exhorting and exciting each other; but some- time, when I obtain an interview with you, I shall issue my commands, that you may enjoin those commands on other gentry; that every one may instruct bis own neighborhood, and all correct their own kindred. When one village is renovated, it will exhibit beautiful morals. By union, scores of villages will exhibit the same beautiful morals. Then a whole district, will, in every house, become the same. Scores of districts will exhibit beautiful morals, and every house in the whole province will become the same. Then he who carries a heavy bur- den will only have to call, and be sure to have help, like Tsiángpi of old: and when fording a stream, and in danger, he will only have to cry out, and some friend will come to his aid.
He alone who has no blemish himself, can perfectly mend others. That which I hope, is that the virtuous will take the lead of the vicious. Only the good man will receive entirely the advice given him. None ought, on account of talents possessed, to reject those who are not talented. In ancient times, Yenkiun ping let fall the screen at Chingtú, and all the men of Shu were renovated. Chingtsz’mei himself ploughed at the mouth of the valley, and all the people of Kwányíú followed his example. When a scholar and good man ́girds up his loins, and walks firmly, he becomes the leader of all in the country. No doubt, when people look up at his gate, they will desist from their conten- tions; when they hear his name, those who are wrong will feel ashamed. In all you, learned gentry, I have substantial hopes.
Secondly. Plainness and economy should be greatly esteemed. Since I, the soother of the people, came to my present office, I have for two years observed and investigated the state of things among the people at Canton. I have looked at their airs, and inquired about their customs. I have secretly indulged intense sorrow; and been filled with extreme regret. And for nothing more than to see useful property thrown away for useless purposes; to see limited strength wasted on projects from which no benefit could accrue. In country places, the lasting occupations of husbandry and mulberry culture are still attended to with a spirit approaching to simplicity; but, in the town of Canton, at Fuhshau, and at all the places where markets are held, and official people live, there is a strife and emula- tion to exceed in gaiety and extravagance. At every anniversary of the birthday of a god or when plays are performed at masses for departed shades; or thanks- givings given for divine energies exerted in behalf of any one; or grateful pro- cessions with prayers are carried round, (all of which are what propriety does not interdict,) every one wants to boast of excelling, and to fight for great ex- pense; one imitates another, and in a worse degree. Some even go the extreme of erecting lofty and variegated pavilions; and for a great distance rearing flow- ery palaces. Fire trees and silver flowers fill the streets and stop the lanes. Men and women assemble promiscuously, greatly to the detriment of the public manners. The sums expended must be reckoned by thousands and tens of thous ands. And, in a few days, the whole is of no more use than mire or sand, and
Last Ten Years, from 1832, to 1841.
is thrown away like a child's grass dog. Moreover, a blast may set on fire and cause a conflagration, which will occasion the resentments of myriads of fa- inilies. It cannot be that these things emanate from the wishes of the many. They must be led into crror by "divine vagabonds" (i. e. persons who make a pretext from serving the gods to serve themselves).
“Consider—the shopmen in a street all live by a little trade; their origin is not bigger than a fly's head; their end a mere trifle; and the profits they gain are small. But, in a moment, it is spent on wind and flame. and thrown away for useless regrets. Heaven's ways hate self-sufficiency; demons and gods abominate a plethery. To consider such services as prayers must be followed by divine reprehension. I, the lieutenant-governor, am in my own person economical and simple, that I may be an example to the people. It is my sincere desire to make my nursing to consist in giving no trouble; and to teach by my own mode of living. This is what you learned gentry and common people all know, and all have seen.
"Hereafter, when any anniversary of a god's birthday occurs, there is no objection to your going to a temple to suspend lanterns, and hang up ornaments, offering sacrifices with abundance and cleanliness. But, as to the street exhibi- tious, you must not listen to the divine vagabonds, who make pretexts to collect money, and gather together men and women promiscuously. If such people assemble, the district constables and street elders must be responsible. The learned gentry are permitted to proceed summarily, and report them to the local magistrate for punishment: to pull back again the people from the regions of sterile custom. As to all causes of assuming the cap (or toga), marrying wives, or burying parents, with the sacrificial rites attendant thereon-whether poor or rich—all should have a tender feeling for commodities; and a tender feeling for subsequent enjoyment (i. e. avoid all waste). The said learned gentry also should substantiate the wish of me, the lieutenant-governor, to correct the people, and instruct them in morals-should advise them to substitute plainness for ex- travagance, and by economy nourish wealth: so that the people of a year of plenty, may so hoard that plentiful year's wealth, that the people of a year of scarcity may look up to a year of plenty's accumulations. Would not this be beautiful! Ah! governmental love to the people, is not so good as the people's love to themselves! Would the people but love and compassionate their own persons and families, where would be the occasion of their waiting till other per- sons laid plans for them! And if reciprocally acting, they thus led the fashion, they might govern sweetly, and never know discomfort. Using these topics, 1 have lucidly and earnestly proclaimed them. that all might hear and knowi wishing that none will tread the steps of their former iniquities; but all practice to the utmost good morals.” Can. Reg., April 13th. 1833.
16th. A document was sent up to the emperor, regarding foreign vessels on the coast, deprecating their appearance there, and plead- ing inability to prevent it.
A document sent up to the emperor, on the 10th of March, contains a reca- pitulation of all that has been, and of all that can be said, upon the subject of foreign ships going on coasting expeditions. This report is draw up by the joint Jabor of the governor, lient.-governor, títuh and hoppo, who (as well as old go- vernor Li) have examined the matter, and given their opinion occordingly. It was called forth by the statement of Na-url-king ih, lieut.-governor of Shantung
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province, made to the emperor in consequence of the Lord Amherst having been in his jurisdiction, and endeavoring to trade. There is nothing new in it:-we have heard the substance, in the same words, over and over again. Lí, the títuh, consider it as a matter of impossibility to prevent ships from proceeding to the northeast coast, since the ocean is so very wide, and he has found out that ves. sels may proceed thither direct, without touching in Canton province. But he is exercising the utmost vigilance to prevent ships from proceeding, by way of Can- ton, to the northern ports. He sends for that purpose cruisers to keep a sharp lookout, both on the coast and open sea, and especially at the frontier of Fukien and Canton provinces. Yet, at the same time, he acknowledges, that a ship, even when arrested in her course, can again retrace her steps. He therefore orders bis officers to pursue and drive any away, and at all events to send immediate notice to all officers along the coast, that they may be enabled to arrest her pro- gress, and to send her back to Canton. If it is found out, that the vessel comes by way of Canton, the naval officers are responsible, and their neglect of duty will be reported to the emperor.
"The hoppo has examined in the matter of trade. He finds that the hong-mer- chants are just in their dealings, according to their own statement; that the -eduction of the port duties, three years ago, has roused the barbarian merchants to gratitude, for the favor bestowed by the grea! emperor who shows compassion towards distant foreigners. In consequence of these regulations, there came more than twenty English vessels two years ago. Up to the 17th of Jan. of this year there had been already twenty-six ships. The Company's trade had been carried on as custɔmary ; the duties paid ; and everything was going on prosperous- ly, and upon a firm footing. Country and other barbarian ships participated in the trade, and bad nothing to complain of. He considers therefore the pretence of transferring the trade to other ports, on account of the injustice done to foreign merchants, as quite futile ; and as a mere cloak to open a trade with other provinces where the cominodities yield a greater profit. But, in case the hong-merchants acted unjustly, the barbarian merchants were at liberty to petition government, which would take due care to investigate the matter. They have therefore no reason to creep like rats into the seas of Chekiáng and Shantung. According to the established regulations of the celestial empire, their trade is restricted solely to Canton, and they are not allowed to go to other provinces, from whence they will return, after having toiled to no purpose, and involved themselves in guilt.
"To take away all grounds of complaint, which might give rise to similar expeditions, in opposition to the ancient laws of the celestial empire, all the above named officers will bestow their utmost care in scrutinizing, whether the navaj officers commit the least negligence in the performance of their duty; whether the hong-merchants, or any other merchants commit the slightest act of injustice in their commercial dealings; or whether the custom-house officers take more than the reduced tariff permits; they will, if found out, be reported to the emperor, that they may serve as a warning. The barbarian merchants may thus look up with composure to the holy lord,' who cherishes the utmost compassion towards foreigners." Can. Reg., May 31st, 1833.
27th. By the Peking gazette of this date it appears that another son has been born to the emperor, who is to be named Yihin, i. e. 'Great and continued joy.' Can. Reg., July 15th.
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841.
April. Peking gazettes, that reached Canton during this month, contain accounts of recent military operations against freebooters on the frontiers of Shensí.
The exposed condition of the river leading to Peking, having been pointed out to the emperor, his majesty ordered Kishen the governor of the province, to examine into the state of the defenses at Tientsin. He did so, and reported against repairs, which report was accepted. Vol. I., p. 512.
28th. A fire broke out in the city of Tientsin, and more than a thousand houses were destroyed. The houses were chiefly low, being built of mud.
May. Letters were received in Canton, reporting that an insurrec- tion had broken out in Sz'chuen.
22d. The following proclamation, regarding the importation foreign rice, we borrow from the Canton Register.
"Lú, the governor, Chú, the lieutenant-governor, and Chung, the hoppo. order the hong-merchants and others, that they make themselves acquainted with the following:-
"The population of Canton province is dense, the merchants are numerous ; there reigned formerly abundance; but now the shore and great ocean are ploughed by numerous fishermen and peasants (verbally by threefold fishing and sevenfold occupation-cultivation), and the grain is not sufficient for the annual consumption. Heretofore, we have supplied the wants from the western provinces. But if there happened to be a year of scarcity and dearth, when nothing could be imported, the price of food would rise considerably, and we would also stand in want of rice from foreign countries. We find, upon examination, that, during the reigns of Kienlung and Kiáking all foreign rice ships had to pay no duties upon their cargoes, in order to show compassion, and to invite them hither. Our predecessors, the governor Yuen, the lieut.-governor Chin, and the hoppo Tá, renewed this pri- vilege during the 4th year of the reign of Táukwáng. But the foreign rice vessels, which have hitherto entered the port to dispose of their rice cargo, avoided only the entry-port fees; but were not allowed, after they had accomplished their sales and were returning to their country, to export any cargo. Those barbarian mer- chants had on their return no goods to ballast the ship, and it was difficult for them to stand against winds and waves: moreover, they could inake very little profit.
"The local government, therefore, which cherishes compassion towards distant foreigners, has implored the holy favor (imperial favor) to grant to the barbarian ships of all nations, that if they come without any other cargo but rice, to the port of Canton, as formerly, they shall not pay the entry port duties. Let the hong-merchants report how much rice they have brought, store it up in their hongs, and sell it according to the market price. After having disposed of it, allow these ships to take in an export cargo, and levy the export duties according to the same laws as upon the other barbarian ships. This will benefit the revenues, suit the people, and bring foreign basiness upon a firm footing, and all parties will be equally benefited.
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“We have with profound respect received the imperial pleasure upon this sub- ject; the matter is granted; and we have issued accordingly our explicit commands, that they may be obeyed, as is upon record. Barbarian merchants, who bring rice to the port of Canton, will thus have an equal profit upon their return cargoes. These barbarian merchants may therefore leap for joy, and go incessantly backwards and forwards. But the number of barbarian rice vessels, which repaired this year to the port of Canton, was not very considerable, and the whole amount of their imports is scarcely a tenth part of the rice which came from the west.
"We fear that the custom-house servants, and the boatmen of the revenue boats, exercise extortions under some pretence, beyond the legal duties which are to be levied, and thus prevent the barbarians from trading.
"It is found, upon examination, that the port clearance fees upon the exports, the fees for opening the bar, the direct duties, the fees for making up the difference in scales, and the liáng-táu's fees (grain department office), are levied upon rice ships, according to a fixed rate. Every ship has to pay for opening the bar and direct duties, 480 taels, 4 m. 2 c.; for the scale business 32 taels, 4 m. 2 cand. 8 cash; as the fees of the grain department, 116 taels, 4 m. 2 cand. 4 cash. The duty levied upon every ship will thus amount altogether to no more than 620 and odd taels. Besides this those in office ought not to levy any fees. The governor, lieut.-governor and hoppo have however found out that the rice ships are sub- ject to extortions, made in different ways, and under sundry names, beyond the expenses incurred for payment of the above mentioned dutics. Now, these are the sordid fees of the men belonging to the custom-house, which they take to themselves.
“It is plain, that the barbarian merchants come a very long way to sell their rice at Canton, according to the ancient laws, which lessen the duties. There has since also been granted to them, upon representation, leave to return with a cargo to their country, not solely to procure subsistence for the inhabitants of the metropolis, but also to show superabundant compassion towards distant foreigners; how can you extort under any name, or in any way, more than what the customary duties and fees amount to 1 At the present moment, we give our explicit orders to those in office, in regard to the duties and fees which ought to be levied upon rice ships; all which are not in the tariff are strictly forbidden, and beyond this no extortions are permitted. In entering the port, the expenses are lessened, and on going out of the port, they have not to pay much. As soon as they have arrived here, they can dispose of their cargo, and quickly come back, and those barbarian merchants will make a very great profit. But what regards the inhabitants, who hoard up the rice, and the shopkeepers ;-they know, that the foreign rice, on account of having suffered the moisture of the sea and winds, casily rots and spoils, and cannot be kept long. The shopkeepers only run after gain ;-how can they then hoard it up, let the rice spoil, and suffer loss? Thus, those barbarian merchants will have no trouble in bringing it on, and the large dealers in disposing of it. Henceforth, the hong-merchants, who receive the rice, and the rice shopkeeper next, ought to give a chop that the value is paid at a stated time, and thus afford the barbarian ships opportunity of disposing soon of their cargo, and returning with- out interruption repeatedly. As soon as the rice has been taken ont, it ought to be generally made known in all quarters, and the shopkeepers ought to sell it by retail, and dispose of it in small quantities, so as it shall be most convenient for the people
It is not confined to one place, nor can any monopoly be carried on in
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841.
it. The shopkeepers ought solely to vend it in and outside the city; they cannot export it out of the province. As often as the hong-merchants receive rice, they ought to send in a chop, stating the quantity, to the local officers, and the govern. or, lieutenant-governor, and hoppo's officers, who will examine it. and duly communicate it to the háu-kó, that he may hand it in to the said officers (the hoppo's clerks), that they are not to make money by extortion; but if they are found out, they will be reprimanded and degraded. Thus, there will be no longer any necessity for making new regulations against the growth of vile practices.
"We cominand at the same time the local officers, and the whole body of hong- merchants, to obey, whilst we add to this our explicit orders addressed to all the military belonging to the metropolis, and to all the soldiers and servants wno guard the entrance, and to all the linguists of barbarian merchants of different nations— that they may duly acquaint themselves that, from the moment of this publication, every rice ship ought to pay the export duties and customs according to the es tablished imperial tariff. The soldiers and servants of the custom-house, and the compradors, cannot by any means, or under any name, charge them by extra extortions. Yet, if they dare to disobey, they will be punished prosecuted, and all banished.
"When the rice has entered the harbor, and passed the custom-house, let it be entirely disposed of, and let the hong-merchants and shopkeepers give notice of it, for the advantage of the people. But every shopkeeper, who retails it and sells it in small quantities, ought to confine himself to this province, to dispose of it- the exportation is not permitted. Everybody ought to obey this implicitly, and not slight this special proclamation.
"We have moreover issued explicit orders in addition to these, addressed to those merchants, that they immediately communicate commands to all the chiefs and barbarian principals of every nation, and to all the barbarian ships, that they jointly obey this. Do not oppose! A special order!" Can. Reg., June 17th, 1833. June. Rumors were still abroad concerning insurgents and re- fugees in Formosa. Vol. II., p. 95.
Large numbers of poor people, driven by famine from their homes in Kiángsí, made their appearance at Canton; and in some instances, these hungry beggars in large gangs entered the foreign factories.
10th. The death of the empress, who had long been in a state of bad health, occurred this day at Peking. The usual honorary ce- remonies were decreed. Vol. II., p. 142.
A Chinese Mohammedan, -a poor native of Tientsin, returned, via Bombay, from a pilgrimage to Mecca, after an absence of three years from Canton.
17th. A young woman in Canton, aged seventeen years, received sentence of death for crime of poisoning her uncle, and was imme- diately carried out to the place of execution, and there beheaded.
23d. Prospectus for a monthly periodical in the Chinese lan- guage was issued at Canton by the Rev. Charles Gutzlaff.
July 5th. The governor of Canton issued a proclamation declar-
Review of Public Occurrences During the
ing, that all vessels trading to Canton, and bringing cargoes of rice, shall pay only the regular imperial duties on leaving the port, the measurenient duties being remitted. Can. Reg., 15th July.
An insurrection broke out in Cochinchina about this time, the par ticulars of which were given a letter of this date, written by a Chinese at the city of Saigon.
9th. Captain Bernardo Joze de Souza Soares Andreia, governor of Macao, arrived from Goa, and landed with the usual honors.
10th. A very destructive inundation occurred along the river near Canton, occasioned by a succession of heavy rains; at some places the water rose more than ten feet above the ordinary mark. Thou- sands of lives were lost.
11th. The select committee of the E. I. Co.'s factory withdrew the license under which the opium receiving ship Hercules was permit- ted to resort to China. This was countermanded by a second notice, dated the 25th. Can. Reg.
27th. The mercury in the thermometer at Canton stood at 96° for five hours, a scorching wind blowing at the same time from the north and west.
A Chinese man-of-war, while cruizing off Hainan in February, having deen driven down to Cochinchina by the northerly winds and currents, was sent back by the king under convoy.
August 1st. The first number of the monthly periodical, in the Chinese language, was this day published in Canton by Mr. Gutzlaff. Under this date the governor of Canton issued an edict, forbidding the introduction of the other goods with cargoes of rice, in evasion of legal duties.
4th. Twenty-three men were beheaded this day at the usual place of public execution in Canton.
Yuen Yuen, formerly the governor of Canton, and afterwards holding the same office in Yunnán, becomes the sixth member of the cabinet. Vol. II., p. 192.
The hoppo Chung published an edict requiring all foreigners to leave Canton, and return home or go to Macao as soon as their busi- ness was finished-acting in obedience to old custom.
September 7th. Again Canton and its vicinity were inundated, the river rising far above its ordinary limits, and spreading devasta- tion through fields and villages. The water at the gates of the fo- reign factories stood four or five feet high. The number of houses demolished in the city and suburbs was, according to an official re- port to the emperor, more than four thousand. Vol. II., p. 238.
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841
An envoy from the court of Hué in Cochinchina was expected to reach Peking early this month; he was to enter the Chinese borders on the 30th of March, and pass through the provinces of Kwangsí, Húpe, &c., to the court of Táukwáng. Vol. II., p. 240.
An earthquake was experienced early this month in Yunnán; re- port said the shocks continued on several successive days, and hun- dreds of people were destroyed. Vol. II., p. 238.
Locusts appeared in Kwangsí, coming from the north, and after tra- versing that province, they made an advance towards Canton. Orders were immediately issued for their extermination. Vol. Il., p. 288.
October. Hingan and other high officers at court were recently reprimanded and degraded, for presuming to break in upon the retire- ment of their sovereign while in mourning for his imperial consort, in order to propose unprecedented amendments in the ceremonies of that mournful occasion. Can. Reg., Oct. 24th.
20th. Lieutenant-governor Chú, having obtained leave to retire on the plea of illness, left Canton.
Yang, the late commissioner of justice, after residing in Canton for little more than a year, was recalled.
November 5th. H. B. M. ship Magicienne, capt. Plumridge, ar- rived in China, viâ Manila, and soon after sailed for India.
25th. Ye Yungchi, the famous village tyrant of Tungkwán, was executed at Canton, with 15 other criminals: Ye and three others were strangled, the remaining 12 were beheaded.
December. An imperial messenger reached Canton, to announce to the provincial authorities, that the remains of the late empress had been deposited in the imperial mausoleum.
It was also reported that his majesty had raised to the rank of em- press, Chiunfi his second wife, a sister of Hingan.
A report having been made to the emperor by his officers in Che- kiáng, complaining of the exportation of sycee silver in exchange for opium, it was decreed that yellow gold and white silver should be prohibited, but that foreign money, i. e. dollars, should not be includ- ed in this interdict. Hwáng Tsiótsz' protested against this, and beg- ged that the coining of dollars might be forbidden.
15th. A decree some time previous to this date was issued by the Portuguese government of Macao, requiring all Catholic priests (not Portuguese) to leave the place on or before the 15th of Decem- ber. Vol. III., p. 383.
24th. A secret memorial was addressed to the emperor by Lin 'Tsihsiú, then lieutenant-governor of Kiángsú, concerning the non
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payment of taxes.
An abstract of the document was given by Dr. Morrison. Vol. III, p. 144.
January 1st, 1834. Soon after the departure of Messrs. Plowden and Davis from Canton to Macao, just before new-year holidays, the hoppo or commissioner of customs issued an edict, censuring them for not asking his excellency's permission.
8th. A report was current in Canton concerning an insurrection in Cochinchina, a person with the title of Kiálung having set himself up against the authority of Mingming, the reigning king. The par- ticulars are detailed in the Canton Register of the 14th.
26th. Under this date, viscount Palmerston addressed a letter to lord Napier, from which the following is an extract:
"Your lordship's instructions, under the royal Sign Manual, contain all that is essentially necessary for your guidance, in the general conduct of the super- intendence intrusted to your charge. But there still remain some particular points, upon which I am commanded by his majesty to convey to you, for your information and guidance, the further instructions which you will find in this dispatch, and in my others of the same date.
"Your lordship will announce your arrival at Canton by letter to the viceroy. In addition to the duty of protecting and fostering the trade of his majesty's subjects with the port of Canton, it will be one of your principal objects to ascertain, whether it may not be practicable to extend that trade to other parts of the Chinese dorainions. And for this end you will omit no favorable opportunity of encouraging any disposition which you may discover in the Chinese authorities, to enter into commercial relations with his majesty's government. It is obvious that, with a view to the attainment of this object, the establishment of direct communications with the imperial court at Peking would be desirable; and you will accordingly direct your attention to discover the best means of preparing the way for such communications; bearing constantly in mind, however, that peculiar caution and circumspection will be in- dispensable on this point, lest you should awaken the fears, or offend the preju. dices, of the Chinese government; and thus put to hazard even the existing opportunities of intercourse, by a precipitate attempt to extend them. In conformity with this caution, you will abstain from entering into any new relations or negotiations with the Chinese authorities, except under very urgent and unforeseen circumstances. But if any opportunity for such negotiations should appear to you to present itself, you will lose no time in reporting the circumstance to his majesty's government, and in asking for instructions; but, previously to the receipt of such instructions, you will adopt no proceedings but such as may have a general tendency to convince the Chinese authorities of the sincere desire of the king to cultivate the most friendly relations with the emperor of China, and to join with him in any measures likely to promote the happiness and prosperity of their respective subjects. I have to add, that I do not at present foresee any case in which it could be advisable that you should leave Canton to visit Peking, or any other parts of China, without having previously obtained the approbation of his majesty's goverminent.
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841.
Observing the same prudence and caution which I have inculcated above, you will avail yourself every opportunity which may present itself, for ascertaining whether it may not be possible to establish commercial intercourse with Japan, and with any other of the neighboring countries; and you will report to this department, from time to time, the resultɛ of your observation and inquiries. It is understood that a survey of the Chinese coast is much required; and your attention should, therefore, be directed to this subject, with a view to ascertain the probable expense of such an undertaking; and you will have the goodness to transmit to me an carly and full report of your opinion. But you will not take any steps for commencing such a survey, till you receive an authority from hence to do so.
"Your attention should also be directed to the inquiry, whether there be any, and what, places at which ships might find requisite protection in the event of hostilitics in the China seas. Upon these points, I recommend to your attentive consideration the inclosed observations of capt. Horsburgh, the correctness of which your lordship will make it your duty to investigate. Peculiar will be necessary on the part of the superintendents, with regard to such ships as may attempt to explore the coast of China for purposes of traffic. It is not desirable that
It is not desirable that you should encourage such adventures; but you must never lose sight of the fact, you have no authority to interfere with, or to prevent, them. It is generally considered that the Bocca Tigris, which is marked by a fort immediately above Anson's Bay, forms the limit of the port of Canton :* and as this appears to be the understanding of the Chinese authorities themselves, a notification to that effect has been made to the mer. chants in this country. Your lordship will, accordingly, conform to that under- standing." Correspondence relating to China, (Blue Book) puge 4.
February 11th. About the middle of Oct., 1833, an affray occur- red at Kumsing moon, in consequence of which, and sometime sub- sequently, through the agency of one of the hong-merchants, a black man was conveyed from Macao to Canton and induced to declare himself to be the person who had accidentally killed a Chinese in the affray. This led to a spirited correspondence between the committee of the E. I. Co.'s factory and the local authorities. The correspon- dence closed this day; and the man, not very long afterwards, was released. Vol. II., p. 515.
His excellency Lí Táikáu, the literary chancellor of Can- ton, hung himself in his own house this morning.
March. Droughts, inundations, famine, and insurrections, are ca- lamities of very frequent occurrences in all parts of the empire. At this time the provinces of Yunnan, Húnán, Húpe, Kiángsí, Shántung, and Chili, were suffering from one or other of these evils.
4th. A fire broke out in the large temple in Hónán, nearly oppo- site to the foreign factories, and one of the principal pavilions was entirely destroyed with all its images.
By instruction to sir G. B. Robinson, dated May 28th, 1836, the limits of the jurisdiction of the superintendents were extended, so as to include Lintin and
Review of Public Occurrences During the
5th. Under this date an order was passed at the court of St. James, revoking a previous order of the 9th of December, 1833, whereby certain duties were imposed on British ships, and the goods on board thereof, trading to the port of Canton.
6th. The emperor published an edict, containing his triennial opinion and decisions concerning the chief officers of the empire. Vol. III., թ.
The first English vessel in the free trade, the ship Sarah, captain Whiteside, sailed from Whampoa for London. See Chronicle of events in the Anglo-Chinese Calender, 1839.
April 6th. The ceremonies of annual ploughing by the emperor in person were this day celebrated at Peking. Vol. II., p. 576.
22d. The honorable East India Company's exclusive rights in China ceased this day. Vol. II., p. 574.
25th. The first vessels in the free trade, laden with teas—the Camden, Frances Charlotte, and Georgiana,-sailed from China for England. Calender, p. 23.
May 1st. Among the native inhabitants of Canton a good deal of sickness prevailed; and some cases of small-pox * were reported in the same neighborhood. Vol. III., p. 45.
2d. The governor of Canton, and several of the other high pro- vincial officers visited the foreign factories, apparently for their mere amusement and gratification of curiosity. Vol. III., p. 45.
3d. It was rumored (and the rumor was probably according to the truth) that the lady of the hoppo went incognito to see the foreign factories.
9th. Ki Kung, during the last four years lieutenant-governor in Kwangsí, arrived in Canton to fill the same office. Vol. III., p. 47. 19th. His excellency governor Lú set out on a tour through the provinces under his jurisdiction, for the purpose of inspecting the imperial troops. Vol. III., p. 47.
22d. The remains of the late literary chancellor Lí, were carried out of the city and sent on their way to his native province Kwei- chau. The lieutenant-governor accompanied them beyond the west- crn gate. Vol. III.,
Vol. III., p. 48.
The death of a Burman envoy, at Poking, was reported about this time in Canton. He was interred at the capital, as the remains of other deceased envoys from Cochinchina and Siam have been.
* Note. Vaccination, for the prevention of this disease, has been regularly and successfully practiced, every eighth day, during many years by Hequa, at the public hall of the hong-merchants.
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841.
June 11th. The festival of the dragon boats was celebrated this day, with great pomp and noise, notwithstanding the distressed state the people. Vol. III., p. 95.
14th. Governor Lú issued an order to the magistrates of Canton, commanding them to interdict the slaughter of animals, and to fast for three days on account of the inundation.
28th. The city and vicinity of Canton were again this month visited by an inundation, more destructive than that of last year, the water rising considerably higher. Vol. III., p. 96.
July 2d. Two young men in Canton, named Asú and Acháng, put an end their life by swallowing opium. This is one of the most common means of suicide in China. Vol. III., p. 142.
10th. A new literary chancellor, Wáng chi, made his entry into the provincial city; he came as successor to the late chancellor Lí.
15th. The right honorable lord Napier and suite, Indy Napier and family, arrived at Macao in H. M. ship Andromache, captain Chads, and landed at 3 P. M. under a salute from the Portuguese fort. Corresp. p. 7.
17th. John Francis Davis, esq., accepted the situation of second superintendent, sir G. Best Robinson, bart., accepted the situation of third superintendent, and John Harvey Astell, esq., that of secretary to the superintendents.
19th. The Rev. Dr. Morrison was appointed Chinese secretary and interpreter; captain Charles Elliot, R. N., master attendant; T. R. College, esq., surgeon; and Mr. Anderson, assistant surgeon. The Rev. G. H. Vachell, then on his way from England, was to as- sume the duties of chaplain. The office of private secretary to his lord- ship was filled by A. R. Johnston, esq. Vol. III., p. 143. Cor. p. 7.
23d. The superintendents embarked at Macao on board the ship Andromache, and proceeded to the anchorage at Chuenpi, where she anchored at midnight.
24th. This morning a Chinese war-junk came to anchor near H. B. M. ship, and fired a salute of three guns, which was returned. At noon the superintendents left the ship under a salute of 13 guns, and .vent on board the cutter Louisa and proceeded to Canton. Cor- resp. p. 7.
25th. Early this morning (2 A. M.) the superintendents arrived in Cauton, and at daylight the union jack was hoisted.
26th. In the Canton Register of this date, was published by au- thority a copy of the king's commission to the superintendents. Vol. III, p.
VOL XI. NO. I.
Review of Public Occurrences During the
The following communication, having been translated into Chi- nese, and in the form of a letter, not a petition, addressed to the go- vernor, was carried to the city gates by Mr. Astell, accompanied by a deputation of gentlemen from the establishment.
“In pursuance of orders from my most gracious sovereign, William IV., king of Great Britain and Ireland, I bave the honor of notifying to your excellency my arrival at the city of Canton, bearing a royal commission constituting and up- pointing me chief superintendent of British trade to the dominions of his imper- ial majesty the emperor of China. By this commission are associated with me, John Francis Davis, esq., aud sir George Best Robinson, bart., late of the ho- Horable East India Company's factory at this place. The object of the said royal commission is to empower us, his majesty's superintendents, to protect and promote the British trade, which, from the boundless extent of his majesty's dominions, will bear the traffic of the four quarters of the world to the shores of the emperor of China,—the exclusive privileges and trade hitherto enjoyed by the honorable East India Company of merchants having ceased and determined, by the will and power of his majesty the king and the parliament of Great Britain. I have also the honor of acquainting your excellency, that his majesty, iny most gracious sovereign, has been pleased to invest me with powers, political and judicial, to be exercised according to circumstances.
"At present, I will only further request that your excellency will grant me, with my colleagues, the honor of a personal interview, when it will be my duty to explain more fully to your excellency the nature of the changes which have taken place, and upon which our present duties and instructions have been founded. Allow me to convey, through your excellency, to .......... imperial majesty, the high consideration of his majesty the king, my master; and with the utmost respect for your excellency, allow me to subscribe myself your excellency's very faithful and obedient servant. (Signed) Napier, Chief Superintendent."
In attempting to convey his lordship's letter to his excellency the governor, odd scenes, equally insulting and ridiculous, played off with more or less success a hundred times before, were reäcted at the city gates. We quote them as described in a dispatch from lord Napier to lord Palmerston.
"It may be here stated, that during the intrval employed in translating my letter, the hong-merchants, Howqua and Mowqua, arrived with the copy of an edict, ad- dressed by the viceroy to themselves, for the purpose of being enjoined on the su- perintendents by their body. Long experience having already proved to the East India Company the utter futility of such a medium of communication, and the compliance therewith only tending to degrade his majesty's commission and the British public in general, in the estimation of the Chinese people, and to rend- er the exertions of the superintendents to perform their various duties altogether ineffectual, the hong-merchants were courteously dismissed with an intimation,
• That I would communicate inmediately with the viceroy in the manner befit- ting his majesty's commission, and the honor of the British nation.' Mr. Astell was, therefore, instructed to deliver my letter to an officer, and to avoid any com· munications through the hong-merchants, which might afterwards be represent- ed as an official communication, and a precedent on all other occasions.
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841.
“On the arrival of the party at the city gates, the soldier on guard was dispatch. ed to report the circumstance to his superior. In less than a quarter of an hour, an officer of inferior rank appeared ; whereupon Mr. Astell offered my letter for transmission to the viceroy, which duty this officer declined; adding, that his su- perior was on his way to the spot. In the course of an hour several officers of nearly equal rank, arrived in succession; each refusing to deliver the letter, on the plea that “higher officers would shortly attend." After an hour's delny, during which time the party were treated with much indignity, not unusual on such occa. sions, the linguists and hong-merchants arrived, who intreated to become the hearers of the letter to the viceroy. About this time, an officer of rank higher than any of those who had preceded him, joined the party, to whom the letter was in due form offered, and as formally refused.
"The officers having seen the superscription on the letter, argued, 'that as it came from the superintendent of trade, the hong-merchants were the proper channel of communication;' but this obstacle appeared of minor importance in their eyes, upon ascertaining that the document was styled a letter and not a peti- tion. The linguists requested to be allowed a copy of the address, which was of course refused.
“About this time the kwáng-hie, a military officer of considerable rank, ac- companied by an officer a little inferior to himself, arrived on the spot, to whom the letter was offered three several times, and as often refused. The senior hong- merchant, Howqua, after a private conversation with the kwáng-hie, requested to be allowed to carry the letter in company with the kwáng-hie, and ascertain whether it would be received. This being considered as an insidious attempt to circumvent the directions of the superintendents, a negative was made to this and other overtures of a similar tendency.
“Suddenly, all the officers took their departure, for the purpose, as it was after. wards ascertained, of consulting with the viceroy. Nearly three hours having been thus lost within the city, Mr. Astell determined to wait a reasonable time for the return of the officers, who shortly afterwards re-assembled; whereupon Mr. As- tell respectfully offered the letter in question three separate times to the kwáng. bie, and afterwards to the other officers, all of whom distinctly refused even to touch it; upon which Mr. Astell and his party returned to the factory."
27th. The hong-merchants in a body waited on the superinten- dents; and after a long conversation, marked on their part by cnn- ing and duplicity, Howqua proposed that a new address should be affixed to the letter-substituting the word petition for letter, altering somewhat the designation of the governor: the first was refused, the second, being a mere matter of courtesy, was complied with. How- qua having taken a copy of the same for the approval of the governor, took his departure, promising to bring a reply next day.
28th. This morning a ticket was addressed to his lordship by Howqua, announcing his intention to call with the other hong-mer- chants at one o'clock. On this ticket, instead of using the words which Dr. Morrison had selected for "lord Napier," Howqua wrote Laboriously Vile;" and on being asked the reason, avoided expla-
New System of Orthography
nation, only remarking that he had been "so instructed by the pilot.” They came at the appointed hour, but Howqua only was admitted; and he, having declared that the communication would not be receiv- ed unless superscribed as a petition, was at once dismissed.
31st. Howqua and Mowqua waited on the superintendents, with an edict from the governor, not addressed to lord Napier but to them, and by them to be enjoined on him. Corresp. p. 9.
(To be continued.)
ART. II.
New orthography adopted for representing the sounds of Chinese characters, by the Roman alphabet, in the national language and in the dialects of Canton and Fukien. DISSATISFACTION with the existing systems of orthography for indi- cating the sounds of Chinese characters has been repeatedly express- ed in our pages, defects have been pointed out, and improvements suggested. In volume third, page 29, was introduced a table of the Chinese significant sounds, exclusive of the variations formed by the modulation of tones and aspirates.' In volume fifth, page 22, a new system was proposed; this was somewhat modified in volume sixth, page 479 and the sequel, and with a few slight changes is now adop- ted for the pages of the Repository.
Note. The new orthography comprises all the syllables, alphabetically arrang- ed, contained in Morrison's Dictionary, Part 2d. In this list of syllables, all the modifications occasioned by the tones and aspirates, are disregarded-otherwise instead of 410, there would have been nearly 1600 syllables. A complete syllabic system ought to define each of these 1600 syllables, and arrange under one or other of them, every word in the language.
Morrison's orthography is that given in Part 2d of his Dictionary; the numbers, as they there stand, are here retained, but are disarranged by the new orthography. The Canton Dialect is that used in the Chinese Chrestomathy, made out from a Chinese Tonic Dictionary. The number of syllables in this Tonic Dictionary- in which all the modifications occasioned by the tones and aspirates are marked- amounts to 1582: the work comprises 8335 characters, being those most in use.
Medhurst's orthography is that in his dictionary of the Fukien dialect, in which work he has fully explained it.
In the new orthography of the Fukien dialect the sounds of the Roman letters (vowels, diphthongs, and consonants,) are the same as in the other new ortho- graphy and in the Canton dialect. The object aimed at, and it is one of great im- portance, is to have but one system of orthography for all the dialects.
Chi- New Or-
No. nese. thography.
Morrison's Orthography.
Canton Dialect.
New System of Orthography
Medhurst's New Fukien Orthography. Orthography.
5 閘 cháh
chah chál,
6 2 chái 7 h chán 8 h cháng
ch'hay ch'é
chám chám chám
chéung chang choáng
teǎou tiáu2
11 者 ché
12 折 che 13 占 chen
cheet chiet,
14 ÂM chí
15 R chi
ch'hek ch'ek,
16 真 chin
chin .chin
17 Eching
16 ching
16 ching_ching
ching chèng cheng'
18 E chó
19 – chú
20 竹 chu
21 裝 chue
twat twat,
22 || chuen
21 chuen
ch'hwan ch'wár.
23 : chúi
24 春 chun
ch’hun chun
25 t chung 24 chung chung trong
26 撾chwá 27 g chwái 27 chae
chüt chöèy choé
teong tióng
ch'hwa ch'wá
New System of Orthography.
Morrison's
Chi- New Or
Canton nese, thography, Orthography. Dialect.
Medhurst's New Fukien Orthography. Orthography.
28 ;t chwáng 28 chuang chóng chòng chóng
29 法 fáh
hwat hwát,
30 凡 fán
hwän hwán
31 分 fan
32 方 fáng
33 否 fau
39 害 hái
40 = hán
41 恨 han
42 tr háng
43 衡 hang
44 47 háu
45 後 hau
50 狹 hiäh
hëep hiep,
51 械 hiái
52 lấy háng
60 heang héung
hoàng háng
53 # hiáu 54 協 hie
61 heaouháu
haou háu'
heep hiep.
New System of Orthography
Chi- New Or-
Morrison's
nese. thography.
Orthography.
Dialect.
Medhurst's New Fukien Orthography. Orthography.
55 陷 hien
63 heen 'hám
56 忻 hin
57 行 hing
58 學 hió 59頊 hiu
60 休 hiú
61 穴 hiue
62 Ź hiuen
68 heuen
63 熏 hiun
hwun chún
64hiung 71 heung
heung chiung
70 化 hwá 81 hwa
71 T# hwáh 82 hoặ
72 it hwái
hwaê hwái
73 M hwán 84 han
hwàn hwan'
74 | hwan 85 hàn
75 đề hwáng 86 hoang
76 | hwang 87 hoàng
77 活 hwó 88 hwo
78 忽 hwu 89 hrйh
79 10 hwui 90 hwuy
81 on jáng 91 jung
yéung jeang jiáng
Chi- New Or
Morrison's
New System of Orthography
Medhurst's New Fukien
nese. thography. Orthography.
Dialect.
Orthography. Orthography.
82 饒 jáu
83 肉 jau
86 然 jen
89 仍 jing
jeungjióng
93 軟 juen
103 juen
95 潤 jun
96 戎 jung
106 jung
jeungjióng
97 改 kái
98 + kán
99 跟 kan
111 kang
không kóng
112 kăng
102 告 káu
113 kaou
103☐ kau
104 2 ke
105 总 kí
106 及 ki
123 keih
107 加 kiá
108 甲 kiäh
116 kca káp
No. nese. thography.
Chi- New Or-
Morrison's Orthography.
Canton Dialect.
New System of Orthography.
Melhurst's New Fukien Orthography. Orthography.
109 答 kiái
117 heae
118 keäng
kang káng
111 p kiáu
119 keaou
keàou kiáu'
112 茄 kié
120 keay
113 刦 kie
114 劍 kien
122 köen
115 巾 kin
116 京 king
117角 kió
118 菊 kiu
128 keuh
119 决 kiue
126 keuč
kwat kwat,
120 kiuen
127 keuen
121 均 kiun
129 keun
1922 kiung
130 keung kung këûng kiung
124 個 kò
125 各 kó
126 古 kú
127 去 kü
128 谷 ku
129 I kung
140 kung
130瓜 kwá
131 kwáh
kwat kwat,
132 快 kwái
143 kwae
khwae kwái
133 kwán
144 kwan
kwan kwán
kwan 145 kwăn
khwùn kún
135 H kwáng 146 hang kwóng kong chóng
VUL XI. NO 1.
Chi- New Or
New System of Orthography
Morrison's
nese. thography. Orthography. Dialect.
kwang 147 kwung kwang
kwei 148 kwei kwai
Medhurst's New Fukicn Orthography. Orthography. keng keng
138 果 kwù
139 國 kwó
140 圣 kwu
151 kwйh
141 đây là
142 喇 lúh
143 để lái
144 濫 lán
145 浪 láng
156 lang
146 冷 lang
157 lăng
147 để lâu
158 laou
148 樓 lau
149 勒 le
164 lerh
160 leang
153了liáu
161 leaou
154 51 lie
155 連 lien
163 lëen
156 林 lin
157 ling
173 ling
158 畧 liú
159 流 liú
160 律 liu
169 leйh
161 劣 liue
167 leue
162 $ liuen
168 leuen lün
Chi- New Or-
Morrison's
No. nese. thography.
Orthography.
Dialect.
New System of Orthography.
Medhurst's New Fukien Orthography. Orthography.
163 TE lò
165 路 lú
182 Iwan
169 雷 lui
170 倫 lun
180 lung
174 g mái
175 曼 mán
176 | máng
187 mang
177 i mang
188 măng
178 = máu 179 某 mau 180也 mé
189 mavu
meě"gh míngh,
181 貊 me
bek bek,
184 miáu
192 meaou
beaou biáu2
185 威 mie
bëët biet,
186 面 mien
194 mëen
187 密 mi
196 meih
188 民 min 199 min
189ming 200 ming ming
New System of Orthography.
Chi- New Or-
Morrison's
No. nese. thography.
190*** miú
Orthography.
Canton Dinlect.
Medhurst's Nee Fukien Orthography. Orthography.
197 mero
191 摩 mù
205 minh
195 門 mun
206 mun mín
207 mung mung
197 滿 mwán
208 mwan mún
198 那 nú
209 na ná
199 納 núh
210 nă náp
200 7 nái
201 và nán
212 nan nám
202 là năng
213 nang nóng
203 能 nang
14 năng mang
204 H náu
215 nao náu
205 耨 nau
230 now nau
206 k ngái
207 } ngán
208 恩 ngan
42 gắn yan yin
209 [] ngáng
43 gang ngóng
210 ti ngang
ngang kéng
211 tk ngáu
45 gam ngù gō
212 ngau
49 gol ngau gnoé
213 額 nge
46 gih ngák gék
214 | ngô 215 | ngó 216 E ni
ngók gók
No. nese. thography.
New System of Orthography.
Chi- New Or-
Morrison's Orthography.
Canton Dialect.
Medhurst's New Fukien Orthography. Orthography.
217 匿 ni
221 neih
218 kỷ niáng 217 mang néung lâng láng
219 niáu 218 neaou
neáou ‘náu
220 攝 nie
leep liep,
221 年 nien
220 nëen
lëên lien
222 紉 nin
226 ning
lêng leng
224 Jnió
225 牛 niú
gnêwsgíú
227 và nó
228 訥 nu
229 奴 nú
230 女 ni
232 嫩 nun
233 nung
233 nung
234nwán 235 nwan
lwán 'Iwán
235疴ò 236惡ó
237 ŏ or go
237 巴 pá
238 A páh
239 pă pát
239 拜 pái
260 pun pún
páng 242 pang
póng pông
pang 243 pặng
pêng peng
Chi- New Or-
No. nese. thography.
Morrison's Orthography.
Canton Dialect.
New System of Orthography
Medhurst's New Fukien
Orthography. Orthography
244 包 páu
244 paou
paou .páu
245 剖 pau
246 白 pe
247 悲 pei
248 匹 pi
250 peih
249 比 pí
250表 piáu
246 peaou
peáou 'piáu
251 别 pie
pëet piet,
248 pëen
p'hëèn p'ien'
253 pp pin
p'hín 'p'in
254平 ping
254 ping
255彪 pit
256 波 pù 257泊 pó
258 đi pú
259 † pu
pok puk,
260 筆 pung pwán
261 pung
phông phóng
262 pwan
pwàn pwán
262 jf rh
263 撒 súh
204 | sái
266 森 san
207 * sáng
267 sang
268 生 sang 269 叟 sau 270 đại sáu
268 săng
shang seng
269 saou
Chi- New Or-
Morrison's
No. nese. thography.
Orthography.
Dialect.
New System of Orthography.
Medhurst's New Fukien Orthography. Orthography.
271 色 se
272 ? shá
273 A sháh 285 sha
274 晒shái
286 shae
275 山 shán 287 shan
shán san
276 – sháng 288 shang shéung seāng sáng
277 少sháu
289 shaou
shíú seáou 'siáu
278 手 shau
299 show
279 she 280 善 shen
293 shen
282 + shi
294 shih
283 shié
290 shay
284 种 shin
295 shin
285 shing
296 shing
286 槊 shó
287 書 shú
298 shoo
288 朮 shu
300 shuh
289 7k shúi
307 shwйy
290 順 shun
301 shun
291 shwá 302 shwa
292 H| shwáh 303 sha
293 shwái 304 shwae
294 | shwáng305 shang shóng
295 # shwó
306 sho shüt
296 西 sí 297 息 si
276 scih
Chi. New Or No. nese. Uwgraphy.
298 相 siáng
New System of Orthography.
Morrison's Orthography.
Canton Dialect.
Medhurst's New Fukien Orthography. Orthography.
271 seang
sëang siáng
299 小 siáu
272 seaou
seáou 'siáu
300 些 sié 301 府 sie
273 seay
302 先 sien 303 宣 sieun
275 scen
sëen sien
280 seuen
swan swán
304 心 sin
305 性 sing
310 sing
306削 sió
307 脩 siú
308 戌 siu
281 seuh
309 雪 siue
279 seuč
310 p) siun
282 seun
311 所 sò
312 索 só
312 so sók
313 素 sú
314 序 si
315 夙 su
315 sich suk
316 綏 sui
317 損 sun
318 米 sung
317 sung
sòng súng
319 算 swán
319 swan
320 + sz'
322 塔 táh
323 t tái
324 H lớn
Chi- New Or
No. nese. thography.
Cauton Dialect.
New System of Orthography
Morrison's Orthography.
Medhurst s New Fukien Orthography. Orthography.
325 當 táng
$25 tang
tong tóng
326 等 tang
326 tăng
327 7] táu
327 taou
329 得 te
330 地 tí
331 Ĥy ti
333 terh
3327 tiáu
329 teaou
theaou tiáu
330 teay
335 天 tien
332 tëen
t'hëen t'íen
336 T ting
336 ting
teng teng
337丟 tiú
338 ft to
339 奪 tú
twat twát,
340 則 tse
360 tsih
chek chek,
341 襍 tsáh
chap cháp,
342 t trái 343 殘 tsán 344 tsáng
ê 345 từ tsang
342 tsac
chhaê chái
343 tsan
chân chán
344 tsang 345 trăng
ch'hong chóng
cheng cheng
346 tsáu
346 tsaou
chó 'cho
347 走 tsau
366 tsow
choé 'chò
ch'hey ch'é
353 tscih
ch'hit ch'it,
tsiáng 348 tscang
cheang chiáng
VOL XI. NO.
349 tscaon tsíú
chheào" cháu
New System of Orthography.
Chi- New Or-
Morrison's
No. nese. thography.
Orthography.
Canton Dialect.
Medhurst's New Fukien Orthography. Orthography.
352 H tsié
350 tseay
ch'hëná 'ch'íná
353 tsie
351 tscë
ch'heep ch'iep,
354 + tsien
352 tsëen
ch'hëen ch'ien
355尋 tsin
361 tsin
sîm ,sim
362 tsing
ch'héng 'cheng
357 tsió
354 tsco
ch'hëak ch'iák,
358 绝 tsiue
356 tseuč
chwát chwát
359tsiuen 357 tseuen
chwân chwán
360 俊 tsiun
358 tscun
chùn chún❜
361 酒 tsiú
359 tsew
362 左 tsò
363 作 tsń
364 祖 tsú
365 tsoo
365 取 tsi
355 tseu
chl 'ch'í
366 足 tsu
367 tsuh
chëuk chiok,
370 tsuy
choey choé
368 tsun
ch'ùn chún
tsung 369 tsung
tsung chong chóng
tswán 371 tswan
chàn chán
370 子 tsz'
372 tszc
choó 'chú
371 督 tu
372 ± tú
373 f túi
374 屯 tun
375 段 twán
377 tran
376 冬 tung 377 π u
375 tung
tong tóng
gwút gwút,
New System of Orthography.
Chi- New Or
Morrison's
No. nese, thography.
Orthography.
Dialect.
Medhurst s New Fakien Orthography. Orthography
380 瓦 wá
381 t wán
382 | wái
383 woue
383 萬 wán
384 文 wan
385 xoăn
385 王 wáng
386 wangwong
388 我 wù
390 物 wu
392 woйh
391 ĭ yá 392 押 yáh 393 险 yái 394 lớp yáng 395 要 yáu
393 ya 394 yǎ
395 yae 396 yang
yéung giáng giáng
397 yaou
yaou yáu
396 HL vé
397 葉 ye
399 ye íp
398 言 yen 399 - yi 400 因 yin
401 Rit ying
404 ying
402 約 yó
405 yo yéuk
Chi- New Or-
Morrison's
No. nese. thography.
Orthography.
Dialect.
Names of the Eighteen Provinces
Medhurst's New Fukien Orthography. Orthography.
405 玉 yu
gëük giok,
406 日 yue
407 元 yuen
408 yuen
408 Zyun
409 用 yung
411 yung yung
Respecting the tones and aspirates a few words may here be given explanatory of their use. Mr. Medhurst has discussed this subject at considerable length, in his "Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect," and has there divided them into eight kinds, according to the system adopted in the+Shi-ú Yin, taken as the basis of his own. The same eight-fold division has been adopted in the Chinese Chrestomathy, and a new method introduced for indicating these eight tones. The ease and the precision with which this method may be applied in writing the sounds of Chinese characters, will recom- mend it to notice, and, we hope, induce its universal adoption. So far as it has been made known, we believe it has inet with unqualified approbation. Without interfering with any system of orthography, it marks the exact tone of each word, as may be seen in the new
Fukien orthography above given. The four tones,
A, 平上去入, are subdivided into two series, the first comprising the upper, and the second, the lower tones; marked thus in the dialect of Cauton :
1st series, comprising the upper tones: sin, 'sin, sin' sit»; 2d series, comprising the lower tones: lin, slin, lin2, lit,. The spiritus lenis (') is used to denote the omission of an imper- fect vowel, as in tsz' and sz' in the preceding list; and the spiritus asper (*) indicates a rough breathing, or the omission of an h.
ART. III. Topography of China Proper: names of the eighteen
provinces and their principal subdivisions; notice of a
native map of the whole empire.
GENERAL views of the topography of the Chinese empire have been given in our previous volumes. In the first volume, the work of Lí Tsingchí, was noticed, and a general outline given of the dominions
Names of the Eighteen Provinces
of the reigning dynasty. Pp. 33, 113, 170. In volume fourth was introduced a view of the political divisions of the Chinese empire, with a notice of a map of China. Pp. 49, &c. And in volumes fifth and sixth, p. 336, and p. 8, our readers were furnished with various particulars regarding the coasts. We now propose, after first giving the names of the 18 provinces with the numbers of their subdivisions, to draw the attention of our readers to each of the several provinces, collecting our information from native sources.
PRINCIPAL AND SUBORDINATE DIVISIONS OF CHINA PROPER.
Sang ming,
府|直隸廳|直隸州|廳|州|縣
Depts Departments. Departments. \trictstrictstricts.
fú, Chilí ting,
Chill chau, ting, chau, hien,
| Dis- Dis- Dis-
Names of the Provinces.
直隷 Chilí,
3 17 124
Shantung,
西 Shánsí,
河南 Hanán,
Kiángsú, 8
Anhwui, 8
Kiangsí, 13
建 Fukien, 10
浙江 Chekiáng. 11
2 50 75 ≥ 70
湖北 Hipe,
湖南 Húnán,
陕西 西 Shensí,
肅 Kinsu,
川 Sz'chuen, 12
Kwangtung, 9
雲南 Yunnan,
廣西 Kwángsi,
00 00 LO
Kweichau, 12
18 Provinces. 182 18
143 1285
In common parlance these subdivisions may be designated depart- ments and districts-the first comprising the fu, the chili ting and
Portrait of Pwankú the First Man
the chili chau-the second including the ting, the cha and the hien-making 267 departments, and 1473 districts, according to the Tá Tsing Hwui Tien, from which the numbers are taken.
The word fù means to store up, the place for the storage of trea- sure, and the deposit of public documents. Over that place an officer is appointed and made responsible directly to the chief of the pro- vincial authorities.
The word ting anciently designated an auditory, the place where the magistrate resided and gave audience, receiving the complaints and deciding the causes of the people.
The word chau meant originally an island, or a habitable place entirely surrounded by water. According to tradition, the ancient monarch Yu, who rescued the earth from the waters of the deluge, divided the land into nine chau: since his time the word has been in constant use for a territory of indefinite extent, whether surrounded by water or not.
The word hien means bound, suspended, or what is suspended or attached, indicating that the hien is attached to something on which it is dependent. For additional information regarding these divisions, see volume fourth, page 54.
The map, from which we shall derive much of our information, is a new one, published in 1832, by Lí Yánghú, on a broad sheet, eleven feet by eight, with lines of latitude and longitude. It is the best native work we have seen, being in some respects superior to the manu- script one, by Lí Tsingchí. The copy of this new map, in our pos- session, is divided into eight sheets (each being eight feet long and seventeen inches broad) which being rolled up occupy but a narrow space. The map contains the names of all the departments, districts, principal military stations, rivers, and mountains of the whole empire of the Great Pure dynasty-now stretching from Cochinchina and Burmah on the south to the Russian frontiers on the north, and from the Pacific to the frontiers of the British empire in India.
ART. IV. Portrait of Pwánkú, among the Chinese, the reputed
progenitor of the human family.
FROM a native work, called the Sún Tsai Tú-an encyclopædia, containing a long series of portraits of distinguished persons, we have
Portrait of Pwánků, the First Man
obtained a number of wooden cuts, among which and first is that of Pwánku. Of this personage we need not repeat what we have before said. See volume tenth, pp. 49, 123, &c. The Chinese are very fond of giving representations of great men and of curious objects, notwithstanding the ill success and bad taste exhibited in their exe- cution. Since the visits of the steamboats to Canton, native artists have filled the country with pictures of 'smoke-ships,' which are now seen on their cloth and paper fans in great numbers. We think Mr. Davis is not correct, in his 'Sketches,' vol. I., p. 32, when he 'it would be the highest and most criminal act of disrespect in the greatest of his subjects to possess a portrait or visible representation of the son of heaven.' We have seen two of Táukwáng; one of which was brought to Canton by an officer of no very high rank on his re- turn from court: the other was in possession of a private gentleman
British Burial Ground in Muav
ART. V. British_burial ground in Macao; notices of the first interment there, and of the recent erection of monuments; Par- sce graves on the seashore.
Our attention has been recently called to this abode of the dead,' by the erection of a monument over the remains of lieut. Fitzgerald, which will be particularly noticed in the sequel. Previously to 1821, there was no burial place within the walls of Macao for foreigners. The remains of those who died here, were either carried from the settlement, or interred outside of the walls. On the hill-side, between the Campo gate and the Monte fort, several tombstones are still to be seen, some erect, and some thrown down and half buried in the earth; others are visible on Meesenburg hill, directly north of Ca- silha's bay, and likewise in the Caza, or garden, enclosing the Cave of Camoens. The inscriptions on these sepulchral stones still tell the stranger, who visits them, from what different and distant countries men came hither to traffic-from India, Persia, Arabia, and many of the states of Europe and America.
The English burial ground is situated just beyond the church of St. Antonio, eastward from the entrance to the Caza. The circum- stances which led to its selection are detailed in a letter describing the first interment. The letter is dated Macao, June 12th, 1821, and was addressed to the parents of Mrs. Morrison by the bereaved husband, their son-in-law. After describing the particulars of their child's death, Dr. Morrison thus proceeds:
"On Monday I wished to inter Mary out at the hills, where our James was buried; but the Chinese would not let me even open the same grave. I disliked burying under the town walls, but was obliged to resolve on doing so, as the Papists refuse their burying-ground to Protestants. The want of a Pro- testant burying-ground has long been felt in Macao, and the present case brought it strongly before the committee of the English Factory, who im- mediately resolved to vote a sum sufficient to purchase a piece of ground, worth between three and four thousand dollars; and personally exerted them- selves to remove the legal impediments and local difficulties; in which they finally succeeded. This enabled me to lay the remains of my beloved wife in a place appropriated to the sepulture of Protestant Christians, being denied a place of interment by the Romanists. Mr. Livingstone, Mr. Pearson, the president and committee of the English factory, Mr., Urinston, sir W. Fraser, &c., bore the pall. All the gentleinen of the factory, also counsellor Percira, sir A. Lyungstedt, the Russian consul, and other foreigners in Mação. attended the funeral. Mr. Harding, chaplain to
British Burial Ground in Macao.
the factory, read the funeral service at the grave; and the whole detail of the funeral was conducted with decency and respectability by the English Hervants of the factory. Rebecca, John, and I attended their dear mamma to the tomb; we were loath to forsake her remains. Our Chinese domestics. and teachers also, voluntarily accompanied the funeral. Our Mary was much esteemed by all who ever conversed with her. She had an excellent understanding, and a well-principled heart. Mr. and Mrs. Molony have to day joined in a letter of condolence, saying, that in their voyage out, they had an opportunity of ascertaining Mrs. Morrison's Christian disposition, and were then much comforted by her society. ** Sunday, June 17th. To- day, every person in the English society, on account of Mary's death, appear- ed in mourning at church.”—Memoirs of Morrison, vol. II. page 101.
This spot, rendered sacred by the remains of many who were very dear and much loved by those who yet live, was well chosen, being sequestered, and so surrounded by a high wall as to be screened from public view. It is an oblong plat of ground, say fifty yards by thirty, and partly shaded by trees standing close to the wall, which is covered with the cereus and other flowers. Nearly two-thirds of the ground is already occupied; but over most of the graves there is no- thing to indicate even the names of their tenants. These are chiefly the graves of seamen, who have died in the hospitals. But the care of friends and relatives has here and there erected mementoes, with Inscriptions to perpetuate the memory of those for whom they mourn, The whole number of these inscriptious is perhaps 75; they exhibit a variety of style even greater than what is usual in burial grounds bearing dates from June 10th, 1821 (the day of Mrs. Morrison's death), down to the present time. A few of the names, with the dates. of decease, we have copied.
Charles Graham
George Cruttenden Charles J. Wheler Mrs. Jane Howard
Janies Thomas Robarts
R. C. Plowden
Daniel Beale
Sir W. Fraser
T. T. Forbes
S. 11. Monson
Donald Mackenzie
Frederick Ibery
Robert Morrisen D. D.
Mrs Isabella Anne Templeton
Oct. 3d, March 23d, 1822.
Dec. 4th, 1822. Feb. 23d, 1823.
Jau. 28th, 1825. Sept. 21st, 1825.
Jau. 4th, 1827.
Dec. 22d, 1827.
Aug. 9th, 1829.
Aug. 9th, 1829.
Oct. 30th, 1830.
Nov. 23d, 1853333.
Aug. 4th, 1834.
July 29th, 1835.
XI. NO I.
British Burial Ground in Macao.
Peter Key
Sir Andrew Ljungstedt
E. M. Daniell
Com. A. S. Campbell, u. s. N. Edmund Roberts, U. s. A. envoy Mrs. Thomas Rees - John Crockett -
Thomas Richardson Colledge F. P. Alleyn
Elizabeth McDougal Gillespie Mrs. Fearon
E. G. Larkins
B. R. Leach
William Shillaber Colledge
Mrs. John Walker
Richard Turner
Roderick F. Robertson
Henry John Spencer Churchill
Oct. 8th,
Nov. 10th, 1835.
May 15th, 1836. June 3d,
June 12th, 1836. Dec. 27th, 1836.
June 20th, 1837.
July 23d, 1837. Oct. 3d, 1837.
Dec. 6th, 1837. March 31st, 1838. June 15th, 1838.
Aug. 26th, 1838. Sept. 29th, 1838. Oct. 18th, 1838. March 28th, 1839. Jan. 16th, 1839. June 24,
By particular request, we copy entire the inscription from one of the monuments erected during the last year. The choice of the design and the details of its execution were intrusted to the vigilant care of Mr. Allen, acting surgeon of H. B. M. naval hospital, Macao. That gentleman has well fulfilled his mournful task. In the words of the Canton Register: "the design of the monument is chaste, and the proportions beautiful; it is a slender square pillar, on a double basc, surmounted by a funeral urn, each side having been slightly channel- ed. It is placed close to that of capt. lord John Churchill, and is as pleasing to the eye of taste as any other in the cemetery." So we think. The following is the inscription which it bears.
to the memory of
LIEUTENANT EDWARD FITZGERALD, Late belonging to H. M. ship Modeste :
who died at Macao,
on the 22d June, 1841,
from the effects of a wound received
while gallantly storming the enemy's battery at Canton, This monument was erected
by his numerous friends and shipmates, in the squadron in which he served, as a tribute of respect by his memory
Calendar for the Year 1842
The Parsees,* resident in Macao, have selected a site, for the in- terment of the remains of their deceased friends, near the "Gap," on the hill-side, southwest from the Guia fort, a few yards above the sca- shore. The site slopes towards the east so as to receive the first rays of the rising sun. There are there now five graves. The first con- tains the remains of Cursetjee Framjee, who died in 1829. Upon the granite slab which covers his grave, is the following text, selected from Ecclesiastes, 11:7,8.
Truly the light is sweet,
And a pleasant thing it is for the cyes to behold the sun : But if a man live many years, and rejoice in them all,
Yet let him remember the days of darkness,
For they shall be many:
All that cometh is vanity.
How singular and how diversified are the circumstances in which men make their exit from the scenes of life! And when gone, how undistinguished is their dust! Youth, beauty, virtue, valor, wealth, and honor, have no power against the shafts of death. Yet who heeds his admonition? Who prepares for his coming? Reader! Art thou ready? Could those, whose ashes sleep in yonder grave- yard, rise from the dead and come and speak to thee, wouldest thou heed their warnings? Is thy spirit sanctified, thy soul prepared to meet thy God? Hast thou a treasure laid up in heaven? If so, happy art thon. “For where thy treasure is there will thy heart be also.”
ART. VI. Calender for the 1842; with lists of the members of the imperial cabinet, of the provincial officers at Canton, of the Portuguese government in Macao, of the British authori- ties, with a catalogue of the foreign residents and commercial houses.
TAUKWANG succeeded his father Kiáking in 1820, but decreed that the date of his reign should begin with the year following, 1821; con- sequently A. D. 1842 it the twenty-second of his reign, and corres- ponds to the 3479th year of the Chinese cra. For the convenience of our readers in changing the dates according to the European ca- lendar, into those of the Chinese, we introduce here a comparative one for the current year.
In our last number, the-conquest of Persia was erroneously placed & c. when it should have been a 1. 632
Calendar for the Year 1842.
April. 3 m.
May! 4 m.
4 & July.
Aug. 15 & 16 &) Sep.
Der. Jim.
30 [10 t
3 1 13 S
20 t 10 29 S 21 f | 11 |21 m 12 22
10 118 m
118 ƒ | 16
12 123 s
24 m 14 24
16 25 ƒ 17 26 8
10 19 SI 11 19 t
14 119 m
15 25 10
12 121 t
20 m 12 20 w
19 121 to
23 25 S 24
16 (26 t
22 127 t
f 13 28 m
20 29 20 30 m 21 30 t
21 28 S❘ 23 28 wo
24 28 f | 25 28 ml
22 130 8
22 129 m
23 130 t
25 29 8 26 29 t 2630 S 27 30 u
* * * * 8 5 3 3 2
Members of the Imperial Cabinet.
IMPERIAL CABINET, PEKING.
This consists of four principal and two subordinate members, who form a part of what the Chinese call the Inner Council. These "deliberate on the government of the empire, proclaim abroad the imperial pleasure, regulate the canons of state, together with the whole administration of the great balance of the power, thus aiding the emperor in directing the affairs of state. Whenever the grand solemnities are to be celebrated, they then bring forward all the of ficers to take part in the same." There are in this council a great number of other othcers, but the four tá hió sz', and the two hie pán tá hió sz', are the only ones we need here mention. These six, ac- cording to the latest accounts we have from Peking, are the follow- ing
BJ Muchángáh,
a Mantchou.
Pwán Shingan, a Chinese.
Pauhing,
4. 主鼎 Wang Ting,
5. Hochangling,
a Mantchon.
a Chinese.
a Mantchou.
6. 湯 金釗 Ting Kinchav a Chinese.
2. PROVINCIAL OFFICERS of Canton.
This list contains only the names and common titles of the officers
who are at the head of the provincial government, and those subal-
Lerns who are most concerned with foreigners. Some recent changes prevent our making the list complete.
督院 governor,
撫 It.-governor,
Miks t Ki Kung.
梁寶常 Liang Páncháng.
將軍 gen.-cominandant,阿精阿 Ahtsingáh.
左都統 1st lt.-general,玉瑞
24 It..general,
literary chancellor,
com. mar. customs,
師提督 admiral, 路提 提督 general,
灌司 com. administration,
Cháng Tsingyuen,
com. of justice,
com. of gabel,
Wang Tinglán.
Yi Chungfi.
List of Officers.
糧道 com. of grain,
廣府 prefect,
易長華 Yi Changhwa.
magistrate,
magistrate,
梁星源 Liáng Singyuen.
張曦宇 Cháng Hiyii.
道臺 intendant at Macao,
sub-prefect, 謝 Sié
magistrate,
香山縣左堂 sub. mag. at Macao. 張熙 Chíng Hi.
3. Portuguese Government at Macao.
Adrião Accacio de Silveira Piuto, Governor,
Jozé Maria Rodrigues de Bastos, Judge.
Pe. Candido Gonçalves e Franco, Vicar Capitular.
João Teixera de Lira,
Commandant.
Present members of the Senate.
Joǎo Jozé Vieira, Jozé Thomas de Aquino, Judges. Manoel Pereira, Alexandrino Antonio
de Mello, Lourenço Marques, Francisco Antonio Seabra, Procurador.
Manoel Jozé Barboza, Treasurer.
Justices of Peace.
} Vereadores.
Cipriano A. Pacheco of the parishes of Sé and St. Antonio. Jozé Simão dos Remedios of the parish of St. Lourenço.
4. BRITISH AUTHORITIES IN China.
H. E. sir Henry Pottinger,
Alexander R. Johnston, esq Edward Elmslie, esq. (absent) Major G. A. Malcolm,
John Robt. Morrison, esq.
Mr. A. W. Elmslie, Mr. L. d'Almada e Castro, Rev. Charles Gutzlaff, Robert Thom, esq.
Samuel Fearon, esq.
Mr. W. H. Medhurst jr. Kaziguchi Kiukitchi, Christopher Fearon, esq., Capt. William Caine, Alexander Anderson, esq. (abs.)
Sole plenipotentiary, minister extra- ordinary and chief superintendent.
Dep. superintendent, and charged with the government of Hongkong.
Secretary and treasurer.
Secretary to the plenipotentiary. Chinese secretary and interpreter, and acting secretary and treasurer. Clerks in the secretary's office.
Joint interpreters.
Chinese interpreter and notary at Hongkong.
Clerks in the Chinese secretary's office.
Notary public residing at Macao. Chief magistrate at Hongkong. Colonial surgeon at Hongkong
Henry Holgate, esq.
List of Foreign Residents.
W. Woosnam, esq. Capt. George F. Mylius, Mr. D. Mullaly,
Mr. J. Paliner,
French, {
Acting colonial surgeon.
Ass.-surgeon to the plenipotentiary. Land officer at Hongkong.
Clerk in charge of post office.
Clerk in charge of letters.
FOREIGN CONSULS.
Col. A. d'B. de Jancigny, commercial agent. Charles Alexander Challaye, esq.
American, P. W. Snow, esq. (W. Delano, jr., esq., act. vice-consul.) Danish, James Matheson, esq.
6. Foreign Residents.
This list is not intended to include those who are connected with the British army and navy. By comparing it with those of former ycars, it will be seen that this community rapidly changes its mem- bers. The earliest list, to which we are able to refer, was published ten years ago in the Anglochinese Calendar for 1832.
That list comprised 137 names, of which only the following are now in China (excepting a few Portuguese who were residing at Cauton); we give them in their alphabetical order; Rev. E. C. Bridgman, G. Chinnery, L. Dent, R. Edwards, C. Fearon, C. V. Gillespie, W. H. Harton, A. Heard, J. Henry, Framjee Herajee, W. C. Hunter, Jamsetjee Rustomjee, A. Jardine, J. Matheson, A. Matheson, Pestonjee Rustomjee, Pestonjee Cowasjee, J. R. Morrison, J. P. Sturgis, and H. Wright.
The list published in the Repository for January, 1837, comprised 307 names, of whom 159 were British, 62 Parsees, 44 Americans, 28 Portuguese (in Canton), 4 Indian, 3 Dutch, 2 Swiss, 2 Prussian, 2 German, I Danish, and 1 French.
The list published in our pages one year ago contained 230 names; in that, as well as in the one for this year, Portuguese are not in- cluded.
The subjoined list, for the current year, comprises 259 names which is probably somewhat below the actual number of residents in China, as there may be some at Chusan or other places on the coast not included in the list.
Abeel, Rev. David
Almack, W.
Board, Charles, Bomanjec Eduljce,
Baldwin, T. R.
Bateman, J.
Boone, Rev. W. J., and fam. am. Bovet, L.
Baylis, IJ. P.
Bowman, J.
Bhimjer Kanee,
Bleukin. W.
Brame, George T
Byramjee Rustomjee,
Byworth, G.
Caine, William
Bridgman, Rev. E. C.
List of Foreign Residents
Brown, Rev. S. R., and fam, (476. Bull, Isaac M.
Buru, D. L., and family,
Fearon, Charles Fearon, Samuel Fessenden, Henry
Calder, Alexander Calder, D.
Cannan, Julin H. Challaye, C. A. Chapman, Frederick
Kibb, T. A.
Findlay, George Fisher, Rodney
Fletcher, Angus Forbes, D.
Framjee Jamsetjec, Fryer, W.
Gibb, John D.
Gillespie, C. V.
ani. br.
par. br.
Chicks, W.
Kiilman, J. T.
Chinnery, George
Gilman, Richard J.
Clark, W.
Gomajee Gordhunjee
Cleverley, Osmund
Goolam Hoseen
Compton, J. B.
Goolam Hoseen Chadoo
Coobcar Hurjeewun,
Gray, C. H.
Coolidge, J.
Couper, William
Gully, R.
Cowasjee Franjee
Gribble, Henry, and family,
Gutzlaff, Rev. C., und family, pr.
Croom, A. F.
Cowasjee Shapoorjee Tabac, pur.
Cursetjee Rustomjee
Dadabhoy Burjorjee, Dadabhoy Byramjee, Dale, W. W. Davidson, Walter
Davidson, William
Davis, J. J.
Hajce Dawood
Hajec Dawood
ttallam, Samuel I.
Hamilton,
Harker, Henry R.
Hart, C. H., and family, Harton, W. H., and family
Heard. Augustine Heard, John
Henderson, Williamı
Dawood Jetha,
Delano, Edward
Henry, Joseph
Delano, Warren, jr.
Henry, William
Denham, F. A.
Dent, John
Dent, Lancelot
Dent, Wilkinson
De Salis, J. H.
Dhunjeebhoy Nasserwanjee, par. Dinshaw Furdoonjee, Dixwell, George Basil Dodd, Samuel
Donglass, L. P.
Douglass, Richard H.
Dundas, Henry
Durran, A.
Durran, J. A., jr.
Duus, N., and family
Edger, J. F.
Eduljee Furdoonjec, Edwards, Robert
Eilis, W., and family
Elmslie, Adam W.
Endicott, James B
Erskine, WV 1.
Fearon Christuplier
Heras, P. de las
Heron, George Hilier, C. B.
Hobson, B., M. B., and family, Holgate, H.
Hogg, Charles, and family, Holliday, Jolm, and family, Horinuzjee Framjce, Howell, Augustus,
Hughesdon, C.
Hughes, W. H.
Hulbert, James A.
Hunter, W. C.
39). br.
Humpston, G.
Hurjeewun Humtha
Jafferbloy,
Jancigny, A. d' B. de
Jamsetjee Rustomjee,
Jamsetjee Eduljce,
Janicey,
Jeanneret, L. Auguste
Johnston. A. R
Jardine, Andrew
List of Foreign Residents
Lejeć, W. R.
Leslie, W.
Lloyd, Charles
Jones, T.
Nye, Gideon, jr.
Jumoojee Nasserwanjee,
Oswald, Richard
Kay, Duncan J.
¡Palmer, J.
Kerr, Crawford, and family, br.
Pallanjee Dorabjee,
King, Edward
King, James R.
King, William H.
Lane, W.
Lawrence, Wm. A
Lay, G. T.
Le Geyt, W. C.
Leighton, H. J., and family
Pallanjee Nasserwanjee Patell, par. Parkes, Harry
Paterson, A., and family, Pattullo, Stewart E. Pedder, William, æ. N. Pestonjee Cowasjee, Pestonjee Rustomjee, Pestonjee Merwanjee Ponder, Stephen
Pottinger, Sir Henry Pitcher, M. W.
par. br.
Poor, William
Lockhart, W., and family,
Proctor,
Macculloch, A.
Prosli, John
Macfarlane A.
Pybus, Henry
Mackean, T. W. L.
Pyke, William
Macleod, M. A.
Ragoonath Juvan,
Mahomedbhoy Alloo,
Reynvaan, H. J.
Malcolm, G. A.
Rickett, John, and family
Maneckjee Burjorjee,
Ritchie, A. A., and family
Manackjee Bomanjee,
Roberts, Rev. J. J.
Markwick, Charles
Roberts, Joseph L.
Martin, H.
Matheson, Alexander
Matheson, James
McMinnis, H.
Medhurst, W. H., jr. Melville, A.
Mercer, J. A., and family,
Ruttonjee Hormusjee Camajee, par.
Ryan, James
Saunders, Frederic
Scott, A.
Scott, W.
Shaikamod Dossboy,
Merwanjee Dadabhoy,
Merwanjee Eduljee,
Sherifkhan Kanjee,
Shuck, Rev. J. L., and family, am.
Merwanjee Jeejeebhoy,
Silverlock, John
Meufing, W.
Simpson, Joseph W.
Miles, Williain Harding
Skinner, John
Millar, John
Slade, John
Milne, Rev. W. C.
Smith, J. Mackrill
Molbyr, A.
Smith, John, and family
Moller, Edmund
Smith, Henry
Monk, J.
Moore, William
Morgan, W., and family,
Morrison, J. Robt.
Morss, W. H.
Somjee Lalljee,
Somjee Visram,
Sorabjee Pestonjee,
Spooner, Daniel N.
Staple, Edward A.
Moul, Henry
Stewart, C. E.
Mullaly, D.
Stewart, Patrick, and family
Muloo Doongur
Stewart, T.
Murrow, Y. J.
Stewart, W
Mylius, George F.
Still, C. F.
Nasserwanjee Bhicajce Neave, Thomas D.
Strachan, Robert
Strachan, W.
Nesserwanjee Dorabjec Nyc, Clement
VOL XI. NO. 1.
Sturgis, James P.
Succutul Nuthmul.
Journal of Occurrences
Sword, John D., and family am.
Taylor, Edward
Wardin, Eduamd
Waterhouse, B.
Thom, Robert
Webster, Robert
Thomson, W.
Wetmore, S., jr.
Tiedeman, jr., P. absent
Williams, S. Wells
Townsend, P., jr.
Woodberry, Charles
Trott, John B.
Woodward, T. W. Woosnam, W.
Turner, Joseph L.
Varnham, Warner Walker, J.
A. A. Ritchie.
Wright, Henry
Young, Peter
7. FOREIGN Commercial Houses.
A. & D. Furdovnjee. Augustine Heard & Co. Bell & Co.
Bovet, Brothers, & Co C. V. Gillespie. Christopher Fearon.
D. & M. Rustomjee & Co. Dallas & Co.
Dent & Co.
Dirom & Co.
Elgar & Co.
Fergusson, Leighton, & Co. Fox, Rawson, & Co. Gibb, Livingston, & Co. Gribble, Hughes, & Co. Gideon Nye, jr. Heerjeebhoy Rustomjee Holliday, Wise, & Co. Hughesdon, Brothers.
Isaac M. Bull.
Innes, Fletcher, & Co. James Ryan.
Jamieson, How, & Co.
Jardine, Matheson, & Co. John Smith.
J. D. Sword & Co. 11. Just & Son. Lindsay & Co. Macvicar & Co. Olyphant & Co.
Pestonjee Merwanjee & Co.
Robert Webster. Russell & Co. Turner & Co.
W. A. Lawrence.
W. Lane.
W. & T. Geinmell & Co. Wetmore & Co.
William Scott.
ART. VII
Journal of Occurrences: political calms; the late Thomas Beale; sir Hugh Gough's notice of the capture of Tinghai and Chinhái; series of imperial rescripts: defensive measures of the Chinese at Hángchau and Tientsin; a manu- factory of gunpowder blown up at Canton; five new forts; nu- merous cannon; heavy contributions; foreigners, dressed in Chinese costume; the French ship-of-war Erigone; the return of sir Henry Pottinger from the north.
CALMS sometimes precede storms and tempests in the political, as they often do in the natural world. During the whole of this month, nothing of a political nature worthy of record has transpired here. Ships have sailed and arrived; dispatches have been closed and open- ed; orders given and received; troops collected; munitions of wai uspected, but no collisions have taken place at least none have been reported here, if we except some slight skirmishing near Ningpo.
Journal of Occurrences.
There are, however, indications of an approaching struggle, which, while it surely will open the empire, may close for ever the reign of the Mantchou dynasty.
2. The late Thomas Beale left his residence in Macao about 5 o'clock, P. M., December 10th, and, as many others are in the daily habit of doing, walked across the Praya Grande and Campo towards the Barrier; and at twilight was met by gentlemen in the path near the village of Mongha, not far from Casilha's bay. From that time, all inquiries for him were fruitless till the 13th instant. On the 2d, some Portuguese lads, who were amusing themselves at the bay, discovered the top of a human skull; and part of a man's waistcoat was seen after they had scraped away a little of the sand. These lads, and another with them, saw the same on the 12th. But it was only on the 13th, that they reported thereof, when about 2 P. M., the Portuguese authorities, accompanied by several English gentlemen and two sur- geons, proceeded to the spot. It was near the north end of Casilha's bay, 20 or 30 yards above high water mark. The body was lying in rather a curved position, the lower extremities extended nearly par- allel with the earth's surface, about two feet beneath it. The clothes were identified as those of Mr. Beale, and bore the initials of his name. Scarcely a remnant of flesh was remaining on the head; the teeth had fallen out; and the truuk was much decayed. No marks of violence were discovered upon it, nor was there anything, so far as we know, that could indicate in what way, or when, the body had been there placed. After an exmaination of the corpse, it was borne in a coffin to the English cemetery in Macao. There, on the morn- ing of the next day, a further examination was made; and at 5 o'clock P. M., the funeral ceremonies were performed. His remains now lie buried close by those of Daniel Beale, nephew of the deceased, who died in 1827. We refrain from all comments, leaving it for time, or the records of the last day, to disclose the causes and particular means, by which the deceased was removed from the light of life. He arrived in China in the 17th year of his age, and had resided in this country about 50 years.
Here-to turn from the melancholy scene we have been describing, it will be neither out of place, nor unacceptable to our readers, briefly to notice the aviary and garden attached to Mr. Beale's establishment, which have given m considerable celebrity. The aviary, made of wire, was placed at the western end of the house in the garden, and by its position was excellently screened from the winds. It contained half a dozen large trees, with a few smaller shrubs, a small artificial pool of water, and perches, roosts, and cages arrang- ed in good order for the accommodation of the inmates, while ? complete view of the whole could be had from the window of the din ing-room, without disturbing them. The gallinaceous birds, pheasants, jungle-cocks, partridges, and pigeons of various sizes and most splendid plumage formed the principal ornaments of the collection in the aviary: the graceful and superb silver pheasant, the splendidly colored golden and medallion pheasants, together with the large
Journal of Occurrences.
and handsome blue crowned pigeon, and other smaller kinds, attract- ed the admiring gaze of every visitor. Mr. Beale first procured a living specimen of the bar red-tailed pheasant from the interior of China; and the Phasianus Reevesii, or Reeves' pheasant was in his possession several years before it was carried to England by Mr. Reeves. The most distinguishing object of attraction about the house however, was the bird of paradise, from the Moluccas, whose brilliant plumage held the eye of every beholder; it was kept in a cage by itself, and more than any other of the birds drew visiters to the house. Loris, parrots, crockotoas, minas, magpies, and various Chinese singing birds, each suspended near by in its own cage, kept it corn- pany in the entrance to the house, each vying with the other in the loudness of its note, and altogether forming a constant vocal concert. A magnificent Indian peacock also attracted its share of attention, and a large cage of canaries, with compartments for the quiet breed- ing of young birds, sent forth its share of music. The garden contain- ed upwards of 2500 pots of plants, most of them Chinese flowers, in the cultivation of which Mr. Beale spent much of his time. The collection was probably one of the richest in Chinese flowers that has ever been made by any foreigner.
3. Sir Hugh Gough's notice of the capture of Tinghái and Chin- hái, contained in “General Orders," dated Oct. 3d and 12th, we extract from the Hongkong Gazette of the 1st instant.
Major-general sir Hugh Gough has again the pleasure to congratulate the troops under his command, upon their success in the recapture of the island of Chusan, and city of Tinghái, on the 1st instant. The conduct of the 55th, whose good fortune it was to land first, and who gallantly gained and cleared the heights, under a brisk and sustained fire from the enemy, was most creditable to the corps, and gave it the further advantage of being first to scale the city walls.
"That of the 18th Royal Irish, who landed next, was equally praiseworthy in driving the enemy before them, in spite of the resistance from the long line of sea batteries, until the regiment gained and re-occupied its old station. upon the Pagoda Hill.
"The well-directed fire of the detachments of Royal and Madras artillery on Chusan, in getting their guns over almost impracticable ground, and opening their fire from successive points,-were alike distinguished.
"The major-general was also gratified by observing the spirited manner in which the Madras Rifle Volunteers advanced, in extended order, over the hiil of the city, and the active zcal of the Madras sappers, in carrying the scaling ladders over those steep and difficult heights, and planting them against the walls.
"Circumstances which it was impossible to foresee having hastened the moment of attack, the 49th regiment and Royal Marines were not landed in time to perforin all that had been allotted to them; but the major-general noticed with the utmost satisfaction the rapidity with which they moved off to support the advance.
"Sir Hugh Gough addresses himself, therefore, to all, in expressing his thanks to commanding officers of columns and corps, and to the personal staff, and directs, that his sentiments be made known to all of every rank under their respective comtnend."
Journal of Occurrences.
"Major-general sir Hugh Gough having so lately thanked the troops under his command, for their conduct on the 1st of October, will only now observe, that their promptitude tand gallantry at the capture of the fortified heights and citadel of Chinhái, on the 10th instant, justified his warmest anticipations. The major-general again requests, that the commanding officers of columns and corps, and heads of departments, will communicate this expression of his satisfaction to all under their respective command, and acquaint them that he will have much gratification in bringing their praise-worthy conduct to the notice of the governor-general and commanderin-chief in India, and to general Lord flill. By order. (Signed) A. S. H. MOUNTAIN,
Lt.-col, Dep. Adj. General."
4. This series of imperial rescripts, borrowed from the Hong- kong Gazette of the 1st instant, affords additional particulars regard. ing the taking of Chusan, Chinhải and Ningpò. The abstract of these documents was made by Mr. Morrison. They are particularly valuable, inasmuch as they show the condition into which the war has brought the Chinese.
Liú, the governor of Chekiáng, having reported, on the 5th of October the fall of Tinghái, and requested that detachments from the best troops of the neighboring provinces might be sent for the defence of Chánú and Hángchau, received the imperial autograph reply, in these words: "Our pleasure shall im mediately be declared." "And, the same day, he received a dispatch from the Great (or Privy) Council, covering an imperial rescript, delivered to the cabinet on the 12th of October. The purport of this rescript is, to reprehend the high commissioner, Yukien, and the commander-in-chief, Yu Puyun, for having been so little able, during half a year of cooperation, to provide against attack, and to command the Board of War to determine with rigor what should be the penalty inflicted on them; while the governor, Liú Yunkò, having been this year more especially charged with the defence of Hángchau alone, is declared less culpable than his predecessor (Urkungah) was last year, and is merely placed at the bar of the Board to be judged without rigor.
In a second rescript of the same date, the emperor informs the governor, that he has already commanded the respective governors of Húpi and Kiángsí, to send for his disposal a thousand men from each of those provinces. His majesty speaks of Chápu, and another place somewhat to the westward of it (a jutting- out headland), called Tsienshán, as most important posts of defence; and ex- presses the fear, that, taking advantage of this moment of general alarni of war, the rebellious barbarians' will be breaking out in every direction. He urgently enjoins the governor to recruit his local forces with volunteers, and especially to collect an extensive body of water-braves' (seafaring men).-and to hand the people together, encouraging them with the assurance, that 'to exert themselves for their country is the sure way to defend themselves and their families; that if they will fortify themselves with oneness of determination, no enemy can stand against them. In this, the emperor is simply giving back to the governor the words of the latter's own propositions. His majesty desires that no attack be made, till the grand army be assembled.
On the 17th of October, the governor, Liú Yunkò, received an express from the Board of War, addressed to the late high commissioner, Yükien, which he opened, and found it to give cover to the emperor's autograph reply to the high commissioner's memorial.-as also to an imperial rescript, of date the 11th of October, transmitted by the Great Council. The autograph reply is: Our feel- ings of indignation and wrath cannot in words be expressed Our pleasure sball forthwith be declared.' And as a marginal note on the statement that 'for six days and nights they had fought with heavy toil, are these autograph words:
We read it with fast-falling tears.'
Journal of Occurrences
The imperial rescript transmitted thorugh the Council is nearly as follows:- Yükien this day reports, that Tinghái has fallen, and that he is in the first place vigorously arranging for the defence of Chinhái, at the same time preparing to send forth a force to advance offensively. From this report, it appears that, on the 27th of September, the foreigners advanced to Chúshán-inun (the channel off Forty-ninth Point), when the general Kó Yunfei (commanding the forces of the island, and having his post on Joss-house hill) opened fire on them, and strik- ing the mainmast of a foreign vessel, caused them immediately to sneak off again. That on the 28th, they landed on Forty-ninth Point, when the general Chin Kwohung (commanding a detachment, posted on the heights) opened a ginjall. fire, and killed numberless foreigners. That on the 29th, they pitched some tents on the Wukwei shán (Trumball island), when our soldiery killed more than ten of the rebels. That, finally, on the 1st of October, they advanced to the attack of Tinghái, when general Kó Yunfei himself aimed a gun, the shot from which struck in the magazine of a foreign vessel, and it was forthwith blown up. The rebels advanced in three columns. As the front ranks of our soldiery fell, the rear ranks advanced to take their place, till their ginjalls and field-pieces would no longer serve, when it was left to them only to throw away their lives on the battle-field. For six days and nights, they had fought with heavy toil, and had found success; but unfortunately the wind had been for several days contrary, and the sea violent, -so that the reserved reinforcements were hindered from arriving from Chinhái. Our soldiery were no longer able to withstand the enemy, and on the 1st of Octo- ber, Tinghái was lost.-Yükien requests that his demerits herein may be punished with severity; let the Board with rigor determine the penalty. The generals Wang Sipáng, Ching Kwohung, and Kó Yunfei and the acting magistrate of Tinghai and sub-prefect of Shipú, Shú Kungshau, who fell in the battle, are to receive the funeral honors, &c., by law established. And let Yükien ascertain and inform the Board of the names of the subordinate officers and soldiers who fell in battle. Respect this.'
The governor Liú, having, on the 12th of October, reported the loss of Chin- hái, the imperial autograph reply, in similar language of indignation, and his or- ders thereupon, of date the 18th of October, were received about the 24th. His ma- jesty's first orders are to the Board of War, to make an immediate financial report of what will be required for the military operations in Chekiáng. The next com- mands are to Chin Kiáiping (mentioned in a previous translation as one of the joint commissioners with Yiking), to proceed with all speed to Chekiáng, retaining still his rank of provincial commander-in-chief, Again, Yiking is appointed gener alissimo, and Halángáh and Hú Cháu, joint commissioners, and they are likewise commanded to repair with haste to Chekiang, Hú Cháu's appointment, trans- ferring him from one of the most distant provinces, appears to be owing to an earnest volunteer of his sent in upon his hearing of the capture of Amoy, wherein he states that he has been for some time exercising the troops under his command with an improved discipline, and has been employing skillful artificers in the im- provement of their weapons.
His majesty's next commands are addressed to Kímingpáu, the general com- anding the Tartar garrison of Hángchau, Liú Yunko. governor of Chekiang, Ya Púyun, commander-in-chief in Chekiáng, and Hánghing, lieut-general of the Tartar garrison, acquainting them with the appointment of the generalissimo and joint commissioners, directing that they remain at, and give their best attention to the defences of, Hángchau, and requiring of them the utmost exertions to collect together the scattered remnants of the Tinghai and Chinhái forces,-to show kindness to those of the people who adhere to the government,—and to use every prevention against those who traitorously abandon it, He approves of the arrangements reported to him for the defence of Shauhing, in sending thither the judicial commissioner of the provinces with a body of troops,—and for the assem- bling of volunteers and militia. for which purpose an officer had been sent out with a supply of money. Yû Púyun, the emperor commands to abide at Ningpo. and there, in concert with the civil officers of the place to collect militia for offensive operations. He ends with demanding more acemate particulars of the fall of Chinhai at the earliest possible period.
Journal of Dreurtences
On the 22d of October, the emperor expresses his great regret on account of the death of Yükien, who gave his for lite his country, casting himself into the water.' He adds to his departed servant's titular distinctions, orders him funeral honors of high class, and remits whatever there may be recorded against him in any of his official situations. His majesty then calls to mind the death of Yükien's grandfa- ther, in the same manner, at I'lí, during the reign of Kienlung, directs that Yakien receive subordinate sacrificial honors in the same temple of “faithful ministers" in which his ancestor had already found a place,-promises farther honors at the end of the war.-directs all the local officers to pay to his remains every honor, wher ever they may pass on the way to Peking, and sends Yükien's brother to meet the coffin, permitting him bring it within the city of Peking.
An express from the Board of War was received at Hángchau on the 27th of October, giving cover to an imperial rescript of the 17th, in answer to the report of Yu Puyun, the commander-in chief in Chekiang, That functionary, in announ- cing the loss of Chinhái, added that he had retired to Ningpò, which was at that moment defenceless, but which he would use every exertion to save. It was then threatened by the enemy, but it might be that they were only making a feint to draw off attention from Hángchan. His majesty commands him to continue if possible at Ningpò; but, should that place also fall to the enemy, to retreat to Háng- chau, and aid in its defence: Shauling from its neighborhood to Ningpo, might in the latter case also be found untenabile ;—every exertion should, however, be made for its defence, that might be consistent with a due care for the safety of the empital of the province.
On the 24th of October, another imperial rescript was issued consequent on hav- ing received from the general of the Tartar garrison, and other officers at Hang- chau the announcement of Ningpò fallen. His majesty has once more to give ut- terance to ‘the extremity of his wrath and indignation.' By this report, it appears, that, on the 12th of October, eight foreign vessels approached the city, and com- menced a cannonade of it, when, the force therein being but "small, the place immediately fell." The emperor, in commenting upon this subject and the arrange- ments to be made in consequence of the loss of Ningpò, alludes to the impor- tance of the post of Tsáugo, a small river, having its embouchure to the northward and westward of Chiuhái, whith runs past the city of Shauhing (beyond the town, lately visited, of Yayáu): sundry civil officers are ordered to be sent to Shau- hing, and among the rest a commissary-general to lay in a store of grain. With regard to Hángchau his majesty continues, officers and troops have already been dispatched thither; but it must require about two months for them all to arrive. Reliance must meanwhile be placed upon the exertions of the provincial officers. -It seems, that since the fall of Ningpò, nothing had been heard of the com- mander-in-chief, Yû Púynn; his majesty directs search to be made for him, and a true statement of all particulars to be forwarded to the court. It is further com- manded, upon the representation of the it--governor, Liú Yunko, that the militia of the neighboring provinces shall not be sent till the moment of action arrive, lest they become, during a period of inactivity, mere bandits. These last orders were received at Hángchau on the 30th of October.
(True Abstract) J. R. MORRISON. Chinese Secretary and Interpreter. 5. Defensive measures of the Chinese at Hangchau and Tientsin, as detailed in letters received at Hángchau, and published in the Hongkong Gazette.
Hú Cháu, commander-in-chief in Shensí, was on his way, apparently, to Fu- kien, when he received, on the 20th of October, the imperial commands, appoint- ing him a joint commissioner. He was then on the frontiers of Chili, from whence he wrote to the government of Chekiáng informing it of his appointment, and stating that he was about to repair to Hángchau, in obedience to the impe- nal commands, with 2000 men. He received, at the same time, the announcement ued at Peking two days earlier) of the appointment of Yiking as generalissimo
Journal of Occurrences.
together with the subordinate appointments already detailed, in the translation of extracts from imperial edicts.—This communication from Hú Cháu was received at Hángchau on the 29th of October.
Shortly after, a second imperial rescript arrived, ordering Hú Cháu to change his route, and repair, with 1000 of the troops he had with him, to Tientsin,—for which, as a place immediately adjoining the imperial abode, the emperor began to feel alarm. The remaining 1000 of the Shensí troops under Hú Cháu's command were ordered to continue their route to Chekiáng'; but of the further reinforce- inents from Shensí, advancing at a later period in that direction, 1000 were to turn aside and join their commander-in-chief at Tientsin. Hú Cháu was meanwhile to associate himself with Nárkinge, the governor-general of Chilí, in arranging the defences of Tientsin and its neighborhood. It was between the 18th and 20th Oc- tober, that Kishen was ordered to be released, that he might repair to Chekiáng. He was to leave, in the suite of the generalissimo, on the 30th of October. Two joint commissioners, and an officer of the Board of Revenue bearing a separate civil commission, had been appointed to Chekiáng;-and a noble of the first order has been sent with a detachment of the imperial guards. The civil commissioner was to leave Peking, with two subordinate officers, on the 26th Oct; the generalissimo, with Kishen and another high officer, and ten subordinate officers, was to leave on the 30th. The officer appointed to succeed Yükien, as governor-general of Kiangsu, A'nhwui, and Kiángsí, was to leave about the same time, bringing with him 1000 of the Honán troops.
6. A manufactory of gunpowder was blown up in Canton on the 12th, at about 8 P. M., causing great destruction of life and property.
7. Five new forts have been recently built, four between Canton and Howqua's folly, and one in the Macao Passage. Another is be- ing raised midway between the foreign factories and the old western fort. These works have been raised with much more dispatch and skill than are usual among the Chinese.
8. Numerous cannon for these forts have recently been cast, weighing from 1000 to 6000 catties each.
9. Heavy contributions, for the expense of these forts and guns, and for new levies of militia, have been solicited by the rebel-quelling generalissimo, at a recent public dinner, given to all the rich men of Canton. The militia, it is said, now number 30,000 strong.
10. Foreigners, dressed in Chinese costume, are aiding in these new measures-unless rumors and reports are false.
11. The French ship of war, Erigone, has proceeded to the Bogue, and her commander to Canton, where we dare say the Chi- nese authorities will seek an interview, and perhaps ask him to be- come mediator between themselves and the English.
12. The return of Sir Henry Pottinger from the north is an- nounced in Macao: his excellency came down in the Blenheim; what may be his particular objects, and how long his stay in this neighborhood, we do not know. We do not as yet learn that he brings from the north any intelligence later than had preceded him hither. There seems to be a general belief prevalent, that the Chi. nese are preparing for a desperate and final struggle, and that cor- responding measures are in progress under the direction of the com- manders of the British military and naval forces. The fate of the greatest empire in the world is at stake, and the issue of the struggle will doubtless change the aspect of the whole eastern hemisphere.
CHINESE REPOSITORY.
VOL XI.--FEBRUARY, 1842.- No. 2.
ART. I. Retrospection, or a review of public occurrences in China during the last ten years, from January 1st, 1832, to December 31st, 1841. (Continued from page 28.)
In our last number, this review was brought down to the end of July 1834, sixteen days after lord Napier's arrival in China, and six after he and his suite had taken up their residence in the factories at Can- ton, to which place his government had directed him to proceed, and there to report himself to the Chinese authorities. The reader has scen already in what manner this was effected; and he has seen, too, how his lordship's most civil address was rejected by the provincial governor, and he himself stigmatized as one "Laboriously Vile." It may also be here remarked, as evidence of the hostile disposition of the government, that every possible annoyance was offered to the new commission: such as wantonly breaking open baggage-chests by the officers of the custom-house, while the keys were in their reach; by recalling the Chinese boatmen employed by Europeans on the river; and by intimidating the compradors belonging to the agents of the East India Company, so as to cause them to desert their ser- vice. These aggravating circumstances contributed in some degree, no doubt, to deprive the commission of its ablest adviser, and the Christian world of ono of its best men.
August 1st, 1834. At 10 o'clock r. м. died at Canton, the Rev. Robert Morrison, D. D., in the 531 year of his age. His remains were removed to Macao, and there interred.
4th. The superintendent of customs published a long edict to the hong-merchants, embodying others which he had received in the
VOL. XI. NO 10
Review of Public Occurrences During the
form of communications from the governor, all of which were to be, by the hong-merchants, enjoined on the foreigners in general, and on the new commission in particular.* Chi. Rep., Vol. III., p. 190.
8th. A meeting of British merchants was held at the office of H. B. M. superintendents with the object of forming a post-office esta- blishment at Canton and Macao.
9th. Lord Napier wrote to viscount Palmerston, giving a full ac- count of the proceedings of the commission, up to this date; and clos- ed his letter with the following paragraphs, which indicate the spirit with which that nobleman came to China.
"It may be here proper to explain to your lordship, that, from private informa- tion, on which I have the most perfect reliance, I am assured that up to this date, no report, even of my expected arrival, or of the change of circumstances con- nected with the trade, has ever been forwarded by the viceroy to the court at Pe- king. At the same time, I have reason to believe that the emperor has been par- tially made acquainted with the circumstance through other channels. The viceroy, thus finding himself in a dilemma, on hearing of my arrival at Macao, dispatched Howqua and Mowqua thither by the inner channel (a branch of the river), with an order to prevent my proceeding to Canton. Previously to their arrival, we had embarked in the Andromache, as before stated; on which the hong-merchants returned with all expedition to Canton. The viceroy then dispatched the Kwáng- hie, or his military aide-de-camp, by the river. to meet us on our progress, with the view of inducing me to return to Macao. This message also miscarried like the former. The viceroy, continuing to refuse the acceptance of iny letter, is thus at a loss for information on the nature and object of my instructions; and conse- quently has not the means of making his report to the emperor: thus he is desi- rous of persuading me to return to Macao, in order that when once there, he may have an opportunity of recommencing the ceremony of arriving and reporting, or perhaps of issuing an order tʊ me to remain there altogether. Having so far the advantage, it shall be my duty to hold on for the purpose of forcing him in time to receive my letter, and not my petition; to which he must yield before he can trans- mit an authentic official report to his own government; although perhaps he may be enabled to supply the deficiency to a certain extent, from information ga- thered by his emissaries among the British merchants. My great object is to open and maintain a direct personal communication with the viceroy; so that I may be enabled to get redress from him in all commercial grievances connected with the hong-merchants, or on criminal proceedings connected with the duties of the Kwangchau fú, or the criminal judge, instead of leaving myself at the mercy of those hong-merchants, who, in fact, exercise no official powers whatever, and can never be depended upon for the transmission of complaints to the different heads of departments when circumstances require. I have reason to believe that his majesty's subjects here have several causes of complaint. I forbear to trouble your lordship with these at present, as long as a chance exists, within a moderate time, of laying the same before the viceroy, for his consideration and redress. In the meantime, I shall endeavor to maintain harmony between all parties. There * Note Several of the governor's edicts will be found in the same voline, on the pages immediately preceding, 187, &e
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841.
are some other points connected with the medical establishment: the more effi- cient duties of the master-attendant; improvement of the navigation, by completing the survey of the China seas; and the accommodation eventually to be occupied by the superintendents and their assistants, which, on farther experience, I shall have the honor of reporting to your lordship in a more specific manner than I am yet prepared to do. Having now clearly explained to your lordship the po- sition in which I staud, in respect to the viceroy, up to the date hereof, (9th Aug., 1834) I beg to acquaint your lordship that all these measures have received the full concurrence and support of my two colleagues. Endeavoring also always to bear in mind the nature and spirit of H. M's. instructions, regarding my conduct towards the Chinese authorities, and enjoining respect to the laws of the empire, I conceive, in adopting the line so approved, aird which has given entire satisfaction to his majesty's faithful subjects at this port, that I have, in fact, adhered most strictly to those instructions, without compromising the honor of his majesty's commission, and without relinquishing that right or practice which has been so often exercised in times past by the presidents of the Select Committee, of enjoy- ing direct communication with the viceroy, whenever circumstances might render such communication necessary or desirable.”—(Signed) Napier, &c. Corr. p. 9.
11th. A public
A public meeting of British merchants was convened this day by lord Napier in Canton, in consequence of an attempt made by the hong-merchants the day preceding, to obtain a meeting of the same at their own public hall. The object of the hong-inerchauts was evidently to create a schism among the British, in order to set up one party against the superintendents; but they failed entirely.
14th. Lord Napier again wrote to the foreign secretary, under this date, from which we quote, respecting opening a direct com- munication with Peking.
“I think I can have no hesitation at once in recommending his majesty's go. vernment to consult immediately on the best plan to be adopted for commanding a commercial treaty, or a treaty which shall secure the just rights, and embrace the interests, public and private, of all Europeans,-not of British alone, but of all civilized people coming to trade according to the principle of international law. I maintain, that it will be as easy to work for the civilized world as for ourselves; and that it will be as easy to open the whole coast, as any individual port. It may possibly be advisable too to Peking on the occasion, or perhaps only to send from the mouth of the Pei hò river, or from any other point upon the coast. Sending an embassador is the more courteous; but the presence of an embassy presupposes room for debates and long delays, alterations and amendments in plans proposed. Now, I should say, that we should propose nothing but what is fair and just towards all mankind; and avoid entering into minute details. De- mand the same personal privileges for all traders, that every trader enjoys in England. Having once acquired the right of settlement at every port, let the trade go on according to the established rules of the empire, good or bad,—re- serving always the common right to represent and negotiate where wrong prevails. Our first object should be to get a settlement on the same terms that every Chi- naman, Pagan, Turk, or Christian, sits down in England.”
··If your lordship should prefer making gradual propositious by an embassy
Review of Public Occurrences During the
I would recommend none of that ostentation practiced in the instances of Macart ncy and Amherst; leave all presents behind, all musicians and idle amateur gen. tlemen, literary and scientific; and go to work in a mauner determined to carry what you mean. This is a vigorous incasure which might possibly ‘alarm the proju - dices' of the Celestial empire, were I to make my ideas commonly known among the bong. They are now only thrown together for more special consideration ; and till I have your authority to proceed upon more active principles, your lord ship may rely on my forbearance towards a government, which is too contempti ble to be viewed in any other light than that of pity or derision. What advan tage, or what point did we ever gain by negociating or bumbling ourselves before this people, or rather before their government? The records show nothing but subsequent humiliation and disgrace. What advantage or what point, again, have we over lost, that was just and reasonable, by acting with promptitude and vigor 1 The records again assure us that such measures have been attended with complete success."
My present position is, in one point of view, a delicate one, because the trade Is put in jeopardy, on account of the difference existing between the viceroy and myself. Iain ordered by his majesty “to go to Canton; and there report myself by letter to the viceroy." I use my best endeavors to do so; but the viceroy is a presumptuous savage, and will not grant the same privileges to ine that have been exercised consantly by the chiefs of the committee. He rakes up obsolete orders; or, perhaps, makes them on the occasion; but the fact is, the chiefs formerly used every year to wait on the viceroy, on their return from Macao; and continu- ed to do it until the viceroy gave them an order to wait upon him, whereupon they gave the practice up. Had I even degraded the king's commissiou so far as to pe- tition through the hong-merchants for an interview, it is quite clear, by the tenor of the edicts, that it would have been refused. Were he to send an armed force, und order me to the boat, I could then retreat with honor, and he would implicate himself; but they are are afraid to attempt such a measure. What then remains but the stoppage of the trade, or my retirement? If the trade is stopped for any length of time, the consequences to the merchants are most serious, as they are so also to the unoffending Chinese. But the viceroy cares no more for commerce, or for the comfort and happiness of the people, as long as he receives his pay and plunder, than if he did not live among them. My situation is different; I cannot hazard millions of property for any length of time, on the mere score of etiquette. If the trade shall be stopped, which is probable enough in the absence of the fri- gate, it is possible I may be obliged to retire to Macao, to let it loose again, Then has the viceroy gained his point; and the commission is degraded. Now, iny lord, I argue, that whether the commnission retires by force of arms, or by the in- justice practiced on the merchants, the viceroy has committed an outrage on the British crown, which should he equally chastised. The whole system of govern- ment here is that of subterfuge, and shifting the blame from the shoulders of the one to the other."—Corresp. pp. 13, 14, 15.
Another public meeting of British merchants was held in Canton, and the establishment of a Chamber of Commerce suggested by lord Napier.
The hong-merchants, in consequence of the edicts being refused acceptance by lord Napier, put a stop to the shipping off of cargoes on British account.
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841
H. B. M. ship Inogene, captain Blackwood, arrived from Singa- pore; and the Andromache returned to Chuenpí from a cruize.
17th. The following extract from a postscript by lord Napier to his government at home, will further show his views and aims, and the character of this government.
"In revising my letter of the 14th inst., I find I call the subject of dispute, n point of etiquette. It is not altogether so; for it is the consequence of humilin- tion, and yielding a point which has been enjoyed by my predecessors, and the fact of not carrying his majesty's order into full execution, that I look forward to. It is a cruel and a criminal measure on the part of a petty tyrant to nunoy the merchants, on the score of a dispute which does not inmediately affect them. If after a fair trial of all justifiable means, I find the merchants are likely to suf fer, I must retire to Macao, rather than bring the cities of London, Liverpool, and Glasgow upon your lordship's shoulders; many of whose merchants care not one straw about the dignity of the crown, or the presence of a superintendent. I shalt not go, however, without publishing in Chinese und disseminating fur and wide, the base conduct of the viceroy in oppressing the merchants, native as well as fo- reign; and of my having taken the step out of pure compassion to them. I can only once more implore your lordship to force them to acknowledge my autho- rity and the king's commission: and if you can do that, you will have no difficulty în opening the ports at the same time.”---Corresp. page 16.
18th. The governor issues a new edict, through the hong-mer- chants, ordering lord Napier to retire to Macao, and threatening to cut off the trade in case of a refusal. Vol. III.,
Vol. 111., p. 235.
23d. By appointment three officers-the Kwangchau fú, the Cháuchau fú, and the Kwangchau hie-waited on the superinten- dents; ordered by the governor to demand of lord Napier the cause of his arrival at Canton, the nature of the business he was instructed to perform, and when it was his intention to return to Macao. In au- swer to the first, an extract was read from an edict, dated 16th Janu- ary, 1831, “justructing the chief of the British factory to send an early letter home to his government, stating, that in case of the dis- solution of the Company, it was incumbent to deliberate and appoint a chief, who understood the business, to come to Canton for the ge- neral management of commercial dealings; by which means affairs might be prevented from going to confusion, and benefits remain to commerce." II. B. M.'s commission, constituting the new authorities, was then shown. In reply to the second, reference was made to the letter, which they were desired to transmit to the governor. As to retiring to Macao, that would be regulated by private convenience.
25th. A British Chamber of Commerce of Canton was formed, according to suggestions previously given.
26th. Lord Napier published a document in Chinese, declaring
Review of Public Occurrences. During the
'the present sate of relations between China and Great Britain. Vol. III., p. 237.
27th. The governor issues an edict requiring the hong-inerchants and linguists to admonish lord Napier to obey the laws, &c. Vol. III., p. 187.
30th. The governor issues an cdict reprimanding the hong-mer- chants for having allowed lord Napier to come to Canton without "a red permit." Vol. III., p. 189.
31st. The governor repeats his injunctions and orders the im- mediate return of the superintendent to Macao, in a new edict ad- dressed to the hong merchants. Vol. III., p. 190.
September 2d. The governor by
The governor by proclamation stops the British trade, and all intercourse with British subjects. Vol. III., p. 238.
3d. The commissioner of customs issues au edict, repeating the old prohibitions of non-intercourse, &c. Vol. III., 191.
5th. In a letter of this date to the Brtish merchants, lord Napier intimated that the frigates had been desired to move up the river, and a guard of inarines come to the factories. Can. Reg., Sep. 9th.
At 5 P. M., H. B. M. ships Imogene and Andromache, under com- mand of captains Blackwood and Chads, cleared for action off the Bogue. Vol. III., p. 333.
6th. The cutter Louisa arrived at Chuenpí, bringing Mr. Davis and capt. Elliot from Macao.
Lieutenant Reed of the Andromache, with two midshipm en, a serjeant, and twelve marines, landed at Canton at 8 o'clock a. M. Corresp. p. 35.
7th. Soon after noon the two ships weighed anchor, moved up the river, and anchored just below Tiger island, the forts firing as they passed, and the firing was returned.
8th. Lord Napier addressed a communication to foreign merchants animadverting on the governor's edict of the 2d. Vol. III., p.
The governor addressed a long memorial to the emperor. setting forth the state of affairs in Canton. Vol. III., p. 327.
9th. The ships again moved, and again were fired on; and one man was killed in each, and others wounded.
11th. The governor issued an edict to the hong-merchants excnt- pating himself, blaming them, and deprecating the presence in Can- tan of the superintendents Vol. III.; p. 286.
The two frigates anchored at Whampoa, the Imogene having grounded, once near the Second bar, and once near Brunswick shoal. Vol II. p. 334.
Last Ten Years, from 1839 to 1841.
Overtures for accommodation were made by the Chinese, and a messenger dispatched to Whampoa, to stop any movement of the boats to Canton.
14th. In a letter to the secretary of the British merchants, lord Napier expressed his determination to leave Canton and retire to Macao. Vol. III., p. 339.
15th. The governor addressed a second memorial to the em- peror, respecting the state of affairs at Canton. Vol. III., p. 335.
The following correspondence contains the particulars of the ue- gotiations with the Chinese from this date till the 18th.
Letter from the hong-merchants to the British merchants, dated September 15th, 1834.
A respectful notification.—You, gentlemen, sent us, yesterday, a letter from your honorable officer to you. We immediately took the letter, and, having laid it be fore the Kwangchau fú, received his commands, saying, that he had minutely looked over the letter,-in which is the expression "endeavors on my part to reason the viceroy," &c. As to this reasoning, it is undiscovered what is the sub- ject reasoned about. If what is spoken of approach to reason, the governor will assuredly report it to the great emperor, and perhaps it may be granted. If not reasonable, an order must also be awaited, commanding its refusal. As to what the affairs are which your honorable nation has sent your honorable officer to Canton to transact, it is necessary and right to explain them fully, that a report thereof may be at the same time made for the information of the emperor, and his mandate awaited, to be obeyed and put in operation. As to the ships of war entering the port--it is a thing long prohibited by the laws. All the nations know it. How is it that on this occasion the ships of war havo presumed to break into the port, throwing down the forts? Let it bo examined what is the cause. At the end of the letter it is said, "I therefore request you to move the proper authorities to order the British cutter up from Whampoa, that I may carry the samic into effect." It is not understood what is the meaning of the word "carrying into effect." We pray you to take the abovc, and having ascertained each point clearly, immediately to reply, that we may be enabled to report. Again, in the present letter, your honorable officer wishes the cutter to come up to Canton. When, then, will the war ships, which the other day broke in and came up to Whampoa, sot sail? Wo pray you first inform us, that we may report for you to the Kwángchau fú, and await his orders as to what is to be done. We pray you to inform your honorable officer of everything in this letter, and then reply.
This burden we impose &c., &c. (Subscribed by cleven hong-merchants.)
To Messrs. Jardine, Dent, Boya, Whiteman, Framjee, and other gentlemen.
Canton, 15th September, 1831.
To W. S. Boyd, esq., secretary to the Chamber of Commerce, Sir,-As the Kwangchau fú does not understand my letter, I have to request you will afford him the following explanation.
Istly. In respect to reasoning with the viceroy, I showed his excellency from many examples that Englishinen of rank had been admitted to private commiuni.
Review of Public Occurrences During the
sation with: hrs excellency, and it would have been but courteous in him to have placed me on a nimilar feeting
2dly. In reterence to the entry of the tips, it would have been but wise and politic had the authorities provided me with a 'copy' of such prohibition; as according to the governor's own showing I was quite ignorant of the laws of the celestial empire,'—and
3dly. As to the departure of the ships. One of them will be dispatchod immc. diately to the ad uiral in the East Indies bearing the governor's reply to this letter, and who will act accordingly; and the other will remain at Whampoa to convey myself und suite to Macao. And 4thly, as to the nature of my business here, I have already told him that I can only communicate on that subject by let ter or by person to the viceroy.
I hope this is plain enough for the comprehension of the Kwángchau fú.
very obedient servant, No. 3.
Napier, &c.
Letter from the hong-merchants to the British merchants, desiring further in. onnation respecting the frigates, dated September 16th, 1831.
A respectful notification.-You, gentlemen, have to-day sent us a letter from your honorable officer to yourselves. Therein, it is said, "As to the departure of the ships, one of them will be dispatched immediately to the admiral in tho East Indics, bearing the governor's reply to this letter, and who will act accord. ingly." Why not send the ships of was out to the outer sea immediately, at tho same time giving information of the day and time of sailing, to enable us to report to the governor, that he may issue orders to all the military posts to let them pass? "The other will remain at Whampoa, to convey myself and suite to Macao." Why not first send this ship of war to soa outside the Bogue, and then have tho cutter up to take your honorable officer on board the ship, to roturn to Macao? At the end of the previous letter it was said, 'I request you to move the proper authorities to order the British cutter up from Whampoa, that I may carry the samo into effect. Do the words 'carry into effect' refer to the mode of acting mentioned in the hoppo's reply, on a former day, to Mr. Whiteman's petition, name- ly, that your honorable oflicer should first go to Macao. In our letter of the 13th (September 15th), it was required to examine for what cause the ships of war enter. ed the port and broke down the forts. On this point we have not received an We pray you to inform your honorable officer, and reply again to day,—
to enable us to report.
For this we write, &c., &c.
To Messrs. Jardine, Dent,
(Subscribed by the cleven hong-merchants.) Boyd, Whiteman, Framjce, and other gentlemen.
To W. S. Boyd, esq., secretary to the Chamber of Commerce.
Sir,-In further explanation, I beg to acquaint you that the ship for India will remain at Whampoa on account of the more near communication with this place, and will sail as soon as I receive the viceroy's reply; therefore his excellency had better give orders to allow her to go out as soon as possible. The other ship will remain at Whampoa to receive me from the entter, and will not move from thence The words 'carrying into effect' allud. on any account previous to my arrival.
ed to the hoppo's reply to the petition of Mr. Whiteman The frigate came up the river for the purpose of affording greater security to the persons and property of
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841.
British subjects, after the most barbarous and cruel edict of the 2d of September, which yet remains in operation. The authorities have to blame themselves for having acted in that base manner towards the representative of H. B. M., and if the prohibitions did actually exist, they ought to have been communicated to the superintendents officially beforehand. The frigates did not fire upon the forts until they were obliged to do so in self-defense. Your obedient scrvant, NAPIER.
Canton, September 10th, 1834.
Letter from the hong-merchants to Mr. Boyd, dated September 17th, 1834. A respectful notification.-We yesterday received a letter, wherein it is said, 'The ship for India will remain at Whampoa on account of the more near com- munication with this place, and will sail as soon as I receive the viceroy's reply... The other ship will remain at Whampoa to receive me from the cutter.' It may thus be seen that the two vessels are both willing to go out of port; but that they sail at different times. But for ships of war to sail into the inner territory has long been a subject of prohibition. Now the letter says that both are willing to go out of the port. If these two ships immediately set sail and go to the outer sea at Lintin, then afterwards we can report to the great officers that they may order the cutter up to Canton, to take your honorable officer back to Macao. This method will be safe and right. As to the manner of ships of war going out, spoken of in yesterday's letter, it is indeed difficult to request the great officers to grant it. For this purpose we reply, praying you to communicate this to your honorable officer, and reply to us to-day. or this we hope.
With compliments, &c., &c. Subscribed by the eleven hong-merchants.)
To Mr. Boyd, and other gentlemen.
To W. S. Boyd, esq., secretary to the Chamber of Commerce,
Sir,-Lord Napier's continued indisposition rendering it desirable that his lord. ship should not be harassed by a continuance of the negotiation now going on with the Chineso authorities, and that his departure from Canton should not be delay- ed, I beg to inform you that I have undertaken, with his lordship's concurrence, to make the requisite arrangements with the hong-merchants, in reference to the communication which you yesterday received from 'hem.
Your's obediently,
Canton, September 18th, 1834.
T. R. COLLEDGE, Surgcor. to H. M. superintendents.
19th. At the public hall of the hong-merchants, it was agreed to on their part. in behalf of the Chinese government, and by T. R. Colledge and William Jardine esquires, in behalf of lord Napier, that his lordship and suite should retire to Macao, and the two ships re- move from the river, on condition that the trade should be immediate
ly reöpened. Vol. III., p. 283.
21st. Lord Napier addressed a letter to captain Blackwood, stating that, in consequence of at. understanding come to with the Chinese authorities, H. B. M. ships Imogene and Andromache were no longer required at Whampoa; and requesting him immediately to proceed with both ships to the anchorage at Lintin; adding that the Chinese
VOL XL NO. 11.
Review of Public Occurrences During the
authorities had provided means for the conveyance of himself and suite to Macao.
At 7 o'clock p. m., his lordship and suite embarked in two boats provided by the Chinese government, and lieut. Reed and the ina- rines soon after left for Whampoa in another boat-thus opening the communication between the factories and the shipping, which had been closed for sixteen days. Can. Reg., Sep. 23d.
22d. The boats for Macao, having anchored at the fort in sight of Canton the preceding evening, proceeded slowly and tediously, under a convoy of eight armed boats. Vol. III,
Vol. III, p. 283. 25th. The boats having arrived at Hiangshan on the 23d, remain- ed there till this morning, to the great annoyance and serious injury of his lordship's health. Vol. III., p. 284.
26th. On the morning of this day his lordship and suite arrived at Macao, his illness having been exceedingly aggravated by the con- certed annoyances of the Chinese. Corresp. p. 39.
October 11th. Died at Macao, at 10 o'clock and 20 minutes r. M., the right honorable William-John lord Napier, &c., in the 48th year of his age.
Vol. III., pp. 272, 281.
15th. At 10 o'clock a. M., the funeral took place in Macao, and the remains of lord Napier were temporarily deposited in the Euglish burial-ground there.* Vol. III., p. 281.
16th. H. B. M. ship Andromache, captain Chads, sailed with dis- patches for India.
19th. The governor of Canton received from Peking replies to dispatches, announcing lord Napier's departure from Canton, and the withdrawal of the ships of war. Vol. III., pp. 336, 337, 340, &c.
On the same day the governor issued the following edict, addressed to the hong-merchants.
"Lú, governor of Kwangtung and Kwángsí, &c., to the hong-merchants, requiring their full acquaintance with the contents thereof.
In the trade of the English barbarians to Canton, the responsibility of tran- sacting all commercial affairs has hitherto rested on the said nation's taepan. This year the Company has been terminated and dispersed; and without any other appointment of & taepan having been made, a varbarian eye (lord Napier) came to Canton, saying that he came for the purpose of examining into the affairs of trade. I, the governor, commanded the merchants to inquire and investigate. The said barbarian eye did not obey the old regulations, but was throughout per- versely obstinate. Now the assistant Fú, magistrate at Macao, has reported that lord Napier has expired at Macao, in consequence of illness. For all affairs
• Note. A short biographical sketch of lord Napier's life was given in a funeral sermon preached at Canton before the foreign community, the next Sabbath after hus decease. See vol. II. p. 272
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841.
of trade it is requisite and necessary to choose a person as head and director, that there may be some one to sustain the responsibility. The merchants have already been before commanded to examine and deliberate, but have not yet made any report in answer. Uniting the circumstances, this order is issued. When the order reaches the said merchants let them immediately obey, and act according- ly; and instantly make known to all the separate merchants of the said nation, that they are, in a general body, to examine and deliberate, what person ought to be made the head for directing the said nation's trade, and forthwith to report in answer. Thereafter the responsibility of conducting public affairs shall rest on the barbarian merchant who becomes head and director. At the same time, cause the said barbarian merchants immediately to send a letter home to their country, calling for the iminediate appointment of another taepan, to come to Canton, in order to direct and manage. In the celestial empire, cosponsibility in the management of commercial affairs, &c., is laid upon the hong-merchants. I is requisite that the said nation should also select a commercial man, acquainted with affairs, to come hither. It is unnecessary again to appoint a barbarian eye or superintendent, thereby causing hindrances and impediments. Let the snic hong-merchas take also the circumstances of their enjoining these orders, and report in answer, for thorough investigation to be made. Oppose not. These are the orders." Corresp. p. 47. Oct. 19th, 1834.
28th. Mr. Davis, chief superintendent of the British trade ad dressed a letter to viscount Palmerston, from which the following is
an extract.
"On the 16th instant, I obtained the copy of a report from the local govern ment to Peking, relative to the circumstances connected with lord Napier's retire ment from Canton, a translation of which is recorded on the proceedings. The passage of the river's entrance by his majesty's ships, altogether suppressed in previous document already noticed, is there mentioned, but hinted very slightly and represented as a mere mistake; and, though it is stated that the fire from the forts was returned, the effect of the fire is made to appear quite trivial. The res of the paper is in the same strain of misrepresentation, A rumor, which I have fair grounds for believing, althongli as yet unsubstantiated in writing, siates thai the viceroy has lost several steps in rank, and that he is recalled from office, on account of the late proceedings at Canton. What is the precise nature of the charges against him, I cannot as yet ascertain; though it has been stated generally, that his punishment was for 'deceiving the emperor.' Any correct information on this important point, I shall rot omit to forward to your lordship as soon as obtained, since it may materially influence the proceedings of his majesty's govern- ment in regard to an appeal to Peking, or otherwise. I will only observe, with reference to such an appeal, that should a measure of the kind be determined on, not through a cumbrous and expensive embassy, with its attendant difficulties of ceremonies, but simply by means of a dispatch to the mouth of the Peking river; it might be recommended by such reasons as the following. First, that no fact is better authenticated than the general ignorance in which the local government keeps the court, in regard to the Canton trade, and its treatment of Europeans; secondly, that Chinese principles sanction and invite appeals against the conduct of the distant delegates of the emperor; thirdly, that a reterence of the kind was so successful in 1759, as to occasion the removal of a chief com-
Review of Public Occurrences During the
missioner of customs at Canton, though made by only a subordinate officer of the East India Company. Whatever may be the line of proceeding finally adopted by his majesty's government, I have already stated my conviction that, during the progress of the commercial transactions of individuals, and awaiting the ar- rival of further instructions from England, this commission has no other course to pursue, than that of absolute silence; unless, in the probable event, very soon to be determined, of such spontaneous advances being made by the Chinese govern- ment, as might admit of the re-commencement of negotiations. That such an event is not probable, I should surmise, from the circumstances of edicts having been issued by the local authorities (though as yet I have not obtained copies), confirming the first prohibition against the residence of the king's commission at Canton; and the Company's agents here have thereupon been requested by the hong-merchants not to sub-let any portion of their factory to the superintendents, during the continuation of their lease. It is, moreover, desired that a commercial agent, called by the Chinese a trepan, should be sent to Canton, and not a king's officer."—Corresp. p. 44.
November 1st. The following supreme mandate was received from Peking by the governor of Canton.
"The English barbarians have an open market in the Inner Land, but there has hitherto been no interchange of official communications; it is, however, absolutely requisite, that there should be a person professing general control, to have the special direction of affairs. Let the said governor immediately order the hong- merchants to command the said separate merchants, that they send a letter back to their country, calling for the appointment of another person as taepan to come for the control and direction of commercial affairs, in accordance with the old regulations. Respect this.”—Corresp. p. 56.
3d. The governor received an imperial mandate, forbidding all traffic in opium; this mandate was published by the governor in form of a proclamation.
6th. The governor issued an edict for the purpose of carrying the foregoing imperial mandate (received on the 1st) into effect.
10th. The superintendents of British trade issued the following public notice to the British subjects in China.
"The superintendents have during the last few weeks devoted their serious con- sideration to the state in which past occurrences bave placed his majesty's com- mission in China, and think it due to the British community to afford to them the following succinct statement of their views on the subject.
‘Any determination in regard to the future, which it may seem fit to his majesty in his wisdom to adopt, the superintendents will not presume to antici- pate. It has been their duty humbly to submit a full detail of all the events which have transpired since the arrival of the commission in China, and this they have faithfully performed. It is proper to add, that in accordance with instruc- tions under the royal Sign Manual, a transcript of the same report has been forwarded in duplicate to his excellency the right honorable the governor-general of India.
‘Adverting then to the situation in which his majesty's servants have been placed by the denial of the Canton government to acknowledge their public cha-
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841.
racter, or admit them to official communication, they cannot but regret the incon- veniences which may result to both English and Chinese from so strange and anomalous a state of affairs. It is manifest, that under these circumstances, no chan- nel exists for the conveyance, in an authentic shape, of any expression of the views or wishes of the Chinese government to his majesty's knowledge. The local authorities, after having from the very first arrival of the commission on their shores, persisted in rejecting the only legitimate means of communication. have no reasonable ground of complaint, should their requisitions remain un- answered.
"The superintendents are led to make the preceding reflections in conse- quence of its having come to their knowledge that several papers have been ad- dressed to the private merchants at Canton, purporting to emanate from the local government, and containing matter which it is desired inay be submitted to his majesty's knowledge. After making every allowance for the strangeness of the Chinese to external relations, it is difficult to believe that the Canton authorities, who constantly profess to act in conformity to reasonable principles, should have voluntarily placed themselves in so false a position. To judge by mere intrinsic evidence, it might be fairly inferred that the particular papers alluded to were not authentic. Any other conclusion would involve the extravagant belief that the brigh officers of the Chinese government, enlightened men, and practiced in the proprieties of public business, would place themselves in the helpless position of attempting to convey the wishes of their own sovereign to his majesty the king of England through the incongruous medium of commercial correspondence. Such a course would be at variance with all sound principles of dignity, and a departure from every dictate of reason. It would be to derogate from the ma- jesty of their own sovereign, and to expose theinselves to the certainty of pre- venting their communications from receiving the slightest degree of attention.
"Under present circumstances, the superintendents must at once declare that they cannot see the least occasion to open communication with the local autho- rities. However much they might have deemed it their duty, if suitably ap- proached, to forward a decorous communication to his majesty's government, they must repeat that in the actual state of things they consider themselves hound to await in perfect silence the final determination of the king.
"Pending this interval, the superintendents have to submit some few sugges- tions to his majesty's subjects resident in China, and they do so in a spirit of serious earnestness, and with the conviction that the vast importance of the sub- ject will insure to their remarks the most attentive consideration. They formally counsel and enjoin the king's subjects, each in his own place, and by all the influence of his example, to avoid or prevent the chance of affording a plausible ground of complaint to the Chinese, and to refrain, as much as possible, from allusions to the past, or anticipations with regard to the future. In fine, to im- press the local government and the people, by the deliberate reserve of their conduct, with a proper sense of the confidence reposed in our sovereign's wis- dom to conceive and power to execute any measures which may be deemed re- quisite for the establishment of all things on a sure and permanent foundation.
“If any well founded complaint against the conduct of the Chinese authorities towards British subjects should arise, the superintendents trust that it will be pre- ferred to them, and that the decision, as to the best course to be pursued, will be remitted to their judgment. They deem it superfluous to insist upon their desire
Renew of Public Occurrences During the
to give to such questions the most anxious consideration; and to provide the most suitable way to a remedy,
The superintendents will only observe, in conclusion, that these suggestions with regard to the procedure of British subjects under existing circumstances, have by no means been made because they apprehend that the advice may be practically necessary, but rather to draw attention to the subject, with a view to inducing such a temperate and judicious course of conduct during the interval of the reference to the supreme powers, as shall insure the most prosperous
By order of the superintendents,
--Corresp. p. 56.
(Signed)
CHARLKS ELL.10т, secretary.
15th. The governor and commissioner of customs issued a pro- clamation against the hong-merchants conniving at and abetting vice in foreigners-which, or one siniilar, is annually sent forth among the people. Vol. III., p. 391.
17th. Military reviews took place in the vicinity of Canton, which were attended by his excellency the governor.
18th. His majesty Täukwáng, who was bereaved of his imperial consort, 16th June, 1833, having made a new choice, raised her this day to be empress.
29th. A public meeting of residents in Canton was convened by circular, for the purpose of forming a Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China, which was accordingly formed.
December 9th. British merchants in Canton draw up a petition to the king's most excellent majesty in council. Vol. III.,
January 1st, 1835. The arrival of a new hoppo, or commissioner of customs, was reported: he came accompanied by about two hun- dred domestics, &c., all Mantchous, seeking profit.
2d. Mr. Davis, in a letter to viscount Palmerston, wrote, “How- ever desirable it may appear to his majesty's government to avoid, if possible, the chance of a serious rupture with this country, at the same time that every endeavor is made to ameliorate the condition of British traders at Canton, it may with the utmost safety and certainty he averred, that the similar desire, on the part of the Chinese govern- ment, is no less sincere-however carefully it may be sought to be disguised, under the absurd phraseology of its official papers." In support of this opinion, he inclosed the following supreme mandate :
There are at Canton, merchants who have of late been in the habit of levying private duties, and incurring debts to barbarians; and it is requested that regula. tions be established to cradicate utterly such misdeineanors.
"The outside barbarians' commercial intercourse with the Inner Land, exists, indeed, by the compassion exercised by the celestial empire.
If all the duties which are required to be paid, can, indeed, he levied according to the fixed tariff
Last Ten Years, from 1832 to 1841.
the said barbarian merchants must certainly pay them gladly, and must continual. ly remain tranquil. But if, as is now reported, the Canton merchants have of late been in a feeble and deficient state, and have, in addition to the government duties, added also private duties, while fraudulent individuals have further taken advantage of this, to inake gain out of the custom-house duties, peeling off [from
barbarians] layer after layer; and have gone also to the extreme degree of the government merchants incurring debts to the barbarians, heaping thousands upon ten thousands, whereby are stirred up sanguinary quarrels: if the merchants, thus falsely, and under the name of tariff duties, extort, each according to his own wishes, going even to the extreme degree of incurring debts, amount upon amount, it is not matter of surprise if the said barbarian merchants, unable to bear their grasping, stir up disturbances. Thus, with regard to the affair this year of the English lord Napier and others, disobeying the national laws, and bringing forces into the inner river, the barbarians being naturally crafty and artful, and gain be- ing their only object, we have no assurance that it was not owing to the numerous extortions of the Canton merchants, that they, their minds being discontented, thereupon craftily thought to carry themselves with a high hand. If regulations be not plainly established, strictly prohibiting these things, how can the barbarous multitude be kept in subjection, and misdemeanors be eradicated?
“Let Lú and his colleagues, examine with sincerity and carnestness; and if of. fences of the above description exist let them immediately inflict severe punish- ments therefor; let there be not the least connivance or screening. Let them also, with their whole hearts, consult and deliberate, and report fully, and with fidelity, as to the measures they, on investigation, propose, for the secure establishment of regulations, so as to create confident hopes that the barbarians will be disposed to submit gladly, and that fraudulent merchants will not dare to indulge their desires of peeling and scraping them. Then will they (Lú and his colleagues) not have failed of accomplishing the duties of their offices. Make known this edict. Respect this."-Corresp. p. 77.
19th. On the eve of his departure from China, Mr. Davis ad- dressed the following to viscount Palmerston.
“After the lapse of considerably more than three months since the reöpening of the trade, consequent on lord Napier's retirement from Canton, I am tempted to take a brief review of the principal occurrences of this period, as the best ground of an opinion concerning the measures which his majesty's government may deem it fit to adopt relatively to China.
“I am aware that two courses of a very opposite nature, might have been taken by me, subsequent to lord Napier's deccase, in lieu of the one which, ac- cording to the best of my own judgment, and with the entire concurrence of the Board, I have pursued; and which, considering, that a season of unusual com- inercial activity, and an increased amount of tonnage is now drawing quietly to a close with the monsoon, I see no reason to regret. I might, in the first place, have tried the effect of a measure which has not been without its advocates, and which (under very peculiar and favorable circumstances) was successful in 1814, I mean the withdrawal of the ships from the river, and the stoppage of the trade on our part. I do not deny that this might have been productive of considerable embarrasement to the local government for the tume: but the ill-success of such a course m the year of 1849-3), when the Company's ships were detamed for
Review of Public Occurrences During the
about five months to little or no purpose, was a warning which I now do not regret having profited by. The effect of such detention on private shipping would have been ruinous, and a serious blow to the future trade with this country.
"I might, on the other hand, have adopted the opposite extreme measure of an imincdiate submission to the dictates of the local government, and have proceeded to Canton to place myself under the management of the hong-merchants; but from this I was deterred by the conviction, stated to your lordship in my dispatch of the 11th November, that any adjustment ought to take place as the result of a mutual necessity; and that an unbecoming and premature act of submission on our part, under present circumstances, could not fail to prove a fruitless, if not a mischievous measure.' I feel persuaded that it would have been the most effectual means of preventing the emperor's favorable cdict, inclosed in my dis- patch of the 2d instant.
"The proclamations of the viceroy, (copies of which I had the honor to forward under dates the 2d and 11th November,) calling for the election or appointment from home, of a 'trading chief' betrayed the difficulty which the local govern- ment had brought on itself by its refusal to acknowledge lord Napier. Transla. tions of subsequent papers (not intended for our perusal), which I had the honor to forward on the 18th November, proved the importance which the local govern. ment really attached to the trade, and its anxiety to avoid a rupture; as well as the responsibility which the emperor had fixed on the viceroy, in respect to the preservation of tranquillity.
"It was reasonably hoped by the commission, that a complete silence and abstinence from all further attempts to negotiate with the Canton government, pending the reference home, might be attended with a favorable effect. The im- perial edict, forwarded with my dispatch of the 2d instant, in which the blame of the transactions of August and September is thrown on the hong-merchants, and the late troubles attributed to their extortions on trade, must be viewed as an unequivocal sanction of that opinion. To repeat the words of my former dis. patch, 'a species of apology is thus provided for the late occurrences, and a desire professed to remedy grievances, in expectation, perhaps, that the harsh, unreasona. blc, and unprecedented measure of rejecting lord Napier's first letter of announce- ment, and subsequent attempts at direct correspondence, may expose it to the risk of future and embarrassing discussions.
“An opportunity is afforded by this imperial document, which his majesty's government (should it be indisposed to accede to the Chinese proposition of a *trading chief,') may not be inclined to neglect, in making an appeal to the court of Peking, against the conduct of its servants at Canton, whose corrupt system, in European commerce, tends nearly as much to defraud the emperor of his dues, as to oppress and discourage the foreign trader. I am at least persuad- ed to repeat the expression of my sentiments in a dispatch to the governor-ge- neral of the 24th October, that it could be only the failure of such an appeal, that the policy and justice of any coercive measures towards the local government, would be otherwise than questionable.”—Corresp. p. 78.
On the same day (19th January) Mr. Davis delivered over to sir George Best Robinson, H. B M. commission to lord Napier, together with all other official documents, seals of office, &c, &c.
Sketches of China.
Mr. Davis, with his lady and family, embarked in the
ship Asia, captain Wolfe, for England.
22d. The Board assembled, and in pursuance to their instruc- tions under the royal signet and sign manual, sir George Best Robin- son assumed the office and duties of chief superintendent, John H. Astell that of the second, and captain Elliot, late secretary, that of the third superintendent. Cor. P. 80.
26th. About half past 6 o'clock P. M. a fire broke out in St. Paul's church, Macao, causing the entire destruction of the whole building. 29th. Captain Macdonald of the Argyle, this day appeared before H. B. M. chief superintendent, and deposed to the following state- ment on oath.
Appeared Alexander Macdonald, and deposed, that he is master of the British ship Argyle; states, that being bound from Bengal to Canton, the ship fetched in between Hawchime and Lieuchee Island on the 21st instant. Is quite certain that it was somewhere between these points that the ship fetched, but cannot speak with more precision, because of the state of the weather which had prevented him from observing for the four previous days. Owing to the damage the sails had sustained, the ship was anchored at this place, and, on the morning of the 22d, at day-light, deponent sent a boat on shore, then distant (two miles, with the view to seek a pilot. The boat contained the second officer of the ship, an European sea- cunnie, a Manila seaçunnie, and nine lascars, twelve in number altogether. The boat was not armed, and deponent is persuaded that no outrage was offered to the natives by the boat's crew. The boat did not return to the ship at all; at about one o'clock, however, two Chinese boats came off and communicated with the ship. The people asked whether she was bound to Macao? Deponent desired them to go on shore, and send off his boat. They pretended to go, but returned,— that is to say, two men returned in a sampan (a small boat), and intimated by signs, that the boat's crew were seized. They offered, before the ship left the place, ou the 22d, to bring the people back, if deponent would give them 500 dollars. He had not the money with him, and, under all the circumstances of the case, ho thought it best to repair to this place, where he arrived to-day."-Cor. p. 81.
(To be continued.)
ART. II. Sketches of China: partly during a journey of four months between Peking, Nanking, and Canton, with notices and observations relative to the present war. BY JOHN FRAN- cis Davis, esq, F. R. 8., &c. Late his majesty's superintendent in China. 2 vols. 12mo. With a map of China proper.
Mr. Davis, either by design or oversight. has omitted to inform his
VOL. XI. NO. IL
Sketches of China
readers in what year his sketchies were taken; though he has, and with good grace enough, told us of the qualifications and opportunities he had for their faithful execution. Having first alluded to the dif ficulty, to Europeans, of obtaining that full and accurate information which alone can afford data for our reasonings, or a clue to the ex- planation of the several anomalies-discovered by a certain political philosopher, and certainly calculated to puzzle us of the west,'- he then says, our two most effectual means of inquiry have been, a knowledge of the language, and the openings afforded by the royal missions to Peking. And he adds: “It was the good fortune of the writer of these sketches to be officially attached to an embassy from the court of London to the emperor of China: this was an event (see- ing that such English visits to Peking have been of the rarest occur- rence) worthy to form an era in any man's life, but to himself it derived an additional value from peculiar circumstances. At the early age of eighteen he had devoted himself to the investigation of all that could by any possibility be learned of that real terra incog- nita' to which the mission in question was destined; and about two years' close attention to the subject (including the language espe- cially) was followed by the altogether unsolicited boon-sufficiently prized by the favored few to whose lot it fell—of proceeding in per- son, under the high auspices and introduction of a public embassy, to read the sealed book.' Such were his qualifications and such his opportunities.
Once upon a time-and who has not heard of the time when a British embassy went to Peking, and having reached it forthwith came back again-a "squadron of two ships, two surveying vessels, and a brig-of-war, came to anchor, on the evening of the 10th of July, off Hongkong." Mark, the evening of the tenth of July. The omission of the year, in this instance, may however, possibly be an error of the press, or a mere oversight like that on page 86.
In a note he says, "the name Hongkong is a provincial corruption of Hung kiáng, the Red torrent,' from the color of the soil through which the stream flows previous to its fall over the cliff." Page 65. Somewhere we have heard the island called the "bloody stream;" but on native maps we do not find it written either "the red torrent," or "the bloody stream;" a small valley, opposite the tongue of land named Kowlung, is called hung hiúng lú, the red fra- grant furnace;' and a small bay on the west of the island is called 4 h Hiáng kiáng, in the local pronunciation Héungkóng, the
hagiant harbor
The name Hongkong is probably derived from
Sketches of China
this last phrase. That of " Hung king" is taken, we believe, from Ross's chart, to which the names were supplied by a comprador-inter- preter, not too anxious to be correct, so long as he could find an answer that would satisfy his employers.
But these are small errors-if indeed errors they be; and con- sidering the subject, and the occasion, on which it has been written no one could have produced a better book than Mr. Davis; and though it be six-and-twenty years since he made 'the inland journey,' his sketches are, on that account, none the less vivid, nor his remarks any the less accurate. Parts of the Journal we read several years ago; but the two volumes, with the map, as they now appear-correct- ed and enlivened with a variety of incidents-do no discredit to the author of “The Chinese." A more ill-judged and badly conducted mission was never, perhaps, set on foot than that in question. Of this Mr. Davis seems to have been conscious, though he does not venture to say so. His views of its general policy are plainly enough expressed in the following paragraphs.
"It was indeed lucky that we had brought a good supply of provisions of all kinds, as those supplied to us by the emperor's ngan-tien, or bounty, were totally unworthy of the occasion. There is reason to attribute this chiefly to peculation on the part of the purveyors. Neither of the officers, or conductors, showed the least attention in visiting the embassador at our occasional places of stoppage, as we had been led to expect from the ac- counts of the former mission. From whatever cause it might arise, there seemed to exist a decided ill-will towards us; and as the authorities at Can- ton had good reason to apprehend that we went as complainants against them- selves, it appeared probable that their influence at Peking had prejudiced our cause there. The near approach of the mission to Tientsin was likely to bring the question of ceremonials into iminediate discussion, and there could be no doubt of its being required of the embassador that he should make the nine prostrations before the emperor's imagined presence. Among expe- rienced and well-informed people no two opinions could exist on this subject; and the most determined refusal seemed absolutely necessary, with the pre- cedent of the last mission before us. My own persuasion (founded on the import which the kotow hears among the Chinese themselves) was, that even before the emperor himself such an act of homage should be considered as impossible from the representative of our sovereign. Similar reasons led me to wish that the inscription kung-sz', "tribute-bearer," had not been allowed to be suspended from the mast of the embassador's yacht, in confor- inity with the precedent of the last embassy. The Chinese histories observe of the conduct of an emperor of the Sung dynasty, who concluded a peace with the Tartars on humiliating terms, that he sham fully made use, in the treaty, of the word kung (tribute).' We might perhaps have required that our own flag should supply the place of the other, without making the propriety
Sketches of China.
of the inscription a point of debate. There would have been an appearance of reason in this proposition, for our own flag was as good a mark for the boat as theirs, if not a better. Moreover, if we were not to knock head at last, it seemed more consistent with such a line of conduct, because "tribute- bearers" have hardly any pretensions to such scruple.
"It seemed, however, that the embassador had received it in his instruc- tions from our government, to consider the matter entirely as a question of expediency, with full authority to comply, should compliance be calculated to attain the substantial objects of the mission. I felt persuaded that, instead of gaining any points by such a measure, we should only becoine contempti- ble in the eyes of the Chinese, and in fact do ourselves more harm than good. Witness the Dutch embassy, whose whole amount of profit consisted of a good deal of ridicule, and some half-gnawed bones from the emperor's table. As far as personal feelings were concerned, the embassador could not be otherwise than averse from compliance; but with authority, or at least per- mission, from home to yield the point rather than make it the ground of a rupture, it became necessary to proceed with circumspection. At the same time, it could never have been intended that he should comply unconditional- ly, or without securing some at least of those important points which were reserved as the subjects of negotiation. Were we to have an audience of the emperor, and do homage at once without bringing any of these subjects forward, nothing could be easier for the Peking government than to send us off immediately afterwards, saying that we had now finished all that we came about. Reserved and unfriendly, not to say rude, as the conduct of our conductors had hitherto been, one felt inclined to anticipate the worst; and there seemned so little prospect of succeeding in anything, that it became a question whether the point of ceremony might not be the best to break off upon, since it would involve no article of ulterior negotiation, but be a good mode of asserting our independence, without making other matters worse than they were before.
“It was curious to observe the difference between the instructions received from the government, and the recommendations emanating from the Court of Directors. The former implied that we went simply in search of what- ever we could pick up, and that performance of the ceremony was to be regarded in ro other view than as it affected the question of profit or loss. The Company said, 'Have most regard to the effect that the embassy is to produce at Canton; complain of the conduct of the local authorities to our trade; and make no concessions, in point of ceremony or reception, which appear calculated to diminish the national respectability of the English at that place.' Now as the welfare of the Company's trade was really the chief object of the embassy, it was fair to conclude that the Company was the party most likely to give the best advice, their reasonings being founded on their past knowledge and experience. Distant as Peking was from the seat of our trade, the effect of the mission at Canton was of more con- sequence than its mere nominal reception at court; and less was to be gained by a servile compliance with the demands of the imperial government (which,
Sketches of China.
as in the case of the Dutch, would only aggravate our ill-treatment), than by a manly appeal to the justice of the emperor against the insolence and extor- tions of his officers at Canton, and by a decent maintenance of our national independence. The Chinese are so ignorant of foreign nations, and there- fore so illiberal, that their good opinion, and consequent good offices, are not to be gained by undue concessions in essential points. These they always regard as necessary acts of deference to their immense superiority, and therefore nothing extraordinary; while a contrary line of conduct, tending to dispel their absurd illusions, causes them to consider us on a footing of great- er equality. At the same time, none but the most ignorant or wrongheaded would ever, in the first instance, withhold from them that conciliatory tone of demeanor and language, a failing in which lowers us to a level with the Chinese themselves.' pp. 52-57.
Thus it was determined, "to consider the matter entirely as a question of expediency," to manage by hook or by crook,' as they best could. This they did; and thus, A. D. 1816, on the 28th of August, in the dead of night, the embassy found the gates of Peking shut against them; at dawn of day, on the 29th they had attained their destination;' and on the same day says our author, we set off on our return, at four in the afternoon, nearly in the same man- ner as we had come.
This was indeed the noble reward of expediency! No wonder the embassador and many of his companions became sick. Many of the party returned, as they went, in carts: "the motion was bearable till we came on the paved road, when the jolting became intolerable; it was a repeated dislocation of every part of the frame; each jolt seemed sufficient to have destroyed life, which yet remained to un- dergo the dreadful repetition. The elements combined with the im- perial displeasure to annoy us; the rain fell in torrents; not, however, so violently as to deter the spectators from indulging their curiosity, by thrusting lanterns into the chairs and carts to have a full view of our persons. I certainly never felt so irritated in my life. To be exposed to such indecent curiosity, while suffering considerable pain from the jolting, was too much for the best tempers to hear patiently, and produced in me something not far removed from frenzy." Such were the feelings of Mr. (now the right honorable) Henry Ellis, as described in his Journal by himself at that time. The pomp of imperial favor no longer attended us," says Mr. Abel; "the crowd of mandarius and soldiers, that had hitherto attended us, disappeared, and were not replaced by a single responsible person.
** The carriage with the sick was obliged to stop all night on the road, near Peking, in consequence of not being supplied either with guides or
Sketches of China.
torch-bearers. Many casualties had occurred on the journey. Several of the baggage-wagons had been upset, and much of the baggage was injured. But this was a slight grievance. One of his lordship's servants was nearly killed by the overturning of his cart, through the carelessness of his driver; receiving in the fall a severe contusion of the brain, the effect of which still incapacitates him for his usual avocations. When we were somewhat recovered from our fatigues, and looked back on the occurrences of the last two days, we seemed rather to have awaked from a dream, than to have experienced any circumstances of real existence. It was impossible to link them together in any probable chain of cause and effect. We could only conjecture that we had been hurried to and from Yuenming Yuen, and subjected to all kinds of indignity and inconvenience, to suite the will of a capricious despot." pp. 112, 113.
Mr. Davis, writing five-and-twenty years subsequent to those oc- currences, has told the story in a somewhat different mood-evident- ly showing that the scenes were not obliterated from his memory, and he has succeeded in giving to the descriptions something of that ridiculous air which characterized the movement to and from Pe- king. John Gilpin's race was nothing compared with this, and we are almost surprised that Mr. Davis did not throw his narrative into verse. Even in its present shape, it is worth reading, and we quote it entire.
“August 28th.-Great exertions were made in the morning to leave Tung- chau as carly as possible, after a delayed residence of eight days from our first arrival. The baggage and presents were sent off first, and at about half- past four in the afternoon our party set out, being determined not to leave the impedimenta behind, as had been the case in coming up the Pei ho. Ля the two officers of the guard and myself were to ride, I had requested the mandarins overnight to let us be supplied with tolerable horses; but when these were produced, they turned out to be in a state of utter impossibility, I walked over to Kwáng, and remonstrated with him, upon which he affect- ed not to know that the animals were so bad. Cháng tájin then kindly of- fered me his own horse, saying that he should go in his chair; and I gladly accepted it, as, though bad enough, this beast was greatly superior to the former tender. The Chinese breed of horses is confessedly one of the very worst, and the same may be said of all their domestic quadrupeds, except- ing pigs and asses. Being kept alive on the smallest possible quantity of sustenance, they naturally degenerate in size; but the pig is the great save. all, and as he lives upon refuse, he pays well for his keeping about the house or cottage; while the ass likewise thrives upon what would starve a horse or I seldom or never saw any donkeys in the south, but near Peking we remarked that they were a particularly fine variety, and perhaps might ac count for the goodness of the mules, which are also a superior breed.
Sketches of China.
"There was something divcrting in the exclamation of despair with which the embassador's London coachman viewed the four Chinese Bucephali that were presented to him for the purpose of being harnessed to the carriage. He had prepared everything with as much care and pains as for a birthday at St. James's,—the horses only were wanting; and when they appeared in the shape of four small rough ponies, he naturally cried out—' Lord, sir, these cats will never do!' But they must do!" was the reply, for nothing better existed in the whole empire. The collars of the English harness hung down like mandarin necklaces, and the whole of the caparison sat like a loose gown. By dint of taking in' to an extent that had never been fore- seen or provided for, this unworthy team were (no doubt very much to their own surprise) attached to the handsome barouche that was destined to roll on the granite road between Tungchau and Peking. An English carriage should never be sent to China without the horses to draw it. In our pro- gress towards the great northern capital' (the literal meaning of Pe king) we first of all proceeded to the same gate of Tungchau that we had entered on the occasion of the earliest conference with duke Ho.
Leaving this
now upon our right without entering it, we skirted the high walls of the town, which were lined with spectators, and soon came to a broad road of hewn granite, which was evidently very old, and in so ruined a state that it might have been referred to the days of Yáu and Shun. This road, or rather causeway over the low flats, extended to the gates of Peking, and though the cubassador's carriage certainly did get on by dint of the coach- inan's steadiness and skill, its strength and springs were greatly tried by the formidable cavities which the wheels occasionally encountered, and which gave it the motion of a ship in a heavy cross sea.
“A stone bridge of three arches, at the distance of rather more than a mile from Tungchau, crossed the Pei ho, or a river running into it, in this place a very inconsiderable stream. From the centre of this bridge I re- commoitered the country round Behind us was Tungchau, with its con- spicuous pagoda, or Budhist steeple, and encircled by its high and embattled wall. On each side lay a flat country, studded here and there with woody clumps, inclosing the low dwelling-houses of the Chinese, which are sur- rounded mostly by walls, and consist of houses of all ranks, from the mansion of the high official magnate, to the country-box of the Peking cockney. Be- fore us, to the north-west, lay the imperial city, the residence of the absolute monarch of a third of the human race. It is situated very nearly under the fortieth parallel of north latitude, in commoa with Naples and Madrid in Europe, and Philadelphia in North America, which last it resembles in climate.
"Peking has been the fixed capital of China ever since the reign of Yung- ló, of the Ming race, by whom the Mongols were expelled. Although situated on the northern confines of China Proper, it is centrical with re- ference to the whole empire, including Tartary. The tract in which it stands is sandy and barren, but the grand canal is admirably adapted to the purpose
Sketches of China.
f feeding its vast population with the produce of more fertile provinces and districts. The most ancient portion of Peking is that area to the north which is now called the Tartar city, or city of nine gates, the actual number of its entrances. To the south is another inclosure, less strictly guarded, as it does not contain, like the other, the emperor's residence. The whole circumference of the two coinbined is not less than twenty-five miles within the walls and independently of suburbs. A very large portion of the centre of the northern city is occupied and monopolised by the emperor, with his palaces, gardens, &c., which are surrounded by their own wall, and form what is called 'the prohibited city.' What Rome was to Europe, Peking is, or has been, to the larger portion of Asia, especially when it became the scat of Zenghis and Kublai Khan, the masters of the eastern world. While the territory of Rome, however, has degenerated into the few square leagues that constitute the patrimony of St. Peter, Peking maintains the greater portion of its ancient sovereignty in an integral state. The former city has shrunk into a corner of the area comprised by its ancient wall; while Peking has doubled its original extent, within a new and additional wall, and pos- sesses considerable suburbs without the walls. It was naturally with feelings of considerable interest that we approached this singular place.
"At the distance of about six miles from Tungchau, our cavalcade, which like most large bodies moved slowly, halted, as it was beginning to grow dark, for refreshment. The place at which we alighted was for all the world just like the stable-yard of an inn, and the knight of La Mancha himself would never have taken it for a castle. On a table in the middle of this yard stood a most uninviting repast, which some of our party very properly deno- minated a mess of broken victuals.' The principal part of the entertain- ment consisted of half-plucked, untrussed, fowls, in a boiled state, and al- together so nasty, that few, if any, of our party could be induced to touch What them; and there was plenty of water to be had in wooden buckets. seemed to make this unseemly treat the more inexcusable was the fact, that two of our principal conductors were with us, and therefore could not plead ignorance of its nature.
of its nature. Some of the Chinese, however, had such elevated notions of English refinement, that they supposed, or at least said, that it was in conformity with the customs of our country.'
"As the kinchái stated that we could not arrive at Yucuming yuen before the next morning, I felt no desire to pass the whole night in the saddle, and exchanged my horse for one of the wretched little Chinese tilted carts. But we had not proceeded half a mile before I had abundant reason to regret the choice, for the convulsive throes of this primitive machine, without springs, on the ruined granite road, produced an effect little short of lingering death; and the only remedy was to get out as often as possible and walk. Our expectations had been raised by Kwang's assurance that the gates of Peking would be kept open beyond the usual hour for our reception; and when we had passed on for about half an hour through a handsome suburb, containing shops whose fronts were richly carved and gilded, we actually reached the
Sketches of China.
eastern gate towards midnight. But what was the disappointment and in- dignation of the whole party, when the cavalcade, instead of entering the gate, turned sharp round to the right, and began skirting the city wall on the outside! I was excessively irritated at this moment by the obtrusive curiosi- ty of the people, who had provided themselves with multitudes of little paper lanterns, some of which were thrust forward very unceremoniously towards our persons. I was at length obliged to seize one or two of these and put them out, after which the annoyance in some degree ceased. The crowd, as might be expected, were by no means so orderly as at Tientsin, but partook of the licentious and blackguard character of the rabble of a great capital. The soldiers, however, treated them very cavalierly, and made good use of their staves, whips, and sheathed swords-
With many a stiff thwack, many a bang,
Stout crab-tree and old iron rang.'
After a tedious passage round the north side of Peking, we reached one of the western gates, and came upon the high road to Yuenming yuen. The distance was quite inconsiderable, but our average progress was a foot pace, and day began to dawn before we had attained our destination. During the darkness I and several others were separated from the embassador and com- missioners; but after a wretched night we were glad to find ourselves about daybreak at Háuien, close to Yuenming yuen, in the extensive range of buildings intended for our residence.
August 29th.-On issuing from my Scythian plaustrum, more dead than alive, I found two of the gentlemen of the embassy pacing up and down in the open court or inclosure before the building, while a number of mandarins were staring at them. Some of these at length showed us the range of apartments destined for us, and, tired with the night's journey, we threw ourselves down to sleep, as it happened, in the embassador's room. We were presently, however, awakened by the arrival of his lordship, accompanied by a number of the suite, and listened with surprise to the history of their most unexpected adventures at the emperor's palace. It had evidently been the intention of the mandarins to separate as many of the party as possible from the einbassador and the commissioners, in order to effect what now, for the first time, appeared to be the object of hurrying us forward during the whole night. The carriage was conducted beyond Haitien to the immediate vicinity of the imperial residence, and, as soon as it stopped, (which was be- fore five o'clock in the morning,) Kwáng tájin made his appearance and requested the inmates to alight. The embassador naturally desired to be conducted to his hotel, or lodging; but, to the astonishment of all the English assembled, several of whom had by this time collected round the carriage, the mandarins very earnestly urged their immediately proceeding, for a short time, to a conference with duke Ho. The party then were conducted to an apartment on the other side of the court before which the carriage had stop- ped. Here the whole truth broke upon them at once.
From the great number of mandarins in their full dresses of ceremony, including princes of
VOL. XI. NO. 11.
Sketches of China.
the blood, wearing their circular badges, it became evident that this was the moment of an imperial audience; and that the embassador and commissioners had been inveigled by the most unworthy artifices, and the most in- decent haste, to be carried before the emperor in their present unprepared state. They were presently informed that his majesty had changed the day of audience from to-morrow to this day, and that duke Ho was waiting to conduct them at once into his presence!
“The embassador pleaded that, without his credentials, and the letter he was charged with from his sovereign, this was impossible; requesting at the same time that it might be stated he was ill from the effects of the journey, and required some rest. Duke Ho presently appeared in person, and urged his lordship to proceed direct to the emperor, who was waiting to give him audience. It was in vain that every argument was repeated; the duke's carnestness only seemed to increase with opposition, until he at length forgot himself so far as to gripe his lordship's arm violently, while one of the lads of Moukden stepped up at the same time. The embassador immediately shook them off, and behaved with great dignity and composure at this trying moment; telling the officer of the guard, who, like Gregory in the play, seemed inclined to remember his swashing blow,' that no swords must be drawn. The highest indignation was naturally expressed, and a fixed deterinination to proceed to no audience in such a manner.
The party at length retired, with the appearance of an understanding that the audience should take place on the morrow, as before agreed upon. The emperor's physician was soon after dispatched to see his excellency.
“The crowd of mandarins had in the meanwhile displayed a very indif ferent specimen of their court breeding, by crowding upon the English party, and examining their persons and dress with the most unceremonious curi- osity; and another strange scene took place as the embassador was quitting the room, for, when the crowd of idlers, spurred on by their inquisitiveness, pressed on in such a manner as to impede the doorway, duke Ho snatched a whip, with which he belabored them handsomely on all sides. The courtly appanage (some of them with yellow girdles) dispersed like a flock of sheep. When his excellency reached our intended dwelling, they crowded in like Inanner into the large room, and peeped through the windows of his private apartinent, making holes with their fingers in the colored paper windows; but when the embassador intreated some of our party to clear the place of these intruders, they fled out at the entrance the moment they perceived in what a summary mode the writ of ejectment was about to be served on them. "On first returning to us at Haitien, his excellency told us that he had successfully resisted the violent conduct of the Chinese, but it was impossi- ble to say what they night do next. Shortly afterwards, it was intimated to us by Cháng, that the emperor was in a towering passion, and that we were to go back directly to Tungchau. This certainly was a barbarous, not to say brutal, measure, considering that we had only just arrived from a most fatigung might journey; but I was not altogether sorry to hear the announce-
Sketches of China.
Whatever might have been the opinion of one or two persons on the subject of the ceremony, there could be no difference of sentiment on the present occasion. The insult offered had been so gross, and so completely developed the disposition of the Peking court, as to make it evident that we were to expect nothing in the way of favors. In the meanwhile, a most elegant repast was served up by way of breakfast, consisting of the greatest delicacies, and some really fine grapes and other fruit, laid out on porcelain of the richest description. This formed a singular contrast with our bait of the preceding night in the stable-yard, and the difference between our treat- ment, when in and out of favor, was remarkable. A mandarin from the 'general of the nine gates,' (a sort of prætorian prefect,) came to hasten our
departure, saying that 'a million of men obeyed his orders.'
"When the baggage, of which very little had been unloaded, was ready, we set off on our return at four in the afternoon, nearly in the same manner as we had come, except that the embassador's carriage was given up to the sick, and chairs used instead. The daylight in the early part of our journey enabled us to take a good view of the lofty walls of Peking as we skirted them, and some of the party provided themselves with fragments of the blue bricks which compose it. When darkness came on our miserics commen- ced, and I may safely say that I never passed so wretched a night, except perhaps the one immediately preceding. We were rattled and jolted in a horrible manner, along the old granite road, which was harder, if possible, than the emperor's heart. To be placed in one of these Chinesc carts, and obliged to sit just over the axle-tree, without the intervention of a spring, was the next thing to being pounded in a mortar. We had scarcely the alternative of a walk by the side of these infernal machines,' for it rained most violently soon after dark, and the road was inundated. Rather, how- ever, than be shaken the whole way, I jumped out and attempted to walk or rather wade through the holes and puddles, which from the darkness were not easily avoided. Some of our party returned by the way they came, on the outside of the walls of Tungchau; but my charioteer stopped at the gate until it was opened, and after driving through a considerable portion of the town, carried me out at another gate. Nothing was to be seen, for it was nearly dark, and the inhabitants were at rest. The day soon afterwards began to dawn, and at half past four 1 reached our boats, where only a few of the party had arrived.” Vol. I. PP. 141-158.
Never before did “royal embassy” move in such a plight; and we cannot wonder that Mr. Davis should desire that the year of such ignominy should be forgotten. However much of discomfort and chagrin it may have caused the embassador and gentlemen who came direct from the court of London, to the members of the factory the mission certainly did afford an agreeable change from the dull mono- tony of Canton, and a very excellent opportunity for reading "the sealed book.” Mr. Davis has done well in sending out, at this time, these two volumes, We have read them, and no doubt inauy others
Notices of the Pei Ho.
will read them, with much pleasure and advantage. We recommend them to all who desire to gain accurate information of this country. We may have occasion to refer to them again, but will not extend this notice further than to add two short observations. The first is one that had often struck our friend, Mr. Davis, and we give it in his own words. "On looking forward to accompanying an embassy to Peking from the neighborhood of Canton, which lies at the im- mense distance of seventeen degrees (the difference between Edin- burgh and Mudrid), it was natural to expect a considerable disparity between China to the north, and China to the south. What was our surprise, therefore, to find that there really exists scarcely the least dissimilarity in the character of the people, in their customs, in their dress, or in any single circumstance whatever," not "even in their complexion." Vol. I., p. 185. Our second observation is in the form of a request, that he will be kind enough in future to substitute the plain English word officer, for mandarin, and his excellency, or some equivalent, for the little understood tujin.
ART. III. Notices of the Pei ho, from Tientsin to the vicinity of Peking, of the avenue to the capital, and of the road to Je ho, or the Hot stream.
PEKING the northern capital, so called in contradistinction to Nan- king, or southern capital-is situated near the western extremity of an immense plain, distant to the northwest, say one hundred and fifty miles from the anchorage for ships, at the mouth of the Pei ho. Bar- row says the distance is 170 miles from the entrance of the river to the city of Tungchau; but measuring in a right line, on the chart accompanying Staunton's Account of Macartney's embassy, the dis- tance is only 108 common English miles. From Tungchau to Pe- king the distance is twelve miles.
On the 9th of August, 1840, the Wellesley anchored off the mouth of this river, in lat. 38° 55′ 30′′ N., and long. 118° E., with six fa- thoms at low tides.
H. B. M. ship Alceste, captain Murray Maxwell, bearing the right honorable lord Amherst, embassador extraordinary, minister
Notices of the Per Ho
plenipotentiary, &c., anchored off the mouth of this river on the 28th of July, 1816, in five fathoms, about lat. 38° 58′ N., and long. 117" 57' E.
H. B. M. ship Lion, captain sir Erasmus Gower, having on board the earl of Macartney, embassador extraordinary, minister plenipo- tentiary, &c., anchored near the same place on the 25th of July, 1793.
From the writings of those who were connected with these three missions, and from native maps, we shall bring together such infor- mation as seeins most likely to interest our readers, at a moment when another visit to the north may be expected. Staunton, Barrow, Ellis, Davis, and Abel are the authors from whom most of our infor- mation is derived.
"The rise and fall of the tides, at the Lion's anchorage were about eight or nine feet. They ebbed and flowed irregularly and from every point of the compass; but the strength of the flood tide was from the southeast, and of the ebb from the northwest. On the sixth of August (being the day of the new noon), the flood tide made at nine hours and forty minutes in the morning; it rose ten feet, and was high water at one o'clock; and remained without turning till four in the afternoon. The wind was then east, and moderate. There was no perceptible difference in the observation of the tide on the following day." Staunton, vol. II., p. 79.
The line of coast, from that point where the Great Wall terminates in the sea, lat. 40° 4′ N., long. 120° 2′ E., runs southwest till to the south of the river, where it trends first southward and then eastward. In clear weather the forts and a pagoda, near the river's mouth, are visible from the anchorage 12 or 14 miles due east. At the mouth of the river is a bar, stretching north-northeast and south-southwest, over which, at low water, the depth is not more than three or four feet, and which in many places is nearly or quite dry. The Mada- gascar, on the 11th of August, 1840, had twelve feet at spring tides. Lieutenant Campbell, in 1793, found "that a course of west by north, according to the compass, led up the best channel, in a line with the fort which stands on the southwest side of the entrance into the river, which at its mouth was about one-third of a mile in width, and three fathoms in depth at low water." Upon the bar, and within it, Staun- ton says the water is thick and sandy, although outside it is remarka- bly green and clear. He found the bar divided into a number of sandy banks, lying in various directions, but so high and so close to each other as to prevent the passage, even of small vessels, except at
Notices of the Pei Ho
high water. Immediately within the bar, the water deepened to three or four fathoms. The river was there about five hundred yards in width.
Mr. Gutzlaff, who visited Tientsin in a Chinese vessel, in Sep., 1831, says "the river has no regular tides, but constantly flows into the sea with more or less rapidity." Chi. Rep., vol. I., p. 136.
On its southern bank, or the left of the entrance, is the small vil- lage of Tungkú. Its situation is low and swampy, and the ground in its vicinity is covered, in summer, with the Arundo phragmites, a long and not altogether useless reed.
From this village the vessels first move almost due north for three or four miles, then turning westward and southward, 'making a com- plete elbow,' they move against the current, till nearly due west from Tungkú they reach Síkú (Seekoo); thence turning again westward and northward, and making another elbow, they arrive at Tákú; and thus on, in a zigzag course, they wind their way to Tientsin, a dis- tance of forty miles in a right line, but more than twice that follow- ing the river's channel.
Dr. Abel says, no country in the world can afford fewer objects of interest to the traveler, than the banks of the river between the sea and Tientsin: the land is marshy and sterile, the inhabitants are
and squalid, their habitations mean, dirty, and dilapidated; and the native productions of the soil are few and unattractive. The banks of the river, during his first day's journey, were not much above its level; the country beyond them was low, exhibiting a dreary waste, unbroken by marks of cultivation. Patches of millet, inter- spersed with a species of bean, occasionally surrounded mud-huts, on the immediate margin of the river. During the second day's journey, the country gradually, though slowly, improved. The land along the banks, bears the strongest marks of recent formation; consisting of clay and sand, in nearly equal proportions, and being free from the smallest pebble. The beds and shells, alternating with strata of earth, of unequal thickness, mark its periodical and unequal accu- mulation by the soil, which is brought down by the river at different The debris of the mountains (situated on the north * and west) afford, no doubt, the materials of its accumulation. Amherst's Embassy, pp. 76, 79.
seasons.
Referring to this part of the river, Staunton says its banks are higher than the adjacent plains; accordingly, large quantities of earth were placed along its sides, in order immediately to fill up any
The Pei ho takes its rise in two branches, about lat. 41° 30′ on the north of the Great Wall; one due north from Peking the other more to the westward
Notices of the Per 1o.
breach which from tune to time might be made m them by inunda- tions. In his second day's traveling, a considerable inclosure was, for the first time, perceived, resembling a gentleman's park. This was the residence of the chief of a district. His dwelling was dis- tinguished by treble gates, and by two poles erected near them, each forty feet high, destined to bear ensigns of dignity by day, and lan- terns by night. Within his inclosures were seen several buildings, a variety of trees, and some sheep and horses. Hitherto he had seen few cattle of any kind. To his view the fields exhibited "a high state of cultivation," generally covered with Barbadoes millet, grow- ing ten or twelve feet high, and the lowest calculation of its increase was an hundred fold. The houses had the appearance of being built of mud, as at the mouth of the river; but, on a closer inspection, the walls were found to be made of bricks ill-burnt, or dried in the sun. On one side of the river was a large grove of high and wide spread- ing pines; near and amongst which were inonuments of stone, erect- ed to the memory of persons buried underneath. On the opposite bank were the stacks of salt, estimated at six hundred millions of pounds in weight, and of which every body has heard. This salt was in bags. Similar masses were seen by Abel, which in most in- stances, however, was loose, covered with bamboo matting. These stacks were in sight at Tientsin, the general emporium of the north- ern provinces, 'built,' says Staunton, at the confluence of two ri- vers, from which it rises in a gentle slope.' One of these two flows down from near Peking, the other comes from a more southern re- gion. A third flows in from the south, forming a communication between Tientsin and the Grand canal.
The practicability of marching from the coast to Tientsin, we are unable to determine from any inforination in our possession. Infantry no doubt could easily move across the plain, but artillery probably could not-for we suppose (from what we know of other parts of the country) that ditches and small canals run in almost every direction, and that the only roads are narrow foot-paths. Staunton says, the governor of the province, who awaited the arrival of the embassador at Tákú, came to Tientsin from thence, over land, by a shorter route than was described by the windings of the river. Ellis mentions, in his Journal, while at Síkú, the carts on two wheels,' as justifying the complaints that have been made of them. He says also, that he was surprised with the size of the Chinese horses, having been led to ex- pect that their height did not exceed that of small ponies; on the con- trary, they were not inferior in that respect to the generality of Arab
Notices of the Pei Ho.
horses. they are, however, coarse and ill-shaped, and promise neither strength nor action.' Davis has given quite a different sketch. Vol. I., pp. 124, 142. The reader must decide which of the two, Ellis or Davis, is the most correct in description.
Judging from all that we have read of Tientsin, we presume it is, in its general features, not unlike the other great cities of China. The present city appears to be built on a rising ground, though on every side the country falls into a perfect flat, like the sea, presenting one extensive plain terminated only by the horizon. 'If fine build- ings and striking localities are required to give interest to a scene, this has no claims; but, on the other hand, if the gradual crowding of junks till they become innumerable, a vast population, buildings though not elegant, yet regular and peculiar, careful and successful cultivation, can supply those deficiencies, the entrance to Tientsin will not be without attractions to the traveler.' So writes Mr. Ellis. Barrow describes the same scene in similar terms: "the crowds of large vessels, lying close together along the sides of the river; the various kinds of craft passing and repassing; the town, manufacto- ries, and warehouses, extending on each bank, as far as the eye could reach, indicated a spirit of commerce, far beyond anything we had hitherto met with. The large vessels, the small craft, the boats, the shores, the walls surrounding the houses, the roofs, were all covered with spectators. Our barges, being retarded in the narrow passages among the shipping, were at least two hours in reaching the head of the town. During the whole time the population stood in the water, the front rank up to the middle, to get a peep at the strangers. Hitherto, among the spectators, there had generally appeared full as many of the fair sex as of the other; and the elderly dames, in par- ticular, had been so curious as to dip their little stumps into the water, in order to have a peep into the barges, as they glided slowly along; but here, among the whole crowd, not a single female was visible. Although the day was exceedingly sultry, the thermotneter of Fahrenheit being 88° in the shade, as a mutual accommodation, their heads were all uncovered, and their bald pates exposed to the scorching rays of the sun. It was an uncommon spectacle, to see so many bonze-like heads, stuck as close together, tier above tier, as in Hogarth's group, intended to display the difference between charac- ter and caricature; but it lacked the variety of countenance which this artist has, in an inimitable manner, displayed in his picture."
Tientsin, and the ground between it and the anchorage for foreign ships, may soon become a scene of great interest.
For many
Notices of the Pei Ho
inouths past the Chinese have been directing their attention to that spot; have thrown up numerous and strong defenses; and have there assembled large bodies of troops. The scale, on which these works have been conducted, may be conjectured from what has been found at Canton, Amoy, Chusan, and Chiuhái. The site being nearer the capital than the above named places, it becomes naturally a source of deeper interest, and ere it can be reached by the invading forces, will have been made very strong. Battery after battery will have been erected, and a variety of means devised to render the channel of the river impracticable. If attacked, however, we know what must be the fate of all these defenses. The lines once broken, and consterna- tion excited, the capital will become the next object.
Above Tientsin the river is gradually contracted in its dimensions, and the stream becomes more powerful. The tide, of which the flood had aided the progress of the yachts conveying Macartney's embassy, ceased about thirty miles beyond the city. The embassy was six days in passing from Ticutsin to Tungchau; and it was not until the ourth day that “some high blue mountains were seen rising from the northwest.' On this small branch of the river, within a distance of uinety miles, Barrow estimated that there were floating not less than 100,000 souls. As the embassy advanced, the country began to assume a less uniform appearance, being now broken into hill and dale. Few trees appeared, except large willows on the banks, and knots of elins or firs before the houses of distinguished men, and the temples—both of which were generally found at the head of each village. More grain was cultivated here than on the plains near the mouth of the river. Different sorts of kidney-beans, and some patches of buck-wheat, also, were observed, and a species of nettle, the Urtica niveu, of which cloth is manufactured. Considerable tracts of pas. ture or meadow land intervened between the villages, on which were seen a few small cattle, and some of the broad-tailed sheep.
Here may be noted-what all the travelers seem to have omitted, that the Pei ho enters the sea, or gulf, through two channels. The embassies ascended the southern one. The northern is marked on native maps as being broader than the other, and runs nearly parallel to it, until some miles above Tientsin, where the two unite. On one of our Chinese maps this northern channel is forked, one branch coming from the Pei ho, say thirty miles below Tungchau, and the other twenty miles lower down. This northern channel (probably a marshy expanse) is impracticable for boats of any considerable size.
The city of Tungchau stands on the southern side of the river by
Yol XI NO
Notices of the Pei Ho.
the water of which one of its sides is washed, the others are defend- ed by a broad wet ditch. The principal streets are straight, paved with broad flag-stones, having a raised foot-path on each side. The buildings are such as are common in other cities of similar size. The suburbs are extensive; and the adjacent country for several miles around, is level and fertile. Mr. Davis seems to represent the city as being a mile and a half distant from the river, which he describes as being very inferior to Tientsin.
'The avenue, or great road to the capital, lies across an open coun- try, perfectly level, sandy, and ill-cultivated. The middle part of the road, for the width of fifteen to twenty feet, is paved with granite slabs from six to sixteen feet in length, and about four feet broad. Each one of these enormous flag-stones must have been brought at least sixty miles: "the nearest mountains," says Barrow, "where quarries of granite are found, being those that divide China Proper from Mantchou Tartary, near the Great wall." On each side of this granite pavement is a road unpaved, wide enough for carriages to pass upon it. In many places the road is bordered with trees, par- ticularly willows of a very uncommon growth. A temple, on the right side of the road, and a bridge of white marble, having the ba- lustrade ornamented with figures, meant to represent lions or other animals, cut out of the same material, were the only objects that at- tracted any notice, until the walls and lofty gates of the capital ap- peared in view. Barrow's account of Macartney's advance to the capital is amusing, differing wholly from that given by Mr. Davis of Amherst and his suite. With the first embassy everything was "grand and magnificent," wearing a pleasing aspect; with the other all was
"mean and villanous," disgusting and detestable, in the ex- treme. Compare an extract in the preceding article with the follow- ing from Barrow's pen:
"According to the arrangement, on the 21st of August, about 3 o'clock in the morning, we were prepared to set out, but could scarcely be said to he fairly in motion till five; and before we had cleared the city of Tungchau, it was past six o'clock. From this city to the capital, 1 may venture to bay, the road never before exhibited so motley a group. In front marched about three thousand porters, carrying six hundred packages; some of which were so large and heavy, as to require thirty-two bearers. With these were mixed a proportionate number of inferior officers, cach having the charge and superintendence of a division. Next followed eighty-five wagons, and thirty- nine hand-carts, each with one wheel, loaded with wine, porter, and other European provisions, ainmuuition, and such heavy articles as were not lia- ble to be broken Eight light field pieces, which were among the presents
Notices of the Pet Ho
for the emperor, e' sed this part of the procession. After these paraded the Tartar legale, and several othcers from the court, with their numerous atten- dants; some on horseback, some in chairs, and others on foot. Then follow- ed the embassador's guard in wagons, the servants, musicians, and mechan. ics, also in wagons; the gentlemen of the suite on horseback, the embas- sador, the minister plenipotentiary, hi son, and the interpreter, in four ornamented chairs; the rest of the suite in small covered carriages on two wheels, not unlike, in appearance, to our funeral hearses, but only about half the length; and, last of all, Wang and Chau, with their attendants, closed uus nolley procession. Though the distance was only twelve mues, it was thought advisable, by our conductors, to halt for breakfast, about half-way; for, as heavy bodies move slowly, what with the delay and confusion in first getting into order, and the frequent stoppages on the road, we found it was right o'clock before the whole of the cavalcade had reached the half-way house. Here we had a most sumptuous breakfast of roast pork and venison, rice and made dishes, eggs, tea, milk, and a variety of fruits served up on masses of ice. The porters and the heavy baggage moved forward, without. halting; and having ended our comfortable repast, we followed without loss of time. We had scarcely procceded three miles, till we found the sides of the road lined with spectators on horseback, on foot, in small carriages sinilar to those we rode in, in carts, wagons, and chairs. In the last were Chinese ladies; but, having gauze curtains at the sides and front, we could see little of them. Several well-looking women, in long silken robes, with a great number, of children were in the small carriages. These we understood to be Tartars. A file of soldiers now moved along with the procession, on each side of the road, armed with whips, which they continually exercised, in order to keep off the crowd, that increased as we approached the capital, and, at length, was so great as to obstruct the rond. We observed, however, that though the soldiers were very active and noisy in brandishing their whips, they only struck them against the ground, and never let them fall upon the people. Indeed, a Chinese crowd is not so tumultuous and unruly as it generally is elsewhere. The excessive heat of the weather, the dustiness of the road, the closeness of the carriages, and the slow manner in which we moved along, would have made this short journey almost insupportable, but from the novelty of the scere, the smiles, the grins, the gestures of the mul- titude, and, above all, the momentary expectation of entering the greatest city on the surface of the globe." Pages 59–61.
Du Halde places Peking in lat. 39° 55′ N.; and long. 116° 25′ E., about 3° 30' east of Canton. For a full account of the northern capital,' the reader is referred to vol. II., pages 433-443, and 481– 499. That account is accompanied by a map, on which are indicat- ed the most notable places and objects in anu about the city, and of the garden of Yuenming yuen, distant eight or ten miles west and northwest from the city. One of the rivulets, called the Tunghwni, by which the city is supplied with water, is also marked on the map.
Notices of the Pei Ho
On the 34 of September, 1793, Macartney and his suite set off from Peking to Jeho or the Hot stream, the embassador traveling in their European carriages. From the mouth of the Pei ho, the course to the capital is northwest; from thence to Jeho it is northeasterly, the last place being nearly due north from the first, say 170 miles. The road and adjoining scenery on the first part of the route, were quite similar to what had before been seen between Tungchau and Peking. Early in the first day's journey, a river was crossed, narrow, but deep enough to be navigated by small boats, of which a conside- rable number was seen upon it. Its course was to the south and east, uniting with the Pei ho not far from Tungchau. Most of the hills passed by in the second day's journey had something peculiar in their form and position, each standing on its own base and rising singly from the plain, in which they were scattered about in disorder. Tobacco was growing on the low grounds. In the third day's jour- ney, the population diminished a little, and the roads were so steep
in some places that it was necessary to haul the carriage empty over then. The scenery was romantic and pleasing, wild goats and wild horses were seen scampering along the hills. Lowest down in the beds of the rivers were seen, first sandstone, then coarse grained limestone, then indurated clay, and masses of granite on the highest mountain tops. Perpendicular veins of white spar, and sometimes blue and white, were seen. Over the narrow rivers, bridges had been thrown upon caissons of wattles, filled with stones. In the morning of the fourth day's journey, the Great wall was in view, and approached by a steep ascent, where the road passed over the summit of a range of hills, in most parts inaccessible. In many places the walls were de cayed and dilapidated. On the north of the wall, in Mantchouria, the travelers found themselves in the region of wild beasts, tigers, wolves, hares, &c. During the seventh or last day's journey, the cm- bassador and suite passed a perpendicular rock, more than two hun- dred feet high, and wider at the top than at the base.
"The ascent
to Tartary is such, that some parts of it have been ascertained to be fifteen thousand feet above the surface of the Yellow sea.' Amidst these high grounds, and a little beyond the perpendicular rock the mountains receding somewhat from each other, is the valley of Jeho, the summer residence of his imperial majesty. Between this and Pe- king, and nearly at equal distances, are six palaces with gardens for the emperor's accommodation, when traveling from oue residence to
the other
Topography of Chekiung
ART. IV. Topography of Chckiúng; extent of the province, its population, subdivisions, rivers, lakes, mountains, produc- tions, &c.
SEVERAL. considerations conspire, at the present moment, to render this province one of the most interesting portions of the empire. Rich, populous, and very productive, it has recently become the scene of contest between two great empires, and many of its islands and some of its strongest military positions have already been wrested from the jurisdiction of their old master. And yet this is but the opening scene. Chekiáng too, in olden times, was the theatre of great events.
In or near one of its chief cities, the modern traveler is pointed to the tomb of that king who, according to tradition, drained off the waters from the earth after the deluge. Near its modern capital, terminates the Grand canal, which crosses sevon degrees of latitude, affording one of the greatest inland channels of navigation ever formed by the hands of man. It is not, however, to the history, but to the topography of the province that we have now to invite the attention of our readers; and we commence with this, rather than with the province of Chilí, because it is at present the point to which the public mind is so much directed.
The name Che-king means the winding or crooked river-or the country of the meandering stream; such, at least, is the signification given by some Chinese authors, which seems to indicate that they imagine the course of this river to be unusually crooked.
The province of Chekiáng, as laid down on native maps, presents a circular form, extending from latitude 27° 20′ to 31° 20′ N., and from long. 1° 40′ to 6° 30′ E. of Peking, and includes the principal islands of the Chusan archipelago. These limits correspond nearly to those given by Du Halde. On the north it is bounded by the province of Kiángsú; on the east, by the sea; on the south, by Fukien; and on the west, by Kiángsí and A ́nhwui.
By Macartney, the province was computed to contain 39,150 square miles, and 25,056,000 Eng. acres. Its area is a little less than that of the state of Tennessee or of Kentucky in the United States, a little more than that of Portugal, one third larger than Scotland or Ireland, and nearly twice the size of Denmark, or of the island of Ceylon.
Its population, according to the last census, taken by imperial authority, amounts to 26,256,784 souls, or 674 inhabitants to a square mile.
Topography of Chokiáng
It is subdivided into eleven departments, and seventy-eight dis- tricts, the names of which are comprised in the following list. The latitudes and longitudes are from Du IIalde, and indicate the situa- tion of the chief city in each department.
Húngchau fú; or the Department of Hángchau, includes nine districts. Lat. 30° 20′ 20′′ N., and long. 3° 39′ 4′ E. of Peking, and 120° 4′ 4′ E. of Greenwich.
Tsientáng, 6 臨安
Yütsien,
Háining,
Sinching,
Cháng wá.
5 Tây ti Yüháng,
Kiáhing fú; or the
Department of Kiáhing, includes seven districts.
Lat. 30° 52′ 48′′ N., long. 4° 5′ 11′′ E. of Peking, and 120° 30′ 11′′
Kiáhing, Siúshui,
3嘉善 Kiáshen,
4海鹽 Háiyen,
E. of Greenwich.
5 Shimun,
7 Tunghiang,
Húchau fú; or the
Department of Húchau, includes seven districts.
Lat. 30° 52′ 48′′ N., long. 3° 27′ 54′′ E. of Peking, and 119° 52′
54′′ E. of Greenwich.
Wúching,
Kwei án,
HA'nki chun,
Cháng hàng, Tetsing,
Hiáufung.
Ningpò fú; or the
Department of Ningpò, includes six districts.
Lat. 29° 55′ 12′′ N., long, 4° 57′ 19′′ E. of Peking, and 121° 22
19′′ E of Greenwich.
4鎮海 Chin,
th Tráng hán,
Topography of Chikiang.
2慈谿 Tszki,
3奉化 Fungiiwa
Shúuhing fú; or the
6 Tinghái.
Department of Sháuhing, includes eight districts.
Lat. 30° 6′ N., -long. 4° 4′ 11′′ E. of Peking, and 120° 29′ 11′′ E.
of Greenwich.
【山陰 Shinyin,
5餘姚 Yiyiu, 6上虞 Shángyii,
Siáushán,
4諸暨 Chûki,
8 # = 2incháng
VI. H✯ Táichau fú; or the
Department of Táichau, includes six districts.
Lat. 25° 54′ N., long. 4° 40′ 54′′ E. of Peking, and 121° 5′ 51′′
| 臨海 Linhái,
Wangyen,
Tientá',
E. of Greenwich.
5寧海 Ninghai,
Taiping.
Kinhwá fú; or the
Department of Kinhwá, includes eight district.
Lal. 29° 10′ 48′ N., long. 3° 22′ 27′′ E. of Peking, and 119° 47′
27" E. of Greenwich.
If a Kinhwa,
Yungláng,
2 蘭谿 Liuki,
6武義 Wiii,
Pukićng,
4 義烏 Kwű,
Küchau fú; or the
Department of Küchau, includes five districts.
Lat. 29° 2′ 23′′ N., lng. 2° 35′ 12′′ E. of Peking, and 119° 0′ 12′′
·西安 Erán,
E. of Greenwich.
2龍游 Lungyára,
Krogshán,
4 常山 Chángshin, 5開化 Káihwú
Topography of Chekiáng
IX. R Yenchau fú; or the Department of Yenchau, includes six districts.
Lat. 29° 37′ 12′′ N., long. 3° 4′′′ 17′′ E. of Peking, and 119° 27
17′′ E. of Greenwich.
2淳安 Shun'án,
3 Tunglú,
5 Shaucháng,
6分术 Fanshui.
X. Wanchau fú; or the
Department of Wanchau, includes six districts.
Lat. 28° 2′ 15′′ N., long. 1° 21′ 7′′ E. of Peking, and 120° 46′ 7
E. of Greenwich.
Yuliwán ting, 4
Yungkiá,
Lótsing,
Pingyang,
Táishun.
XT. BEM S Chúchau fá; or the
Department of Chúchau, mcludes ten districts.
Lat. 28′ 25′ 36′′ N., xong. 3′ 27° 54′ E. of Peking, and 1:20 52
61′′ E. vi Greenwich.