CO129-489 - Governor Sir Stubbs & Sir Clementi - 1925 [8-12]_Part_007

Themhärbuck 10.12.25 The despalth a meme. printest should be am "Zarleen" C.O. paper, d copies might be given to the Local Loves (tee? We should an appreciative despatch as soon as pomble wi reca the After 1 Jan 1926., d should refer by name to the individuals mentioned by the foverin think, to for Too& Gen Leung-Wing- Sun, to bollo the Chine & Cardrean sections of the comencents? 16.12.250 18.17,15 Mh Cluttabout ostre farrother are being prunten, doyu think the action might was untit are available. Copyeni prins the memo will to enlact a lor & work, and imbers there any urgenz the matter the above course seems at verir. P.D. will no doubt no doubt ger the ger the printing as soon as possible تمان ها و Mr Cluthbuch, I submit for approval or amendment, a Suggested lille page for the Co paper. Qit would be useful to have the sindex drawn up by you printed high the menuerauðum. C Will you please say how many final copes will be required. 30 is the usual No of copus prinsed hi the case of an Office praper, but number up to 125 littl li had at very may Expense above the cost of 30 copies. any of the reports being presented to Parliament may I have authority to pruit the Office paper in R. Oct. Size the standard soje før Command papers. so that the life of the office paper may be available for the land. paper if required. In Sfiindle I hope they will not have Whea ? print in R. Oct. There to be faintest aw how 2 wine 3571. Leforts ? are shat have them all ang part of the same print. The Third it circulated to the Cabinet: I don't drow if waters any difference bet charted cre miting.) They 15 omper obe enough of this (some being repened for treat from the J. and 60 of the stars Mr Beckett d there is a there is a likelihood of Mr Beuda Jur.8.8.5.7.26 4.Hobson I Submit herewith a galley proof A of a portion of the office paper. The mands of hão reports referred to in 2′′Feb. above have ust yet beu received in the P.D. for printing, I am sending them 24. 2.26 A checked 114 ath / shim here and separately PAC 3.3.26 Pruited for the use of the Colonial Office HONGKONG STRIKE AND BOYCOTT Report by Governor Sir R.E Stubis, King before learning the Colony, and a Memorandum by M'RH. Kotiwall, Unofficial Member of the Legislation Council. The then refat's OMAL OFFICE February 1926. Enclosures of No. 144. Printed for the use of the Colonial Office. HONGKONG Strike and Boycott. COLONIAL OFFICE, February, 1926, HONGKONG. $39/4/25 Strike and Boycott. The Governor of Hongkong to the Secretary of State for the Confidential. Colonies. (Received 1st December, 1925.) Government House, Hongkong, 30th October, 1925. In a series of despatches ending with my confidential despatch of the 16th October* I have informed you of the progress of events in connection with the strike and boycott, and I have now the honour to submit my final report before leaving the Colony. 2. The situation generally remains unchanged. Confused fighting is reported to be in progress on all sides of Canton, and the anti-Red forces appear to be holding their ground rather more successfully than was anticipated. One of the Chinese cruisers recently seized ten strikers' launches in the neighbourhood of Macao, and a number of the strikers, including seven of the leaders, were shot. In the same locality the peasantry, in exasperation at the extortion of the strikers' pickets, seized a number of men, secured them in pig baskets, and threw them into the sea. 3. Certain overtures have recently been made by merchants in Cantony which may eventually lead to more formal negotiations, but there is still no evidence that those in authority have any desire to put an end to the boycott. There is little doubt that they hope by means of successful military operations so to dominate the whole of South China, as to be in a position to dictate their own terms for the resumption of trade relations with Hongkong. 4. It remains for me to place on record my appreciation of the services which have been rendered by individual members of the community in connection with the crisis. I may mention in the first place Mr. Chow Shou-son and Mr. R. H. Kotewall, who represent the Chinese upon the Legislative Council. It is im- possible to speak too highly of the work which they have done. In the first panic, when the Chinese might have been likened to a herd of frightened sheep, they immediately came forward and shamed and compelled their fellow-countrymen into at least a semblance of courage. Anonymous letters threatening violence and murder were received by them daily, a reward for their heads was posted in Canton, and still they worked incessantly, gather- ing at first a few of the more venturesome spirits, who in their turn brought in others, till in a short time the whole Chinese Community had forgotten its fears. Later on, when generals and politicians began to gather in Hongkong from different parts of China, they rendered most useful service in explaining the policy * 51869; not printed. of His Majesty's Government as to non-intervention, and they loyally supported that policy, in spite of a private conviction, which they held at least in the early days, that direct assistance with arms and money was the best method of dealing with the situation 5. I attach a most interesting memorandum by Mr. Kotewall, in which he discusses the origin of the crisis, outlines the measures taken to meet it, and makes recommendations as to action that might be taken in a future emergency. The memo- randum has been most carefully prepared, the facts are accurately stated, and Mr. Kotewall's conclusions are generally sound. 6. The memorandum gives the names and enumerates the services of the Chinese who have actually assisted the Govern- ment, and it will perhaps be sufficient for me to say that I endorse Mr. Kotewall's testimony of their good work. As regards Europeans, it is difficult to single out individuals for special mention, seeing that the whole Community placed itself unreservedly at the disposal of the Government, but I may say that Mr. P. H. Holyoak, the senior unofficial member of both Councils, gave his time and services unsparingly, while Mr. G. M. Young, O.B.E., Manager of Messrs. Butterfield and Swire, performed most useful work as Labour Controller. Mr. A. G. M. Fletcher, Assistant Colonial Secretary, rendered services which cannot be over-estimated. In the case of any other officer I should have expressed admiration and surprise at the work which he has been able to accomplish in the way of organi- sation and co-ordination. 'In the case of Mr. Fletcher I can only say that he acted in the manner which I expected. I have on many occasions drawn your attention to the services of this officer, whom I regard as the most able and efficient member of the Colonial Service with whom I have had the pleasure of working. Mr. D. W. Tratman, Secretary for Chinese Affairs, rendered yeoman service, and his influence with the Chinese, who have a high regard for his ability and character, has been of the greatest value. 7. The police force, under the command first of Mr. T. H. King and then of Mr. P. P. J. Wodehouse, have done excellent work. The force is now at a high level of efficiency. The European staff of the Public Works Department, especially Mr. H. E. Goldsmith and Mr. A. E. Lissaman, were of the greatest service in connection with the housing and feeding of workmen, in transport matters and in the important and un- pleasant work of scavenging, and I should like to mention especially the Inspectors of the Sanitary Department who did cheerfully and willingly coolie work of the hardest kind. I have already in my despatch No. 377, of October 7th,* expressed my appreciation of the work of Mr. N. L. Smith as Food Controller. In short I wish to say that the members of the Public Service have behaved in a manner which makes me proud to be their Chief," and that they have been admirably supported by the unofficial community. I have, etc., R. E. STUBBS, Governor, &c. in 19308 File: not printed, Enclosure in No. 1. CONTENTS, The Strike: its causes and effects--- Para. 8. Enemy Propaganda Strike Agitators and Intimidators Governmental and other Measures- Part II. Para. 14. Warning to intending strikers, i.e. that Government might require all idle persons to leave the Colony.. 00 Food Control Government compensation in case of death or injury Rewards for arrest of agitators Flogging 43-49. Labour Protection Bureau 50-51. Street Committees 54-57. Counter-propaganda among Chinese abroad 67-77. Financial Measures Part III. Reflections and Recommendations- Para. 86-90.-Politics in Schools Chinese Propaganda in England Hongkong Financial System Relatives of Canton Government Officials in Hongkong.. 00 110. Necessity for continued watchfulness Tribute to Mr. Fletcher and Mr. Tratman Hongkong, 24th October, 1925. Confidential. Now that our daily life is once more pursuing its even tenor, and while recent events are still fresh in my mind, I have thought it useful to place before the Government a record of our experi- ences of the past four and a half months, and to estimate the effectiveness of the measures adopted by the Government, so that should a similar emergency arise here again, we would be in a better position to deal with it. I will not try to arrange the events of this period in chronological order, or attempt a history of the Strike "; it will be enough to refer to its cause and the damage it has done us, and to describe and examine a number of the more important measures taken to counteract its effects. THE STRIKE: ITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS. 2. The strike was undoubtedly caused by a Bolshevist intrigue in Canton, conducted with the avowed object of destroying the economic life of Hongkong. That this was the Chinese view is shown by the resolution passed by the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce and the Association of the Twenty-four Mercantile Guilds on the 10th August, 1925, and subsequently transmitted to the Secretary of State for the Colonies through His Excellency the Governor. These resolutions have doubtless helped to place the situation in true perspective for the better understanding of the Home Government. Commencement. 3. The Shanghai shooting incident occurred on the 30th May, 1925, but there was no threat of a strike in Hongkong until the fighting in Canton between the Yunnanese and the Kuomintang party had nearly ended. This fighting continued from the beginning of June to the 12th, on which day the Yunnanese were routed; and with the report of that defeat came persistent rumours of an approaching general strike in Hongkong. 4. While fighting was going on in Canton, Sun Fo, C. C. Wu and Foo Ping-sheung were in the Colony; and the Hon. Mr. Chow Shou-son and I were able to arrange for the Hon. Mr. D. W. Tratman and Mr. A. G. M. Fletcher to meet them at dinner in my house one evening. It was made quite clear beforehand that the meeting was purely private and had no official significance. whatsoever. The meeting promoted such a friendly feeling on both sides that the next day Mr. Chow Shou-son and I found no difficulty in persuading these three Canton officials to endeavour to prevent the strike. This action did delay, though it did not succeed in preventing, the outbreak of the strike, and I subse quently heard on good authority than Sun Fo, at least, had exerted his influence as he had promised. 5. The trouble commenced in the various Government 'and grant-aided schools in the Colony. The industrial strike began with the abandonment in Macao of the s.s. "Sui Tai Sui Tai" by her Chinese crew on the 19th June, and on the same day the crews of the "Kinshan Kinshan" and "Fatshan" came out in Hongkong. The men on other British-owned boats followed in quick succes- sion. The crews of Chinese-owned steamers were, however, not called out until they had brought most of the strikers and their families from Hongkong to Canton. This done, they too went on strike. Spread of the Strike. 6. On the 20th June the boys at the Peak Hotel and the Peak Club walked out, and on the next day the employees of the Lower Tramways ceased work. House-boys on the Peak began to steal away, and the Chinese staffs of the Repulse Bay Hotel, Hongkong Hotel, and Café Wisemen also disappeared. Steve- dores and cargo-coolies refused to work ships; the telegraph- messengers also struck. A day later the strike spread to the holders of vegetable and fish stalls in the markets; and the public began to be very seriously inconvenienced. The movement gathered momentum every day, the employees of business houses and private citizens, and even of the Government, desert- ing their posts in quickening succession, until a sudden check came early in July. This was administered by the Chairman of the Chinese Engineers' Guild, Mr. Hon Man-wai, who is the chief mechanic at the Hongkong University. He issued a bold manifesto advising his own men to stick to their work; and he and his Guild firmly resisted all pressure brought to bear on them to reverse the decision they had made by ballot. Reasons for the Spread--(a) Intimidation and Lying Rumours. 7. Why did intelligent and ordinarily reasonable men, including Government employees in the Post Office, Harbour Department and Sanitary Department, leave their work so readily and suddenly, even sacrificing outstanding wages and, in some cases, prospects of a pension? Was it a spontaneous outbreak of patriotic indignation at the unfortunate shooting incident in Shanghai? Or was it a secession brought about by unbearable living conditions? It was neither, but an exhibition of pure terror, of panic fear, in all but a very few cases. One would imagine that only desperate danger could induce such extreme fright, but in point of fact, the very slightest causes-an unsigned scrawl on a slip of paper, a mere warning word or look, or a telephone message from an unknown person-were sufficient to send them hurrying and scurrying out of their jobs! But panic is usually out of all proportion to its proximate cause. The real cause is to be found in a state of mind induced by a series of preceding events. Reasons for the Spread-(b) Enemy Propaganda. 8. In this case the predisposing cause was prolonged propa- ganda among the workmen by the Canton Authorities and the agitators. And as practically all workmen had been compelled to join the guilds, they had been exposed to clever addresses and lectures, and to equally clever propaganda by leaflets and subsidised newspapers such as the Chung Kwok San Man Po (The China News) and the Shun Po." The San Man Po was particularly flagrant. Its daily articles and stories preached Bolshevism, while from time to time attacks, most veiled, were made on the merchants and ruling classes. At last it over- stepped the utmost limits of toleration by ridiculing His Majesty the King on the eve of his birthday, after having a few weeks previously published a scurrilous article in which His Majesty was referred to as the "Big Devil," and His Excellency the Governor as the Little Devil." The paper was closed by order of the Government, ostensibly on the ground that its registered printer and publisher was absent from the Colony without having an authorised substitute as required by law. A few days before the strike began, it was allowed to re-open on the publication of an apology and on promise of better behaviour in future. this newspaper was the organ of the Canton Authorities could be inferred from the facts that Mr. C. C. Wu, the then Foreign Minister of the Southern Government, and Mr. Foo Ping-sheung, the Commissioner for Foreign Affairs in Canton, who were in the Colony at the time, personally interceded for it and its editors; and that the man who was in reality in supreme charge of the paper (one Chan Chau-lam) was on the 15th July appointed to be the Commissioner of the Government Supervisory Bureau, and also given another important post under the notorious Liao Chung-kai. It may be interesting to add that this man was assassinated in Canton together with Liao Chung-kai some time in August. Strike Agitators and Intimidators. 9. At the commencement of the strike the agitators had it all their own way, because we were quite unprepared to meet their propaganda and intimidation. Men were posted at every strategic point in the Colony-at street corners, on the Praya while boats were loading and unloading, on steamers and wharves, in the markets and at the stopping-places of trams to induce people to strike or to leave the Colony. As an illustration of their clusiveness, and the impunity with which they worked at first, they went into offices and dockyards to distribute free passage- tickets to Canton; and not a single man was caught, though they must have distributed something like 25,000 tickets. Resulting Exodus. 10. In addition to the strikers and members of their families, large numbers of the ordinary residents, particularly women and children of the middle class, left the Colony for Canton and Macao, as a result of wild and lying rumours spread by our enemy. It has been estimated that between the 19th June and the middle of July about 250,000 Chinese (including strikers) went away: From about the end of July these people began to dribble back, mostly via Macao, and it is believed that 50,000 to 60,000 of them have returned. But for the strict surveillance exercised by the strike-pickets at Canton and elsewhere in South China a con- siderably larger number would have come back. As a matter of fact, some of those who have got through have done so with great difficulties and, in some cases, even personal danger. 11. At the beginning of the exodus there was a veritable stampede for accommodation on the steamers and trains; and this panic has directly and indirectly caused great damage to the trade and money market of the Colony, from which they have not yet recovered. Strike-Pickets in Canton, &c. 12. Once the strikers and others had gone up to Canton and the interior districts, the Canton Authorities and the Strike Com- mittee took steps to prevent their return to Hongkong. Men who attempted to come back were flogged through the streets, or exposed for hours in the sun. Some labourers attempted to board the steamers for Hongkong by sampans, but the sampans were seized and burnt, and their owners, whether men or women, severely beaten. Four innocent women lost their lives through attempting to cross the frontier at Shumchun into our territory with fruit and vegetables: one was shot by the pickets, and the other three were drowned in the attempt to escape. These acts of terrorisation have not been relaxed either in Canton or at Shumchun except in cases where the pickets have been bribed. Economic Disturbances. 13. This trouble has shaken our economic structure to its foundations. The Canton Authorities have declared, or con- nived at, a complete boycott against us. No British ships are allowed to be loaded or unloaded in Canton; ships of other nationalities carrying British goods are similarly boycotted; merchants are forbidden to trade with us; and attempts have been made to destroy British goods in stock. In effect, Canton is waging a war against us, only with means other than guns and gas. Part II. GOVERNMENTAL AND OTHER MEASURES. Warning to Intending Strikers. 14. Several days before the strike began, the Hon. Secretary for Chinese Affairs, in an interview granted to the general repre- sentative of the Chinese Press, stated that in the event of a strike the Government might require all idle persons to leave the Colony. This policy has been carried out as far as possible, and has had the expected advantageous results: it has conserved food supplies, kept their prices within reasonable limits, and pre- served the peace of the Colony. On the other hand it has more or less played into the hands of our enemy. The strikers once having reached Chinese Territory are completely under the con- trol of the Canton Authorities who draft them into the Labour Army, force them to join the Kuomintang, or keep them hanging about Canton until it suits the Authorities to allow them to return to Hongkong. In spite of this, I think that the policy is a wise one. If these men returned to-morrow in any large numbers, we could find no employment for all of them, for our trade is paralysed by the boycott. Had they remained, the Government could not have let them starve, and the boycott which has deprived us of our income would at the same time have saddled us with the maintenance of these undesirables. But the policy might not suit all occasions, and should be carefully considered on each. Declaration of a State of Emergency. 15. On the 22nd June the Government declared that a state of emergency existed, and took measures to maintain peace and order, to provide a new organisation to replace that temporarily paralysed by the strikers, and to safeguard the interests of the Colony generally. Food, Transport and Labour Controls were established; Cable, Postal and Newspaper Censorships were instituted; the Volunteers were called up; Special Police were enrolled; compensation was promised in case of death or injury as a result of remaining at work; a reward was offered for the arrest of agitators; and the free export of foodstuffs and money was prohibited. Food Control. 16. The Food Controller, Mr. N. L. Smith, has no doubt reported in detail the work of this Department, and the services rendered by his Assistants. Probably the greatest difficulty the Department encountered at the start was the refusal of stall- holders in the markets to function. For a few days there was an actual shortage of vegetables, only small quantities from the New Territories being available; and for a day or two no beef or pork could be had at all. To meet this shortage the Govern- ment permitted the free hawking of fresh meat, fish and vege- tables in the streets, and this timely action helped materially towards the early resumption of business by the market people. When the shortage was at its height, when prices of rice went abnormally high, the Committee of the Tung Wah Hospital, with the help of the Chinese Assistant Food Controllers, estab- lished rice and pork stalls, and personally attended to the sales. The former commodity was sold in small quantities and at cheap prices to the poor, but very soon the considerable drop in prices rendered such action unnecessary. The Government's policy of ridding the Colony of idlers saved us from any grave problem of food supply. By about the end of July our food situation became practically normal again. For this, the Food Controller and his Assistants (particularly Mr. Ho Kwong) deserve full credit, as do the Directors of the Tung Wah Hospital (especially its Chairman, Mr. Ma Chui-chiu), who, at a time when threats were rife, established and personally assisted at the food-staffs. Prohibition of Foodstuffs to Canton. 17. This measure must be admitted to have failed (at least on this occasion), mainly owing to an exceptionally good rice harvest which rendered Canton for once almost independent of outside supplies. There were, of course, other reasons. The chief was that there was nothing to prevent rice and other commodities going direct to Canton in the absence of a blockade, and that the consequence to be anticipated from our prohibition was a diversion of the trade from British ships and from Hongkong. There were also the considerations that the prohibition of the export of rice immobilised large resources at a time of strin- gency; that it might lead to financial losses through deteriora- tion if the commodity were kept in the godowns for any length of time; and it certainly did not seriously inconvenience Canton, whatever the rumours to the contrary. In the earlier part of August the Government wisely lifted the embargo, only stipu- lating that prices and stocks should be maintained at a certain. level. Transport Control: Land and Water. 18. There has scarcely been any dislocation of our transport system on land, thanks to the smooth working of this Depart- ment under the capable control of the Honourable Mr. C. Mcl. Messer, O.B.E. The development of our roads and the large increase in the number of motor vehicles in the Colony in recent years, have converted what was once a vulnerable point in our armour into a strong point to-day. 19. The trams were suspended for a period of nine days, and the service was resumed on the 30th June with a limited number of cars running under Portuguese and European temporary drivers and conductors. Strong attempts were made to intimidate those using the trams, but the police and the Labour Protection Bureau (see para. 43) were able to cope successfully with these attempts. Later the Labour Protection Bureau was also able to protect permanent drivers and conductors at their work. 20. As regards water transport, the crews of the Star Ferry struck, as did those of the harbour launches and the motor-boats on the 27th June. A Department was formed for the issue of passes to Chinese wishing to cross by the Star Ferry boats. There were two offices, one in Hongkong under Mr. Sum Pak-ming, and one in Kowloon under Mr. Li Jow-son, both of whom discharged their duties with tact and discretion. Labour Control. 21. Two days after the establishment of the Labour Bureau under Mr. G. M. Young, M.B.E., Dr. S. W. Tso was, upon my recommendation, appointed to be Assistant Controller in The work of charge of the Chinese side of the Department. these two gentlemen was eminently successful. In any strike the best weapon against the striker is his replacement either by In the a machine, as in transport, or by another worker. peculiar circumstances of this strike caused, as it was, by a lying propaganda stirring up national feeling and engendering fear, replacement was impossible on a very large scale, at least at ne commencement. Nevertheless, Dr. Tso, with his volunteer helpers, passed hundreds into employment in the teeth of opposi- tion and danger. Dr. Tso's work compelled the admiration of all; his untiring energy was acompanied by a calm courage at a time when an example of courage was most needed. This control must always be a post of difficulty and even danger when. feeling runs high, for its occupant is conspicuous as a "strike- breaker," and must expect to incur the hate of those whose object it is to paralyse the community. Cable Censorship. 22. The Cable Censorship is in charge of the Hon. Mr. D. W. Tratman, assisted by Mr. S. M. Churn, and many able Chinese volunteer workers who, I understand, have done splendid work. Their duties are burdensome, and entail a great sacrifice of time. Then men work daily, but change hours once in a few days so as to distribute the night work fairly. It is a matter of some grati- fication to me that my selection of the senior men for this work has proved so fortunate. Postal Censorship. 23. The Postal Censorship has been and is being conducted by Mr. M. J. Breen, Postmaster-General, assisted by about fifty Chinese merchants, including several Justices of the Peace. It is the only one of our organisation in which some are working conspicuously well, and others very indifferently. More than once it has been proposed to abandon the censorship on account of the delay it causes in delivery of mails, but it has always been. concluded that the censorship should be retained as a deterrent to intimidation by post, though letters should be passed more freely. Newspaper Censorship. 24. During the early part of the strike some of the Chinese newspapers (after they had resumed issue) published from time to time news and comments which were considered by the Govern- ment to be detriment to the interests of the Colony. In con- sequence a Censorship was instituted under the Secretary for Chinese Affairs who has been very ably assisted by Mr. Lau Tsz-ping, Mr. Li Yik-mui, Mr. Lo Chung-kue and Mr. Wong Tak-kwong. This work entails late hours and severe labour, but has nevertheless been done most cheerfully and efficiently. The duty of censoring the Kung Sheung Yat Po" devolves on Mr. H. K. Hung, to whose valuable services reference will be found in para. 59. 25. Until the Government invoked their aid and co-operation, English newspapers here had been rather a hindrance to us. They frequently published information calculated to disturb the minds of the public, for some of their comments and news, while harm- less to English readers, had unfortunate tendencies when trans- lated into Chinese in the local newspapers. I cannot say that they do not now err in this respect occasionally. Telephone Censorship. 26. As the telephone was largely used at the beginning for. intimidation, the Government had eventually to put two officers at the Central Exchange to detect the source of such intimidation, and subsequently they detailed six Chinese volunteer workers for the duty. But the mischief had already been done; and the services of these men were of not much avail. If a telephone censorship is to be of service in future, it should be established immediately there is danger of an outbreak, since for some reason many Chinese servants appear to find messages coming mysteriously over the telephone even more terrifying than danger threatened by someone whom they can see. Restrictions on Chinese entering the Colony. 27. Before the total interruption of sea-communication with Canton, some labourers and others came down from Canton by steamers, and a strict system of search was instituted here to keep out agitators, idlers, and smugglers of arms. The trains have also been subjected to these searches. Though the wisdom of the measure has been questioned by some, it has undoubtedly shut out large numbers of undesirables. Volunteer Defence Corps. 28. A few days after the mobilisation of the Volunteer Defence Corps some Chinese joined that Force; and although their number was not large, the effect on the enemy was quite dispro- portionate. It showed a spirit totally unexpected by him, and it had a tremendous moral effect on the whole Chinese confmunity. The formation of the Special Police Reserve, which was joined by many Chinese, was the only factor which prevented a large number from joining this Corps. Special Police Reserve. 29. At the outbreak of the strike, the Hon. Mr. Chow Shou-son and I approached Mr. J. M. Wong, Mr. Wong Kwong-tin and Mr. B. Wong Tape, who has been in charge of the Chinese Sec- tion of the Police Reserve during the Great War, and asked them to embody this Reserve, and recruit new members. This they readily promised to do, going at once to the Secretary for Chinese Affairs to offer their services. The command of the Chinese contingent fell to the indefatigable Mr. Fred Mow Fung who, with the assistance of Dr. S. W. Tso and the three gentle- men mentioned, soon succeeded in enrolling 217 men. All these men honestly believed themselves to be in personal danger, for threats were constantly uttered; and they were not all armed even when on duty, while all were unarmed when off duty. It is courage of this type, in defying dangers before their reality or unreality can be determined, which was so conspicuously lacking in other quarters, and made their example all the more creditable. 30. The non-Chinese Section under Mr. M. H. Turner ren- dered equally valuable services to the community. Volunteer Fire Brigade. 31. The constant rumours of the wholesale incendiarism and of possible defection in the ranks of the regular Chinese firemen made the Chinese community anxious to strengthen the Brigade, and to stiffen the Regulars against any attempt on their loyalty; and at a word from the Superintendent of the Brigade sufficient volunteers were forthcoming for this purpose. They were passed through a short course of training, and though their services are no longer required, they are to-day undoubtedly more useful citizens for their brief training in fighting fires. St. John Ambulance Association. 32. Under Mr. E. Ralphs, with Mr. Ho Kom-tong in charge of the Chinese contingent, over 100 Chinese joined, and they proved very useful in connection with the unfortunate collapse at Po Hing Fong. As the uniform of the Corps somewhat resembles that of the Volunteers, the members were sometimes subjected to jeering comments from the crowd; and consequently strong representations were made to Mr. Chow Shou-son and me, and to the Government, that permission should be given to wear the badge of the Association. This permission was refused on the grounds that the more Chinese who were mistaken for Volunteers the better at a time when there was fear of an invasion, and, further, that the appearance of a large number of red-cross armlets might lend colour to such fear, and might revive the panic. The reasons appeared to be quite sound, and should be kept in view. Government Compensation in case of Death or Injury. 33. On the 22nd June the Government issued the following notice: The Government calls upon all citizens to continue their ordinary occupation. It guarantees full protection to life and property; and, if any person lose his life as a direct con- sequence of being engaged in carrying on his customary work, the Government will pay to his family a sum of $2,000. Appropriate payment will be made in the case of injury.' This device of paying compensation was suggested by me to the Hon. Mr. E. R. Hallifax in the 1922 strike, and was again recommended by Mr. Chow Shou-son and me on the 20th June at Government House. It was not fully tested on the previous occasion as the offer was made public only a day or two before the end of the trouble. This time it has not sufficed of itself to prevent all servants and others leaving their work-that would be too much to expect in any case-but my examination of a large number of those who have remained faithful has convinced me that it has been the deciding factor in many cases. It stands to reason that men who have never possessed even $100 at one time will be greatly moved by an offer of $2,000 paid in a lump sum. In my companies and those of some of my friends the addition of $1,000 to this benefit by the employers did definitely induce the servants to remain. Men of the clerical class are those most attracted by this offer, which undoubtedly forms a powerful inducement to the Chinese by reason of the fact that the interest of the individual is identified with that of his family. Rewards for Arrest of Agitators. 34. On the 22nd June the Government offered a reward of $250 for information leading to the arrest of agitators, and a few weeks afterwards doubled the sum. Though in few cases was this reward claimed, the deterrent effect must have been con- siderable. Harmful and seditious talk, as well as serious agita- tion; is necessarily checked by the knowledge that the audience has substantial financial inducement to report such words and deeds. And this effect is almost independent of the audience's actual intentions, since they are unknown in any case. The rewards should be offered on any similar occasion, but graduated from $250 to $1,000, according to the police estimate of the importance of the information. Guarding of Reservoirs. 35. As usual in such cases of civil disturbance the reservoirs were guarded; and this precaution, whatever its practical value in preventing damage, had a very quieting effect on the Chinese community which is exceedingly sensitive to rumours about poisoning of the water supply, or wrecking of the reservoirs. Military Demonstrations. 36. On account of persistent rumours of coming rioting, wholesale murders, &c., Mr. Chow Shou-son and I found it necessary to ask the Government to to order military route- marches. The Military Authorities at once complied with our request; and this form of military demonstration had a most steadying effect on the populace, showing the enemy our real strength, and convincing our friends that there was sufficient force to protect them. These marches continued until they were considered to be unnecessary. The Chinese are particularly grateful to His Excellency the General Officer Commanding for the readiness with which he acceded to our request. Flogging for Crime under the Arms Ordinance. 37. On the 6th July the following Regulation was made by the Governor-in-Council:. Two Magistrates sitting together shall have power to inflict summarily the following punishments for any crime made punishable under Section 4 of the Arms and Ammuni- tion Ordinance, 1900, namely: (1) Imprisonment with hard labour for any term not exceeding ten years; and (2) Flogging. The Magistrates in awarding any punishment of flogging for any such crime shall have the same power as the Supreme Court has in regard to flogging for any such crime under the provisions of the Flogging Ordinance, 1903." 38. Though flogging has so far not been awarded, the Order has had a most salutary result, for cases of intimidation and threats with knives, at one time so rampant, almost at once decreased in number. Searching for Arms. 39. At the commencement of the strike strict searches were made by the police in the streets for arms and bombs; and both pedestrians and people in motor-cars were subjected to the searches. In the middle of July woman-searchers were employed under the Labour Protection Bureau, referred to in para. 43, as it had been reported that considerable quantities of arms and some bombs were being smuggled into the Colony by respectably dressed women arriving by train. That some arms and ammuni- tion did get into the Colony is evidenced by the fact that one day a bundle of ammunition was found in Wyndham Street, having probably been dumped there to avoid a search. Police Raids. 40. The police raids of whole blocks, with a cordon of soldiers thrown round the block, were extremely successful. These raids followed on the order to deport all strikers and idlers; and by going through the town in this piece-meal fashion Hongkong was rid of many of its criminals, and the resulting improvement is reflected in the police returns for the period of the strike. There have been fewer crimes of robbery and violence during this period than that preceding it. Police Warning to Money-changers for Profiteering. 41. From the 19th June, when the run on the banks commenced. the money-changers began to charge exorbitant rates. But this was effectively stopped by a warning from the Captain Superin- tendent of Police and a simultaneous advice from me to several of the leading shops. As it is likely to occur whenever there is a sudden demand for cash, it would be as well to note that the money-changers could be presented from profiteering whenever such a crisis breaks out, again. Opposition Seamen's Union. 42. While the boats of various steamship companies were tied up in the harbour, some, if not all, of the boats belonging to the Indo-China Steam Navigation Company (General Managers, Jardine, Matheson & Co.) were able to clear during even the worst days of the strike, that is, from the 20th June to the 3rd July. This was made-possible by utilising the services of an opposition seamen's union, the Hong Hoi Seamen's Union, which was formed after the 1922 strike with Mr. Hallifax's encouragement, and the moving spirit of which was Chìu Chun- ting who, in this matter of the Indo-China boats, ran great personal risks, and had for some days to be protected by an armed district watchman. For the success of this work credit is also due to Mr. Ho Leung, the Compradore of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson & Co., who for a week had to work hard day and night in order to get the ships off. The success which has attended the Indo-China boats has taught us the lesson that with tact, courage and some police protection, steamers can be cleared in spite of threats and opposition in a strike. Labour Protection Bureau. 43. The crucial fact in these disturbances was the absurd ease with which all classes of Chinese allowed themselves to be frightened by direct threats or general rumours. Instances of this have been given and could be multiplied. The obvious remedy was to provide an organisation which would protect those intimidated, and also establish a feeling of confidence. And as the best defence is attack, such an organisation should strike fear in the hearts of the intimidators who are no less subject to cowardice than their victims. Our difficulty was to find the right people for the work, but fortunately on the 5th July General Leung Wing-sun, late of the Chinese Army, offered his services to me through Mr. Ma Chui-chiu, the Chairman of the Tung Wah Hospital. I was so enamoured of the offer that although it was late in the evening of a Sunday I immediately asked Mr. Ma to arrange for the General to meet Mr. Chow Shou-son, Mr. Li Yau-tsun and me in my house. We were so impressed with the General and his plan after an hour's conversation with him, that we took the responsibility of asking him to begin at once to collect the men he had in view, pending the approval of the Government. The next morning Mr. Chow and I waited upon His Excellency the Governor, together with the Hon. Colonial Secretary, the Assistant Colonial Secretary, and 'the Hon. Secre- tary for Chinese Affairs; and His Excellency readily approved of the scheme. An organisation was accordingly formed under the name of the "Labour Protection Bureau, "with offices at the Wah Kiu Boarding House which was requisitioned for the purpose. 44. From the first day the Bureau was a complete success, and it became known to the public at once, though no mention was made of it in the newspapers. The General was allowed no more than 150 men, two-thirds of whom were sworn as special police so as to give them the power to make arrests. The remaining men were on secret service. Mr. T. H. King, who was then Acting Captain Superintendent of Police, very kindly allowed orders to the General to be issued from or through me to avoid the necessity for his daily attendance at the Central Police Station, which would have been undesirable on several grounds; and I take this opportunity of stating that I have never had the least difficulty in getting my instructions carried out. They were invariably given in the form of requests, and were always acted upon in the most loyal and efficient way by the General and his assistant, Mr. Siu Yam-po. In this matter I have been very ably assisted by Mr. Wong Tak-kwong who has been acting as liaison officer "between the General and the police, and has been useful in various other ways. The General has nothing but the highest praise for Mr. Wong for his tact, energy and patience. 45. At the time when the Bureau was created, doubt was expressed in some quarters as to the wisdom of the step, on account of the supposed antecedents of some of the General's men; but the Government very wisely reposed full confidence in the General. It must be obvious that the men who are to intimidate the intimidators must be of a bold type-a quality which was so very rare among the Chinese at that time. Such men, in the present state of China, are likely to have had a some- what adventurous existence, but this is no necessary disqualifica- tion for our purpose. Though it is necessary that our agents for this dangerous work should act for us in a clean way, they should not be required to furnish proof of having worn kid gloves from their youth up. 46. We realised from the first that there must be an air of mystery about the organisation if it was to succeed; and this atmosphere has to some extent been maintained up to this moment. The public does not know exactly how the Bureau is maintained; and the bad characters do not know how many men the Bureau has, and consequently they see spies everywhere. Intimidation ceased within a week, and although it again broke out from time, to time, once with bomb-throwing, it was soon put down on each occasion by the Bureau with the co-operation of the police. The Chinese, so easily terrified, have proved equally easy to reassure. The lesson is that they must not be left without support in the face of an unknown terror. 47. Besides putting down intimidation, the objects of the Bureau were to protect labourers in their employment, and to find men to fill the places of strikers. It undoubtedly succeeded in instilling courage into waverers at the time, and also in supply- ing labour to people requiring it. It has registered and passed into employment about 2,000 men, and these men, I understand, have proved to be quite satisfactory. 48. As the object of the Bureau is, in effect, to enable the workmen to secure a sort of re-insurance against the tyranny of their guild-leaders without abandoning their own guild organisa- tion, the men on being registered for employment sign a form in which are given the name, age, place of birth, occupation, address of the person registered, and objects of the Bureau, which are (1) to assist members in earning an honest livelihood; and (2) to protect them in the pursuit of their living. 49. In another and indirect way the Bureau has proved its usefulness. The work of the Bureau, as that of the Police Reserve, has certainly stimulated the Chinese regular police and the district watchmen to greater activity than they showed at first. In other words, the regular police and watchmen were shamed into greater efforts by the example of these "ex-pirates." Kai-Ching or Street Committees and Street Guards. 50. One very efficacious device which was adopted among the Chinese was the formation of Street Committees and Street Guards to assist the police, particularly by giving them informa- tion of the arrival of strange or undesirable people. The inhabitants of each street, or each suitable section formed of several short streets, clect their Committee, called the " Kai- hing," which appoints guards from the inhabitants of the streets to patrol their area, and watch against the danger of arson. During the worst days of the strike each member of the guard did from two to three hours duty according to the numbers enrolled; and a very valuable public spirit was shown by the Kai-Chings" and guards. As an example of this, I instance Mr. Li Yau-tsun, the Chairman of the Chinese General Chamber Commerce, who, although 64 years of age and not over robust, took his turn as a patrol, in addition to something like ten hours of other public duties daily. This went on without our know- ledge for some time until it was accidentally discovered, and then stopped by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs who, in an appre- ciative letter, asked him to conserve his strength for more important duties. 51. These organisations should become permanent. street appears to be the natural unit within which the Chinese feel a common bond of interest; and therefore most valuable work could be done by the Kai-Ching in connection with sanitary measures and even the census. It would, in addition, provide a standing organisation for the development of an emergency police force in the event of further troubles. Trade Maintenance Bureau. 52. Mr. Ho Kwong having practically completed his work as one of the Assistant Food Controllers, undertook in Mid-July the formation of a Trade Maintenance Bureau, with the object of facilitating the issue of export permits, and the working of cargo. At first outside coolies, under the protection of members of the Labour Protection Bureau, were employed; but the regular cargo- coolies, seeing a prospect of being permanently displaced, resumed work shortly afterwards. A threat to deport all striking tallymen brought them back also. The Trade Maintenance Bureau did very useful work until the end of August, when it became unnecessary. Counter Propaganda. 53. In paragraphs 7 and 8 I have touched upon the extensive system of enemy propaganda and its success. In the past we had been sadly deficient in this respect. On the outbreak of the strike the Chinese newspapers, if not actually against us, were at least afraid to publish what we wanted. The newspaper com- positors were among the strikers, and the only Chinese newspaper which continued publication during the strike was the "Wah Kiu Yat Po," which had to be hand-written and reproduced by lithograph for some days. But this journal was afraid to print certain propaganda for us even under police protection: at first the proprietor and the editor promised me to reproduce in the paper certain leaflets I handed to them, but when the compositors were given the copy they all left work secretly, and for two days the paper could not be brought out. 54. A few days after the commencement of the strike the Government, on my recommendation, established a bureau for counter propaganda among the Chinese, which was placed in my charge, with Mr. Wong Tak-kwong, Mr. Fung Yuk-shum and - Mr. Li Sheung-ming as my assistants. Our first difficulty was to get our literature printed Private printing firms were afraid; the employees of the Government printers had left; and the Gaol Printing Press was very slow at this new work. We appealed to Father Robert, the head of the Societe des Missions Estrangeres, for the help of the Pokfulam Press, but the workmen there also refused, and would not be moved by his exhortations. Six ring- leaders left, and when the police were appealed to by Father Robert, and tried to arrest them, they could not be found, having presumably fled the Colony. accidentally 55. Meantime the work of the Gaol Press had improved and we had to rely on it entirely, though the type used was unsatis- factory. But even the tranquil atmosphere of the gaol was not free from the strike fever. When we were very anxious to issue an important leaflet, a prisoner frame of type already set up, scattering ever/letter on the floor. dropped the This resulted in delay of 24 hours. On another occasion a cutting machine was mysteriously broken. Even the coolie- distributors of our pamphlets were tampered with, for when we checked the distribution by enquiries along the supposed route of the workers, we found wide gaps. It was only after several changes of distributors that we got the work done properly. Attempts were also made to spy on the work of those composing the propaganda literature, but these were very ineffective. 56. The difficulties raised by our enemy show the fear with which he regarded this new weapon of ours. The Canton Authorities and labour agitators took our propaganda so seriously that on one occasion they went to the trouble of answering our leaflets categorically in their labour paper in Canton-" The Path of the Labourers. This was in the issue of the 25th July, 1925. In the same issue they exposed our methods of working; but so far they have been unable to check the growing influence of our leaflets and other literature. 57. While the Chinese at the. beginning of these troubles swallowed everything the agitators told them, they became more critical after a fortnight of our treatment. At first they believed the most absurd lies about daily murders, intended cutting off of the water supply to the Chinese, the assassination of the Governor by an Indian soldier, invasion of the New Territories by 50,000 Chinese troops, and wholesale incendiarism to take place on a certain date. It is unnecessary to repeat all the wild rumours which received full belief. When our propaganda was really under way, though two, if not three, political murders actually did take place, no one would believe the fact! This effect of our work is still continuing, and it has produced marked results not only in the Colony, but among Overseas Chinese. In Singapore a significant incident was reported by their Secretary for Chinese Affairs. One of our pamphlets was sent to a prominent Chinese, and it so impressed him that he had it reprinted in a Chinese paper, and the example was followed by the rest of the Chinese press, with a complete change of tone as a result. 58. Posters were also made use of by us with considerable success, being put up in such places as the Chinese Recreation Ground (where the lower classes assemble), near the Post Office, the central market, and at prominent places in Shaukiwan, Yau mati, Hunghom, &c. These posters were sometimes issued in the name of an imaginary association called “The Peace and Order Preservation Society," and sometimes without any names at all. 59. But the best medium of propaganda has been the news- paper. At the beginning of July, as the only Chinese paper then publishing was inable or unwilling to print our news, we created our own newspaper. This was the Kung Sheung Yat Po (The Industrial and Commercial Daily News), which was started largely through the instrumentality of Mr. H. K. Hung, a local solicitor, who got one of the oldest and ablest Chinese editors to write the leading articles. This editor, Mr. Pun Wai-chau, unfortunately, has since died. Mr. Hung also secured the help of two other Chinese as publisher and chief editor respectively -men who had been expelled from the Kuomitang on account of the moderation of their views. Though at first the "Kung Sheung was only a small single sheet, less than half the size of the large double sheet of the " Wah Kiu Yat Po," it has done good from the very day of its issue. The publication of a paper independent and fearless of Bolshevism, which daily attacked those doctrines, inspired a little courage in the "Wah Kiu." The other newspapers which had suspended publication also recom- menced with a daily issue of one sheet. To-day, because of the example of the "Kung Sheung," all the Chinese newspapers are anti-Red, but we are carefully watching at least two of them to see that they are not converted by Russian money. This shows that the rapid spread of feeling which can so easily be induced in a mob, can also be caused in the daily journals which affect and reflect the mob psychology. 60. The men who launched and are running the "Kung Sheung Yat Po" deserve every credit. They have been marked out for dire punishment by the Canton "Reds.' Reds." There is little doubt that the bomb outrage in a tramcar near the Central Market was directed against the two Kuomintang renegades." The bomb exploded in the car they were using at the stopping place where they almost invariably alighted. By the merest chance they intended to get off the car one section later, and so had not descended to the lower stage of the tramcar where the bomb was placed. 61. We must all agree that there is great need for continued propaganda. Our enemy has been, and will be, unceasing in his attacks upon us, and his attempts to buy over some of our Chinese newspapers. We must keep on educating the public, and see that our case continues to be presented to them in the manner we want, whether we have actual civil disturbance at the time or not. With this object Mr. Chow Shou-son and I, with other Chinese merchants, have recently turned the "Kung Sheung Yat Po" into a permanent newspaper, and are running it at a considerable loss, even with the Government grant of $500 a month, as a large number of copies have been sent abroad gratis. 62. English propaganda work is, I understand, being done by Captain A. McClay, of the South China Publicity Bureau. Counter Propaganda among Chinese abroad. 63. When the shooting incident in Shanghai was followed by similar unfortunate events in Hankow and Canton, the latter involving considerable loss of life, Chinese opinion became violently anti-British. This was particularly true of the Over- seas Chinese, who showed their sympathies by making large remittances to Shanghai and, later, to Canton, to assist the strikers. In endeavouring to overcome this feeling we adopted the same procedure as in our local propaganda, beginning gently We but increasing our effort as our first measures took effect. sent our leaflets and the Kung Sheung" to centres in America, Australia, the Indies, and other places; and we arranged for occasional private letters to be sent by selected men to the friends. When we calculated that this literature had reached their destination, and had had time to work its influence, we arranged for the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, the Associa- tion of the Twenty-four Mercantile Guilds, and the Committee of the Tung Wah Hospital to send a telegram to the Overseas Chinese, translation of which is given below:- The present commotions in Canton which are ruining the trade and industries of Canton and Hongkong and bringing calamity to workmen and merchants alike are beyond all doubt due to the Canton Government's outright adopting of Russian Bolshevist principles. The control of all the naval and military forces has passed entirely into the hands of Russians. It has been definitely decided to put Com- munism in force and impose a levy on all building construc- tion and house. property. A reign of terror is being inaugurated throughout the Province to the unspeakable dis- tress of its population. If assistance is not speedily given this poisonous tide of Bolshevism will steadily grow until it engulfs the whole of China beyond hope of redemption. We on the spot see with our own eyes the appalling nature of the situation. But we fear that our friends in distant parts of the world may not realise the truth, and are therefore addressing you in order that all may know the facts. implore you not to be misled by lying propaganda. From the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, the Tung Wah Hospital and the Association of Twenty-four Mercantile Guilds of Hongkong." 64. The tung Wah Committee is widely known and universally respected among Overseas Chinese, but had never before taken any part in politics. Their association with the despatch of the telegram undoubtedly added considerable weight to it. In reply to the message powerful associations, which till then had been silent, began to cable to China and Hongkong for further infor- mation, and almost all Chinese public bodies stopped sending remittances. In two cases, however, abusive replies were received, but on the other hand the moderate section of the Kuomintang was encouraged by our success to send telegrams abroad condemning the Reds. 65. The evidence of the anti-Red attitude of the Overseas Chinese continues to accumulate. On the 15th October the Chi Kung Tong, the largest and most powerful association in North and South America, passed resolutions condemning the Reds, and elected Chan Chung-ming to be its president, and Tang Chi-yiao (the Tuchun of Yunnan), vice-president. Street Lectures. 66. The fertile brain of General Leung evolved, in the middle of July, an idea of giving lectures in the streets/ to counteract the influence of agitators. And this dangerous service was started this by a friend of his, Mr. Kong Kit-ting, who began by lecturing at the Chinese Recreation Ground, where the rowdies mostly collect. I myself and Mr. Wong Tak-kwong heard him there, and we were struck not only by the quiet attention of the audience, but also by the fact that they asked questions with an evident desire to be given accurate information, and a willingness to be convinced. Although Mr. Kong was stoned on two occasions, the protection of the Labour Protection Bureau was sufficient to enable this work to be carried on. The arrest of the suspected offenders in the case of the second stoning prevented a repetition. Shortly after Mr. Kong began, some six Chinese gentlemen (five of the old literary class and one a graduate of an American University) offered themselves for this work. The services of three have been utilised, and we are paying them a conveyance allowance of $60 a month each, as they are required to lecture at all places (including the New Territories), wherever our informa- tion leads us to believe that their services would be beneficial. Financial Measure—(a) Embargo on Export of Money. 67. When a general strike is combined with a nation-wide boycott, the financial effects are not much less than those of an international war and partial blockade. It is not surprising therefore that the financial structure of Hongkong broke down under this double strain. While the strike paralysed the banking activities of the Chinese, the boycott struck at the community as a whole. 68. The European banks were able to meet the storm, and ultimately to afford considerable assistance to the Chinese native banks. The first effect of the disturbance was the heavy with- drawal from the Chinese banks of notes and specie, which began to leave the Colony. On the 22nd June, the Government issued a proclamation prohibiting the export of gold and silver coins. in amounts exceeding $5, and gold and silver bullion; and also bank-notes of every description in amounts exceeding $5. Although many bank-notes of large denomination were smuggled out, this measure did succeed in checkmating the systematic and organised attempt of Canton to drain the Colony of its currency, and, if possible, to cause wholesale failure of the Chinese banks. Even at that time confidence in the foreign banks was apparently unshaken, for Hongkong bank-notes were being taken out of the Colony instead of being presented for encashment. The angry comments of the Canton Press on this action showed how dis- appointed our enemy was.. Financial Measure-(b) Partial Moratorium. 69. The Chinese registered banks were in a weaker position than the European banks for various reasons. A certain amount of over-trading had taken place among the former as a whole; and although their resources were quite large and adequate to the ultimate satisfaction of all depositors, the trouble at the start of the crisis was to find immediate liquid assets. There is reason to suppose that some at least of the registered banks would have been compelled to suspend payment in June, and the same applies to the native banks. It was necessary to gain time. To compare for a moment small things with great, the Chinese banks at that time were in the position of the London Joint Stock banks on the 1st August, 1914. But whereas in London the lucky accident of a Bank Holiday (extended for two days) enabled the Treasury to provide new currency, and to guard against any possible run, we in Hongkong were obliged openly to suspend payment by means of a partial moratorium until help came. This, therefore, is not strictly comparable with the general moratorium declared in England on the 6th August, 1924 Our moratorium 1914. lasted from the 22nd to the 29th June, and on the latter date the Chinese registered banks re-opened for business, having mobilised their own resources, and were able to meet all obliga- tions. 70. The moratorium was suggested to the Government by the Hon. Mr. Chow Shou-son on the evening of the 21st June. On the previous day (Sunday) a general moratorium had been men- tioned at Government House when the Hon. Mr. D. W. Tratman, Mr. A. G. M. Fletcher, Mr. Chow Shou-son and I were present; but no decision was reached. The request made by Mr. Chow was for a partial moratorium applying only to Chinese banks. He tried to see me in my office at 5.30 p.m. on the 21st, but I had left for home. However, when I heard of the decision. next morning, I informed him and the Assistant Colonial Secre- tary that I supported the measure. 71. Although I gave my support to a moratorium on this occa- sion, I may perhaps be allowed to point out some of the dangers which always attend the taking of such an extreme measure. These dangers must be borne in mind if a similar occasion arises. in the future; and the effects of the financial situation, as it then is, must be carefully considered. A mere mechanical imitation of precedents may lead to grave results. 72. The moratorium at all times is a dangerous device. If it became the regular practice to declare a moratorium in every financial crisis, the natural check to over-trading, namely, the fear of the resulting crisis, would become too weak. It is only justified by political disturbance so unexpected and of such inten- sity that no ordinary exercise of business caution or foresight would be sufficent to meet it; and this was our, case in June. Granted that in this case. the moratorium saver some of the Chinese registered banks and many of the native banks from the necessity of suspension in June and July, it nevertheless com- pletely disorganised the financial fabric of the Colony. occurred immediately before the June Settlement fixed for the 23rd (a time probably chosen purposely by our cunning enemy), and made it impossible for that settlement to be carried through, since the bulk of Stock Exchange transactions had hitherto been financed by loans from the banks; and all the banks, including the foreign banks, suddenly withheld the financial support already promised. This action created very widespread apprehension of ruinous losses among the Chinese merchants and traders of all classes. Intact there was a Stock Exchange panic, and the settlement had to be postponed-a step whose justification is still a matter of controversy. It is true that but for the postponement there would have been wholesale failures which would have spread through the community in the well-known way in which a Stock Exchange crisis passes into a general commercial crisis. Still the postponement made it easy for many to dishonour their contracts, and the result was a state of chaos in the share market, which still exists. In passing, I should like to add that it is open to question whether bankers were justified in withholding their support from the Stock Exchange at a time when such support was more than ever necessary for the general good of the com- munity. Financial Measure-(c) Government-Guaranteed Loan of $6,000,000 to Native Banks. 73. The native banks are distinguished from the Chinese registered banks by their methods of doing business. Until about six or seven years ago the modus operandi were to receive current and fixed deposits, and use the funds thus obtained to finance native trading operations of their clients. This type of business calls for personal acquaintance with the parties being financed, and is sound and safe enough when carried out on the usual Chinese lines and with due caution. But the native banks had been tempted by the profits to be got from working on Western lines, and consequently used their funds to finance share and property transactions. The excessive speculation in shares and property of the last two or three years has been due to the large influx of money from Canton and South China, generally for safe investment in the Colony. The native banks had financed such transactions in excess of prudent limits, so that when an organised run was made on them at the end of June, they were unable to meet all their obligations, the securities held by them being unrealizable at the moment. In this sense they had been over-trading, and in spite of the support which was extended to them by the two leading English banks-the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China-by a loan of $6,000,000 (backed by Govern- ment guarantee) on the 29th June, seven of them have since failed. 74. On the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th July the native banks gradually re-opened, and the Order declaring the partial moratorium was repealed on the last date. In the interval from the 4th July to the 18th September there were sporadic attempts to damage their credit, in the course of which seven, as referred to above, had to suspend payment. Financial Measure-(d) £3,000,000 Trade Loan. 75. The boycott has paralysed our trade. Even if it were lifted to-day the merchants would be obliged in some way to find money before they could carry on any large volume of business. to this there is a real stringency of currency-a shortage of means of payment-which is making it impossible even for merchants with very large, though solid, assets to raise the working capital required to meet their losses and resume trade. 76. What is the cause of this stringency? In the first place some $16,000,000 of cash was withdrawn from the Chinese banks between the 19th and the 22nd June, and a good deal of that went out of the Colony to South China before the Government's pro- clamation prohibited export. Some bank-notes of large denomi- nation have been smuggled out since; more has been, and still is being, hoarded in the Colony. It is estimated by a competent authority that at least $10,000,000 of our currency is being thus held out of circulation. There is therefore an actual shortage of hard cash. We have, further, the estimate of the compradores of our leading banks that $40,000,000 of our bank-notes are out of circulation, or not in active circulation, the figure being arrived at as follows: Reserves in the three leading banks Reserves in other non-native banks Held in South China (Canton, &c.) $7,000,000 13,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 Tatal ... $40,000,000 And the above estimate of the amount hoarded Our total note-issue is about $65,000,000. This leaves only $25,000,000, in active circulation, and the requirements for normal trading are estimated to be about $45,000,000. Naturally a con- siderable part of the effective currency of the Colony consists of cheques drawn against deposit accounts, such deposits being in many cases really new currency created by the banks by way of lotus or overdrafts against suitable securities based on their cash reserves. Now this part of the currency has been restricted by the doubt as to the immediate solvency of the 'merchants. As the storm passed and the strike dragged out, it became clear that some measure would be necessary to replace the hoarded currency and to serve as a cash basis, or the extension of the cheque currency based on loans and overdrafts. It is well known that in times of stringency in the money market a comparatively small sum will serve to draw out much larger quantities of currency into active circulation if it is provided in such a way as to inspire confidence. It now became urgently necessary to find that sum, and in such a way as to restore public confidence by a dramatic 77. Being convinced of the existence of a stringency, and realising that it was intensified by the anxious and uncertain state of mind of the Chinese merchants, suggested a large loan from the Imperial Government, as the result of a letter from the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce to the Government on the 19th September appealing for assistance to the amount of $30,000,000 in the shape of Treasury Bonds. After discussing the Chamber's rather vague proposals with the Hon. Mr. D. W. Tratman I submitted that it was necessary to appeal to the Imperial Government for advances not exceeding £3,000,000 sterling on approved securities, for the relief of the Chinese merchants and others suffering from the currency stringency following the crisis. On the 22nd September a deputation from the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce was sympathetically received by His Excellency the Governor and the advisers whom he had called in. I had the privilege of stating the case on behalf of the Chinese. His Excellency lost no time in telegraphing to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in London who in less than 24 hours replied, to the immense relief of the whole com- munity, that the money would be made available in a few days. The immediate financial effect of this Imperial support has been shown in the tone of the Nam Pak Hong market, and the stoppage of panicky withdrawals of deposits from Chinese banks. I cannot express at all adequately the effect on our Chinese community of this great and generous gesture. It is evidence to us of the power of our Governor to secure for us help in time of trouble, and of his willingness to be moved by any reasonable representa- tions from the Chinese. Above all, it has convinced us that the loyalty of the Chinese of the upper and middle classes has been founded on a true estimate of British strength and justice, and of the Government's tender regard for the welfare of the people at all times. Part III. REFLECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Success of Our Measures. 78. All the measures described in Part II of this Report, with the exception of the embargo on the export of foodstuffs to Canton (para. 17) and the possible exception of the Telephone Censorship (para. 26), have proved to be, to a larger or smaller extent, efficacious in dealing with the different problems for which they were specially instituted. If some of these measures had been thought of and taken at the commencement of the trouble, it is within the bounds of possibility that some of the unpleasant features which characterised the early stage of the strike would not have appeared. Necessity for Preparedness. 79. Recommendation: Here I would stress the importance of preparation. Some of the organisations already described are difficult to improvise, and, moreover, the knowledge that they are there ready to function, will prevent attempts at a general strike being lightly undertaken. This is not the last general strike that will be attempted. I would venture to suggest that an intelligent officer might be put permanently on the work of keeping "live" registers of Chinese volunteer workers for essential service, and that as many as possible should be assigned their duties beforehand. A Chinese organisation parallel to the existing European organisation for times of emergency is required. I would also suggest that the successful measures enumerated in Part II, and any others which may appear to be necessary, should be embodied in one comprehensive list, to be ready for use at a moment's notice in case of any threatened strike in future. Proposal for Curfew. 80. One of the numerous suggestions which have been made for dealing with the hundred-and-one problems that have arisen during the last four months or so, was the introduction of the curfew. This suggestion received some support from certain influential quarters, but it was considered to be unnecessary and undesirable by the Hon. Mr. Chow Shou-son and myself. We subsequently found that we had rightly represented the views of the Chinese community, which were expressed at a meeting on the 8th July/ of 45 leading members of the Chinese community, including practically all the Chinese Justices of the Peace. The proposal was put to them impartially, and our own opinion was withheld until they had made their decision. In view of the importance of the subject which might again come up for con- sideration at some future date, I give below the full arguments for and against the proposal. Arguments in favour: (1) The measure would have a good effect on the minds of the law abiding people. (2) It would not create any greater alarm than already existed. (3) It would lighten the work of the police. (4) The majority of the Chinese deserved no special con- sideration since out of a million Chinese residents only 1,500 had volunteered for service at the time. Arguments against : (1) The people's minds had just become less agitated, and a curfew might revive the panic. (2) Such measures would make the place look desolate, and might deter people from returning to the Colony. (At that time communication by sea with Canton had not yet been severed, and people were daily returning here though in small numbers.) (3) The gaol would not hold all those who would venture without a pass. (4) The measure would not deter bad characters from going out unless every street and lane had a policeman. They would still lurk in dark corners of streets and lanes, as could be proved by past experience. (5) A curfew would be regarded by the ignorant as con- firmation of the wild rumours that there had been murders and intended arson. The result of the voting showed that nine were in favour of the proposal, and thirty-four against. Mr. Chow Shou-son and I refrained from voting. Subsequent events have justified this decision. Strategic Points of Strikers. 81. Recommendation: In future, whenever a strike is threatened, arrangements should be made for the members of the police and other protective organisations to be posted at the stratègic points mentioned in para. 9 to prevent intimidation, &c. Searching for arms and undesirables. 82. Recommendations: The boarding-houses should also be carefully watched and searched for arms and undesirable persons; and the searching of arrivals by train or by boat should be made even more thorough in spite of the difficulties which, I know, accompany the task. The boarding-houses and the places of entry are where arms are most likely to be found, and once they have passed these points they would be hard to discover. 83. In this matter of searches for arms use might be made of the Street Committees referred to in para. 50, for they are more likely than the police to discover the possession of arms by strangers coming into their streets, or by strange behaviour of any inhabitants. 84. The grant of permission to loyal citizens to carry arms. has obviously to be exercised with discretion, and I quite under- stand the view of the Authorities that possession of arms by those unskilled in their use may be more of a danger than a safe- guard to them. But when these men are enrolled as special constables and given the duty of arresting criminals, some of whom may possibly be desperate characters, it appears only right and logical to provide them with arms as good as those which the criminals may be expected to possess. Men given revolvers to enable them to discharge public duties, such as police reserves, can easily be put through a course of training in the use of fire- arms. These men are normally peaceful citizens who have no experience of the methods of defending themselves without arms, or of affecting arrests by mere skill of physical strength; and therefore their confidence would be enormously increased by the mere possession of a revolver, while at the same time they would be more feared by wrong-doers. Both Mr. P. P. J. Wodehouse and Mr. T. H. King granted permission to carry arms whenever recommended by Mr. Chow Shou-son or me, and this concession has been much appreciated by the law-abiding Chinese. Never- theless, we consider that it has not gone far enough, and we therefore suggest that members of the police reserve might be given revolvers when on duty; and that each Street Committee might be allowed and be made responsible for, a couple of revolvers for the use of their guards. At any rate, if no revolvers can be supplied, at least a better type of truncheon might be issued. The ordinary police truncheon is not considered to be a very serviceable weapon for dealing with desperate characters, and a new type with its head loaded with lead has been suggested. Chinese Domestic Servants. 85. Recommendation: In the past we have been too dependent upon the Chinese for our domestic service. In view of our experience of 1922 and again of this strike, it would seem advisable to try to diversify the sources of our labour supply. Servants from the North did not go on strike in any appreciable number, and it is perhaps well for the Europeans to make use of them or of Filipinos to a greater extent than they have hitherto done, as well as drawing more from regions outside Kwongtung. I am sorry that as a representative of the Chinese I should have to make this suggestion, but my first consideration is the highest interests of the Colony, Politics in Schools. 86. One of the most serious and significant features of the recent disturbance is the part played by schoolboys and students, to which brief reference has been made in para. 5. It is very necessary to learn from these events how to prevent the corrup- tion of schoolboys in future, and particularly their attempts to interfere in politics. It was the students who started the strike in Hongkong; and it was the students who created the shooting incident at Shameen as in Shanghai. The Hongkong school- boys were moved to their turbulent behaviour by some students from Shanghai. These students were said to have put up at the offices of the notorious " Chung Kwok San Man Po," and they had a clear ten days to do all the mischief they could. So success- ful were their efforts that practically all the boy-schools were more or less contaminated. When the trouble began, the University was fortunately in vacation, but it must be said to their credit that those students who were in residence in the hostels behaved well. The same praise should be accorded to St. Paul's and St. Stephen's Girls' Schools which were the last of the schools to close, all their girls showing pluck in attending regularly in spite of personal threats at a time when many boys skulked off. When St. Paul's Girls' School was closed, some of the senior girls offered their services, through me, to the Post- master-General, and although the offer was thankfully declined on account of their delicate physique they were very useful to our Propaganda Bureau, in which they were employed for about a month in work requiring copying in large Chinese character. 87. Now, let us try to trace the cause or causes of the present state of affairs. From the first year of the Chinese Republic schoolboys and students in China have been arrogating to them- selves the right to assist in the government of the country, and they have been encouraged by persons who had their own ends to serve. In so far as our own schools are concerned, there can be no doubt that to a very large extent the ground had been pre- pared for them for this trouble, as during the last two years or so very undesirable literature had been introduced into the schools, particularly the vernacular boy-schools, and some of the Chinese teachers had not been altogether innocent in this respect. 88. Recommendations: Obviously the first remedy is an increased watchfulness in the schools. Special care should be exercised in the supervision of the vernacular schools in par- ticular, for these can the more easily become breeding-grounds of sedition. The teachers should be carefully chosen and supervised for this reason. 89. It should be impossible for propaganda to get so long_a start before it comes to the knowledge of those in charge. In future, as soon as a political or industrial trouble is brewing in the Colony, the school authorities should do everything possible to prevent their boys participating in the agitation. If necessary, the schools might be closed at once. 90. To my mind we should get to the root of the evil. Chinese education in Hongkong does not seem to be all that it should be. The teaching of Confucian ethics is more and more. neglected, while too much attention is being paid to the material- istic side of life. It is the opinion of many Chinese who have made some study of the subject, that there should be a graduated system of schools reaching up from the vernacular school to the Chinese middle school, and on to an enlarged and improved depart- ment or school of Chinese studies in the University. In such a system great stress should be laid on the ethics of Confucianism which is, in China, probably the best antidote to the pernicious doctrines of Bolshevism, and is certainly the most powerful con- servative force, and the greatest influence for good. At present the only Chinese middle school is the Confucian Middle School established two years ago by Mr. Fung Ping-shan, Mr. Li Yik-mui, and others; and its object, like that of all the most famous English Public Schools, is not so much to impart miscel- laneous information, as to train the character of the scholars and thus fit them for social life and leadership. About eight months ago I suggested to the Director of Education and the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, and, in May last, to His Excellency the Governor, that either the Belilios Public School (when and if vacated for larger premises) or the present Saiyingpun School should be set aside for the purpose of a central Chinese school by the Govern- ment; and I am glad to see that provision has been made in the Estimates for 1926 for the establishment of such a school at Saiyingpun. This action of the Government has given great satisfaction to those who have taken an interest in local educa- tion, for they believe that money spent on the development of the conservative ideas of the Chinese race in the minds of the young will be money well spent, and also constitutes social insurance of the best kind. Finally, I suggest that careful instruc- tion in Confucianism and its application to the problems of modern civic conditions should be given in all the schools where there are Chinese students. Better Control of Newspapers. 91. There is no doubt that our press laws are inadequate in these days of Bolshevist influence and machination in our midst, and with a view to securing the better control of newspapers I addressed the Government on the subject in a separate letter dated the 9th October, 1925. Chinese Propaganda in England. 92. Recommendation: Immediately after the outbreak of the trouble in Shanghai, the Chinese established in London an organisation called the Chinese Information Bureau," directed by returned students of ability and experience, for the purpose of supplying the English Press with such information as was calcu- lated to present their case in a favourable light. Curiously enough, the British residents in China had no such organisation in their own country. As a result of our unpreparedness, and the forethought of the Chinese, English public opinion for some weeks was at best indifferent, and at worst unfavourable to their own countrymen in China and Hongkong. The impression was almost universal that the whole trouble was fundamentally indus trial, and the strike in Shanghai and Hongkong represented but a just revolt of workers against conditions long since abolished in England. This wrong impression should never have been allowed to grow up, and I submit that in future there must be a properly accredited and able representative in London who can at all times supply the Press with the real facts and prevent such alienation of public opinion as undoubtedly took place this time. Our Financial System. 93. The recent financial crisis has shown us how imperfectly the banking system in Hongkong is centralised as compared with the systems of larger States. Hongkong finances the trade of the whole of South China, directly or indirectly, and it includes among its banks one of the most powerful in the world-the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. But there is no banker's bank here as there is in London, or in the areas of the Federal Reserve Banks in America. The connection between the three types of banks I have mentioned is comparatively slight; and in the event of a crisis there is no very obvious means of safe- guarding the banking system as a whole, while providing against unsound practices by the various banks. The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank is in every way predominant, through its large capital, through having its head office in Hongkong, through being practically the Government's bank, and also by reason of its great prestige among the Chinese. This leadership is shared in a less degree by the Chartered Bank. But it is not so over- whelming as to enable the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank to play the part of the Bank of England in such a crisis as this. The question is, however, one that should be studied with extreme care. It is my intention, when I can spare the necessary time to do so, to examine thoroughly the systems of the Chinese regis- tered banks and of the native banks with a view to seeing whether centralisation, as applying to them, would be desirable or not. If my study carries me far enough, I may submit a memorandun on the subject for the information of the Government. Capital and Labour. 94. The importance of a better understanding between Capital and Labour has not been thoroughly realised in the past, thoughṛ matters have improved since 1922. Lately, the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce has on two occasions entertained repre- sentatives of the guilds. On the second occasion Mr. Chow Shou-son and I were present. There were no speeches, but there was a general atmosphere of good will and friendliness, and con- sequently both parties benefited from these meetings round the tea-table. General Leung also realised the need for improvement in this respect, and held several social parties. The first of them was experimental, only a few brave spirits from six of the guilds being present, but when this proved a success the later meetings were well attended. And out of them grew proposals for forming the Labour Mutual-Help Society "(referred to in para. 96), and for creating some machinery for settling disputes in a friendly manner. Proposal for Fascisti Organisation. 95. It is interesting to notice that proposals were made to me from no fewer than three separate parties to form an organisa- tion here on the Italian model. The men who advocated this belong mostly to the class of the old Chinese literati, and it is an interesting proof of the growth of a civic interest and self- reliance formerly lacking among the Chinese of this class. Beyond consulting Mr. Chow Shou-son and reporting the pro- posals verbally to the Secretary for Chinese Affairs and the Assistant Colonial Secretary, I took no action. In fact, I did not give encouragement to the proposal because such a move- ment would not have commended itself to the Home Government, and also because I knew, from the history of this organisation in Italy, that if once it is allowed to get out of hand it becomes a danger to the community. In any case it would be difficult to find men of the necessary type to become leaders of the movement here. Labour Mutual-Help Society. 96. However, the Chinese should be shown tangible signs of protection in times of unrest and intimidation; and this means maintaining an organisation like the Labour Protection Bureau but in a modified form, even in times of industrial and social peace. With this object in view, General Leung has been work- ing hard during the last two or three weeks to have a "Labour Mutual-Help Society formed, whose objects would be some- what similar to those printed on the registration form of the Bureau (see para. 48), with only this difference, that while the services of the Bureau are given absolutely free, the new Society will require a small entrance-fee and a monthly subscription. It is conceivably impossible for the Bureau to be run on a permanent basis at Government expense, and therefore some such organisa- tion as the one projected seems to be the best alternative. 97. There is nearly as much need for the promotion of a spirit of understanding and sympathy between the guild leaders and the ordinary guild members, as between employers and employees. I have received a very interesting suggestion from Mr. Hon Man-wai on this subject. Mr. Hon is himself the head of the powerful Chinese Engineers' Guild, but he maintains close personal relations with the lower ranks. His suggestion is that there should be a development of night schools for members of the guilds, to be run only by men of proved loyalty and approved qualifications, whose work should be partly voluntary. It is my desire to help towards the realisation of this very worthy object, as soon as normal conditions are restored. Importance of keeping Pleasure Resorts Open. 98. An soon as confidence had been somewhat restored, the first thing missed by the Chinese of the upper and the lower class seemed to be the Chinese theatre and the tea-house respectively. I had known of the fondness of the Chinese for these pleasure. resorts, but their hankering after them as evinced during the strike, had a force which surprised me. The Government, realising this, requested Mr. Chow Shou-son and me to make special efforts to get the theatres and tea-shops re-open, and thanks to the personal efforts of Mr. Li Yau-tsun, we succeeded having the latter resume business after four or five days' work. 99. The equivalent of the tea-house for the upper and the middle class is the theatre, women in particular being in this country as in others ardent devotees of the stage. I am seriously of the opinion that if some good theatrical troupes were performing in our theatres now many women who are remaining in Canton and Macao would return to Hongkong. One amusing sidelight on the unexpected results of this strike is afforded by the four- fold increase in the sale of Chinese records, due to the fact that the women have taken to the gramophone as a poor substitute for their favourite recreation. 100. Recommendation: It would therefore be well in future, on the approach of a strike, to persuade any good troupes which may happen to be performing in Hongkong, to remain here, even though we may have to resort to informal governmental inter- vention. It would also be advisable to do everything possible to keep the Chinese tea-houses open. In times of panic and inten- sity anything which will provide relaxation on accustomed lines. should be maintained, for they would have a great quieting influence on the minds of the public. Necessity for Reliable Information from Canton in time of Strike. 101. Throughout the strike I have found our work considerably handicapped through the lack of adequate and reliable informa- tion from Canton and other places where the work of our enemies is active. In order to repair the deficiency to some extent, I arranged with Mr. Li Yau-tsun and Mr. Li Yik-mui to help me in obtaining news from Canton. These two gentlemen were able to get some news at the commencement, but even these were at best meagre and irregular. When communication by sea was interrupted, Mr. Li Yau-tsun's source of supply was stopped; and Mr. Li Yik-mui's agent had to send reports through Macao about once a week, and even this service came to an end after a fort- night or so. 102. Recommendation: This has proven to us the necessity for some arrangement whereby we can obtain reliable information from Canton at times such as this; and I am sure that with a little trouble we will be able to find suitable and trustworthy agents to undertake the work for us. 103. In regard to Shanghai, I have been able to establish regular communication, in an unofficial way, with Mr. C. Champkin, the manager of the Peninsular & Oriental Bank there, who for a time acted as the representative of the British Chamber of Commerce in negotiations for a settlement with the Chinese Chamber of Commerce at Shanghai. On two occasions Mr. Champkin telegraphed to me for my views on matters relating to his negotiation, and I am glad to say that my suggestions, sent with the knowledge of His Excellency the Governor, were acted upon in both cases. Though no great gain to either side could be said to have resulted from these exchanges of news and ideas, the arrangement was obviously desirable from more than one point of view. Relatives of Canton Officials in Hongkong. It is the 104. Many high officials in the Canton Government have had their families in Hongkong from time to time during the strike. Wu Han-min's daughters, and C. C. Wu's mother and children are still here; and there was an influx of political refugees when Chang Kai-shek turned against his associates after the assassina- tion of Liao Chung-kai. Among them Wu Han-min's elder brother came down, and wanted to stay here, but he was very properly told that his presence was not desired. opinion of the loyal Chinese that the traditional liberal policy of England which has made Hongkong a city of refuge for Chinese politicians, ought now to be modified. When it is a question of receiving refugees whose offence is purely one of disagreement with his own people, the policy is wise. But where a whole party has been openly hostile to us, and has attempted to ruin us, it is foolish to give shelter to one faction of that party just because another faction has thrust it off the spoils of office. Such kind- ness earns not gratitude but contempt, and we should make it clear that we will not in future give asylum to those who have been our enemies. Reasons for our Success in Maintaining Peace and Order. 105. It is generally admitted by visitors to the Colony and other observers that peace and order has been very successfully main- tained during the strike. What were the factors, apart from the particular measures, which have contributed to this success? They were, first, the co-operation of almost the entire foreign community and the Chinese of the upper and middle class with the Government; and, secondly, the close co-operation between. the Government and the Chinese representatives. 106. For about ten days before the strike, the Secretary for Chinese Affairs was in daily touch with the two Chinese members of the Legislative Council, endeavouring to prevent the strike, and preparing to meet the danger, if the strike should break out. From the 19th June to the date of writing this, the Hon. Mr. D. W. Tratman (Secretary for Chinese Affairs), Mr. A. G. M. Fletcher (Assistant Colonial Secretary) and I have met every morning to discuss matters concerning the strike. Mr. Chow Shou-son and Mr. T. H. King were occasionally present during the first fortnight. Since then and after the return of Mr. P. P. J. Wodehouse, Mr. Chow Shou-son and Mr. Wodehouse have met the other three almost daily. There were also occasional meetings from time to time as emergencies arose. I should like to emphasise what a happy inspiration it was to hold these 9 o'clock conferences with the Government representatives. Mr. Chow Shou-son and I felt that we had the full sympathy and under- standing of the Government in a task which was often difficult and always anxious. We were instantly informed of any news. received by the Government, and this implicit confidence as well as the sympathetic atmosphere has been the source of great encouragement to us. One morning in the early part of July, His Excellency the Governor visited Dr. Tso's department in the Labour Control, and also my office when some of the heads of the sections were present, and he personally thanked them for their efforts. This gracious act greatly encouraged the men to better efforts. 107. At the suggestion of the Hon. Mr. P. H. Holyoak, repre- sentatives of the Hongkong General Chamber of Commerce and those of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce met on two occasions to exchange ideas and information; and these meetings. resulted in a much better understanding on both sides. Work of co-ordinating Chinese activities. 108. For the benefit of anyone who may have to undertake the task on a future occasion, I will describe in some detail the work of co-ordinating Chinese activities. This work was conceded to me by Mr. Chow Shou-son on account of his advanced age. He did not, however, spare himself in any other way, and freely gave me the benefit of his experience and wisdom on all occasions. The Chinese activities were co-ordinated by a daily meeting (including Sundays and holidays during the first eight weeks) in my office at about 10 a.m. after the conference above referred to, when the previous day's work was reported to me by the heads of the various sections, and my instructions were given to them and to other fellow workers, who never questioned them but carried them out to the last detail. This part of the work was usually finished by 12 noon, and thereafter attention was given to fresh problems which had arisen during the morning's confer- ence, and to receiving incessant streams of visitors. In the even- ing I kept open house for any who wished to see me, but as these people very often particularly wanted to see nobody else, it was necessary to keep two, and sometimes three, separate rooms for interviews and to make use of the two front doors with which my house is fortunately provided. It was in some of these interviews that we received valuable information from members of the guilds about the enemy's movements or intentions; and it was in some of these interviews that Mr. Chow Shou-son (when- ever I needed his assistance) showed admirable diplomatic skill and address. All this machinery took four days to get into full working order; and if my suggestions for a permanent organisa- tion of volunteer workers are carried out, it could be mobilised in one day. There was no breakdown in the arrangements, but the interviewing of visitors occupied much time, and proved a very great strain; and often I felt the lack of someone to relieve me of part of this confidential work of interviewing the less important visitors, and of writing and answering letters. The one man to whom I could have safely assigned this work-Mr. Wong Tak-kwong-was too valuable to be spared from his numerous other duties. 109. During the first few days of the trouble, the Chinese here. were bewildered, and did not know what to think. This confused state of mind was not so much definitely hostile as uncertain and perplexed, but it could easily have turned into an anti- British. feeling if definite leadership had not been provided. The Chinese are reasonable and shrewd; they are perfectly able to judge a case for themselves, if it is properly presented to them. But they require the case to be presented by someone in whom they have. confidence; and once they have given their confidence to the leader they will follow him unquestioningly. The first step, therefore was to find people who could put the case to their fellow countrymen. These men were found in Mr. Li Yau-tsun, Dr. S. W. Tso, Mr. Ho Kwong, Mr. J. M. Wong, Mr. M. K. Lo, Mr. Ho Leung, Mr. Wong Kwong-tin, Mr. Fung Ping-shan, Mr. H. K. Hung, Mr. Wong Tak-kwong, and Mr. Li Jow-son; and these became emissaries of the truth to their fellow Chinese. Seven days later the leaven had begun to work, and some 30 men could be collected together in my office to give advice and views to Mr. Chow Shou-son and me on the situation. The opinions of these men were sifted and selected, and such informal Consultations were repeated from time to time with smaller groups of specialists drawn from this and other bodies of men. In this way, while a sense of civic pride and civic responsibility was instilled in these men, contact was kept with Chinese public opinion at all times. Necessity for continued watchfulness. 110. Though we have achieved a certain measure of success in maintaining peace and order in the Colony, we are by no means out of the danger that has beset us. The Canton Authorities have in no whit slackened their efforts against us. The boycott is still being conducted with the same severity as ever; there is no sign of any proposal to restore communication between Canton and Hongkong; and attempts have been made, even during the last two days, to frighten our street lecturers, and to derail one of our lower tramcars. If it were only the Chinese in disagree- ment with us there might be some hope of a settlement in the near future, but unfortunately we have the Russian Bolshevists behind them, and these would stop at nothing to work our ruin. I do not think that the British public even now realises the extent of Russian influence in Canton, or the danger in which Hongkong stands as a result of that influence. Every Russian steamer from the North brings down a dozen or so Russians, and our informa- tion shows that there are now a thousand of them in Canton as against only about a hundred before the defeat of the Yunnanese. Moreover, large imports of war materials are being made by the Russians: over 10,000 modern rifles, 10,000,000 cartridges and several field guns have already reached Canton. The rifles are said to be of Japanese make, and may perhaps have been captured in 1920 from the Kolchak troops in Siberia. If this inflow con- tinues, the Russians will soon be the real masters of Canton by virtue of numbers as well as influence; they will train the Canton troops in such a way as to make them a real menance to Hong- kong. The strength of our frontier is not sufficient to enable us to regard this danger with equanimity, and the record of the Red Army in Russia shows that its officers are by no means to be regarded as a negligible force. It is reported to us, though I do not know with what truth, that the Russians are putting together parts of aeroplanes and submarines at Whampoa. Even if this is not a fact, the idea is evidently there, and there is nothing inherently impossible in this purpose. I am unable to make any suggestion as to the means by which this danger can be met beyond making it clear that the antagonism of Canton is not the antagonism primarily of the Chinese people, and should not be lightly treated. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 111. Now, before concluding, I venture to mention once more the great obligation under which the Hon. Mr. Chow Shou-son and I feel ourselves to Mr. A. G. M. Fletcher, C.M.G., C.B.E., and to the Hon. Mr. D. W. Tratman, for the patience, under- standing and confidence they have shown. Their untiring energy and resourcefulness have ever been a source of wonder to me, and it would only be stating a plain truth that it is to them, more than to any other individuals in the Colony, that we owe the peace and good order we are enjoying. The Colony is indeed fortunate that the strike work has been entrusted by His Excellency the Governor and the Hon. Colonial Secretary to Mr. Fletcher; and it should be grateful to His Excellency for the acumen he showed in appointing Mr. Tratman to act as Secretary for Chinese Affairs -a post which, difficult at all times in recent years, is probably one of the two most arduous now in the Service. Mr. P. P. J. Wodehouse and Mr. T. H. King have also co-operated most readily with us; and the ability with which they have discharged their extremely difficult duties is well known to you. 112. We should also like to mention the Hon. Mr. P. H. Holyoak, who has never lost faith in us or been lacking in sym- pathy with the position of the loyal Chinese. Their work has necessarily been unostentatious, but it has, especially in the early part of the trouble, exposed them to some misunderstanding on the part of our British friends. Happily for us, this misunder- standing was never for a moment shared by Mr. Holyoak. 113. I have elsewhere in this Report borne testimony to the splendid services rendered by the following gentlemen:- Dr. S. W. Tso (paras. 21 and 29). Mr. Li Yau-tsun, for services particularised in paras. 50, 63, 98, and 101, and for other equally valuable services not mentioned in this Report. Mr. Ho Kwong (paras. 16 and 52). Mr. Wong Tak-kwong, for services particularised in paras. 24, 44, and 54, and for other most useful services rendered to Mr. Chow Shou-son and me in connection with the strike generally. Mr. Ma Chui-chiu (paras. 16 and 43). Mr. Ma's work is particularly valuable in connection with the Labour Protec- tion Bureau.. Mr. H. K. Hung (para. 59). Mr. Fred. Mow Fung, Mr. J. M. Wong, Mr. Wong Kwong-tin and Mr. B. Wong Tape (para. 29). Mr. Ho Leung (para. 42), and readiness to serve in any capacity from the first day of the trouble. Mr. S. M. Churn (para. 22). Mr. Fung Yuk-shum and Mr. Li Sheung-ming (para. 54). Mr. Lau Tsz-ping and Mr. Lo Chung-kue (para. 24). Mr. Li Yik-mui, for services particularised in paras. 24 and 101, and for other equally useful work done throughout the strike. Mr. Ho Kom-tong (para. 32). 114. In addition to these gentlemen, Mr. M. K. Lo was par- ticularly useful in the co-ordination office during the first eight 464 weeks of the strike, and has ever since been keen on making himself useful wherever he could. Mr. Ho Iu has, besides Postal Censorship work, been useful in connection with the Trades Maintenance Bureau; and at a time when courage was needed he fearlessly condemned the ways of the Canton Authorities and their Russian masters at two public meetings. 115. Where everyone has worked well, and has given to the public of his best, it may be invidious to single out individuals for special mention; but it would be unfair on my part if I were not to lay stress on the conspicuous services rendered by Dr. S. W. Tso, Mr. Li Yau-tsun, Mr. Wong Tak-kwong, Mr. Ho Kwong, Mr. Li Yik-mui, and Mr. H. K. Hung. Nor must I omit to men- tion the equally conspicuous and valuable services rendered to the Colony by Mr. Hon Man-wai (see para. 6), and by General Leung Wing-sun and his assistants Mr. Siu Yam-po (see para. 43). And last of all, I should like if I may to bring to your notice the services of the Hon. Mr. Chow Shou-son. He has never spared himself throughout these anxious and trying times. His ripe experience has been an invaluable asset to the Colony, while his energy, at his age, is a constant source of wonder and delight to all his friends and associates. I have, &c., Your mest obedient servant, R. H. KOTEWALL. The Hon. SIR CLAUD SEVERN, K.B.E., C.M.G., LL.D., (30) Wt. 24504/1591 6 2/26 S.E.R, Ltd, Gp 58 Colonial Secretary. CONFIDENTIAL. The Governor of t GOVERNMENT HOUSE. HONGKONG. 30th October,1925. INTED FU COLONIAL In a series of despatches ending with 51869 my confidential despatch of the 16th October I have informed you of the progress of events in connection with the strike and boycott, and I have now the honour to submit my final report before leaving the Colony. The situation generally remains unchanged Confused fighting is reported to be in progress on all sides of Canton, and the anti-Red forces appear to be holding their ground rather more successfully than was anticipated. One of the Chinese cruisers recently seized ten strikers' launches in the neighbourhood of Macao, and a number of the strikers, including seven of the leaders, were shot. In the same locality the peasantry, in exasperation at the extortion of the strikers pickets,seized a number of men, secured them in pig baskets, and threw them into the sea. RIGHT HONOURABLE: LIEUTENANT COLONEL L.C.M.S. AMERY, Certain overtures have recently been made by merchants in Canton, which may eventually lead to more formal negotiations, but there is still no evidence that those in authority have any desire to put an end to the boycott. There is little doubt that they hope by means of successul military operations ao to dominate the whole of South China, as to be in a position to dictate their own terms for the resumption of trade relations with Hongkong. It remains for me to place on record my appreciation of the services which have been rendered by individual members of the community in connection with the crisis. I may mention in the first place Mr. Chow Shou-son and Mr. R.H.Kotewall, who represent the Chinese upon the Legislative Council. It is impossible to speak too highly of the work which they have done. In the first panic, when the Chinese might have been likened to a herd of frightened sheep, they immediately came forward and shamed and compelled their fellow- countrymen into at least a semblance of courage. Anonymous letters threatening violence and murder were received by them daily, a reward for their heads was posted in Canton, and still they worked incessantly, gathering at first a few of the more venturesome spirita, who in their turn brought in others, till in a short time the whole Chinese Community had forgotten its fears. Later on, when generals and politicians began to gather in Hongkong from different parts of China, they rendered most useful service in explaining the policy of His Majesty's Government as to non-inter- vention, and they loyally supported that policy, in spite of a private_conviction, which they held at di pi e C த* ருந்தத least in the early days, that direct assistance with arms and money was the best method of dealing with the situation. I attach a most interesting memorandum by Mr. Kotexall, in which he discusses the origin of the crisis, outlines the measures taken to meet it, and makes recommendations as to action that might be taken in a future emergency. The memorandum has been most carefully prepared, the facts are accurately stated, and Mr. Kotewall's conclusions are generally sound. en broad The memorandum gives the names and enumerates the services of the Chinese who have actually assisted the Government, and it will perhaps be sufficient for me to say that I endorse Mr. Koterall's testimony of their good work. As regards Europeans, it is difficult to single out individuals for special mention, seeing that the whole Community placed itself unreservedly at the disposal of the Government, but I may say that Mr. P.H.Holyoak, the senior unofficial member of both Councils, gave his time and services unsparingly, while Mr. G.M.Young, 0.B.E., Manager of Mesara. Butterfield and Swire, performed most useful work as Labour Controller. Mr. A.G.M.Fletcher, Assistant Colonial Secretary, rendered services which cannot be over-estimated. In the case of any other officer I should have expressed admiration and surprise at the work which he has been able to accomplish in the way of organization and co-ordination. In the case of Mr. Fletcher I can only say that he acted in the manner which I expected. I have on many occasions drawn your attention to the services of this officer, whom I regard as the most able and efficient member of the Colonial Service with whom I have had the pleasure of working. Mr. D..Tratman, Secretary for Chinese Affairs, rendered yeoman service and his influence with the Chinese, who have a high regard for his ability and character, has been of the greatest a. Da e ngrip matbest). Ulin 25 Bax + Colitis al si The police force, under the command first of Mr. T.H.King and then of Mr. P.P.J.Wodehouse, have done excellent work. The forse is now at a high level of efficiency. The European staff of the Public Works Department, especially Mr. H.E.Goldsmith and Mr. A.E.Lissaman, were of the greatest service in connection with the housing and feeding of workmen, in transport matters and in the important and un- pleasant work of scavenging and I should like to mention especially the Inspectors of the Sanitary Department who did cheerfully and willingly coolie work of the hardest kind. 14308 File I have already in my despatch No.377, Er of October 7th expressed my appreciation of the work of Mr. N.L.Smith as Food Controller. In short I wish to say that the members of the Public Service have behaved in a manner which makes me proud to be their "Chief," and that they have been admirably supported by the unofficial community. I have the honour to be, Your most obedient humble servant, in 11:308 File: 7.2. Statt Governor &c. The Shike: in this causes and Para 8 Encary Propaganda Strike Agitalón Matimidatos Goranmental kuldsarkH Warning li intending stikers -vc. Kat Govt. might require als idle persons Kleave the Colony Food Control Govt. Compensation in case of death or injury Rewards for arrest of agitators Elopping Kabour Protection Burcan Strut Commitees 54-57 Counter- propaganda 67-77 Financial Measures are Reflections and Recommendations Para 86-90 Polities in School Chinen Propaganda HK Financial System Relatives of Cantón Gost officials Necessity for continued, Tribute to Mr Mr Tratman watch fulncrs CONFIDENTIAL Hongkong, 24th October,1925. Now that our daily life is once more pursuing its even tenor, and while recent events are still fresh in my mind, I have thought it useful to place before the Govern- monta record of our experiences of the past four and a half months, and to estimate the effectiveness of the measures adopted by the Government, so that should a similar emergency arise here again, we would be in a better position to deal with it. I will not try to arrange the events of this period in chronological order, or attempt a history of the "Strike"; it will be enough to refer to its cause and the damage it has done us, and to describe and examine a number of the more important measures taken to counteract its affects. Sum of THE STRIKE: ITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS. Cause... 2. The strike was undoubtedly caused by a Bolshevist intrigue in Canton, conducted with the avowed object of destroying the economic life of Hongkong. That this was the Chinese view is shown by the resolution passe by the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce and the Association of the Twenty-four Kercantile Guilds on the 10th August,1925 and subsequently transmitted to the Secretary of State for the Colonies through His Excellency the Governor. These resolutions have doubtless helped to place the situation in true parapective for the better understanding of the Home Government. HON. SIR CLAUD SEVERN,K.B.E., C.M.G.,LL.D., COLONIAL SECRETARY. jo500 Wid,¤3⁄4;=0} JAITSEVHOO aði zatumruq svom sono si elli yilah two fadt voll ni dawn? [Ikja eta ažnove žuvoer sildw has,zonet neve piguet adt ozoled soziq of Inteau él Jizvod‡ evad I, bakm bus quot desq edê to asomiraqze wo to broder strom edit to ssenevitosite add ajamidae oð bæa,adduom Tad mia a bipoda Jade on „Juamrevol edt ydď botqoba astuBDOMI Tattoď a ni ed bluon on ‚ataga ozod eaiza yonegiemG Bút OZASTIS DJ við Jon Like I „ới dátkw Loob of moldinog Jyumits to rebro Isoizolamorda ni botzeg sidd to ataore rotex of dzvone ad [Iłw 31 :"ediz#8* edt lo prodakd s cê faa yau each sad 31 egamab edi baɛ sauso aði að duatzoqui esou add to zadaniu a snimaxe bas edizɔnab „adɔelle uti Jostetudo od nedad setuBOOM .8 TOKITE KINA BERUAD STI : EXISTE XHT jzivodalod a yd beauso ylbetdrabou saw situðu eft to toetɗo bewova edi dilw bedoubreo,modmeð að søgbıtal sov aldð Jadi jaotuok to etki oiuomone eddyalyoztasb yď saraq moltuloser adi yd zwoda al woly osonido edi noiJetɔosal edt kao soteшjo) to Iodandi Laraxeð szealdə edi I,Jau p▲ 1301 ed. mo shilpi ●Itdaeoreli xwol-yjaswi edt 1ọ edstá lo pistered súd of bešškumasıð viðnaupaadum bas saerT .HONISTOC Bút yonelleox sik dawordt seinofob edi moijentin sát cosių oš boqlud aseitówab svad swoityloser en to gulbactarobau retteď náð xot avidoeqareg suit al .Jkeliavod emoż ......U. LI..E. ILO .5.1.1, MANTIL QUAD EIL „YŁANEKULA ILIHOJOD Commencementu 3. The Shanghai shooting incident ocurred on the 30th May, 1925, but there was no thret of a strike in Hongkong until the fighting in Canton between the Yunnanese and the Kuomintang party had nearly ended. This fighting continued from the day beginning of June to the 12th, on which the Yunnanese were routed; and with the report of that defeat came persistent rumours of an approaching general strike in Hongkong. While fighting was going on in Canton, Sun Fo, C.C.Wu and Foo Ping-sheung were in the Colony; and the Hon. Mr. Chow Shou-zon and I were able to arrange for the Hon. Mr. D.ï. Tratman and Mr. A.G.M.Fletcher to meet them at dinner in my house one evening. It was made quite clear beforehand that the meeting was purely private and had no official significance whateverer. The meeting promoted such a friendly feeling on both sides that the next day Hr. Chow Shou-son and I found no difficulty in persuading these three Canton officials to on- deavour to prevent the strike. This action did delay, though it did not succeed in preventing, the outbreak of the strike, and I subsequently heard on good authority that Sun Fo, at least, had exerted his influence as he had promised. 5. The trouble commenced in the various Government and grant-aided schools in the Colony. The industrial strike began with the abandonment in Macao of the s.s."Sui Tai" by her Chinese crew on the 19th June, and on the same day the crews of the "Kinahan" and "Fatahan" came out in Hongkong. The men on other British-owned boats followed in quick succession. The crews of Chinese-owned stemers were, however, not called out until they had brought most of the strikers and their families from Hongkong to Canton. This done, they too went on strike. Kid#ọc ont to berus in hanh alfood ladder d) ĐẤT .& lito são moli ni edinta a to 3 ezút on sun azadi Jød (USEI Julnouï sat baɛ sɛenammı? adź meested moduað al gakkışlı edi est mort bounitnog saltdali si babae vissen bad ytra, snow esonannut edề doldw no «dési eit að saul to yatantze. Juodafazeq emo Snelab Jade to Proçer add dikw has ¡botuon .goodypol at sikrės Lazowy Zaldomorqqs as to azpozur: w....9.0 101 mmƐ (moduao ni no gaing new guidéskt sildh vodo .1M .noll edt bas ¡quoled edt at ezav gamesa-gait co% L.) .\.a.xi.moli edi tol egnatia of vida esow I has mo#*DOLU yu ni rongib ta medd Jeom od sadoteIT.ME.A ti bas næstv. end toát banderoleú zaelo etiup shau: nav 31 wynimeve são sano comeditimşia Laloilto ou bad boa etarizą plonog nav saltous no quilasi yihasiz? a dawa bełomong galdeetőadt „zovocatulu bawot I has non-podź wad) JiM yah dana odt Jadi aabia đức od słałollte nožnaŭ sezdě sesdə Ənthaimroq ni yêlusi111b cə Kumuus vɖolab Ail moijos sin „odinda sát tas rong oẻ TUOYADI. adi lo isendigo edt «zulène vang ni besocum don bib ti nuê tadi pêkrodžus boog mo brand viêmupandos I har vaikuta ,besimoʻng had od as somerfiał std bedtuzo had Juasi da bas Jiemsievol awolzar edð að besamamoo aidport adT sikuja Lakstaubat adt „pooled edt në sinodos bebla-tuz yd *kaï lot",z, mano ede yab ease e♫ no bas,emil d‡VI edi no vero escaldə mali mom edi .amoagnoli al Juo "nadata\" bra "madaxlX* ødt lo adi.melanosom solum ni bomllo? aðaod Bagvo-da¿ðivé vodio Juo Cellso don,zaramod jezer siemaeda bezromesexld) to a7915 asilimt Tiedi bus svedkaða súd to Jana Jizvor bad yedi Ildma .olitis no toon ood yedi,enol aidt .noðnað of zmotanol moth Spread of the On the 20th June the boys at the Peak Hotel and the Peak Club walked out, and on the next day the employees of the Lower Tramways ceased work. House-boys on the Peak began to steal away, and the Chinese staffs of the Repulse Bay Hotel, Hongkong Hotel, and Cafe Wisemen also disappeared, Stevedores and cargo-coolies refused to work ships; the telegraph-messengers also struck. A day later the Strike spread to the holders of vegetable and fian stalls in the markets; and the public began to be very seriously inconveniensed. The movement gat- hered momentum every day, the employees of business houses and private citizens, and even of the Government, deserting their posts in quickening succession, until a sudden check came early in July. This was administered by the Chairman of the Chinese Engineers Guild, Mr. Hon Man-wai, who is the chief mechanic at the Hongkong University. He issued a bold manifesto advising his own men to stick to their work; and he and his Guild firmly resisted all pressure brought to bear on them to reverse the decision they had made by ballot. Reasons for the Spread (a) Intimidation And lying Rumoure Why did intelligent and ordinarily reasonable man, in- cluding Government employees in the Post Office, Harbour De- partment and Sanitary Department, leave their work so readily and suddenly, even saorificing outstanding wages and, in some cases, prospects of a pension? Was it a spontaneous outbreak of patriotie indignation at the unfortunate shooting incident in Shanghai? Or was it a secession brought about by unbearable living conditionsf It was neither, but an emibition or pure terror, of panic fear, in all but a very few cases. One would imagine that only desperate danger could induce such extreme fright, but in point of fact, the very slightest causes Ase¶ and has Istoli iset edi ja syeď odi equḥ, di02 edì nữ adi to nesyalqua ndi yah txen adê no ina tuo bellaw de LD of aaged fas¶ sát ne syed-gevoll „fzov bonado syameti zovej „Indoki yaƐ sufoqed neid to atžade somnisi edi bas „yrm Lanên RetobavajƐ .bezsaqqaeih sela comen¿W stað bas,Intoll grofynoli [**\#_M88&&m=LiqargnInd add zaqida fram að beauter sellooo-ogiao bas simbios ant of haengu esixit adé zadal yað á „Ímarijn onla oliduq sat has jatetzan adë në alinta cat) kan aldningar to «Jag Josmerom BET konaislaavnomni piankizon yzat ad of negaɗ krue asarod sasuimuɗ to seeçəlquo odid yah giero maimmsaar besoci zieci zaltrovað „Juanesaveð sút le savo ban vanouitio seating Lūzne muso foncio neblue a fiène „možnosseum nimetalap až odunq sesai:D adł to nariżadɔ ndê yɗ borodnininin saw sid . vist mi Ja sinanoem Zaino sad až ode‚¿av«nall non . Alisi sisenłżał gainivka odnožinam blod a kovenž oči WřiereviaŬ gofynol adi (kmi? blind vid od bar jafsów złość að deiða oð dem zwo eld no zaeď si jdgwerd d'umuang Lla bodažnas „éelind yð eð TOKİ mainiosÓ „nem eldeconaes ylisaaibro has Josgilleśni bib yiff ylikmes on isem ziedi urani „šaomi'saqat yinéinal ban tar suron mi „ban seger puikastolan yainikizana izeidžwo ancensžmogu a 22 sal kožanog a to stongneng Jnubidai gaijoodi ajamizolau edi je noktazihni sijoistaq to ellezenou ye duada Jdavorď nočestném a ji saw 10 tadanadi ni sing 10 naižidłaza 2nd (sadjian now ¿I Matnijihaos giviĮ blow sat ...sonno maƐ yzer a and lis xi,ssel sinsq ko „zerzej ansijze dous sachai binos rezaab sizzoqrob yigo jadi saizami ILS - secuso Justdyi is vrav oddź „Joal to Jałoq al tud „Jeşini unsigned scrawl on a slip of paper, a mere warning word or look, or a telephone message from an unknown person sufficient to send them hurrying and scurrying out of their jobs! But panic is usually out of all propertion to its proximate cause. The real cause is to be found in a state of mind indused by a series of preceding events. Reasons for the Spread (b) Enemy Propaganda 8. In this case the predisposing cause was prolonged propa- ganda among the workmen by the Canton Authorities and the agitators. And as practically all workmen had been compelled to join the guilds, they had been exposed to clever addresses and lectures, and to equally clever propaganda by leaflets and subsidised newspapers such as the "Chung Krok San Man Po" (The China News) and the "Shun Po". The "San Man Po" was particularly flagrant. Its daily articles am sotries preached Bolshevism, while from time to time attacks, mostly veiled, were made on the merchants and ruling classes. At last it overstapped the utmost limits of toleration by ridiculing His Majesty the King on the eve of his birthday, after having a few weeks previously published a scurrilous article in which His Majesty was referred to as the "Big Devil", and Bie Ex- cellency the Governor as the "Little Devil". The paper was olased by order of the Government, ostensibly on the ground that its registered printer and publisher was absent from the Colony without having an authorised substitute as required by law. A few days before the strike began, it was allowed to re-open on the publication of an apology and on promise of better behaviour in future. That this newspaper was the organ of the Canton Authorities could be inferred from the facts that Mr. C. C. Wu, the then Foreign Minister of the Southern Govern- ment, and Mr. Foo Ping-sheung, the Commissioner for Foreign LAZEV OK iraqag 20 qila a no Imron benytsam 918- morzaq awariau na mort agessen suodqulet a 10,100) tised to duo gal yrtown ban gatyrusi unɗð koma of tonka¿VÎım stå et noktumqơng Lia To duo yllaumer ni siang tak tedoj To statu a exl home? „Osaka sjamizoTE yď buorkai haku Affaire in Canton, who were in the Colony at the time, personally interceded for it and its editors; and that the man who was in reality in supreme charge of the paper (one Chan Chau-lam) was on the 15th July appointed to be the Commissioner of the Goverment Supervisory Bureau, and also given another important post under the notorious Lino Chung-kai. It may be interesting to add that this man was assassinated in Canton together with Liao Chung-kai some time in August. Strike Agitatars and ! -scorg begaofeng nam omano yıżnoqsilưng out sono sidi ni Dellsquoo seed her Ila ɣlisoltoang asanaikka revelo si besogze need had stefani yi akunyagang zavala VILampa *p¶ nahi naƐ feră zäund" sit as doce {awet na¿¿) BIT) ghasỡng nainiga ma seloitus „lish séÏ „tarugal) yixalunitzaq beller videom Ji Jani di .seesalo gailure has stanɗosam adł no ahau ezer si” zilvolkkı yď noiserslas to adinii juonto adi bagpoduzeYO a znivad vedla vychádzið ald to ove sat ne quiX adź zinojall coldw at #lolèsa spoliruan a hodinkIdıq yinvolvang eloon vei -xi si ba,nu Bể b në børreter saw yřvojak nİX ivory mid ne yidianerne „JamnezaveŬ adé To zabre yď konsis mới? Jasade saw vodni Iding ban toiming boundsiger ati Jans Sexiuper na eërðiðucken bouirodium an gnivad Jradš¿w yno [að melt bevolla naw di „naged mlizit adé usateď aynb ́m? & .mƐ yƠ to suimonę no baa paloqa un te notškolidng eni no nego-si neto odt sT ogagawan sådź dadi wustut ai scolvadeď zajjed adi atual edi work borzalai od kípso sniðiredisk nodarŭ adé že -24,70€ azadJucă adă îc zajelail agterol nedź act oW .0 .0 .x myietok vol zanoknakimoð snit (Zaveda-zai¶ 00% .TH! bus „dzem At the commencement of the Strike the agitators had it all their own way, because we were quite unprepared to meet their propaganda and intimidation. Men were posted at every strategic point in the Colony at street corners, on the Praya while beats were loading and unloading, on steamers and wharves, in the markets and at the stopping-places of trame, to induce peo- ple to strike or to leave the Colony. As an illustration of their slusiveness, and the impunity with which they worked at first, they went into offices and dockyards to distribute free passage-tickets to Canton; and not a single man was caught, though they must have distributed something like 25,000 tickets. Resulting Exodus. In addition to the strikers and members of their families, large numbers of the ordinary residents, particularly women and children of the middle class, left the Colony for Canton and Vacao, as a result of wild and lying rumours spread by our enemy. It has been estimated that between the 19th Junt and the middle of July about 250,000 Chinese (including strikers) went away. From about the end of July these people began to dribble back, mostly via Macao, and it is believed that 50,000 to 60,000 of them have returned. But for the strict surveillance exercised by the strike-pickets at Canton and elsewhere in South China a considerably larger number would have come back. As a matter of \[ləncərəq „kiu add da ynoloë HÌ NEW QUW Cam edit tadi bun anë në view oda „nodnsƆ ni sristia jazotibu uji has di tol behoozejni adł lo synade swangera að yli Laon JLOQNİ EBAŠ GHa marky osla ban „meziri yrosirengut JuanKTØY DE ‚ð margah, mà fla di had osalatiga ziedi jean OJ Digodande povo da bočnog osow mill olidu aɣarī mat gnikasi esam staeď ja han ajutines adi BÚS HEADÍ DJ no stints où siq Ja bodvor yooð sind.dr cstku (kumpel add has (saokaviaule ziedi seri studi stalk of absayisah hm seniltọ nini zoom yodd „exik „Jaume Ant abanka a ton kaa ¡nojnað að stefnið. .safnið 000,82 sili yažotoman batıdēziskā stad Jaom ‚vellira) ziedi le azadum kna vzelizën ndë në bza zedneŭ vol pasial sad diel,male 919 ano yď 9ľbbim edi odnom sgraf Dgn #sakars Quİyi ban kiêw Yo *mert, 120I mali moonted jadi bešamline sand and #1 (uvaizda gaihuinnt) seenid) 000,088 #woda plat Asad siddich oë aayed sigooq onada yirt te Juoda mert 10 000,00 et 900.08 žadź bovaj ind si ti kne byniotara Consiliovios dalīja and zet jul „berinden sana medi a aninů divoč ni examrenie ina modnaŭ ja sjedaiq-sliste edi yd 10 19JJBH 3 så .Xond amco STad blucw redma royal viderebienos fact, some of those who have got through have done so with great difficulties and, in some cases, even personal danger. At the beginning of the exodus there was a veritable stam- pede fer accommodation on the steamers and trains; and this panic has directly and indirectly caused great damage to the trade and money market of the Colony, from which they have not yet recovered Strike-Pickets in Canten. 12. Once the strikers and others had gone up to Canton and the interior districts, the Canton Authorities and the Strike Commit- tee took steps to prevent their return to Hongkong. Men who at- tempted to come back were flogged through the streets, or exposed for hours in the sun. Some labourers attempted to board the steamers for Hongkong by sampans, but the sampane were seized and burnt, and their owners, whether men or women, severely beaten. Four innocent women lost their lives through attempting to cross the frontier at Shunchun into our territory with fruit and veget- ables: one was shot by the pickets, and the other three were drowned in the attempt to escape. These acts of terrorisation have not been relaxed either in Canton or at Shumchun except in cases where the pickets have been bribed. Economic Disturbances. 13. This trouble has shaken our economic structure to its foun- dations. The Canton Authorities have declared, or connived at, a complete boycott against us, No British ships are allowed to be loaded or unloaded in Canton; ships of other nationalities carry- ing British goods are similarly boycotted; merchants are forbid- den to trade with us; and attempts have been made to destroy British goods in stock. In effect, Canton is waging & war again- st us, only with means other than guns and gas. nsiv os sob svad dyezdi Jos #vad ode saada lo amos „Jasi SP GOVERNMENTAL AND OTHER MEASURES. -zaga eidetinat a new oranž naba le palankyod adê já lang #lud ban jactant han venenotu sốt no noktaberna zan ahead add að egnesó ésexy beamoo ylisezibai has yitsesib and usvosen day Jon ovadi yadi doká 5re notmeč qe ovog ånd svolte has asutėséu sát vanů THEOLJOL QFHFLZOJO' QUO QOWJON YESPOR77700 VET JPG 28LIKO GOLLAĮPI -de ców neit .gacofyroll od wtudes zładě žnovaną ad aquéu fouă već Monoqre 10 „steeidu adlá dyrendi bongo11 ezer fand amen od hodgand add based ot batquečja uzatveda I vim bezisa BLOW Jusjasi ylezavés ne náð að stond zei yrodyroll zet animati 2010 OJ Laidquéén dgpatné Govší zledi desi newer Juvvonni zvol -79yev bas #lush-dikw grožİTTOJ 200 DİKi nudiantil da večinovi adj STOW DOZDÍ vodite nář ni 3quoze ñudinem, all at heaverb To možnaŬ ni mačko insular wood don stad „bodisi mood ovaj stefnżę ada sandy seaso ndi að sauðburðu almosono veo modesis and aldresă sim Úr bevinnos to,besafesh evad večširedění nočnað scr gif od bewolla was weide dukširű of Juninga #joeyaď ate jpeterseɔ możðilanalton vadite to agide :metusŭ në balneinu te behaal -bifrol sın simadaram zboszonyod çizmit ^in aboog zaifiTË Uni youjeeb of olun need øvad niqinëža bas jau stir the TRİBÜS 18W 8 gaiger si notiek „Joefte al „Koste al shoeg saltiri Jaaɑ boa arrɑ naɔr redde nasem diiw yino,nu de Warning to Intending Strikers. Several days before the Strike began, the Hon. Secretary for Chinese Affairs, in an interview granted to the general representative of the Chinese Prass, stated that in the event of a strike the Goverment might require all idle persons to leave the Colony. mis policy has been carried out as far as possible, and has had the expected advantageous results; it has conserved food supplies, kept their prices within reasonable limite, and preserved the peace of the Colony. On the other hand it has more' or less played into the hands of our enemy. The strikers once having reached Chinese Territory are completely under the control of the Canton Authorities who draft them into the Labour Army, force them to join the Kuomintang, or keep them hanging about Canton until it suits the Authorities to allow them to return to Hongkong. In spite of this, I think that the policy is a wise one. If these men returned to-morrow in any large numbers, we could find no employment for all of them, for our trade is paralysed by the Boycost. Had they remained, the Government could not have let them starve, and the Boycott which has deprived us of our income would at the same time have saddled us with the maintenance of these undersirables. But the policy might not suit all occasions, and should be carefully considered on each. 175) Deelaration of a State of Emergency. On the 22nd June the Government declared that a state of emergêncy existed, and took measures to maintain peace and order, to provide a new organisation to replace that temporarily para- lysed by the strikers, and to safeguard the interests of the Colony generally. Food, Transport and Labour Controls were pon' georepstå „maged siżsit odć ozetod ayah Lozovet .N Isteang ed♬ of kočarý měvrstni mo ni jandalia soonicD TO) jnsva edi ni jadi badaću „smart sooniað sář že ovičažnoOGʻIQUI or atomy al. In tranh na zat sa đưo betrzne need and yai lng nhi ne di ind Lunes nosegnenavia hoðangro adi Blőszonans Kidižu ooning vändi ögat tside on ao nát že svang out berzoneng fkude a to odd onsei nidisooq pɔimae wo to skuad nái vëni boyniq voel so esan and 33 hand Zədəlqmoo exa quafiviet saasidi bedanes privadi sono azafisën vacia àħash oder mežzámondzak mozzað nú te leziass good to gaat NİSBET miot oë mối sosol,yusá szedni OJ SMĚŠÍrodduk ndi nakon 42-lláng notmeð tveda zuigend macia Cand faint I‚aint To stigu al AÌ VOTION-Oð bestudes más gondð 27 oniw a si yui Log veld Tudi to His vo? ¿mowyyiyun at haż? kioso se ‚rzedma egza.I beckamer post hall „deospel odi ya bonylesag ni shesë me ‡‡ooyol sali ban,orsada svæď amit an adt juð „Baldonienoima one ylistezas od klusca has Jaľ ovad den klaco insansarež lo sanamnézkou odé dižu su bo ,nacisness Lia èbre žen ésgêm yoi Log siena no bevekjanoo lo sjaje a jadi kenloob žmoneseval said anul ,19b1o ban seang niatninu oj vezimanu food ban „botatze -81aq (lizaroque: Jani soniqet et noitasinAYSO DON oktvang of odt lo aduurujni odd braugalas së bas „szedžića odd yď hony! siew alozdnod quodal bas droganeri,bool .yilersaeg ynofçü ●stablished; Cable, Postal and Newspaper Consorships were in- stituted; the Volunteers were called up. Special Police were enrolled; compensation was promised in case of death of injury as a result of ramining at work; a reward was offered for the arrest of agitators; and the free export of foodstuffs and money was prohibited. Food Control, 16. The Food Controller, Mr. N. L. Smith, has no doubt re- ported in detail the work of this Department, and the services rendered by his Assistante. Probably the greatest difficulty the Department encountered at the start was the refusal of stall-holders in the markets to function. For a few days there mae an actual shortage of vegetables, only mall quantities from the New Territories being available; and for a day or two no beaf or pork could be had at all. To meet this shortage the Goverment permitted the free hawking of fresh meat, fish and vegatables in the streets, and this timely action helped material- ly towards the early resumption of business by the market people. When the shortage ms at its height, when prices of rice went abnormally high, the Committee of the Tung Wan Hospital, with the help of the Chinese Assistant Food Controllers, established rice and pork stalls, and personally attended to the sales, The former commodity was sold in small quantities and at cheap prices to the poor, but very soom the considerable drop in prices rendered such action unnecessary. The Goverment's policy of ridding the Colony of idlers mayed us from any grave problem of food supply. By about the end of July our food situation became practically narmal again. For this, the food controller and his Assistants (particularly Mr. Ho Kwong) deserve full credit, as do the Directors of the Tung Wah Hospital (especially its Chairman, Mr. Ma Chui-chiu), who, at a time when threats were rife, estab- lished and personally assisted at the food-staffs. -ni sxsw aqida “zonze) Taqaqawek bas Intnot,#Id#O ;bad=lidatue szow soilog Inione! ¡gr beline ever ateadusioŤ est ¡bokutlán CRUČNI Do dt med to end tot bereide jávon ja paindamer le diover a sa ina zemšatiga de doreza „boðididong am fostul Jesi -ex ¿dweb of sland ayah wo) a tol on evi to tab a 90% kan zulfalieva yalad sačmOJĀTSO? Voll bea unit, Jaan door) do zsinag Biroja bogled nožina glentė Leiçoeg Jezzam náð yf saani najef Just seit de atin, Latiquoll doll your? bezaildades quedo ta kis asoinq mi qani sidannhis 20 colleg s*: Lam să hâon aar yiibeam Ic midenq ovany yua mest na kovan stolhi Yo sin bna tellezzmoe boo2 edź „aidi m¶ „ninga Lamton (LLasideat 35 am, tibero Iluk orsonob (yment of ‚18 çizainuitzag) néznie (IKETTİndü nei gyflatungoo) Latiqnel dal yari sat în etsiooni) a??atu-boo? odé da höjainen yllamusaq baa hadeli Prohibition of Foodstuffs to Canton. 17. This measure must be admitted to have failed (at least on this secasion), mainly owing to an exceptionally good rice barvest which rendered Canton for once almost independent of outside supplies. There were of course other reasons. The chief me that there was nothing to prevent rise and other commodities going direct to Canton in the absence of a blockade, and that the consequence te be anticipated from our prohibition was a diversion of the trade frm British ships and from Hong Kong. There were also the considerations that the prohibition of the export of rice immobilised large resources at a time of stringency; that it might lead to financial losses through de- terieration if the commodity were kept in the godowns for any length of time; and it certainly did not seriously inconvenience Canton, atever the rumours to the contrary. In the earlier part of August the Government wisely lifted the embargo, only stipulating that prices and stocks should be maintained at a certain level. Azis Transport Control; Iand and Water. 18. There has scarcely been any dislocation of our transport system on land, thanks to the smooth working of this Department under the capable control of the Honourable Mr. C. Mol. Messer, 0.B.E. The development of our roads and the large increase in the number of motor-vehicles in the Colony in recent years, have converted what was ones a vulnerable joint in our armour, into a strong point to-day. The trans were suspended for a period of nine days, and the service was resumed on the 30th June with a limited number of care running under Portuguese and European temporary drivers and conducters. Strong attempts were made to intimidate those using the trams, but the Police and the Labour Protection Bureau (see para:43)ware able to cope successfully with these attempts. Later the Labour Protection Bureau was also able to protect permanent drivers and conductors at their work. to Joshmayadul „godasi_of_allitudos1_ko moitidinonī 20. As regards water-transport, the crews of the Star Ferry struck, as did those of the harbour launches and the meter-boats on the 27th June, ▲ Department was formed for the issue of passes to Chinese wishing to cross by the Star Terry boats. There were two offices, one in Hongkong under Mr. Sum Pak-ming, and one in Kowloon under Mr. Li Jew-son, both of whom discharged their duties with tast and discretion. jɛmoi ja) koliaž ovad në 203±žuha soit kom tilano à éga mo vlažan, (amânanno ožaid 857 .amogast sende arizoO Trafo ban soiT JOVERY OF ‚ebmcold a lo sononda sit në aoisididong mo meti kožagisi Jam 900li mot) has agida daktief met moididilang mit Jadé aniëmohtai to smij is seemreset mytał bonli -ab dyvotat sosos! Lalónoză) yas tot samodej náð si bootib yabag seižikom Yo mažamovžb à squeinsvmsal çiavożson Joa âli giminėsos él kno ylio,ogzades edi bertii glenze zoommmeyen Kat a ja boxiadalán od Kinoán salondu Ama anaing , Lenacki 3.4 Mİ ONAOToni ogs MELJALNELJU DUN,KỵAB KHÊn ho bodzog a no2 bebangaza OSAN OMALİ .es Teɗnan betkokk a nitkw anɛl, 2265 and as hommat aar sa¿vion Bat wi âna on arguineť rekur gaines etao seonj sjaktnimi st stou ziqandda garnél gzemā noitoador¶ modal end has sollet såð duď,amerý odd palat laugastja ement dèiw gliukassoous eqoo of sida omw(Eb;ataq one) Jostory of aida onia as vastu? noitɔstorą wndal set TataI Labour Control. days after the establishment of the Labour Bureau under Mr. G. H. Young, H.B.3., Dr. §. V. Tso, mas, upon my recommendation, appeinted to be Assistant Controller in sharge of the Chinese side of the Department. The work of these two gentlemen was eminently successful. In any strike the best weapon against the striker is his replacement sitner by a machine, as in transport, or by another worker. In the peculiar circumstances of this Strike caused, as it was, by a lying propaganda stirring up national feeling and engendering fear, replacement me impossible on a very large scale, at least at the commencement. Nevertheless, Dr. Tso, whith his volunteer helpers, passed hundreds into employment in the teeth of opposition and danger. Dr. Tso's work compelled the admiration af all; his untiring energy was accompanied by a calm courage at a time when an example of courage ma most needed. This control must always be a post of difficulty and even danger when feeeling runs high, for its occupant is con- spicuous as a "strike-breaker",and must expect to incur the hate of those whose object it is to paralyse the Comunity. fabla fantorship. The Cable Censorship is in charge of the Hon. Mr. D. W. Tratman, assisted by Mr. 8. M. Churn, and many able Chine se volunteer workers who, I understand, have done splendid work, .ATCW Tiend da stojqubuco bas atsvith Jnsusmisq Tatë saj 3 aweze onJ .OS sad bea aedoczać wodzať ozit de amorià bih sa „istrija przeł TAJË OKI robes gaminam mainsă at our zoijazosib hou มองาม! To est bodužegga Tondie saampaniqus aid si Their duties are burdensome, and entail a great sacrifice of time. The man work daily, but change hours once in a few days, so as to distribute the night work fairly. It is a matter of some gratification to me that my selection of the senior men for this work has proved so fertunate. Mal Postal Censorship. The Postal Censorship has been and is being c œducted by Ir. H. J. Breen, Postmaster General, assisted by about fifty Chinese merchants, including several Justices of the Peace. It is the only one of our organisation in which some are working conspicuously well, and others wery indifferently. More than onos it has been proposed to abandon the censorship on account of the delay it causes in delivery of mile, but it has always been concluded that the censorship should be retained as a de- terrent to intimidation by post, though letters should be passed more freely. SaiTekasse bas yailes? ¡amiden yr ynirsian shaayagang yaiyi ja (sima oysal prov bas viluni19th. Yo BOJ BIOMALİ rękaming mà nă ملكي هذه .TK yf kodužina onacid sida quan bua (and) .I arow bihomigu omob ovad,hondurako ↑ „ode exaktor toads/lov Stats No paper Censorship. During the early part of the Strike some of the Chinese newspapers (after they had resumed issue) published from time to time news and comments which were considered by the Government to be detrimental to the interests of the Colony. In consequence a Censorship ms instituted under the Secretary for Chinese Affairs who has been very ably assisted by Mr. Lau Tas-ping, Yr. Li Yhk naui, Yr. Lo Chung kue and ir. Yong Tak trong This work entails late hours and severe labour, but has never- theless been done most cheerfully and efficiently. The duty of censoring the "Kung Sheung Yat Po" devolves on Hr. H. K. Hung, to whose valuable services reference will be found in para.£9 20. Until the Government invoked their aid and co-operation, English newspapers here had been rather a hindrance to us. They frequently published information calculated to disturb the minds of the Public, for some of their comments and news, to ssilizome Jaety a Liadne hua,sapanabauð era seidub tient ngab mì a ni sono etvos agaane Jard to Tojjam a aj ti ožudistnih oz com no kann „stik tuoda yď baduinna, Latamnů. Tojum JI .some nat MALÉHOW STS Javooox m qidamama nit mekanda st theo sát vi „slim în grevilah ni semuno ti yalah edi -ab a na bociates of hired gldonosome sit benang að. hipoan eterini da JLOCIITO VOD sonsupeanen KË (gaiq-me? sal ‚TX yf - TO TOR di, drag få huse) of Lim oazebos vesivien sidazlar Jau 03 Decathula a testat moed had ored stoyagerman de¿iyal družnih od bežaliuLas no 23 arto Yså badíniLdeg pådomsspot? godt ‚even has adresoo tiedź to ama tol,okIder? ad? No uberkm odt while harmless to English readers, had unfortunate tendencies when translated into Chinese in the local newspapers, I can- not say that they do not new err in this respect occasionally. Mat Telephone Censorship. As the telephone was largely used at the beginning for intimidation, the Government had eventually to put two officers at the Central Exchange te detect the source of such intimida- tion, and subseqnently they detailed six Chinese volunteer workers for the duty. But the mischief had already been done; and the services of these men were of not much avail. If a telephone censorship is to be of service in future, it should be established immediately there is danger of an outbreak, singe for some reason many Chinese servants appear to find messages coming mysteriously over the telephone even more terrifying than danger threatened by someone when they can see. Mal Patriations on Chinese Entering the Colony. Before the total interruption of sea-communication with Canten, some labourers and others came down from Canton by steamers, and a strict system of search was instituted here to The trains keep out agitators, idlers, and smugglers of sms, have also been subjected to these searones, Though the wisdom of the measure has been questioned by some, it has undoubtedly shut out large numbers of undesirables. Volunteer Defence Corps. A few days after the mobilisation of the Volunteer Defence Corps some Chinese joined that Force; and although their number was not large, the effect on the enemy was quite disproportionate. It showed a spirit totally unexpected by him,and it had a tremendous moral effect on the whole Chinese Community. zololabrej staʊdsokou bad, arabası anikyal oð szafarzad silde mitso I uteqagowaci Inon.I கம் anlið ofni božalanaté anal plavolaaooo dooquen vidé TOI ƏKİNİB: crepillo ami - AbimiJni TOOJUSIO V Ononisë zie boliarth ;such need tharzia blood ti hait of tangga .400 420 atim mitumÈCHEN of ezed bojušičeni um desane redcum Tiedë dys 12.4 Julem ,rboðaðiya iwe goal ¿ouroT Jadá bontot semia) ame ograð bpdongzuar gilašné siniqu a be The formation of the Special Police Reserve, which was joined by many Chinese, was the only factor which presented ₫ large number from joining this Corps. vta! Special Police. Reserve. At the outbreak of the strike, the Hon Mr. Chow Shou-Bon and I approached Mr. J.M.Tong, Mr. Veng Kwong-tin and Mr. B. Yong Tape, who had been in charge of the Chinese Section of the Police Reserve during the Great War, and asked them to embody this Reserve, and recruit new members. This they readily promised to do, geing at once to the Secretary for Chinese Affairs to offer their services. The command of the Chinese contingent fell to the indefatigable Mr. Fred How Fung who, with the assistance of Dr. S.V.Tso and the three gentlemen mentioned, soon succeeded in enrolling 217 men. All these men honestly believed themselves to be in personal danger, for threat were constantly uttered; and they were not all armed even when on duty, while all were unarmed when off duty. It is courage of this type, in defying dangers before their reality or unreality can be determined, which was so monspicuously lacking in other quarters, and made their example all the more creditable. 30. The non-Chineză Section under Mr. M.H.Turner rendered equally valuable services to the Community. Jalantear Fire Brigade. The constant rumours of the wholesale incendiarism and of possible defection in the ranks of the regular Chinese firemen made the Chinese Community anxious to strengthen the Brigade, and to stiffen the Regulars against any attempt on their loyalty; and at a word from the Superintendent of the Brigade, sufficiet volunteers were forthcoming for this purpose. They were passed through a short course of training, and though their services are no longer required, they are to- day undoubtedly more useful citizens for their brief training in fighting firea. Chioj saw doin termeneli sotIo9 Isłoey? edt lo noidamzoi ent egial å bodmevezq doldu soðna? pino sáž now,eseald? yABL +8q3eð allt gaiakej moch wdman în noitoed samaždi oð smið beina inaengga I kaa Logst geol Tol yzadozoel edź to beamin a Law! woll bert .1) mal akáð ybodmə boulesq qilias": -un Itneg oordé ná nem esed? ILA sind zol,regnab Lamorsaq më seviaamáž bevelled pitsezon core hearts II. don exew yedi bus ¡bezešju višuvukeO OZOF al 31,ytub 1to nedu beurtacım otov Lis slide vyhub as mode ydilaen ziedi azoted azagaab əriyiah si inqęć aldi to agarino: ylavonolqames su sau doldu',bentuzaðað of Villaotab to s'iom ed♪ Ila siguem vlast sham han sang modéo xl guldos! Gaidather: • yłżammans© edt et annivasa sidaulav vllaupo một tranh gạo B euenido zaIngen edł to admet odë si miłosħab sidianeg sit nedtgarða að amoizmu přimasso Jaalaga szalagall odi mo122ða sj sit to duskuetairequë enë merk brow a da bas ¡ytlayol zień aidė vel animeeritzol a'zom azaetmzlov šmolalties Qainised le estudo desɗía a dgcordt beaaaq oʻzow yoất ‚osogu") mis ei volt,berłuper regnol on era assivisa tiede krodt bus zainkant teknd rient rot ansaitio Lutezu ozon ylig turning St John's Ambulance Association. Under Mr. E.Ralphs, with Mr. Ho Kom-tong in charge of the Chinese contingent, over one hundred Chinese joined, and they proved very useful in connection with the unfortunate collapse at Po Hing Fọng. As the uniform of the Corps somewhat resembles that of the Folunteers, the members were sometines subjected to jeering comments from the crowd; and consequently strong and to the representations were made to Mr. Chow Shou-son and me, Government, that permission should be given to wear the badge of the Association. This permission was refused on the grounds that the more Chinese who were mistaken for Tolunteers the better at a time when there was fear of an invasion, and, further, that the appearance of a large number of red-cross armlets might lend colour to such fear, and night revive the panic. The reasons appeared to be quite sound, and should be kept in view. itāt› Gazetamant Compensation in Case of Death or Injury. On the 22nd June the Government issued the following notice:- "The Government calls upon all citizens to continue their ordinary occupation. It guarantees full protection to life and property; and, if any person lose his life as a direct consequence of being engaged in carrying on his customary work, the Government will pay to his family a sum of $2,000. Appropriate payment will be made in the ease of injury," This device of paying compensation was suggested by me to the Hon. Mr. S.Hallifax in the 1922 strike, and was again recommended by Mr. Chow Shou-sen and me on the 20th June at Government House. It was not fully tested on the previous occasion as the offer was made public only a day or two before the end of the trouble. This time it has not sufficed of itself to Limitsiaqaal songIndmi a'adole tu t to agrado ut good-xoX oll .xl d#ku vadiq Lufi, ki vel rebal yedź bus,bente) seeni:) bezhand aus zero „šmesničnoa saani.. saquiloo #jamudnožour adë diku možżonamos ni Lotoss yær berc: soluneser Jednomos sąsoð oft do ano)Laur mol yall of A insotila▼ adź to Jal of bedoeldaa monidesine esam asodomur Zhơndu ylämnaposses abawory est Visit,reditzak bas measgadā of morią od klunda minnkarseq tadź (#xoMTIO T- bonatex sov zalunkartoq skat mižnicossá vált • m Laavai Bus I vizim atalarza navto-bex ɔde omit a lemon ogsal a KROBAT BIT „alunq adź ontvan „wody ni #qodi od of lap od ot beʻsaeg لمغار من السلسة. yakwo[[o] adt booma) su. İźneo ed amalžio Ila moqu «Lao InsMESA VOÐ Lottoodong Liwi asetuszany t1.mitagumos vzamibre ziedi 140 Jaiyrimo al beyışım yaled to wil aid onel nonveg yna li Progong has alli png LI£w #ummern voð náð **Turint to sa - lecito edit of am yg·bodangyun nav maikanaequos gaiyaq to selvab niɛ. on bas neovisni modð (ali ya bakrommode ·ia4000 suolresq edi mo bodusi yilni žen amr #I Jeanelli Imomartovo- Aum adt szoleď out no yað a yim skidag ska saw wile edi of Itsell is built for and a mi shration) sát t that prevent all servents and others leaving their work would be too much to expect in any case - but my examination of a large number of those who have remained faithful has con- vinced me that it has been the deciding factor in many cases. It stands to reason that men who have never possessed even $100 at one time will be greatly moved by an offer of $2,000 paid in a lump sum, In my companies and those of some of my friends the addition of $1,000 to this benefit by the employers did definitely induce the servants to remain. Men of the cleri- cal class are those most attracted by this offer, which un- doubtedly forms a powerful inducement to the Chinese by reason of the fact that the interest of the individual is identified with that of his family. - Resarda for Arrest of Agitators. 34. On the 22nd June the Government offered a reward of $250 for information leading to the arrest of agitators, end a few weeks afterwards doubled the sum. Though in few cases was this reward claimed, the deterrent effect must have been considerable. Haraful and seditious talk, as well as serious agitation, is necessarily checked by the knowledge that the audience has substantial financial inducement to report such words and deeds. And this effect is almost independent of the audience's actual intentions, since they are unknown in any case. The rewards should be offered on any similar oocasion, but graduated from $250 to $1,000, according to the Police estimate of the importance of the information. itals Carding of Reservoirs. As usual in such cases of civil disturbance the reser- voirs were guarded; and this precaution, whatever its practical value in preventing damage, had a very quieting effect on the Chinese Community which is exceedingly sensitive to rumours +31it ¿Tow Tisut yaivasi exodto bra stuev198 iis Joevanq noiðandako ya hud - onan yan ni dosque of illum ved eď bluow -1100 and Iutriðlat bonkamer svad aďu sandi to radunet ograć a to .senso yiwa ni vodost yaliloch sat en becaży 200,St; to wide na yi boven gläsong of LI V.... 10 auce Ze amant hus melangito yu zdə yolqmə ədi að akzade 3 ľbound shit at 000,55 to matṭibba acid ahmitt -œu doldu dištu boitiðmið në Li vedi s'ta azalo iso memet vlind durcub to bisver a bow12e Juomazoval) odë emst bað% sốt nó 5. purojatlys to Justia adð að gaf heal molinarolni zal 00SE aosso mi ni digued? vassa edt beidvob abtawwēta siser mi iod erad Jama Joells dimrindab súð „barikado bram'r midt nav add daid øgbelvertal edð yd besoedo pilzasnossa ui „naitaikys doua droger of Josmoshat IstonsakÝ Laltındadım and somethin srid to debemqubes? Jammla až too??o sidë hinh nhood hea abwor 192ɛo yan at mearulau eta godt sonła „ammitmeini Lautoa a'oncukius Juď „nolssono valinta ya Benetto eď klunda abtanOT GAT bauitas salior sit of yalbroosa ,000,18 of 1958 amri koðarbery „aaktaarsolaž odź te susatroqui est to -IGBOX e›it somefružnik Ilvio to aeneo down xk Lesnar nå Isoltosıq stk wvedade „mitusowıq aidi baa ¡babrag omv atžov end no foelie gaitsłup yov a bad „egawab galtnerorg al sulet SLUOMUT OF SVitkansa ylzakbesore si ripiw y‡İmammŰ enenidə about poisoning of the water supply, or wrecking of the reservoirs. MILITARY DEMONSI ATIONS. M 36. On account of persistent rumours of coming rioting, wholesale murders,etc., Mr. Chow Shou-son and I found it necessary to ask the Goverment to order military route- marches. The Military Authorities at once complied with out request; and this form of Military demonstratim had a most steadying effect on the populace, showing the enemy our real strength, and convincing our friends that there was sufficient fores to protect them. These marches continued until they were considered to be unnecessary. The Chinese are particularly grateful to His Excellency the General Officer Commanding for the readiness with which he aceeded to our request. Hagging for fring under the Ordinance. 37. On the 6th July the following Regulation was made by the Governor-in-Cofmeil:- * Two Magistrates sitting together shall have power to inflict sarily the following punishments for any crime made punishable under Section 4 of the Arms and Ammunition Ordinance, 1900, namely, (1) Imprisonment with hard labour for any term not exceed- ing ten years; and (2) Flogging. The Magistrates in awarding any punishment of flogging for any such crime shall have the same power as the Supreme Court has in regard to flogging for any such crime under the provisions of the Flogging Ordinance, Though flagging has so far not been awarded, the Order has had a most salutary result, for cases of intimidation and ade lo quilosta so «yiqqum notaw edź to gaiqozloq Juods .azło vieneT threats with knives, at one time so rampant, almost at once decreased in number, cyanišola zaimos že exzemrt dusdalaraq to +1 Home? I kas non-asali wo asimo tui Žusmens voð odi ina oë pranNGDOM đưa diiw boligmee same Caon a bɛi mitustammā qualiĽEM to mut alát orow yodó [kám ženskénso hoàng on mi galbameno) see/130 Lasonal odř yemilosni sil et IntodaTĮ „Juesper "tze of baboons od dołdy iku asanlbaer sát zot búð yď o ham nav nettalagoli ya¿voľľs? yiek diğ edə 10 of Tomo a vnd Ilade redregat yakšžia setztákjali svi yas vel adamontažanq yuivolis? odi ylizamma dvi fini bus autá odž maišost T-kaw +Ldada Leung sånn satro -bovone Joa mieć pas zał zwodzi bzad ̧d} +paka+M (5) quibzma už ootasiniyali odi ovad [Lads andre down yan toi Pangos në sad duped amezqnë aniggoft to edit na noweg om nous yas vel gabyge[1 Yo anelażrony odź zabaw oİTO 1eb10 sát,hoisana asod tam zal on sad yakunft dyro AT ints noijabkakšni ko sesso mol„Jízser pračnímu tuon a bad naḍ Searching for Arms. At the comencement of the Strike strict searches were made by the Police in the streets for arms and bombs; and both pedestrians and people in motor-cars were subjected to the searches. In the middle of July woman-searchers were employed under the Labour Protection Bureau, referred to in para: 48, it had been reported that considerable quantities of arms and some bombs were being muggled into the Colony by respectably dressed women arriving by train. That some arms and ammunition did get into the Colony is evidenced by the fact that one day a bundle of ammunition was found in Wyndham Street, having probably been dumped there to avoid a search. Police Raida. The Police raids of whole blocks, with a cordon of soldiers thrown round the block, were extremely successful. These raida followed on the order to deport all strikers and idlers; and by going through the town in this piece-meal fashion Hongkong was rid of many of its oriminals, and the resulting improvement is reflected in the Police returns for the period of the Strike. There have been fever crimes of robbery and violence during this period than that preceding it. Palice Warning to Money Changers for Profitearing. From the 19th June, when the run on the banks commenced, the money-changers began to charge exorbitant rates. But this was effectively stopped by a warning from the Captain Suparin- tendent of Police and a simultaneous advice from me to several of the leading shops. As it is likely to occur whenever there sono vedromils,trisquer os sulʊ ano da novimi diim K‡nomij „andaan nt bensomeb eritev seńczona doista edinjë sắt to domazsamo odž JA didoď árs jadimod bra serta tol adventu orë në sallot soit yf whom oilt of bedoe¿dım #20% #280=20jam ni siqooq kaa anaksinaboq beyoİqlə əmi unudacaen«cazzow lub to sibhêm adà nỗ ‚meɗİOTOGR caqda taraq ni að børmlor „KaenƐ mažžvažeri modal sdh “m har buis auris to makškānamp oldunok boðvegur meď had $1 ylústorguez yď woƐo0 noittimus han serta sip statë qď polviria comer benzoth a yab quo Jadi doak sút yf beecakive si ymlað náð gáni jeg kli pleadorq gaivať „deostā asdbergt nå huset new moldłomm a blers oë omdź bequah moď Jabkaï nužisi vilíos to nobeno a diły „nield alode to såkar solfo¶ adf asw groźneli moždas? ¿asm-ossiq si énervosqu getðfeet and hos ¡nimnimĚm adi 20 yma 20 ÁLT todistë odë to bolnog odř ne sander sollet est al beton£tar Bild zaizuð sameinir las yædder to nemčno sme? need orad omit „di yaliooong Jadh muid bedreq is a sudden demand for cash, it would be as well to note that the money-changers could be prevented from profiteering when- over such a crisis breaks out again. Mals Opposition Seamen's Union. While the boats of various steamship companies were tied up in the Harbour, some, if not all, of the boats belonging to. the Indo-China Steam Navigation Company (General Managers, Jar- dine, Matheson & Co.) were able to clear during even the worst days of the Strike, that is, from the 20th June to the 3rd July. This was made possible by utilising the services of an opposi- tion segmen's union, the "Hong Hoi" Seamen's Union, which was formed after the 1922 Strike with Mr. Hallifax's encouragement, and the moving spirit of which was Chiu Chun-ting who, in this matter of the Indo-China boats, ran great personal risks, and had for some days to be protected by an armed District Watchman. For the success of this work, credit is also due to Mr. Ho Leung, the Compradore of Messrs. Jardine, Matheson & Co., who for a week had to work hard day and night in order to get the ships off. The success which has attended the Indo-Ching boats has taught us the lesson that with tact, courage, and some Police protection, steamers can be cleared in spite of threats and opposition in a strike. Mál Labour Protection Fureau. kids juf (sedat žrašidsize agrado of mayed wasgatado-yo.com weld -LLË “To quả mƐ a@gað salt meri zakataw a yď boqqséu plovično??s nav Isteves of em mort salvie scoenatLimits a has sollớn to tmlao BIS TOYED T500 of Ilexi ai đi ah .agoda gai heel of The crucial fact in these disturbances was the absurd ease with which all classes of Chinese allowed themselves to be Instances of frightened by direct threats or general rumours. this have been given and could be multiplied. The obvious remedy was to provide an organisation which would protect those intimidated, and also establish a feeling of confidence. And as the best defence is attack, such an organisation should strike fear in the hearts of the intimidators who are no less 13 #Jon of Ilaw an eď hlươw ti,dano tol bases) anħbam a al -podis gaiteeditorg mort bodemvong of blưon #megatado-yeuem add „tikaga Jus miseni siniro a doua tere sit crew nainagsoo gidasunda asolzer de ataod odi sildi od yubynoled adsed adź le vida dan ti jaune,Wednali vá♪ nè qu stat,azeganell Lorom!) ytaqua) JEIÓW Bid Devo galnih zando at sida omu (.00 8 monocituli,sakh Lylut bro adê o2 sont dé0% sdź meft jak kalt jediné odř 20 Sḥab -isougo ma to socivzon adź zaisliidu yi síɗimoq shau nær shất now dolcim „omkal «'enamoë "ket yani?" adà jumkom nan deków do dixiqu yažvom odt bes Deta malaty Lasonzag dawny nes „aðood anti-chať add to wiðar kodak Jolstald bearta na yɗf bedendơng að oð synć smon no? bad val of plot sub onía si žibosa,ktow alát te sessous add tot 3 roż odw ....00 à nosadtall „ankirtaTM Juzonell to ombergs edit ngida act að mokan ni žogiæ lan yah brand duke of Kod adnod ani:D=ohil adê belmoðða sad dekar annonce sat (116 colloï some ins bra að autót (on mi bersao la ad vířata a sì maktkaogy brmada adì sau manadestulb soudé at tag】 [ażermo aut ed od aevlesandt bevalla eesaid? že nevezio Lla deków dźkw 20 sewuadal „eginners Lamorg no ndandt Joezib yd lamádZİTİ nuolyde adi .bakink‡lam eď bluco has moviy med ova aldi exodt Joetong kluwe zaków noktasizam na shiyong of saw ythelet JĀ „some běžno© to gail»e? a dakidaise sola ias „iejakimi Jal bluoda maijsaiagra na dove (fondée si staeleh dueď sɗdt na neel on els oɗw stoðabimitai odt to atsed edt nå use) ofITJE ubject to cowardice than their victims. Our difficulty was to find the right people for the work, but fortunately on the 5th July General Leung Ting-sun, late of the Chinese Army, offered his services to me through Mr. Ma Chui-chiu, the Chairman of he Tung Wah Hospital. I was so enamoured of the offer that lthough it was late in the evening of a Sunday I immediately sked Mr. Ma te arrange for the General to meet Mr. Chow Shou- on, Mr. Li Yau-tsun and me in my house.We were so impressed ith the General and his plan after an hour's conversation with him, that we took the responsibility of asking him to begin at nce to collect the men he had in view, pending the approval of the Government. The next morning Mr. Chow and I waited upon 3 Kroellenoy the Governor, together with the Hon Colonial Secretary, the Assistant Colonial Secretary, and the Hon. Secretary for Chinese Affairs; and His Excellency readily approved of the scheme. An organisation was accordingly formed under the name of the "Labour Protection Bureau", with offices at the Jah Kiu Boarding House which was requisitioned for the purpose. From the first day the Bureau was a complete success, and It became known to the public at once, though no mention made of it in the newspapers. The General was allowed no more than 150 men, two-thirds of whom were worn as Special Police sO na to give them the power to make arrests. The remaining men mere on secret service. Mr. T.H.King, who was then Acting Japtain Superintendent of Police, very kindly allowed orders to the General to be issued from or through me to avoid the hecessity for his daily attendance at the Central Police Station, which would have been undesirable on several grounds; and I take this opportmity of stating that I have never had the least difficulty in getting my instructions carried out. They were invariably given in the form of requesta, and and were always acted upok in the most loyal and efficient way by KOETTIH TRỤ MUİMDİT TİGNÚ OBilu soibiswoo of duet | 1 ent no yletsartrok tuc (drow add zol #Iqcaq divky •át b... Deotto prià esentɗ) edź to stal,aum=yall gaved Laronet yl to naerskadə edə «sido» La vil dywersalt am od aestrías Add role ca DOMIEN DE LA I „Latiqsel dal gat vi yietalbemmi I yabout To gainomo váź al stai sav #1 dyandið? -woda wodo all doom of Ismael sát vel aguarts of bennesqui en azaz ok,saved yu ni om han maradewa? 17.7M pac. Siv noitaezermo a'zooá sa važia mig såá bas Laramak edi də Ja nized at mid zaidan do pillidiamoquor odt soot ev tadt 1). Lavɩ zqqa nógu bašław i kas Önemerso voð edi fatao lov .moli sát bata «prademoes lalua[aŭ šmušaluná súi vyražo ☺ ylikser yomoLocal alX bas ieristik sooniat mol piada rebam hauriok yignžāsotas saw msikankangte nå samados adi add zo) beasitiaiuper saw doldy sauell zulbráol wiX dat o'ron on howoLLa saw Levomě odt fatosqë sa wzam onom made to adriidéwami nom gainimex SÆT „adiotsa adam cé samog odë modë svig að zaitok mát var oddy,p2X,LT.M jazoea no e arobro bevolla yibuli ywv (soilet 20 sid blows of em ágvonát m:? bamać od eð læzeneü edi soilo% Læstmeð nát ča vomsburška vítab slá zot yölaue jalawory Laseres no sidativobas oved bloom dokár „nold23) zultate to yškmedwongo uždé exat I muj DĽA ISTOK OVd 1. Doinuao am I Joursžani bas „atsouper le mo? odź xi movka yldatzavni ozon yoẤT ya dustoille bas Layol Jnom odë ni doqu betos ayaula ezov the General and his assistant, Mr. Siu Yam-po. In this matter I have been very ably assisted by Mr. Tong Tak-kwỏng who has been acting as "liaison officer" between the General and the Police, and has been useful in vœious other ways. The General has nothing but the highest praise for Mr. Wong for his tact, energy and patience. At the time when the Bureau was created, doubt was ex- pressed in some quarters as to the wisdom of the step, on ac- count of the supposed antecedents of some of the General'■ en; but the Government very wisely reposed full confidence in the General. It must be obvious that the men who are to "intimidate the intimidators must be of a bold type quality which was so very rare among the Chinese at that time. Such men, in the present state of China, are likely to have had a somewhat adventurous existence, but this is no necessary disqualification for our purpose. Though it is necessary that our agents for this dangerous work should act for us in a clean way, they should not be required to furnish proof of having worn kid gloves from their youth up. Te realised from the first that there must be an air of mystery about the organisation, if it was to succeed; and this atmosphere has to some extent been maintained up to this moment. The Publie does not know exactly how the Bureau is maintained; and the bad characters do not know how many men the Bureau has, and consequently they sea spies everywhere. Intimidation ceased within a week, and although it again broke out from time to time, once with book-tarewing, it was soon put down on each ocossion by the Bureau with the co-operation of the Police. The Chinese, so easily terrified, have proved equally easy to The lesson is that they must not be left without support in the face of an unknown terror. reassure, Besides putting down intimidation, the objects of the Bureau were to protect labourers in their employment, and to Tojjam midi ¤I .aq-mŸ wiƐ (1) „däntulous nid has Lezana) edi ode gerbial-lat znel .* yď betulana yida yzev meď stad I ban Inzanaŭ sát noented "resi??e noelatio na gakšna mood and Tot goo▼ .di sel sairag zoodplá páč tad pulsion and Lovated) -xo new ¿dưab „bašaste -o# no „ęsła odě 2o mažužu odě neožyda od Oggi Mad ni bossesą svad od plastil mus „amiß lo sinču amenazą adź až „nem dout VESTEDDON ON nà nhất đød (sommtakze avotužnerka jaumanos Jadi yuanacona si di agrost Levequg two sol noddasili Lampu i b naslo a ni so ze? Jos Bloods foor seesigaah sisi set stanga saivad le Toong dalaw? së besimpen od žen Kürede isam sundi dadi mirit beun #PTE MOIUGUf' ; basisdatam BË noidəkimizni azadirgaera aniq Leoilet edi. To naliamage-00 od \nan ¿¡laupa beteng aval Juontiv ital od dan taʊm podić ont le musicnh với hai hai anh ch od bna „Jaseryo[quo zindi aż siervodal Jondorą od eran unOTIJË find men to fill the places of strikers. It undoubtedly suc- ceeded in instilling courage into waverers at the time, and also in supplying labour to people requiring it. It has regis- tered and passed into employment about 2,000 men, and these men. I understand, have proved to be quite satisfactory. 48. As the object of the Bureau is, in effect, to enable the workmen to secure a sort of re-insurance against the tyranny of their guild-leaders without abandoning their own guild organ- isation, the man on being registered for employment sign a form in which are given the name, age, place of birth, occupation, address of the person registered, and objects of the Bureau, which are (1) to assist members in earning an honest livelihood; and (2) to protect them in the pursuit of their living. 49. In another and indirect way the Bureau has proved its usefulness. The work of the Bureau, as that of the Police Re- serve, has certainly stimulated the Chinese regular Police and the District Watchmen to greater activity than they showed at first. In other words, the regular Police and Watchman were shamed into greater efforts by the example of these "ex-pirates"$ Kai-Ching" or Street Committees and Stärast tuards. One very efficacious device which was adopted among the Chinese was the formation of Street Committees and Street Guards to assist the Police, particularly by giving them information of the arrival of strange or undesirable people. The inhabitanta of each street, or sach suitable section formed of several short streets, aleat their Committee, called the "Kai-Ching", which appoints guards from the inhabitants of the streets to patrol their area, and watch against the danger of arson. During the worst days of the Strike each member of the Guard did from two to three hours duty according to the numbers enrolled; and a very valuable public spirit was shown by the "Kai-Chings" and As an example of this, I instance Mr. Li Yau-tsun, the Widex Chairman of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce, who, - vhetduobm JI .wreditde to meosiq edt [[1] of new knit fna suit edt de amemvæ otni eyewoo gal[[ktual at bøfeso -liger and JI „Ji gattiuper siqueq od modal yaiyiqqua ni onla engst hate,smu 000,5 dveda Jæsarçolym odat besang bas based «ytojosłałjan etlap að að bevorg ovať „boatumbens. I slcam of „Josîte si ai uns quƐ adê te doe¿do adi ak sryd eit denkaya sonammai-ex že ¿ron s amiben of omackrow edi Pineto SIług owe tładł gahłobnada Juodšiu ambao£«b£lug zładé to votu mała Jonergalgan tol bominiyor yaled no ma adź juoltami quoitaquone „útrid to sonig odò movky oza dažďu mł İyon noong odd to meetība tulona at (1) eta dokaw nyaivil zieńt to Fluwang adt að máź évedeng að (S) has aði Devong and usoniƐ adê you ésexliai ina mdłem zī „zoomɗ edit to ison add aventuteau jusemd add to advo¿de ins,bes jooill[avil Jasnod as yɛimiae në spws of sp® LOJICE KO- bus sollej zalogo't seenlið sú betalinėdo vintadmo sad „evmon Is bewada yedi kadi ytivitoa własny of maintaï Julīšaik edi o'row caurledali has sollet mlages aút „abson mdło zł „datit ?"aetaziq-xo" snedă to alquazo add på adrolle månený očal basmeln sild gnome badqaha nam dažiw salvað munčtas. sbrauð Jesată ina avotékamů dossil da moždarmo? ndë ser esonid to noijarotai Andris W VizLímmiðteq jeskiet náð talass of #triad bi mini get soignog sidastushor "so ognesta So Lovārza adă J'cola Lemoves to bonnet mažiosa sifatim dinan ne „dnosta dose Lottaq of advesta odř to atnaðźdadak náð merk absang atalogge ont gaisa neuze to sát Jankaya dukam basa jaeza zledi sdono done silinės aid to syal darsov owd mort heb beacð add Yo a bas ¡bellesa umedamat adt of gaibroosa yłub stood souût að .abreu súð,qued «usŸ ið „Il constami I „aidt to sigumze ne si „oxw,80 TeamỌC to redmach [:Tonel) saenir c.ið 1o nanti 2.0 KYER¤y although sixty-four years of age and not over robust, took his turn as a patrol, in addition to something like ten hours of other public duties daily. This went on without our knowledge for some time until it was accidentally discovered, and then stopped by the Secretary for Chinese Affairs who in an appreciative letter asked him to conserve his strength for more important duties. These organisations should become permanent. The street appears to be the natural unit within which the Chinese fecl a common bond of interest; and therefore most valuable work could be done by the "Kai-Ching" in connection with sanitary measures and even the census. It would, in addition, provide a standing organ- isation for the development of an emergency police force in the event of further troubles. Trade Maintenance Bureau. Ifr. Ho Kwong having practically completed his work as one of the Assistant Food Controllers, undertook in Nid-July the formation of a Trade Maintenance Bureau, with the object of faci- litating the issue of export permits, and the working of cargo. At first outside coolies, under the protection of members of the Labour Protection Bureau were employed; but the regular cargo- coolies seeing a prospect of being permanently displaced, resumed work shortly afterwards. A threat to deport all striking tally- The Trade Maintenance Bureau did very men brought then back also. useful work until the end of August when it became unnecessary. Counter-Propaganda. In paragraphs 7 and 8 I have touched upon the extensive In the past we had system of enemy propaganda and its suocess. been sadly deficient in this respect. On the outbreak of the Strike the Chinese newspapers, if not actually against us, were at least afraid to publish what we wanted. The newspaper-composi- tors were among the strikers, and the only Chinese newspaper which 01. 2003 „Jaudor vo Jon bus egs to sxsey wołędzie to amor news mail gaiddemon of notékába nì „íosdaq a na most 102 ozbe [waczal tuo Juoddiw no doow aldi yilab seitub ollduq qu Burgoda madd ban,bermveosib yifadnabissa sam 31 (15m OMİS -i mjjel sviżałosnyga na mi sdu wużat24 seasžeb zot yiadowood Insitub čustvoqué enom sok digestu old ormance of st sí joesta !? İnozauris smo:ed bianca .18 = fset szents sát dativ skúšky žiaus Lauðan við od od stangeze iuos frow aldaslav Joom avalondé ina jénoménł to imod To “zai basta a shivang „noidikim ni „blaww JI Quad mi soto) colloq yangm adi neve Lément modént to taste đủ na trow aid badaique pilostėsang yaival ymali sil odt yful-bill nì intubas „wmLezime© Josť Jačažnai „Mastal soncedulaði obert a to niðurso) -outso to gaiŕnow ndë Nhan dung la wead với gat thi and to ereduam te meldondong adó meine „neilson shlstvo darit Já –52790 TAİNGOT stáž did thegałym omu naomi mi testovi wodal wast,beosïquib ylimmatroq zalać do zooquest a galvos anl[000 -[[st yakilista Ila drogač st wnił à «nbtermška vīdzda zrov v bib userề sonamtulaki shadi siff „onis doaď mát dikguoral com Jaumeå To bo sốt Lidma žaow Lutonu evinnede súd nogu bedouet evad 1 § hua ▼ adganjazaq ni .kasceum ati ham shungayong yumao to madwy in niát mi śmiettab vihaa neď atav,au danima vilastos Joa 11 „aroqsçumu sosulɗ) odt ediz‡ë [imo grado - maye qumaa sɗT „beðnar or Jadw dulldog od bisita Jussi Ja qizinio regsqawa seenhit vino sad has „aredinta edd ynous amw BIOJ continued publication during the Strike was the "Wah Kiu/Po" which had to be hand-written and reproduced by lithograph for some days. But this journal was afraid to print certain propaganda for us even under police protection: at first the proprieter and the editor promised me to reproduce in the paper certain leaflets I handed to them, but when the compositors were given the copy they all left work secretly, and for two days the paper could not be brought out. 54. ▲ few days after the commencement of the Strike the Government, on my recommandation, established a bureau for counter-propaganda among the Chinese, which was placed in my charge, with Mr. Teng Tak-kwong, Mr. Fung Yuk-shum and Mr. Li Sheung-ning as my assistants. Our first difficulty was to get our literature printed. Private printing firms were afraid; the employees of the Government printers had left; and the Gaol Printing Press was very alow at this new work. We appealed to Father Robert, the head of the Societe des Missions Estrangers for the help of the Pokfulam Press, but the workmen there also refused, and would not be moved by his shortations. Six ring- leaders left, and when the police were appealed to by Father Robert, and tried to arrest them, they could not be found, having presumably fled the Colony, Meantime the work of the Gaol Press had improved and we had to rely on it entirely, though the type used was unsatisfactory. But even the tranquil atmosphere of the Gaol was not free from the Strike fever, then we were very anxious to issue an important leaflet, a prissner"accidentally" dropped the frame of type already set up, scattering every lette on the floor. This resulted in delay of twenty-four hours. On another ocOSSİON a cutting machine was mysteriously broken, Even the coolie-distributors of our pamphlets were tampered with, for when we checked the distribution by enquiries along the suppose route of the workers, we found wide gaps. It was mly *ofwill me."end Bow edindi eid zniwb noitesilduq bevaitaco ko, ngumpontih, yd beouborger bar gpttttw-hasd ed o♬ bad díotni. niadzeo dalıq of biarla nav Laertsoį akát tud .syab emoɑ við Jatik da imoltoetaną soilog tekmu neve as tot abusgaqor A ouð at souborger of em bonžmʻng yo±lbe edỡ bas retainqong urodisoqueo edt medy Jud náð að bakaní I stoltzcl mladiec out yol bas plienas izom the¡ ¡La yedi yyos sɗi movią ozav „Šuo žázvesť od tea blwen zegaq edə atal edł zašla syah vol A edt exists out Tot maetud a bodalida. yu ni beosiq now doldu **M bas muuda»da? _ymet • ŠKLAMATO VOĽ où saw yšiuolîlib Jazit nưð „sénatalana qUE (ALTIS #1OV mariti gultning staviti „bodułną ozudasedlí zo da: edź bus ¡étel had azedażng Jusserseveð edi Yo anayo[qu» »de Jeqya el „irov won aldi da mola ysov um axorī gaišnir? Losť Questaï noobunili sab stelooƐ adé lo hand adi,drodali tadtal ov cala erent memaltov adi død (usert maiskiet add to qled est rol -quời xiủ .#coldatrodas ažủ yď bevam od den blarow bus,beauteï zeddat yď où BeLaeqga araw sežiog sat bas „itel azabao bavol ed tan binoo yedi,modi žaorta of holzi bas,drados. SUDAS ŽETOïqui ad szeri Ioal adê to drow adð multzooM .82 saw beau egyé odł dzwoni Cylexiêm ki me ties of bas Iosfet to zedgaonta Ikupaazi odě novo tul „piotontaktanoAS ALDİXпs TTØY Szow or moda „novo) vážnéë odë mori sent don ası "yilatœmbioos"remulag a „doilasi Jandroqui ma swaai of zel ytovo zaiteddaos (qu Jos ybarsia eqyć to smart edź beqqərb 0 •«woń woï=ytuowd le yalab në beëineer uidi A add mo .medord pluvolzednym new sakdomu gaištvo z ●łassoo reddom.. Beroquod stew ateliquaq xwo to axojudintalheallaco adë norā Luo le asistupas yu moitodistalb edt bedondo ew mede tot „dth. plo saw ji açıq əbin bawoł sw „stedzow end to etuor @zoqqua ei after several changes of distributors that we got the work done properly. Attempts were also made to spy on the work of those composing the propaganda literature, but these were very ineffective. The difficulties raised by our enemy show the fear with which he regarded this new weapon of ours. The Canton Authori- ities and labour agitators took our propaganda so seriously that on one secasion they went to the trouble of answering our leaf- leta categorically in their labour paper in Canton - "The Path of the Labourers." This was in the issue of the 25th July, 1925. In the same issue they exposed our methods of working; but so far they have been unable to check the growing influence of our leaflets and other literature. While the Chinese at the beginning of these troubles swallowed everything the agitators told them, they became more critical after a fortnight of our treatment. At first they believed the most absurd lies about daily murders, intended cutting off of the water supply to the Chinese, the assassina- tion of the Governor by an Indian soldier, invasion of the New Territories by 50,000 Chinese troeps, and wholesale incendiar- iam to take place on a certain date. It is unnecessary to re- peat all the wild rumours which received full belief. When our propaganda was really under way, though two, if not three, political murders actually did take place, no one would believe the fact! This effect of our work is still continuing, and it has produced marked results not only in the Colony, but song Overseas Chinese. In Singapore a significant incident was re- ported by their Secretary for Chinese Affairs. One of our pamphlets was sent to a prominent Chinese, and it so impressed him that he had it reprinted in a Chinese paper, and the example was followed by the rest of the Chinese press, with a complete change of tone as a result. Posters were also made use of by us with considerable drow add das ok jadi azotudisdnih to nagrado Intovan TØJ frow edi no yge of sham onla exam atqonda „piroqorq maab BIOW DROŠŤ Judeusarai LE Usiw zaoƐ art -izonitud notanů ode Jasuo To negrow vin uždž dend yinvolves on aknagayang two food stołałiya xwedaÏ Îna vaiši isel too gaizowane te afdwest ndë yüdć możnaces the do- ignitron te obuižem soo hoseçin yadi sanaj eoneuftai gatverg adi fuo done mood swan yacit xa2 on đưd salduơið seÐÁ Vedd exit bobonduk REITO 400 GT makaezi zoo to doplačzet a zadła Insidèro zabıım yliah émoda soll irtamda 28an acid bovoi laď -ALİNUSTUA BÁN (meanino ads of yiqçan solar edi že 224 paALETNO weit ads. To moinsvni „zoikien mihuï „ď zamievað aedt to soit -zaibasoak elsteLode bas Jaquesë vonsidỡ 000.00 yf večzOJİTTOT godW. Też fod List Bovienez deždy renomus &[kw náð [In sole yllows sev ale ovei Ind bloow ‚voniq mint kèh yllaston azabıım laužšiloq Ji has „zaimituos Iliže al from wwe lo dosite sidi länet adá arom Jød,pmeÏ00 ac ni yine den ad lower hutzan bonuborg and -91 now Jnahkai šamellingêu a erogaynil o? .cooki:D aseTIST( wo to amo existia osaniɗ zal zatezeeß ziedi yď batzeq bezɛeiqni on 32 kua‚awaninë Juenimosę a od dnes nav stológung sique co add bua sogog sveskaŭ a ni badninger Ji had od šadë min ajsiquoo a dėžw (soaną osonic add To Juos adi yd howello? sem „j fusez a za mod to syando eldezabismos cóiw au yď to anu abam quia exew aretac¶ success, being put up in such places as the Chinese Recreation Ground (where the lower classes assemble), near the Post Office, the Central market, and at prominent places in Shaukiwan, Tau- mati, Hunghom, etc. These posters were sometimes issued in the name of an imaginary association called "The Peace and Order Preservation Society", and sometimes without any names at all. 59. mut the best medium of propaganda has been the news- paper. At the beginning of July, as the only Chinese paper then publishing was unable or unwilling to print our news, wê ereated our own newspaper. This was the "Kung Sheung Yat Po" (The Industial and Commercial waily News), which was started largely through the instrumentality of Mr. H. K. Hung, a local solicitor, who got one of the oldest and ablest Chinese editors to write the leading articles. This editor, Mr. Pun Wai-chau, unfortunately, has sinos died. Vr. Hung also secured the help of two other Chinese se publisher and chief editor respectively - men who had been expelled from the Kuomintang on account of the moderation of their views. Though at first the "Kung Sheung" was only a small single sheet, less than half the size of the large double sheet of the "Wah Kiu Yat Po", it has done good from the very day of its issue. The publication of a paper independent and fearless of Bolshevism, which daily at- tacked those doctrines, inspired a little courage in the "ỹah Kiu". The other newspapers which had suspended publication also recommenced with a daily issue of one sheet. To-day, because of the example of the "Kung Sheung", all the Chinese newspapers are anti-Red, but we are carefully watching at least two of them to see that they are not converted by Russian money. This shows that the rapid spread of feeling which can so easily be induced in a mob, can also be caused in the daily journale which affect and reflect the mob psychology. The men who launched and are running the "Kung Sheung Mouð¬sioni araninë sốð na vanniq doera në qu doq galad „918000m coi110 Jao9 aốt zaan ((eidmana sonaalo zowel adi azader) BewozƉ BUSY,nawklumat ni seoniq anonimong da ban Larsinaŭ edi mì baươni namijanoa azam uzajnog donat Öna sox3% set” belian noidaisonas cinslənd nanan yna Juacid kw 20 amma adź bus,"şinisel noliersesezi -aling sad moed saa To užkem Juod odi Ow #VAN 200 JALINE BË "o¶ jaŸ yumdi yaz bejzaje nav Liikumu no sidumu nav puidui yliau Lażona In Jazba I mdf) Broji be seenź:D Josida ban „Invidouquet tetibe Teide han to drurodos so gesinimal eat most balingze sood had „HUDİT Xindi. Za noktası yani" add desit da osis sat îjad aadi sool stob sad ti .eĩ đây nêX da?” edi 20 juoda a¡ducă agtaj sat to a lo nolžastidag ndë -Ja ɣllah dolde „miredalelf to sončnost any" adà al syrupeo slázií a bezigani noidnožídug Badungnan ind لمتاح لها evenind ads Ile,fyzzadi grad" odi lo siguro adé de galdadaw yllotesao azn av juf asicsuf yď hadrevnes dok gin yogi Jadi uso colde yai fost to baenge ligar edi tadi vileb edt al bosumo ad onia nao a ni boorkul ed piisao os • Çənləñoyog dem est Joeller has jɔella noide aisurivoj en and zout" sdt gaimen sus bas be..21mel ww nem en .00 deserve every credit. They have been marked out for tire punishment by the Canton "Reds". There is little doubt that the bomb outrage in a tram-car near the Ventral Market was lirected against the two Kuomintang "renegrades." The bomb xploded in the car they were using, at the stopping place here they almost invariably alighted. By the merest chance, they intended to get off the car one section later, and so had hot descended to the lower stage of tramar where the bomb was placed. 31. We must all agree that there is great need for continued propaganda. Our enemy has been, and will be, unceasing in his attacks upon us, and his attempts to buy over some of our Chinese hewspapers. We must keep in educating the public, and see that bur case continues to be presented to them in the manner we rant, whether we have actual civil disturbance at the time or with other hot. With this object Mr. Chow Shou-son and I Chinese merchants, have recently turned the Kung Sheung Yat Po it into a permanent newspaper, and are running/at a considerable loss, even with the Government grant of $500 a month, as a large number of copies have been sent abroad gratis. 62. English propagandais, 1 understand, being done Captain A McClay of the South China Publicity Bureau.| Counter-Froraganda amang Chinaga Abroad. When the shooting incident in Shanghai was followed by similar unfortunate events in Hankow and Caton, the latter involving considerable loss of life, Chinese opinion became violently anti-Britiah. This was particularly true of the Over- seas Chinese, who showed their sympathies by making large remittances to Shanghai and, later, to Cason to assist the strikers, endeavouring to overcome this feeling we adopted the same procedure as in our local propaganda, beginning gently but increasing our effort as our first measures took effect, noso -21 Toni „divezo yxOYS OFIBBLA Jupoð eltsil si exeñï ."abef" nożnal end yû tnsmisiauq eti Bedrail læring? ada rasa sɛo-mazź a at egasivo duod sit dan duod agi ",sebar_emer" gasinkmal ovi odi tanlaşa betonTİ. sosiq gaiqqoda ta „gatur erev yodi zao add mi babolçu zeonado Jestem odd y¤ chotiglia vidaisarni Jaemla yedi szem best on kasvatal mitona sao odř Yie dag of bekastal von jada Townỉ sốë së bebasanai #cũ berniduos ret bosa Jasız až onedź kadł serga Ila Jaaks of ‚Ě aid ni zalassom (od like bas «mood sad yaman za✪ sabar{#qor: that suo le amos tove qui að nöqasida skí hna qau moqu adoaji: solid osa har validag náð guðð anush apeze fpe poin ew Tennám sát xà modë në kodzonesą, of of assailémon sano “ To suit edź da seuadrada žh Livio Lamtoa omad.om saúdedi. Ja redto fitte + I has non-pedi malo vuil évojde akár dti „J of Jal grondE beatuż píšusses and coönsdorem suoni. síúszakkamoo So Jarry duamrzovek odź ářky nave vnitary boonda Jusa need avad selges to redana egz i mistqot Waeb saeb zated hondarɛhan 1,82,abanyagang sån 1 Esgerlið Kadi už šunkissż yażdeoda odř nadi. wadzali mi sÈMvo skammdolar talimi sinoad malaiqs soomidi) „elii în ami eldamekianoo gaivierai -zurü edê to auză vizalvolésag aan alat odak&Fx6=1&mm &£&am Iol ozzai gaidam yi aslitaganga Tinad bowoda odu jossakit are osis takana of oð, meðal,hess Ladyandi et senaatti: Eetɖobs ew galleet sidð smontavo at gaituovasbas I „aTodir. vljus, atanized,aina,aqoʻng Laval ze al ma exubeoesq „doolis mod setvagem fatit zwo a. troîte zwo yaissezeni du We sent our leaflets and the "Kung Sheung" to centres in Ameri- ca, Australia, the Indies, and other places; and we arranged for occasional private letters to be sent by selected men to their friends. Then we calculated that this literature had reached their destination, and had had time to work its faflu- ence, we arranged for the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, the As- seciation of the Twenty-four Mercantile Guilds, and the Commit- tee of the Tung Wah Hospital to send a telegram to the Overseas Chinese, translation of which is given below:- "The present commotions in Canton which are ruining the trade and industles of Canton and Hongkong and bringing calamity to workmen and merchants alike are beyond all doubt due to the Canton Government's out- right adopting of Russian Bolshevist principles. The control of all the naval and military forces has passed entirely into the hands of Russians. It has been definitely decided to put Communism in force and impose a levy on all building construction and house property. A reign of terror is being inaugur- ated throughout the Province to the unspeakable dis- treas of its population. If assistance is not speedi- * ly given, this poisonous tide of Belshevism will steadily grow until it engulfs the whole of China be- yond hope of redemption. We on the spot see with our own eyes the appalling nature of the situation. But we fear that our friends in distant parts of the world may not realise the truth, and are therefore addressing you in order that all may know the facts. We implore you not to be misled by lying propaganda. From the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, the Tung Wah Hospital and the Association of Twenty-four Mercantile Guilds of Hongkong." The Tung Wah Committee is widely known and universally respected among Overseas Chinese, but had never befoer taken. -İrsel af sexdneo of "sweat zawl' edi bua uteftasi xwo dass si begasrik om han juosaiq reddo ban (vaikai ant važiavdnud,no od nem bejselen yd aman að að vročžať staving lasačmense so? had wrodawaj¿í ukář jadi hatalomino ve zodi, shanizî ziedē -pink ski fram að and -dimo edi SAOSTOVŮ Act së Latignol doll gut sáž «rvelad nevig at naiim to notžalomvið „moonia) sad galate exa dožár netnaŭ në malë sza odžia ndanistan has -dro a'‡nsatzzevað neðanů Zamiqżoning južvedeled asinoull to quitqala zdaln san usoxo? gradilim bna. Lavan sit ila to Iosinee edi sad JI .sasivaak te akund sáð sini yionično borang HOTƠI NË MBİNLEmů dng of hebtosh plaižnížek moed bas nolāmuzianos gulbikud Lia yroi a ovoqni baa -ugusal galed at zernoć Ne možer à -ulb afsarlaoguar sál -ibanga jan al quantaža Lèw mirada Lal Ya sokévert od čredgrenáž koda 21 .mokiningog než žo summoning sida „novky vi bĺTow adź to ndung zunësið ni SAL3801hha esaterade Grid mart Latiquoli sinW yht aqad koer með to redus.al? abllut siiduseneki mol-yinent to moitsioonná sát knus *.goofyroll te vilsurovinu ban mwani yľahiw ni ostðimeð del gat edi .. „nežaj tootaď ravan bad juf ‚eseal:D aamuz910 aroma bejoeqaet my part in politics. Their association with the despatch of the telegram undoubtedly added considerable weight to it. In reply to the message powerful associations which till then had been silent, began to cable to China and Hongkong for further Information, and almost all Chinese public bodies stopped hending remittances, In two cases,however, abusive replies wen received, but on the other hand the moderate section of the Kuomintang was encouraged by our success to send telegrama abroad condemning the Reds. The evidznos of the anti-Red attitude of the Overseas Chinese continues to accumulate, On the 15th October the Chi Kung Tong, the largest and most powerful association in North ad South America, passed resolutions condemning the Keds, and elected Chan Chung-ming to be its President, and Tang Chi-yiao (the Tuchun of Yunnan), vice-President. iál: Street Lectures. The fertile brain of General Leung evolved, in the middle of July, an idea of giving lectures, in the streets, to counter- act the influence of agitators. And this dangerous service was started by a friend of his, Mr. Keng Kit-ting who began by lecturing at the Chines e Recreation Ground where the roadies mostly collect, I myself and Mr. Wong Tak-kwong heard him there, and we were struck not only by the quiet attention of the audience, but also by the fact that they asked questions with an evident desire to be given accurate information, and a willingness to be convinced. Although Mr. Kong was stoned on two occasions, the protection of the Labour Protection Bureau was sufficient to enable this work to be carried on. The arrest of the suspected offenders in the case of the second stoning, prevented a repetition. Shortly after Mr. Kong began, some six Chinese gentlemen(five of the old literary class and one a graduate of an American University) offered themselves for this 10 dotrysch ent itim noitsioonas ziedi .soittloq ai treg va ni isi od it low eldazablanoo bebba yĺžedduoba mengele: node [lit doldw anoitaloossa Istrawng synssam adź së viço: Jwl tol ammigawli bus antað at sidao od zagoć „žmolts mood i boqqota selbed olidag osonlɗ) Lla toomis has „meitauzolai „oliqoz ovlanda ent to meltona odgsobom odt hasd zeddo work. The services of three have been utilised, and we are paying them a conveyance allowance of $60 a month each, as they are required to lecture at all places (including the New Territories), wherever our information leads us to believe that their services would be beneficial. umeryalet km OF SADDONS THo yi legertresno sam gestalno në sabak adi zalim, baoo kao %d; »liza edi le comhive odi idu cát ru tạo thi zoki ni moltaisessa painamaq İnan ban dungsal edi ba,abəll edit ɑakambano amituiones bonang inatumi divol k osiy-id Sast bas,kasbiner¤ aðì od st the-gmedő nadƐ bežosi „âmbineTM-selv,{name} to mudout adt) Olbiim edi si,ževiove saved Lasmś to utamí slitso? Common of ‚aðsenda náð að innsutoni zaivky do sabi na vylub to all solvtan suozegaab alď „atečačiya ko esmoulink adt to: yd nazad eder gæld=#kä asibwot sát eredu bauoTU .Il said to husith a yď indust vitastooli a szakdə adi ta sukrutoɔli mid brand, zno vivial quot .92 bua Loogu I „doolloo yĺduo lo neišnešta dolup sáð yď yĩao dom doazia eten av bas (etONT anoidsený bežnayoɗé žadź dost osla dad Leone Ebus aris Las, no išmerse tak odazmena movky of et esisaă časžive na ddi. 1:0 becoða sam zrel vtil dypodélà „bonaivxoo od sé saex_miIllw a Juozui mitoodeti szedał So možtosłoną odź janelaseze qui eɗt .ae betTTao ed að ázev slóð aldane at #meloliton a.. intonen edit le sano edi al azaboetie stoegam edł to Jaers: Visad 2001 .zM teška pištosi „noidideqer a boźnoveny (paknoś Lim Beslo piazeðli hló adi lo evil)mome[tasy snoutɗo zła naʊ. zayleamedt beretto (ydłazovtal quotïemā no lo staubatų, a 800 Male Financial Heasure (a) Embargo on foort of l'ongy Then a general strike is combined with a nation-wide boycott, the financial effecte are not much less than those of an international war and partial blockade. It is not eur- prising therefore that the financial structure of Hongkong broke down under this double strain. While the Strike paralysed the banking activities of the Chinese, the Boycott struck at the community as a whole. 68. The European banks were able to meet the storm, and ulti- mately to afford considerable assistance to the Chinese native banks. The first effect of the disturbance was the heavy with- drawal from the Chinese banks of notes and specie, which began to leave the dolony. On the 22nd June, the Government issued a preclamation prohibiting the export of gold and silver coins in amounts exceeding $5, and gold and silver bullion; and also bank-notes of every description in amounts exceeding $5. Al- though many bank-notes of large denomination were smuggled out, this messure did succeed in cheekmating the systematic and or- ganized attempt of Canton to drain the Colony of its currency, and, if possible, te cause wholesale failure of the Chinese banks. Even at that time confidence in the foreign banks was apparently unshaken, for Hongkong bank-notes were being taken out of the Colony instead of being presented for encashment. The angry comments of the Canton Press on this action snowed how disappointed our enemy was. sus on bus,bonifiðu need svaa sexd) to sBOLVIÓN BEZ „Izow .. sasa odnom a 038 To soɑawella sonayovacs a medi yai yaq adi znikuloni) nonnig Lin da ezutoel et besinyer esa yəni svoiled of an sheei noidartelaż zo severede,(načvadživať vod aliented and hoen anh thời tuổi abiw-noitan a džźw boxidnon si stizia fovering a avoid amid swel naam Jon esa ajostte laionanti edi „Jiseyed -IUI đọa L đi „sandoold falasag han saw Insoliamsojnë në la grofysoll to smutnersta lažaanať? jadé exetesadi gaining Ja Karija džooyol on of side ezõe sized saaqesë së STİJAN GODSi ald of sasainivan sidazokianos brolia ei pinjam -udiw yrɔod odź any macsachant uži nad že jockže juxil nayad notie,sisegu ban sočan. Ye neď ananich) qui mort Lamech boʊsaž Jnemrzovol adź,emert, But evasi si Lammlerıq a axioo xovlia has Bag To ¿vot cala bua ¡nsilind zavila ban. Mog „Juo befgguna esow nakłaninanah agua¡ Yo saran-dand yoon -10 ban aliamtuga jonerte ati do wołać odt slash at mod senaldo odř to eıritat siano facie dža boslang ,nidinsog ti, Ja asw stand agters? edi ai vonski Inco noɔlej znied eror nodec-fand gratyzell set sladan: Vitnozagga „énsadnevne zet hatnsseng aniad to haetani yneleb adé To Jua bewona moždom såsë me snert nojaaŭ adi te atzampoo (zJOA .saw game too hejalonganih vod FINANCIAL MEASURE -(b) Partial Moratorium. The Chinese Registered Banks were in a weaker position than the European Banks for various reasons, A certain amount of over-trading had taken place among the former as a whole; and although their resources were quite large and adequate to the ultimate satisfaction of all depositors, the trouble at the start of the crisis was to find immediate liquid assets. There is reason to suppose that some at least of the registered banks would have been compelled to suspend payment in June, and the same apple to the native banks. It was necessary to gain time. To compare for a moment small things with great, the Chin- ese banks at that time were in the position of the London Joint Stock Banks on the lat August, 1914. But whereas in London the lucky accident of a Bank Holiday (extended for two days) enabled the Treasury to provide new currency, and to guard against any possible run, we in Hongkong were obliged openly to suspend payment by means of a partial moratorium until help This, therefore, is not strictly comparable with the general moratorium declared in England on the 6th August,1914. Our moratorium lasted from the 22nd to the 29th June, and on the latter date the Chinese Registered banks re-opened for business, having mobilised their own resources, and were able to meet all obligations. [Tratman, The moratorium was suggested to the Ghvernment by the Hon Mr. Chow Shou-son on the evening of the 21st June. On the previous day (Sunday), general moratorium had been mentioned the non Hr. at Government House when/Mr. A.G.M.Fletcher, Mr. Chow Shou-son and I were present; but no decision was reached. The request made by Mr. Chow was for a partial moratorium applying only to Chinese banks. He tried to see me in my office at 5-30 p.m. on the 21st, but I had left for home. However when I heard of the decision next morning nidinog redaow a al eren adamā berotatzek saszidə edT Gambaæet avoltar tel adnat naeçozol ad♬ nadi polodu a na zamrzo) adł zmama soalïq miał bad gaikerderero 20 sníð oð aðsupeha bas syrai otkop even asemisaar sindt dyrodt lɛ sili da síduosi sáž „stačiaoquà Lla to mišnakaiinu eðamiðlu maudpatosan klapli stalbenmt in22 að alažno odě ko dzadu beraðalger aút že tuasi da omon žasź onogɛım et monser ai Conyl ni Juençaç İmoqams of bellequo need svad kirow adaɛɛ OF CIABADORA LA 31 „nánad sviðan nái còunțiqga emas srit bri -210 edt tæery dēlu syukált Ilmu kuomam a sel otagion et „ami. da sized on: (ayab out zet behuədm) yahilok inaf a to žuokloos pinu. bræus of baa ometaso ma skivong of yzuzaari edi beiden vimugo bezlido ezam zmożzmok al ou «ari sidlaseq yas tanke;. gled ittau musirofanom latisny a de Kaon y Żywçaq bungau. sát düłu eldasaqueo yĺžobrin den at „ezolanodd quide „IRI, Fauqua dið nái mo haalgat až bezalonā mulroðasam Latecoę ko ima pearl dies edt of butS cát mort božaní mubrodatom "EAC ent auď vol bemeçores aimed hentaizek onenia) váž otak teŠJA. Joan of sida araw bas «800709001 ziedi houklidem Zulvať ohmožðagildo IL odò đủ,marɩ taIS adł to zalmeve edi ...okta... need bad mitzetozen Sprouse a (rapan) qab unoivos -voliti vodi .xli, zadná o IV, M, Đ. & .7H\ndu enpoli Juomarzo voŬ J. Sucuper edt „bedzser now motatoeë ou dad ¡amosong erow I ba vino talɣiqqa muitodazom Iriding a sol new vodi vrli yď shen: ...g Üded da solilo yu at sm son að božxé ali jadnad sesalúð o. to Izzed I zady zovemoil,emed to? ttel bad I Juď (tai adt no zakaron ¿zna melaloeb sáð ing, I informed him and the Assistant Colonial Secretary that I supported the measure. Although I gave my support to a moratorium on this occa- sion, I may perhaps be allowed to point out some of the dangers which always attend the taking of such an extreme measure. These dangers must be borne in mind if a similar occasion a- rises in the future; and the effects of the financial situa- tion, as it then is, must be carefully considered. A mere mechanical imitation of precedents may lead to grave results. 72. The moratorium at all times is a dangerous device. If it became the regular practice to declare a moratoriu in every financial crisis, the natural check to over-trading, namely, the fear of the resulting crisis, would become too weak. It is only justified by political disturbance so unex- pected and of such intensity that no ordinary exercise of business caution or forsight would be sufficient to meet it; and this was our case in June. Granted that in this case the moratorium saved some of the Chinese registered banks and many of the native banks from the necessity of suspension in June and July, it nevertheless completely disorganised the financial fabric of the Colony. It occurred immediately before the June Settlement fixed for the 23rd ( a time probably chosen purpose- ly by our cunning enery), and made it impossible for that Set- tlement to be carried through, since the bulk of Stock Exchange transactions had hitherto been financed by leans from the banks; and all the banks, including the foreign banks, suddenly with- held the financial support already promised. This sction created Tery widespread apprehension of ruinous losses among the Chinese merchants and traders of all classes. In fact there was a Stock Exchange panic, and the Settlement had to be postponed - a step whose justification is still a matter of controversy. It is true that but for the postponement there would have been whole- sale failures which would have spread through the community in JBÚJ VIAJSTORƐ Isino100 Jasasažand add baa mid bestoðni Iasi Jauumaan sit hetsaqque I eveg. I dguedt JA -8000 sidź mo muizojasem a od drogque arsyaab adt to smos duo žalog at bomplia zizaq yam I,moja ·SIVASOM OMULÍza na dome Te guidać odi siża wyawin dał cie - nolasove malisin a 22 beln nå erseď od žum azagaah sendi -nutie Islomaa?? adź To ajoutto ndé hmo posutiã odë në nesër vion A, bezahl neon ¿listesse oë Juum jai nedi 31 an „mold 11.solvek mezeztah a ni së Lia ja misajazam odi në mizojasom a winlash në vožtoong naligas nút moood 12 (jačkasi-zero of fondo Lenutan adi,ałażro Inčonani? yearo God amond kinow „alaiso gait Laos -xaan on seasdratnih Lonitiing yi haitisnut vino ni àI To saiosana yunalise on danê yêżannini simen to ban hajnog 132 Joes of insis¿Tua að kløen éiginsel ve soldama andELE MAI ď edi osas sidi ni janë botuesh yuna ban aland bezatažges seminů buvau mĖTOJATOM soul, në nożnangnan Is pileumann náð mext mlaod ovžiam mát Te Leioasalt edi bosinsgranih plezalques scurt, odi exeted pistaihound herzmoos #1 -onoqroq assado pidadaną • umožnŬ ndé Ye alıdal -joč jade zet sidivnoqni ti a_nadaxă foart to flad odt om jafnað adź merk manol yd boucheż? „mined sylvast nút guider lar bajnato moitas ald? „honimosą gloeila JTI evenind sdt gaam vanosť meanders. To ma XoojƐ a man erade just af benoştreg að „okang nyandazi ni di yonovarinos To tâm a Líkêu už množčasikišusį sosɗİN -elow œsed avad binor ezedł mʊneograng ndé vot død dadd more ni giaremos and dgvordi harqe ovad blow dołów soruitsi sisa the well known way in which a Stock Exchange crisis passes into a general commercial erisis. Still the postponement made it easy for many to dishonour their contracts, and the result was a state of chaos in the share market, which still exists. In passing. I should like to add that it is open to question whet- her bankers were justified in withholding their support from the Stock Exchange at a time when such support was more than ever necessary for the general good of the community. Financial Hesenze (c) Gereramant-Ga 138.000.000 to ABATE BANNT. 73. The native banks are distinguished from the Chinese reg- istered banks by their methods of doing business. Until about six or seven years ago their madus operandi were to receive current and fixed deposits, and use the funds thus obtained to finance native trading operations of their clients. This type of business calls for personal acquaintance with the parties be- ing financed, and is sound and safe enough when carried out on the usual Chinese lines and with dus cantion. But the native banks had been tempted by the profits to be got from working on western lines, and consequently used their funds to finance share and property transactions. The excessive speculation in shares and property of the last two or three years has been due to the large influx of money from Canton and South China, generally for safe investment in the Colony. The native banks had financed such transactions in excess of prudent limits, so that when an organised run was made on them at the end of June, they were un- able to meet all their obligations, the securities held by them being unrealizable at the moment. In this sense they had been over-trading, and in spite of the support which was extended to the Hongkong & Shangnai them by the two leading English Banks Banking Corporation and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China by a loan of $6,000,000 (backed by Government guaran- tee) on the 29th June, seven of them have since failed, căni senang sitho synamozi dɔ032 a dokim ni yaw awoni liwe ndi aww draws mod ham,ndoæsinee ziedi znasozluth of yaam vol yana aï .edaima Liidu dažde „Jafzan ezada sát ni seada Ža stata i »jada aoijumup at mago ni Ji Jame mail Kimoco I .Ənisanq edi nori Jroqqun ziedi galblodátku ni muižžžnuj esøe wradnad vod Tove sadi Ora -20% onenido náð much badalagmitnið ens slaed grižan odt Juoda klámu nestined qužeb že skončen sjedi zí stand besad už od bentażde marsik komik kas žmOTINO Jadnails siens to ameišmango quibusë oviðna vezani) -að sviðzag and cdiw senninlampan Lamonzag zat ellas somniard Zo so due betrzne Lede comano ažu svijao odt diui „nožimo teh dtâm dus sani¿ ovani að Income nati no galfrow meil jog ød at stilong sdt på borgmi sood had rána ď excar sonsail at alaơt sindi baan yläreuponaco bas „sonli usožnOT setaña ni xoitsiyenge ovisaOOKS act of sab need and rzney DOZÁS Toż yllessong „naźch chwol har meðanð beannai? had mineď svišau net », yne) na node Jade an atimti Inadest To -AU STOW Tádž ut le ha est da gent yď blød najjizonon adi,moljagi) prengeng kas yosen te zulkai Běž DAARSEź zimera riods Lin Jons of alda need had yadd onsen mină al vinným mala za aldnasinesas pažad od bežnejze aan Ándúm drongen nut to adiga ni has „galhasi -sovo aizal dai fogai ysikaal om náð yď máj milastusid vai hul ko izaƐ betødsand and ban soltareqroð geislasi -Estar, Jaemtsevol yd bexand) 000,000,88 to usei a. · yd - aninɔ bus belist somis evan redi to naves ,aut diES ad? no (sa) On the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th July the native banks gradually re-opened, and the Order declaring the partial moratorium was repealed on the last date. In the interval from the 4th July to the 18th September there were sporadio attempts to damage their credit, in the course of which seven, as referred to above, had to suspend payment. tal Financial Measure - (d) £3.000.000 brade Lean. The Boycott has paralysed our trade. Even if it were lifted to-day the merchants would be obliged in some way to find money before they could carry on any large volume of busi- Added to this there is a real stringency of currency a shortage of means of payment which is making it impossible even for merchants with very large, though solid, assets to raise the working capital required to meet their losses and resume trade. What is the cause of this stringency? In the first place some $16,000,000 of cash was withdrawn from the Chinese banks between the 19th and the 22nd June, and a good deal of that went out of the Colony to South China before the Government's pro- clamation prohibited export. Some bank-notes of large denomina- tion have been smuggled out since; more has been, and still is being, hoarded in the Colony. It is estimated by a competent authority that at least $10,000,000 of our currency is being thus held out of circulation. There is therefore an actual shortage of hard cash. We have, further, the estimate of the compradores of our leading banks that $40,000,000 of our bank-notes are mut of circulation, or not in active circulation, the figure being arrived at as follows:- Reserves in the three leading Banks Reserves in other non-native banks Held in South China (Canton, etc..) And the above estimate of the amount $7,000,000 13,000,000 10,000,000 10.000.000 $40.000.000 villetres såned evideo add clut diè bas,bíč „baS and no .AT new Luizodarom Initiaq sit yaizsloeb mirü add bars,Demeqo=8°1 viut dêà adó nerth LavwJak wrið mi Loðað Jání sắt no belaeqer ezaamboð séquešća ožbesogn awr deti edi of vous of berster na „novon dełdy So „škiom złod bao quam of bad [000.000.201 oru ji ti mvă „obani wo boaylazaq sad JJoeysā adr .or od yaw suos at løgtido eď blaw nënadamat ade yahood IndYLI gruso bluso yadd azoted-yanmar besl↑ - yonetwo to youngalste løer a al emdé side of bebit eldianoqui di galimu ni doldu - Imargng to nasem to eyatroda a oj nienas,bilon diguedé „ogsal yav diku aðtandersom voŤ Dere bris wennol tiedt Joem of beziuper Latique yaiżzow sát salar soalq tatil sát nĩ Typowyabrda sidd to canso sit si JakT wilted emonte) sốt mot merkeldkw saw datao 1e 900,000, ALS ande Jaw Jadi 20 Loab bong a ban „scu% baf2 sdt has deVI vấát moveď -oʻzq a'dosaras vel odd erožed antið đâueƐ of gnosed edt to duo -sniwoneb syrať to nedar-food unalt ai Ilta bits,tmed and jeonłu śwo be Exgame coed orad noži Fredagnino a yf botanično al #I vymiɗ sát në Lebzood (galeď galeď už vom TEM 2o 000,000,0£# tunni ja Jade ytlnachwe Isudda na azotemadó at endi „noidnimutis Že duo Alad mockt eilt to ejamline ait,vadēmi porad all daso bread to ogatroda con-dinad we te 000,000,088 Jadi sikad galbeel mo to zero beriquuoo swuzil adé „zoidalvorto evidna ni dan so „mižalvario to dum er -Izzollot se da lovkrsa yuled mánaði vai ben f somið sáð at sevïeneï sked evitant-ción radio až nevresel (..oda,nojus)) antdə divoß ni DIsH Jovocia sɗt to ejauljae avoda eit krā bo ir god 000,000,18 000,000,&I 000,000,0 000.000,01 000.000. ONE Our total note-issue is about $65,000,000. This leaves only $25,000,000, in active circulation, and the requirements for normal trading are estimated to be about 845,000,000. Naturally a considerable part of the effective currency of the Colony consists of cheques dram against deposit accounts, such deposits being in many cases really new currency created by the banks by way of loans or overdrafts against suitable securities based on their cash reserves, Now this part of the currency has been restricted by the doubt as to the immediate solvency of the merchants. As the storm passed and the Strike dragged out, it became clear. that some measure would be necessary to replace the hoarded currency and to serve as a cash basis, or the extension of the cheque currency based on loans and overdrafts. It is well known that in times of stringency in the money market a comparatively mall aus will serve to draw out much larger quantities of currency into active circulation if it is provided in such a way as to inspire confidence. It now became urgently necessary to find that sum, and in such a way as to restore public confidence by a dramatic action. 77. Being convinced of the existence of a stringency, and realising that it was intensified by the anxious and uncertain state of mind of the Chinese merchants, I suggested a large loan from the Imperial Government, as the result of a letter from the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce to the Government on the 19th September appealing for assistance to the amount of $30,000,000 in the shape of Treasury Bonds. After discuss- ing the Chamber's rather vague proposals with the Hon. Mr. D. V. Tratman I submitted that it was necessary to appeal to the Imperial Government for advances not exceeding £3,000,000 Ster- ling on approved securities, for the relief of the Chinese mer chants and others suffering from the currency stringency fol- lowing the crisis. On the 22nd September a deputation from the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce was sympathetically received by His Excellency the Governor and the advisers whom Vigo nev.sel sint .000,000,¿âɛ tuoda si suami-ejan Latot WÔ Tot atrametłuper est bas,noldsívorio sviðsa ni ,000,000,GS# ¿l £austail 1000,000,388 Juoda að oð baðmidno axa gaibani Laurson Jairnod mole) Edt to postao svižnelle ad♬ la Fraq sidamhisnoo saied attuoqub dinum,namunana žinoquä kaataga mazh soape de yaw yʊ named acid yd hodaono yaoTWO WA çiları meneo yanes MÈ no bound seizinnes oldatim iznima sftatimaye no sceof to need sad yoneruo adê te èraq nkát moll +OOTTORIT dano zhodi ant to tamevlon online art of va hinh anht of baller „Juo bagazh sátrés adi bea benang arzoða sáð så susiqat of Tisnesoon ad blwowN S'KALION #add "zas in scaped 31 núð “na paland dano orma si haa yaɑstwo babrand edi .BJʻstbravo ina ansol so besed partso supedo edit to nažaindro Jeklam yatou adë në “pangabału to malé ni Jadid coal Liaw at JI regral domu duo Mesh oð evma LLËw Liam glavišaÜRÇLIDO bezivorq si ti îl noiislumzia svižna odał yoœertwo to neididamug vidnegru Blaced won JI .someblingo oziquni od as yav a dos at stoðast of as yow a down gi boà „mu Jadi kuži od yraBERONE „ORIJOS DIJMath a yď sanabiinoo olIduq. kne,yomegnista a to scandalas sdi že hsonivmoo grief nistasom han avoizna sɗł yi beitiamsini saw 32 tudi zatekloor ol egral a bajaeggua ↑ „atnadoma ozeniɗi sát to balm to statu MOTŤ mūžad a to dluser adi İmarmvað Laksequi adi meri epe oprene gerezr] (gumpet, eg gemelos fo spe geA OLIEVOKES (17 to Jesam edit of anuntaisas rol ynklasġga modinoz qoll d#91 sdt touch to had red là weds ĐẤT LÀ 600,000,03 .0 Va anh mat dat nha ong nen da sát gi sit of Lasyge of glasssoon saw 21 Jadi lažimdim I nastyT. „V -1938 000,000,äi gai besera doa seoɑmbe to? ¿nomeravoð Lał w qui -rem Baaridů odě 10 Tožiar add rol‚anitizoes Levozqga de gail -lot yoinguista yonaram adà mort gairetius amido has adrado mort soft Jugob a ndstone bris edt 10 BlRITO ĐẤT ĐAI yllaoiðadisqenya new Goʻtamnoŭ to rednad) Ister@ euertido náð maniW STOsivka •:id brie Torre voð edi yonelleard sill yd bevient he had called in. i had the privilege of stating the case on behalf of the Chinese. His Excellency lost no time in telegraph ing to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in London who in less than 24 hours replied, to the immense relief of the whole community, that the money would be made available in a few days. The immediate financial effect of this Imperial support has been shown in the time of the Nam Pak Hong market, and the stoppage of panicky withdrawals of deposits from Chinese banks. I cannot express at all adequately the effect on our Chinese Community of this great and generous geature. It is evidence to us of the power of our Governor to secure for us help in time of trouble, and of his willingness to be moved by any reasonable representations from the Chinese. Above all, it has convinced us that the loyalty of the Chinese of the upper and middle classes has been founded on a true estimate of British strength and of justice, and of the Government's tender regard for the wel- fare of the people at all times. 110 98.85′′ sát jaktaðu to egolivinq edi bad i .nl be [Lao bed wi 2 tled at emit on tuoi panelison àil Jessalád odd To 2Ľadać són mobɑod at seinolet adt zol staði to pzatezoek sút of gai ads to teller sammi sáð að «boligen emped be vot a ni shdallana akm od bluer yomu odt -loggam Lakregal alát to 9.15 kan,tadzam punki det mell pre pest syrans zu sted saanidu mort aźisoqah la alamaciółkw ydolasaq te ogaqqojɛ esontɗo wo no too220 náð gistapaha Ila da aserqm deunso 1 podobite al #1 .eménez avensong has faery side to pð laxm.00 sudo ni gled au zot ezwoes of zoazevel) zao to zemg edit to su noasei que yď bevom od ot savupużILkw ali le bas,sidoost to beontvnco and ti «Lia svodă „asozlíð eit mert amoltadmoasige, elhhim bua yoqgu odi to vocal do to yšlayol náð Jadi au panda dalšiza to sdamične ausd a zo behave? med and seeaşi I -low aút xol bıager salzet a'dœoursevol edt 1o has cooling) 4 „uomi) Ila da sigosq sát to ezsi Part III Scuf REFLECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. tab Success of Our Measures. All the measures described in Part II of this Report, with the exception of the embargo on the export of foodstuffs to Canton (para: 17) and the possible exception of the Tele- phone Censorship (para: 26), have proved to be, to a larger or smaller extent, efficatious in dealing with the different pro- blems for which they were specially instituted. If some of these measures had been thought of and taken at the commence- ment of the trouble, it is within the bounds of possibility that some of the unpleasant features which characterised the early stage of the Strike would not have appeared. Mats Necessity for Preparedness. Recommendation; Here, I would stress the importance of preparation. Some of the organisations already described are difficult to improvise, and, moreover, the knowledge that they are there ready to function, will prevent attempts at a general strike being lightly undertaken. This is not the last general strike that will be attempted. I would venture to suggest that an intelligent officer might be put permanently on the work of keeping "live" registers of Chinese volunteer workers for essen- tial service, and that as many as possible should be assigned their duties beforehand. A Chinese organisation parallel to the existing European organisation for times of emergency is required. I would also suggest that the successful measures enumerated in Part II, and any others which may appear to be necessary, should be embodied in one comprehensive list, to be ready for use at a moment's notice in case of any threatened strike in future. U« Proposal for Curfen. One of the numerous suggestions which have been made for dealing with the hundred-and-one problems that have arisen .BIDITACKERANDER OMA S¡DITEZIKA troge♬ aids to II dza¶ xt bedisbeeb nawaoom Bďž .81 atlutebook to Jrogue edź no ogrede adł to notiquoze edź dilw -olet and to moltqwoxs vidianoq sdt ham (TI taxaq) notus) of to regral s of jeď od bevorg ovad,(86 løzaq) qidatoɑmeð snočią -ɔxq tmmilih sốt dikw gnlisab ni suoteslika,kadza zallarım 20 alde 11 „Ledutišani vilakooqu own yest dołdw zot menelɗ -eonel2100 eúð da milat has to tágvedź moed had sewussen overð ylilidianoq do sinod odt siddiw ni di „oldwest adł do fawn: odd boniteJostado dołɗw voʻmatao? Juan.solgter add to amoa Jadi „betaeqga svad den blew existë edt do egats vīzas noktazaqOZY to constrogat adź amestu bisow I ‚emä jonktakma ST) beaitoneb ybsozia sunk‡aminagno sit to subƐ vodi takt øybelwand odd,myousom,ham eužvosquå od dimittib Loreneg a da adquædda dooyong L£kw,moléom/t of ghost suit era İzlemey Jual sdt ton ai nidr mánt mhaus viðdiski gated existe botqodża od Lkw Jadið sáliðn tait deegque of eastme kloon I to drow add no plinaarseq duq od ždyła mallde tuegillatai nus -nence to? smátov medmužov swald is antuiyor "a12f" yalquoi Longinum of blunda oldkanog an yao na dant les „onivme lakë od Inflatag nottminnymo suoni að A-Lhotada 10 Sed molduh zkedt ni yoongʻmmm to seské sol solisalangmo nosquad gaiteiro edi actuagem Iutasscoua edź Jaid Joeygus osia bluow I „bezłuper að oð tangga yasu dolde arselde que han ‚II dra% ni badammACIO eď od „Jakí eviameɗezgino smo už balbodkas eď kluaria „prosescen boredno rúd gas to esso al soltoa a'dimman a da osu mi theet sewtut ni odtuja during the last four months or so, was the introduction of the Curfew. This suggestion received some support from certain influential quarters, but it was considered to be unnecessary and undesirable by the Hon. Mr. Chow Shou-son and myself. We subsequently found that we had rightly represented the views of the Chinese community, which were expressed at a meeting on the 8th July, of forty-five leading members of the Chinese community, inkluding practically all the Chinese Justices of the Peace. The proposal was put to them impartially, and our own opinion was withheld until they had made their decision. In view of the importanes of the subject which might again come up for consideration at some future date, I give below the full argu- ments for and against the proposal. Arguments in favour: (1) The measure would have a good effect on the minds of the law abiding people. (2)It would not create any greater alarm than already existed. (3) It would lighten the work of the police. (4) The majority of the Chinese deserved no special consideration since out of a million Chinese residents only 1,500 had volunteered for service at the time. Arguments against: (1) The people's minds had just become less agitated, and a curfew might revive the panie. (2)Such measures would make the place look desolate, and might deter people from returning to the Colony. (At that time comunication by sea with Canton had not yet been severed, and people vere daily returning here though in amall numbers). (3) The gaol would not hold all those who would venture without a pasă, scam need evad dɔidw anoidɛe que evorezum erit to sno .08 JÁIS SVNÍ Jadi ane Idory 900-mi-lediani eid nat· Milae. *TA 20 GAMIọn quoi vasi erij mi..., niadivo „011 jroɩque suoa berieser „oitso¿qua sida,woÌIN: .1lwayu bas netverk vodo vil nok add yd sidaxisabaw ba muir edi betuwaonger pitäit had or tadi huet pitnowpeadı. no saltem a ja bonaoʻngzo atau dołtów vyšlnmmon snealdə edi : - co saexido add to arodnom zalhael svidey#wi lo qyint die Juomat add to seoltaut sesalili edi ¡la vilanitoang yakbuláni Možużgo nwo two bas spilakiraqué máð að Jug saw Lamogong on. to weit al .meiałosh złedt show had yadi Ilimu bløddelw ac (4) The measure would not deter bad characters from going out unless every street and lane had a policeman. They would still lurk in dark corners of streets and lanes as could be proved by past experience, (5)A curfew would be regarded by theignorant AE confirmation of the wild rumours that there had been murders and intended arson. The result of the voting shoved that nine were in favour of the 201 çu smoo ulaze żaɛłu doldw toejdua edł to canetroqui proposal, and thirty-four against, Mr. Chow Shou-son and I -za Iluk ent woled ovia I jotab oxudul omoa da neltavobingo. refrained from voting. Subsequent events have justified this decision. .Lanoqezq edi Jankaya bua zoi aứnc. izovat að náKOOKSZLÁ to ɑEntu edd no toslle beeg a ovad blnew erranom odT (1) .efqooq ymibida mai uzit y ceria nady miała tokaona yha odaeta toa bivov #I(S) „boðalxo .soling edź to źrow odd meddşki bisow #1 (8) Laloogs on bevisa.b esenlid edit to ytisofam odT (A) 1.isen osoaldi molilim a to duo sonla xolžasaklanco ,cult ent ja selviss zal dezesźmilov had 003, I vino ¡tanlage stumrgzá „botadiga assi snood tauḥ had abnim a'siqooq odT (1) pala q est ovivos žagiu vėsuo a bet „otsłonah isol sosiy sit simm bison sezoneam doct(3) 160 sát of gakiusten mert olqooq rodub #dylu bua b. modnaŭ dìiv sos yď noitaokamumo onić kadi #A) tinadən qilab szem elqooq has, beseves med Jay Jon .(utodemon Lamm në dɔpodt szed vlečkov (Inel odw osodt Iis blod tom blwow Isay edt (8) .azaq a Juodi kw Stratazio Points of Strikers. 81. Recommendatim: In future, whenever a strike is threatened, arrangements should be made for the members of the Police and other protective organisations to be posted at the strategic points mentioned in para 9 to prevent intimidation, ng for axis and undesirable Recommendations: The boarding-houses should also be care- fully watched and searched for arms and undesirable persons; and the searching of arrivals by train or by boat should be made even more thorough in spite of the difficulties which, I know, accompany the task. The boarding houses and the places of entry are where arms are most likely to be found, and once they have passed these points they would be hard to discover. 83. In this matter of searches for arms, use might be made of the Street Committees referred to in para 50, for they are more likely than the Police to discover the possession of arms by strangers coming into their streets, or by strange behaviour of any inhabitants. Iru zetab Jon Live: ezwaren biî (3) berí ansi bas jeezja provo anelmutuo zaloz 4106100 Azab ni xxl llits bluoi post ramolloq jung yu barong od bineo as, senai bas stosida 2. Jasmonsteds yd bebragez od åłnow volano A(8) bui ezodt tadi arzoort b[Zw odt be noktamıkknoo nssız bedzežni bus srebraKI lo woval al oxow onka Jadi dowoda yaktov sát to dinner oď. I ba non-vodě modi) (aiduntays quoteyizidi kus «Isnogor Lidt belkijau) evaď zámero tuençoadat „galtor meri baslarla: .cisice. si sdizin a TevezeÉv (ozatot al lo atedmem adt ret skam að blonda admomognatta,komodasi NÁJ da bataoq eď od amitasinalno ovičoadesq zedto bas soilo (imital daevazq od 2 araq ni bamolšnem aduloq olşadanta edə ...as idoxiashar tos -.......0 80 cals binoda asavod=_nibzaad adT Tanoaraq eldarzisebut kas maza xot bedorses has bedażaw TILL. dianed bloda Jaod yď to niasi yd alavitza že zaidozasa BÚS and I,doldu soldimi?2ih odt le stigu at dgposedë ezÓM MOTO lo neoalq edt bas seeped zalbtaod sɗt „dnat ad? ynaquo:00. Joɑɑ bas,havo) eď od yiedli taom esa maza ozody oza VIŠNO .Teroosib of brad ed bluew yoái sérleg snoɗð kosanq avad you na 101 sedozasa to zedłem alið al .86 ous yodd 101,03 axaq ni et herseler avoðžkamoŭ doezdů add to to moisaearoq.oút zavolala od seklo¶ add nadó piedli szo. -Lustda yď To padoezja tiedt osmi zalmoo areɛnatda yď mars „atastidadat yus to zooival The grant of permission to loyal citizens to carry arms has obviously to be exercised with discretion, and I quite understand the view of the Authorities that possession of arms by those unskilled in their use may be more of a danger than a safeguard to them. But when these men are enrolled as special constables and given the duty of arresting criminals, some of whom may possibly be desperate characters, it appears only right and logical to provide them with arms as good as those which the criminals may be erected to possess. Men given revolvers to enable them to discharge puolic duties, such as Police Reserves, can easily be put through a course of training in the use of firearms, These men are normally peaceful citizens who have no experience of the methods of de- fending themselves without arms, or of affecting arrests by mere skill of physical strength; and therefore their confidence would be enormously increased by the mere possession of a revolver, while at the same time they would be more feared by wrong-doers. Both Kr. P.F.J. Wodehouse and Mr. T.H.King granted permission to carry arms whenever recommended by Mr. Chow Shou-son or me, and this concession has been much appreciated by the law-abiding Chinese. Nevertheless, we consider that it has not gone far enough, and we therefore suggest that mambers of the Police Reserve might be given revolvers when on duty; and that each Street Committee might be allowed and be made responsible for, a couple of revolvers for the use of their guards. At any rate, if no revolvers can be supplied, at least a better type of truncheon might be issued. The ordinary police truncheon is not consider- ed to be a very serviceable weapon for dealing with desperate characters, and a new type with its head loaded with lead has been suggested. Chinese Domestic Pervants. 85.- Recommendation: In the past we have been too dependent upon the Chinese for our domestic service. In view of our ex- qizlɔ nu amezidio layol od moiaaimïug 20 Janız atiup I bas,moltezomib dil. beaitseze od ot ylawolvɗo amú to molusouzoq tadi asiškzodtud edł to waży odë huatazo Banu magnab a to onom od yam onu xladé mi beiltäamu onodd yď marzo bellozas sza nem osed? code dvi mest að búaugelas a nadó paleniuito gnidaeïns to yình odi moviy has anIdadanoo Intonqa ngo ti jazedostalo stazaquah od yídiasoq yam umdu To us Long sa maria dìim modă obivanq of Laolyol bus tiyir pino nell .aasanog od bežne za od you slantuizə adi dolda saodi seidub Diluq oynadozik ož medź sidans of steviovet novi; to eatwoo a dipresa dug od piłam não vas vienai solisï na yllawrion eta 10m Daeft parsamx)) to sau odł ni zaİNİNTİ to aboɗtam edź to somstraqIO Svaď ody sanzitio [užsoseq KJASTLA Zmitosita to ze Juodšia saviesaedi gakbæe? bolobitnos ziedi erolerent bas (dégustée Laodayiq to Iliža exem a to motumessog erom odd yd besserent plavourzone ed bluo... bezzel azom od biwow yedi amié omma ed‡ ža okkiw .Zerlover GAIN, H.TTTM has sapodeboli .25% all dret „#rob-z#IV TË yď babromoet Tevenedu 8.2a yızao od mlaatarroq þáðiarę, dopci med and poisseomoo aldt has .BE SO MOR=#Ode wed) .12! »m,azolentzerok Joannid) yukkidaomi odi yi betalɔesqgGŁ exoleredt sw baa, diquons sal onog tax and 21 Jadit vobisnoo xeriş od Jişim ovisuak oslist add le azedmom Jadó JuOZZLE Júlíu #odžiamoð Joestě únas žadt bus ¡ęłab so nede azovloves to eiquoo a ,70% aldiamoque: abac od has bowlla að on 11 jedan yna då subrang ziest to sau edi zol atevioTWI korund to sqęć zożjed a Jasel és «botiqqua ed nao atavioveï kunoo joɑ al madomurid soilog pranibro sɗT „houssi od fiske Lamb dłkw zailæeb rol moqaew eldanokvica pter a od o♬ be ......aí útiw bebɛol band ɛti džłu sqyć won a bus parodoSIBIU „betaszqua meeď perience of 1922 and again of this Strike, it would seen advis- able to try to diversify the sources of our labour supply. Ser- vents from the North did not go on strike in any appreciable number, and it is perhaps well for the Europeans to make use of them or of Filipinos to a greater extent than they have hit- harto done, as well as drawing more from regions outside Kwongtung. I am sorry that as a representative of the Chinese I should have to make this suggestion, but my first considera- tion is the highest interests of the Colony. Politics in Schools. One of the most serious and significant features of the recent disturbance is the part played by school-boys and stud- It ente, to which brief reference has been made in para: 5. is very necessary to learn from these events how to prevent the corruption of school-boys in future, and particularly their attempts to interfere in politics. It was the students who atarted the Strike in Hongkong; and it was the students who created the shooting incident at Shameen as in Shanghai. The Hongkong school-boys were moved to their turbulent behaviour by some studente from Shanghai. These students were said to have put up at the offices of the notorious "Chung Kwok San Man Po", and they had a clear ten days to do all the mischief they could. So successful were their efforte that practically all the boy- schools were more or less contaminated. When the trouble began, the University was fortunately in vacation, but it must be said to their credit that those students who were in residence in the hostels behaved well. The same praise should be accorded to St. Paul's and St. Stephen's Girls Schools which were the last of the schools to close, all their girls showing pluck in attend- ing regularly in spite of personal threats at a time when wany boys skulked off. When St. Paul's Girls School was closed, some ab oot need avad ow Jaaq edt al inoltabuem pal aro to welv al „esivisa sitzenob ano qui ementiku -sivbo Leeu blow di edindƐ sint to nigga bos SSVI to somiteg -Teâ „Viqqua quodsi xwo to scozoa adt ptismvib ot yet of olda aidalossyga que ni szinta no og Jon blb diuell add mor? adnAT ĐAU ĐÁU B Ba noun ani rét (Dos ng hang mà đi bao -did oved podð nació tamémo miany a od sentgiLIT to se medź to sklajuo amolgar mori omm gatimerb an Liow as ‚omb otmá sɛenim odt te avižainsaesqur a na JadŠ YTION am I satynowX -szobianco tezii ya dud „noldseggen aldið osser að ovať bluecia I Jyan100 erit to stermetal tuodyti odò at molt ...afondar ni maitting siid to sexudas? Insellingin hm welwos duom sốt to seŬ .88 -burða kos agad-Legion ydi begalę drog sit si consimtulb Smoet JI «d istaq në sha; mood nnd oncemter keinď do tri od vajma odd Janyang að vali ažneve snodt mott urinol où Ţzasnovan YWY Kİ TİMİS VIRZINOISung has jomstɗt nå syed-Ionaba to noišgutiso odw sinebude oild new #I vuolatieq ni embrodni od stquadðs 96xo odw adnabuda add am 31 basa Iyongmoli ni edinýɛ est bodzaja ni as moomadi ́da Jimbɛsai gattoode add kovom anew uyed ud oɑdo a ·ładykari sort mimbuta BOOH Y SABİvaded evad od bing emow admohantu dig voodi ,"0% naši naƐ dowă gemeld" sados est de sesille adž da gi duq pivoo yant leidosim est Lĩa ob of xyah set ruolo a bal vadé bra -you art ila wloskénang tadi absoŸle stedt oww Lubnaseour oë vjed eIduart náð máli „botaskménsa unei no oma osv nloodon Pisa eď taum di évi „poštaoay ni yiodamatzot sow płławvà nữ Đất ni combiner nå sww odw sinabúða asodi tadt šibamo stadi od ot baltosos ad blunda salang omez adi «llow kedadled ulatuod est Jani end saw dołdw alowidok alzið a'œcúqətƐ \#8_botu u'Itty4,58 jedde mi doulq get woda alxis tiedt Els,exelo od aloodon art to viral mecia amit a ta užasnúð Laton mg to stiqu ni vítalogər yat 52105,benolo as [oodoë «ITM ■'iz „38 cmf% .11o be alluzin a poď of the senior girls offered their services, through me, to the Postmaster General, and although the offer was thankfully de- clined on account of their delicate pysique they were very useful to our Propaganda Bureau, in which they were employed for about a month in work requiring copying in large Chinese character. Now, let us try to trace the cause or causes of the present state of affairs. From the first year of the Chinese Republic school-boys and students in China have been arrogating to themselves the right to assist in the government of the coun- try, and they have been encouraged by persons who had their own ends to serve. In so far as our own schools are concerned, there can be no doubt that to a very large extent the ground had been prepared for them for this trouble, as during the last two years or so very indesirable literature had been introduced into the schools, particularly the vernacular boy-schools, and some of the Chinese teachers had not been altogether immocent in this respect. Recommendations: Obviously the first remedy is an in- oreased watchfulness in the schools. Special care should be exercised in the supervision of the vernacular schools in par- ticular, for these can the mere easily become breeding-grounds of sedition. The teachers should be carefully chosen and super- vised for this reason. It should be impossible for propaganda to get so long a start before it comes to the knowledge of those in charge. In future, as soon as a political or industrial trouble is brewing in the Colony, the school authorities should do everything pos- pible to prevent their boys participating in the agitation. If necessary, the schools might be closed at once. To my mind we should get to the root of the evil. The Chinese education in Hongkong does not seem to be all that it act of dowozit,soolvma tiedi bezetto «ízig roima sit to -eb viluft damit new volto add dguodt La hos, Lermanel m#astro¶ TOBY OWN TOďie supinyą odaokleb ziest to davoons no beatIo beyolque **w yodź dołów ni usemi sinagagerƐ so of Luteau eæenti ograi ni gażyqoo paltispet ému ni dénom a éveda sol .Jostado sit to memins to sauso edt eerst of yo ezanim edt to zwy Juził odt met snitagorie need evad antið að almohade has ayed-loadina olldings A -woo end to tassemvay add ni žalues of digit adt sovisamúð oð mwo zieńt bad ode undeteq yď begamona need svad vedź has pid Tent,betonoo era afandoa kwo zet oa ni «orma od abos bad bxxương sáð inadm oytzi ywy a od šaďt idweb sa od nao Jusi sdt gairah na voidammt alálá với máš to? baraqang, meď beaubertal need bad esitaméli oldanisoimat yær on to STABŲ ONÍ bris,a loodon-yoď talunaemy adê Tizalwaldzaq,afoodon sút odzi Insonant "wddegošia med ton had amdonné vosalí mắt to mos „dosquer nådd at -ai xa al ybeamer Jasli edi ¿{awežv#0 að bluoda azao Istvegi, «aleados sáð að masalafkslator Jonasso -18q it aloodon talsmarmy sit molaivsoque odt at boulemus BLIWO Tg-gał been emoed tålamo -requra bus meedo pilsterse of bis baný vlk „noiðibes to „ænset stát 90% bonly nol on dem of minugaqonq not eIdtamoget of ni .syradio si snodi Yo ogbaIwaza ezt od namoo di embed dante quiword ai siduost Izistaulak so lankètloq e as coon me (@mstui -aoq gnidłymre ab blwaria seiðirodhua London sát,ppofol náð mi îl moitatiga eɗð að gaåtajoitusą wyod słodź žmovany of sidie „sono da kasolo ed Jigim aloodos adó „Trasance): eff Live ait to door sdið að dey bizoda ew buku y. of .00 ti tat lla eď od umea don seać 300ʻznali ni noitsoube seenid should be. The teaching of Confucian ethics is more and more neglected, while too much attention is being paid to the mater- ialistio side of life. It is the opinion of many Chinese who have made some study of the subject, that there should be a graduated system of schools reaching up from the vernacular school to the Chinese middle school, and on to an enlarged and improved department or school of Chinese studies in the Univer- sity. In such a system great stress should be laid on the ethics of Confucianism which is, in China, probably the best antidote to the pernicious doctrines of Bolshevism, and is certainly the most powerful conservative force, and the greatest influence for good. At present the only Chinese middle school is the Confucian Middle School established two years ago by Mr. Tung Ping-shan, Mr. Li Yik-mui, and others; and its object, like that of all the most famous English Public Schools, is not so much to impart miscellaneous information, as to train the char- acter of the scholars and thus fit them for social life and leadership. About eight months ago I suggested to the Director of Education and the Secretary for Chinese Affairs, and, in Lay last, to His Excellency the Governor, that either the Belilios Public School (when and if vacate for larger premises) or the present Saiyingpun School should be set aside for the purpose of a central Chinese school by the Government; and I am glad to see that provision has been made in the Estimates for 1926 for the establishment of such a school at Saiyingpun. This action of the Government has given great satisfaction to those who hav taken an interest in local education, for they believe that money spent on the development of the conservative ideas of the Chinese race in the minds of the young, will be money well quay spent, and also constitutes social insurance of the best kind. Finally, I suggest that careful instruction in Confucianism and its application to the problems of modern civic conditions should be given in all the schools where there are Chinese STOM MAT: STOM si svidde matoutaol to gaidoset edf .ed bilvoda ent at bisy gnied at noitaædda doum ood elțẩm hotosIgen OITUOLINA Vuch to sokaigo unt ai đi .etli to obis oitaliai eď klwo.m om dit Jædt „Joe jdưa mắt to yhudu amma abam oval mninoangay sát sort qu galdones adoodon ko andaya bedaubarry egralne na od no bra „foodna ofàbim seemid sit of Isodon vim odt nè matkusta ensaiṁ) to London to Jimatraqah Isvorqu out no bisi od biseda veendu duona modaya a doua ni Jeed en vidaforq „anido ai,si dolám mimiswing) to solide zi bas,umivodafoƐ do neatstoeb avotoimmg adë në stoličas sú ceny add bna „sotol sviðaræacco Lutsenog đuam vid pink stmo I Loodos siubim sasniṁ yine eốt doooong Jå „hoog sol somulai Tha yď oga arany out bedeliɗatne Looded «Ilb£lf mažasingũ sắt st tīšos¿ão ati kma juradłe đa joń ni miondioƐ viidưï dažigel svom? taom vid Ila to Jarić -xio et aizst of na ‚¤okðastrožni suoenailsonim traquê và doam bas stil Latoos tot meắt til audò bus szafodba edi to rajas toeriu et af beðaeggue I oya 'adinom Júgle Juodā „qida ́mboo [ mi,bas,sztalîä soonid) not yiademeƐ edt has neitroubl to JUNE' PO HY® proefjærch spe goa ezizos." MYNE DISPM APO Nejijjo: but to (mexiworą wyraf sol „odanay 21 han medv} [ondo# oi[dư¶I 93qwy et xl skins dea of bipeda Loedoë wrogażyłek doenerg to baẩy man I ban jðsmirtaveb adi yd Leadon omnid) Lardona a 20 107 ÖSEI Tot astmaktull odd at eban med ned zožalvarg Jadi asa quidos midi .mugakriel de London a doua to #nemieklinteo edi cúm esode of zeiðnažnijas Joong covky nad Jzmeerveroð add to Jad aveiled wat tot „noitmula Isool në dasmodał m 1E to noobi evitarteanoo súd to duamquloveb est no tawqa yomon pets. Llew yonm að LLkw .gawor add to abalm sát ni soST QUONIA Lai, deed oild to sonstmat Laloon sedudidanoo osin has „örmoE seinsioutad ni nottovstant Luteme Fast Jeeyue I ‚yIlanit enoitiknoo Divio miabam to amĒdong writ of noiðsotiqqa ndi seoli:D ets erat erode #foodoa erit Ils at movie od bluoda students. Batter Control of Newspapera. There is no doubt that our press laws are inadequate in these days of Bolshevist influence and machination in our midst and with a view to securing the better control of newspapers I addressed the Government on the subject in a separate letter dated the 9th October, 1925. Chinese Fromaganda in Budland. Recommendation: Immediately after the outbreak of the trouble in Shanghai, the Chinese established in London an organ- isation called the "Chinese Information Bureau", directed by returned students of ability and experience, for the purpose of supplying the English Press with such information as was calcul- ated to present their case in a favourable light. Curiously enough, the British residents in China had no such organisation in their own country. As a result of our unpreparedness, and the forethought of the Chinese, English public opinion for some weɛke was at best indifferent, and at vorst unfavourable to their own countrymen in China and Hongkong. The impression was almost universal that the whole trouble was fundamentally indus- trial, and the strike in Shanghai and Hongkong represented buta just revolt of workers against conditions long since abolished in England. This wrong impression should never have been allow- ed to grow up, and I submit that in future there must be a properly accredited and able representative in London w.o can at all times supply the Press with the real facts, and prevent d auch alienation of public opinion as undoubtedly took place this time. Cab Our Einancial System. The recent financial crisis has shown us how imperfect- ly the banking system in Hongkong is centralised as compared with the systems of larger States. Hongkong finances the trade of the whole of South China,directly or indirectly, and it inclu des among its banks one of the most powerful in the world - the foxtrot matteä .atnobuta apobank eza awal sasnq wo tsit dduob on at s'mer two aut nožłsatinam kwa sonsoftni šeivedalod to syab osadit jegovea to lostnon wited edit gabwpes of wiv a ddiw bets 1stel ototaçen a ni tostdies edd no demeurzovoð add bou&orbha 14to isetɗžno acid mita pistaibsand Junitahamas To nis nośnol ni badaiidatae esexiɗ) sit „Ladynadh mi ●Idwazi qd ledoszib,"ugemu¤ noiJatriokni omata) ødt ballao moitasi snoqwg erit 102 „commixeque ima villide to adoebista berruute z 30 new na moitantotal down ddiw noor% daligafli edi zatyiggum viavoimƆ „Jɖgil aldatuovat a ni vaso ziadó inesexy of beta talagro dawa on bad anti ni adnebiasz daljitā adi „dzuan In:,38enlerigergin wọ to Jiuner a nå «ystilano mwo riedė už vst mistyo offduq delfyd,omulik saj to triguodis vok edit De Džumovalius Jarov ja kas „Jasmiikkak Jueď da sar aźɔow paikoisseryd eft yooxynek has sold) at nemţitivno mwo zład ni ylladrubut saw síduosi słodw mit tadt Lawmyžnu JuomÈS DOJNOSSIYOT ZN040108 baa ladymanƐ ni edinte edi hoa „Labsİ Piloda sunta gnol anoidlinoo Jantage emisow to Jlover Jaut „is need svad area bluoda noiasexi gnore stat,baafyall at : Vaim endi omdut at Jadó ékasdien I bas,qu merg of be 0.5 moinod ni sviðatmaezger sida bom betibemona vitaqozg love my bas,sdoek Last odd ddiw oneTV ond yiggm nouit [La 993[q bot qibatduobus ma molnigo okidug to moldsmiÏn down .emit widt •unday. Latumani mo tzagrał wod nas trwoda nadi akaiwo Latonani? Jimost edi .20 Asql:oo as besilazimo ni gofynoll ni wadays gnidad edt yi INÄ abomani↑ 300210H .■etate Tegral te enodaya sit ditiv "kiu, Tikui. To vídostib, ani 2 „duoë 20 vlon, wit to Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation. But there is no bankers' bank here as there is in London, or in the areas of the Federal Reserve Banks in Amstics. The connection between the three types of banks I have mentioned is comparatively slight; and in the event of a crisis there is no very obvious means of safeguarding the banking system as a whole, while providing against unsound practices by the various banks. The Hongkong & Phanghai Bank is in evezy my predominant, through its large capital, through having its head office in Hongkong, through being prac- tically the Goverment's bank, and also by reason of its great prestige among the Chinese. This leadership is shared in a less degres by the Chartered Bank, But it is not so overwhelming as to emble the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank to play the part of the Bank of England in such a crisis as this, The question, is now- ever, one that should be studied with extreme care. It is my intention, when I can spare the necessary time to do so, to sxamine thoroughly the systems of the Chinese registered banks and of the native banks with a view to seeing whether centrali- sation, as applying to then, would be desirable or not. If my study carries me far enough, I may submit a memorandum on the mubject for the information of the Government, itals Capital and labour. 94. The importance of a better understanding between Capital and Labour has not been thoroughly realised in the past, though matters have improved since 1922. Lately, the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce has on two occasions, entertained represent- atives of the guilds. On the second occasion Mr. Chow Shou-son and I were present. There were no speeches, but there was a general atzġabere of good will and friendliness, and consequently both parties benefited from these meetings round the tes-table. General Leung also realised the need for improvement in 'stexmed om at smut kul 13013anoqasə yaklasë indəndő é mabani në al etadi Istebet and Yo baa;diyila giovitataguso ni bonsizam ovan 1 sina! în nagyé enings gailiv „Latigas oymai, uži -ɔanq yoied JAOKS KIL susi a mi bosasa al giornalm! vid? sat de drag out yalq st sitemp sal „aždé un minimo megadna di bue bolinde of naand bezedażyes onanish act Yo -ilatione teatear yaleen od UNIV yn 11.dem no sidationb eð Lista, pennes plovo ni në uti gaived Jes and toodal this respect, and held several social parties. The first of then was experimental, only a few brave spirits frm six of the guilds being present, but when this proved a susceas the later meetings were well attended. And out of them grew propomla for forming the "Labour Mutual-Help Society" (referred to in para.96), and for creating some machinery for settling disputes in a friendly marner. Fitc-acomama)_fox_Zassisti Omenaipakich, 95. It is interesting to notice that propomls were made to me from no fewer than three separate parties to fom an organ- iationhere on the Italian model. The men who advocated this belong mostly to the class of the eld Chinese literati, and it is an interesting proef of the growth of a civic interest and self-reliance formerly lacking among the Chinese of this class. Beyond consulting Mr. Chow Shou-son and reporting the proposals verbally to the Secretary for Chinese Affairs and the Assistant Colonial Secretary, I took no action. In fact, I did not give encouragement to the proposal because such a movement would not have commended itself to the Home Government, and also because I knew, frathe history of this organisation in Italy, that if once it is allowed to get out of hand it becomes a danger to tre community. In any case it would be difficult to find men of the necessary type to become leaders of the movement here. adinin men out as Yo enodaqsta Lasnang buez spridden ozadð tươn2 betikoneď veldzag dreď Më duamovơngmi rol been and bosilaez sola ġural Imtecul 25 Labour Mutual-Help Society. However, the Chinese should be shown tangible signs of protection in times of wrest and intimidation; and this means maintaining an organimation like the Labour Protection Bureau but in a modified fom, even in times of industrial and social peace. With this object in view, General Isung has been working hard during the last two or three weeks to have a “labour Mutual-Help Society" formed, whose objects would be somewhat to duni? qui „salátag Laison Intavon hladi hesa and to tie met? sõitiqu avand vot a glos, Insomatnag ISJAL ONÓ meu a doverig mžale ni að hornožour) nəduqeih yakiA POR ji bua,kšamot){ žas duesežni sivis Turale side în mental | mažinti elanoqoną ndë gritsagen kan ananasali mað „zi gulášancćo knoʻqot Junoninná, nat bus etiaÝM moeniaŭ so% gradomanž Lokno.LeD woond Lmogeng odi vezaned oala hus 2i tadi,gladi, në to angin sŭdignat moeda eð kløeds mon¿d) and Kartul unideedert sundal við si¿l moitanlangto Isi poa baa wikłow need [de nisë d#20 NË BLOOT DOTIŽ zo ont dual sáź yritch bran Jameson að álagte adoo¿de sucum „beato? "ytetoo8 qfel-Imrtul similar to those printed en the registration-form of the Busĵau (sos para:48), with only this difference, that while the services of the Bureau are given absolutely free, the new Society will require a small entrance-fee and a monthly subscription. It is conceivably impossible for the Bureau to be rim en a per- manent basis at Government expense,and therefore some such organisation as the one prejected seems to be the best alternative. There is nearly as much need for the promotion of a spirit of understanding and sympathy between the guild-leaders and the ordinary guild-members, as between employers and employees, I have received a very interesting suggestion from Mr. Hon Man-wai en this subject. Mr. Hon is himself the head of the powerful Chinese Engineers Quild, but he maintains close personal relations with the lower ranks. His suggestion is that there should be a development of night-schools for members of the guilds, to be run enly by men of proved leyalty and approved qualifications, whose work should be partly voluntary. It is my desire to help towards the realimtion of this very worthy object, as soon as normal conditions are restored. Importance of Keeping Pleasure- "sorts Open. As soon as confidence had been somewhat restored, the first thing missed by the Chinese of the upper and the lower class seemed to be the Chinese theatre and the tea-house res- pectively. I had known of the fondness of the Chinese for these pleasure-resorts, but their bankering after them as evinced during the Strike, had a foros which surprised me. The Govern- ment realising this, requested Mr. Chow Shou-son and me to make special efforts to get the theatres and tea-shops re-open, and thanks to the personal efforts of Mr. Li Yau-tsun, we succeeded in having the latter resume business after four or five day's Jiziga a lo anoitales Lametag omaľo a að biseda osade st að oð, mhd ing Deonu,anžāměklimp boveng abramoj glou oë stinnh Lama sa mod beok¿ve sa MAÍ -IITA VOÙ SEN piftow qnov sidi ho mitmilaes ngom-ané kua DOTİMLİ ovil m wel zadła noon.jand •130 Lamabog 99. The equivalent of the tea-house for the upper and the middle class is the theatre, women in particular being in this country as in others, ardent devotees of the stage. I am seriously of the opinion that if some good theatrical troupes were performing in our theatres now many women who are remining in Canten and Masso would return to Hongkong. Ons amusing side- light en the unexpected results of this Strike is afforded by the four-fold increase in the sale of Chinese records due to the fact that the woêm have taken to the gramophone as a poor substitute for their favourite recreation, Rancommendation: It would therefore be well in future, on the approach of a strike, to persuade any good troupes which may happen to be perfoming in Hongkong, te remain here, even though we may have to resort to informal govermental intervention It would also be advisable to do everything possible to keep the Chinese tea-kouses open, In times of panic and intensity, anything which will provide relaxation on accustomed lines should be maintained, for they would nave a great quieting influence on the minds of the public. Hegessity for Ealiable Information Throughout the Strike I have found our work considerably handicapped through the lack of adequate and reliable information frm Canton and other places where the work of our enemies is active. In order to repair the deficiency to some extent, I arranged with Ir, Li Yau-tsun and Mr. Li Yik-mui te help me in obtaining news from Canton. These two gentlemen were able to get some news at the commencement, but even these were at best meagre and irregular. Then communication by sea ms interrupted, Ir. Li Yau-tem's source of supply was stopped; and Mr. Li Yik- mui's agent had to send reports through Macao about once a week, and even this service came to an end after a fortnight or so. sinë në gebed salusiëtag ni noqrost Lan¿ euðul ni Liew Miwow #1 cut qona oë sĺdinong yulářgrove så blucas secil Karobiummo zter the last ova I sils/E bijacmotni oldaliet has stangaba Ís où vida ete teod ja ete KULUTTSİZİ Ba bat omažų sodin kas minað mest od yamoložħeð súð viajar o painia)do dueda esmall davotað aðtoqet koss of bad range İNGİNİTOŽ a Moška hoe za oë oman solvien siát novo has some arrangement whereby we can obtain reliable information from Canton at times such as this; and I am sure that with a little trouble we will be able to find suitable and trustworthy agents to undertake the work for us. Recommendation: This has proven to us the necessity for 103. In regard to Shanghai, I have been able to establish regular communication, in an efficial way, with Mr. C. Champkin, the manager of the Peninsular & Oriental Bank there, who for a time acted as the representative of the British Chamber of Commerce in negotiations for a settlement with the Chinese Chamber of Com- merce at Shanghai. On two occasions Mr. Champkin telegraphed to me for my views on matters relating to his negotiation, and I am glad to say that my suggestions, sent with the knowledge of His Excellency the Governor, were acted upon in both cases. Though no great gain to either side could be said to have assulted from these exchanges of news and ideas, the arrangement ms obviously desirable from more than one point of view. Relatives of Canton Officials in Hongkon, Hany high officials in the Canton Government have nad their families in Hongkong from time to time during toe Strike. Tu Han-min's daughters, and C. C. Wu's mother and children are still here; and there was an influx of political refugees when Chang Kai-shek turned against his associates after the assassin- ation of Liao Chung-kai. Among them Wu Han-min's elder brother came down, and wanted to stay here, but he was very properly told that his presence was not desired. It is the opinion of the loyal Chinese that the traditional liberal policy of England, which has made Hongkong a city of refuge for Chinese politicians, ought now to be modified. When it is a question of receiving refugees whose offence is purely one of disagreement with his own people, the policy is wise. But where a whole party has been openly hostile to us, and has attempted to ruin us, it is foolish to give shelter to one faction of that party just because another faction has thrust it off the spoils of office. Suca kindness 21 ydiassona end ka od novotq asa aidT earns not gratitude but contempt, and we should make it clear that we will not in future give asylum to those who have been our enemies. Zor】 noijauzokni siɗallet alatdo nao we ydezede inewayaĦTIS SOON midtil ■ dažu Jand etwa ma I bisa guldt na dnum nomi‡ da moJELMŰ ajunya (AJTOVinuri has sidativm bait et elda eð LI¿w av eldvozj „ŠU TEŽ 220m adi sladtakou až Deildarne or sida mood evad I, Langgad eð buget al quiaqomno .0 .xk d‡łw, ym Lainilɔomus na si „meitważammo talager ~ 10% ode, esant znać Lažneiro á talumniapit od) to ragacant odi Jolamm) k redundɔ dažðini odž do orižadussengen sát na boðos muit -mo☺ to redtad?) onaxkdo náà dìèw Jnana[J‡on a sok szolðaldegen ni of benqeryalet Kingsach „TX amžeased vwé aŬ tam 1 hoa,moltaidegen sid et gaitaler stožčnu no avoiy yu xo? aid to agbeIwona adë nëźw tree, amoldeagqun yu İndið yan að haly LENGI „89820 stod ni mogu bojos eter „toute voð sáź goreLJează m011 beźluses evad of him að klươn nhận vedžio oë ning tarry ou viauoirde am kusongatta adi,ambi has ever do angescÍSTO DE GÁÁJ siv to Jaleg am sadź ezom not? siɗazianó bas evaɑ JoemerevoÙ Antasɔ edt xi eisi ti gosignol al sallimal ziedi eta oethlids bas teatom a*UM „O , stadiguah a*ažu¬dać all minum amegurbet Lasi÷lloq lo mɛlini na am etadi kua ¡ozad Ilida -giezman sad zašže sošalasses aid Joalaga kaarmuż Tensard table e1xim-mall yiroqozą ptor Kæm to joinige sad al 31 Igali to voting Immedii musiciðiloq suauido no) „kal-qad) Daži do mita hesineb Jom sam oecienung ein Jand biot Immoitikanë sad tait veenid) [mgad But üher to pile a ganaşınăi akan and cour aniviscen to miðump a ni di anali Que son që po MOTÝLTOE' aid ddiw Joensengasib lo sco planak, në same?le sucdr songs lised nad yʻsaq alozir a esam đưƐ „saim ni pilog sut sigong amo ...iopt si ti jau miut of bedy:etta sao bas,su ot slitned planqo kunnolla esumoed jauį, góraq tant to mitost eno od vedlemm avis of samużnia nově soitto to alioqa sus tho si tautas and moijont Bessing for our Success in MARTA K Peace and Order. 105. It is generally admitted by visitors to the Colony and other observers that peace and order has been very successfully maintained during the strike. That were the factors, apart from the particular measures, which have contributed to this success? They were, first, the co-operation of almost the entire Foreign Community and the Chinese of the upper and middle class with the Government; and, secondly, the close co-operation between the Government and the Chinese represent- 106. For about ten days before the strike, the Secretary for Chinese Chinese Affairs was in daily touch with the two/members of the Legislative Council, endeavouring to prevent the strike, ani preparing to meet the danger, if the strike should break out. From the 19th June to the date of writing this, the Hon Mr. D..Tratman (Secretary for Chinese Affairs), Mr. A.G.M. Fletcher(Assistant Colonial Secretary) and I have met every morning to discuss matters concerning the strike. Hr. Chow Shou-son and Mr. T.H.King were occasionally present during the firat fortnight. Since then and after the return of Mr. P.P.J. Wodehouse, Hr. Chow Shou-son and Mr. Wodehouse have met the other three almost daily. There were also occasional meetings from time to time as"emergencies arose. I should like to emphasise what a happy inspiration it was to hold these 9o'clock conferences with the Government representatives. Mr. Chow Shou-son and 1 felt that we had the full sympathy and understanding of the Government in a task which was often difficult and always anxious. We were instantly informed of any news received by the Govermat and this implicit confidence as well as the sympathetic atmosphere -pod ode oɛons of mulyss aviz etutut at Jon fit. ou du. .seimeno TO ynoloù end od szodikiv yď be#timba vilazene; si #1 .801 Labeoons Tier need nad zobzo ban soseg dadi stovisado zedło Siz 4 vazodori edd exov Jadi vodkuda orð Latrak beatstat.... bit of betuúktnoo evad dolds,setussen talvoltzaq edỡ mor% una deomía to moldareqo-oo edd (Jezit polow youï faasoon. bal recqu edit to seenid. øáð bas y‡lnurmoð agteroḥ stit..... saolo adj ¿Ebɑooen,haa ¡Jusmrievok odé diku unalo sibbli. ...eaoïçox onenidə edź bas dusenterol edt meesteŭ nold@tego-os TO. VILJSTOJË odi,adizta adi szoled syab not tuoda 70% .801 esenido 10 axeďmeer\owd sɗź d‡iw dowoż yllab ui saw aria2li soonĒšiť Jouluja sát Jaevong of Jatruovashme, Ilonso) evitalalged sii .Fuo desid blvoda ditzaz edt 11 (regnab edi- deem si zaizayer, .Il noh sdt,aidè ¿altiww lo stab sdt et saut dili ent mo. - 5.d.nl (aristli osonido zal vinterosƐ ) næmistī,k,C prove dam over I bal (yintezoek laknofol tastoisad)redoto♪. ..odb I.. satıda adź zainteonoo steddam savoalb of sainta. Enixub Jussenq yilanoiasooo show gaiX.H.T .1- bac gör-won 1.7 .all to azujer odd redka, bas medi soatć „#dzlatıo) Jazi'. 15 Jom ovaď savorebol .nl bas nou=pod wodu .IH .eanodebu. lezi ugaidoom Lɛzoisasoo on fa szow exodi yiiab taomle sein. my oakaadqme of sal·l blue da I **soze ssionegismé s. əmit c «poneretnoo doolo'of szedt biod of sav ti moltoxiqani yqLEE ... noz-pont vođu „ni „asvitatmasiger Juontievok ent sti to yaibaadətəömu bas yddæquyn Lint odd her ow dont diel zyevlo bas Jival?lib aefto sau dołdy dost o ni taɔerievo Ik ontyd beviever awan yas lo bemolni tíðartuni OTO) O 2. je ottadssquys out an Ilov sa edmebitnoo tioliqni ald has been the source of great encouragement to us. One morning in the early part of July, His Excellency the overfor visited Dr Tao's department in the Labour Control, and also my offte when some of the heads of the sections were present, and he personally thanked them for their efforts. This gracious act greatly encouraged the men to better efforts. 107. At the suggestion of the Hon Mr. P.H.Holyoak, representatives of the Hongkong General Chamber of Commerce and those of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce met on two occasions to exchange ideas and information; and these meetings resulted in a much better understanding on both Work of co-ordinating Uhinaza activi 108. For the benefit of anyone who may have to undertake the task on a future occasion, I will describe in some detail the work of co-ordinating Chinese activities. This work was con- ceded to me by Mr. Chow Shou-son on account of his advanced age. He did not, however, spare himself in any other way, and f freely gave me the benefit of his experience and wisdom on all occasions. The Chinese activities were co-ordinated by a daily meeting( including Sundays and holidays during the first eight weeks) in my office at about 10 a.m. after the con- ference above referred to, when the previous day's work was reported to me by the heads of the various sections, and my instructions were given to them and to other fellow workers, who never questioned them but carried them out to the last detail. This part of the work was usually finished by 12 noon, and thereafter attention was given to fresh problems which had arisen during the morning's conference, and to receiving incessant streams of visitors. In the evening I kept open house for any who wished to see me, but as these people very often particularly wanted to see nobody else, it was necessary to keep two, and sometimes three, separate rooms for interviews and to make use of the two front-doors with which my house is fortun- ... OR ON MIR YANG 10 MIL ¡£2.. eas ni p: oslo Lac,loxture) wedad si në dasmatisqob a'ouï IL „JOULUTĘ 878. agóitoes em to absed add to emos mer. Bokort, skii .adroite ziedi zot modt beźna:ið yllanosïe, „atiolle retted of mens edt bez Toons pièceny do. Scoɣlok, H. 1.1. aoh edt lo moldawggum sáð JA TOI 00 to Toomado Larenek (polynol old to nevidetuDGET. ET Core MoU to zoomadu Estoni csonkdü add to snode ba La inoidaariotal - ssebi szandoxa of suciasooo out ..ted no gaibasjan.baw retted down a at Betlusez aynidøen 2 odetrebau of evad you odv saoyus to #12eaeď od‡ 10% „801 lindab amor al ediroach [IEw 1,možamooo exutut a no dest cnu drow aldr „seiðiviðos sasniɗ) quitanibro-so to dro tvia ela to jawoods no nos-port work,za yď em of babeo .ya), rento yus ni lisamid orace,tovovod ̧‡oà bìð”•H Satu fas coneirėçme ald to titered edt om OTR, TIDOTI betaalbio-oo stow asidividos sasnim oɗi,anoiamono II: ning aytillod Baa uyabruć gaibuídat )gaitsem yliai Die podła „za 01 Juoda ja soitto yn ni (adsew Jigie Jazin ΣΤΟ 'yob zueiroz odt medu god børneler evoɗa sɔmeio. ba,anoidoes apokrøv edt to alwed ed♪ yď am óð Latzojaz oney wallet saddo of bus modi od noriy etew suoltowstani vi såt of two meñt beltino Jud neu bemljeeup Teven ̧0. ...I qü bədainit vilawao amm drów od♪ to Jing shit „Ikateb in smelɗotq desti od navig new moldaatum tejlmeredt En Mivlecer of bas,soasreinco a'guiriom adł zatrul, nəsli: I ulasve eft ni azodialy to amserta tamascont siqueq saedt as did to: aes et bedak, odv yas 10% sɛ. now ti,onle ybofana o♬ Estar, pixelwolding mito VIDĚ www.etninger send seiteno: 21 come good of musace. ately provided. It was in some of these interviews that we received valuable information from members of the guilds about the enemy's movements or intentions; and it was in some of these interviews that Mr. Chow Shou-son (whenever I needed his assig- tance) showed admirable diplomatic skill and address. All this